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the growth of bovine ephemeral fever virus in primary cell cultures. 197829478
viruses isolated from reptiles: identification of three new members of the family rhabdoviridae.the growth of four viruses isolated from lizards in brazil (marco, chaco, and timbo viruses) and australia (almpiwar virus) was studied in a variety of continuous cell lines of mammalian, reptilian, amphibian, and piscine origin. although replication was found in certain cell lines derived from the coldblooded species, cytopathic effect (cpe) was absent or minimal and growth was less than or equal to that in mammalian cells. those observations appear to limit the value of poikilothermic cells fo ...197990494
isolation and cultivation of bovine ephemeral fever virus in chickens and chicken embryos.unadapted bovine ephemeral fever (bef) virus was isolated from cattle blood after intravenous inoculation into chicken embryos. infected embryos died or hatched as abnormal chickens. the chick embryo was slightly less sensitive to unadapted bef virus than were vero cell cultures, but the use of embryos avoids the several blind passages that are required to isolate bef virus in unweaned mice. chick embryos were considerably less efficient than vero cell culture or unweaned mice in detecting vero ...1978357649
the physico-chemical characterization of bovine ephemeral fever virus as a member of the family rhabdoviridae.this study of the physico-chemical properties of bovine ephemeral fever virus was initiated to establish whether or not it should be classified as a rhabdovirus. in contrast to the regular bullet-shaped morphology of some rhabdoviruses the virus particles are often cone-shaped or slight variants from bullet-shaped. the virion contains single-stranded rna sedimenting at 42s and six proteins with mol. wt. of 164, 101, 64, 53, 43 and 29 x 10(3). the protein p101 is located on the surface of the vir ...1979501340
bovine ephemeral fever virus vaccines in mice. 1979532471
viruses isolated from culicoides midges in south africa during unsuccessful attempts to isolate bovine ephemeral fever virus.five viruses, unrelated to bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv), were isolated from culicoides biting-midges collected during the summer months of the years 1968-69 and 1969-70 near a cattle herd in which cases of bef occurred and at an open horse stable at onderstepoort. these viruses were investigated by means of serological, electron-microscopical and physicochemical tests. it was established that 2 isolates, cul. 1/69 and cul. 2/69, were related to each other and belonged to the palyam subgro ...1979551368
infection of water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) with bovine ephemeral fever virus. 1979574762
neurotropic strains of bovine ephemeral fever virus. 1978696083
experimental transmission of bovine ephemeral fever virus between cattle and chicken embryos. 1978749969
the isolation of bovine ephemeral fever virus in cell cultures and evidence for autointerference.bovine ephemeral fever (bef) virus was isolated from infected fresh cattle blood directly into vero cell cultures. one cycle of rapid freeze-thaw destroyed the infectivity of the virus to vero cells. the infectivity to baby mice by intracerebral inoculation, on the other hand, was only reduced. the occurrence of autointerference due to the presence of defective interfering particles in cell culture was also noted. bef virus strain 919 was propagated to some extent in bovine kidney, testis and sy ...1975820319
neutralizing antibody sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol in cattle infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus. 1977917126
relationship of two arthropod-borne rhabdoviruses (kotonkan and obodhiang) to the rabies serogroup.indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the antigenic relationship between kotankan and obodhiang viruses and mokola virus that had originally been shown by complement fixation test. this relationship suggests inclusion of these two arthropod isolates in the rabies subgroup of the rhabdoviridae family. cross-reactivity with mokola virus was also demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence but was easily eliminated when conjugates were diluted. no crossreactivities were found by neutralization tests ...19751104485
the effect of bovine ephemeral fever virus on the bovine foetus.six pregnant heifers that were experimentally infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus produced normal calves. foetuses of 8 heifers that were immune to bovine ephemeral fever were inoculated with bovine ephemeral fever virus. one was aborted after 36 days, but the cause of abortion could not be determined. one was sacrificed after 28 days. the foetus and its membranes were normal and neither virus nor antibody was demonstrated. the other 6 heifers produced normal calves. one calf, 501, inocul ...19751164277
the susceptibility of young and newborn calves to bovine ephemeral fever virus.the pathogenicity of a field strain, 417, of bovine ephemeral fever (bef) virus for newborn and young calves was investigated. three colostrum-deprived newborn calves inoculated intravenously developed severe clinical disease and viraemia, and produced long-lasting neutralising antibody. the incubation period in these animals was 10 and 11 days, compared with 5 to 7 days for older calves. two newborn calves which received colostrum from immune dams and 2 which received colostrum from non-immune ...19751164291
the susceptibility of calves to infection with a strain of bovine ephemeral fever virus inoculated intracerebrally.three newborn calves were inoculated intracerebrally with bovine ephemeral fever virus strain 525. the 2 that lacked detectable neutralising antibody to bovine ephemeral fever vaccine developed fatal encephalitis after 4 and 7 days respectively. the third calf which had a low level of maternal antibody remained healthy and developed antibody that became undetectable after 6 months. bovine ephemeral fever virus strain 525 was reisolated from the brains of both dead calves by intracerebral inocula ...19751164292
the infection of merino sheep with bovine ephemeral fever virus.four merino sheep inoculated intravenously with bovine blood containing ephemeral fever virus showed no clinical signs of ephemeral fever. two sheep showed a mild haematological response and developed a neutralising antibody which closely paralled that of a steer inoculated at the same time. leucocytes harvested from these 2 sheep on days 3 and 4 after inoculation with virus reproduced ephemeral fever when inoculated into susceptible steers whilst those harvested on days 1, 2 and 5 did not. even ...19751180773
rolling round bottle culture of hmlu-1 cells and the production of bovine ephemeral fever virus.an attempt was made to cultivate hmlu-1 cells in a rolling round bottle. as a result, the optimum conditions of cultivation were found to consist in the number of cells transplanted per bottle being 1 x 10(8), the volume of growth medium per bottle being 250 ml, and the velocity of rolling being 6 revolutions per hour. it was possible to make a monolayer of cells develop all over the glass surface under these conditions. a preliminary experiment was carried out to clarify the production of virus ...19751186910
plaque assay and characteristics of strains of bovine ephemeral fever virus in vero cells. 19751212610
establishment and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against bovine ephemeral fever virus.we established fourteen monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reactive to bovine ephemeral fever virus yhl strain, and characterized six representatives including three igg1s (yg3/4, yg5/8, and yg6/7) and three igms (ym4/9, ym2/6, and ym6/8). among them, yg3/4 and ym4/9 gave especially strong reactivities to the virus. ym4/9 reacted specifically with a 43k antigen of the virus, corresponding to the matrix protein 1. the other mabs reacted most strongly with the 43k antigen, but also reacted with unknown ...19911368660
antigenic variation of the bovine ephemeral fever virus glycoprotein.glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were used to select escape mutants of bovine ephemeral fever (bef) virus to determine the escape frequency for different epitopes and to construct an epitope map. at least six antigenic sites were detected by this method and escape frequencies between 10(-2) and 10(-8) were recorded. one new non-conformational site was defined by a mab, 5a5, which neutralized berrimah and kimberley viruses as well as three bef virus strains. batch to batch varia ...19921376599
the genome of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus contains two related glycoprotein genes.a 3789 nucleotide region of the bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) genome, located 1.65 kb downstream of the n gene, has been cloned and sequenced. the region contains two long open reading frames (orfs) which are bounded by putative consensus (aacagg) and polyadenylation (catg[a]7) sequences and are separated by an intergenic region of 53 nucleotides. discrete mrnas corresponding to each orf have been identified. the first orf encodes a polypeptide comprising 623 residues which was identified ...19921413521
a blocking elisa for the detection of specific antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus.a blocking elisa (b/elisa) for detecting antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) in cattle is described. in this test, the binding capacity of a monoclonal antibody specific for an epitope on antigenic site g1 of the bef virus glycoprotein is blocked in the presence of positive serum. the sensitivity of the b/elisa was compared with the virus neutralisation (vn) test using a total of 380 sera from cattle. of these, 118 were from an area known to be free of bovine ephemeral fever, 181 f ...19921629617
mapping of antigenic sites on the bovine ephemeral fever virus glycoprotein using monoclonal antibodies.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against the g, m2 and n proteins of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) and 29 were selected for further study. thirteen neutralizing mabs were assigned to one conformation-independent and at least two conformation-dependent antigenic sites on the g protein by a competitive binding elisa. the panel of mabs were tested by neutralization and immunofluorescence with three strains of befv and three befv-related viruses. the results indicated that befv strai ...19901698922
proteins of bovine ephemeral fever virus.the proteins of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) were examined in purified virions and in infected bhk-21 cells. five structural proteins were named l (180k), g (81k), n (52k), m1 (43k) and m2 (29k). the 81k g protein incorporated [3h]glucosamine, was removed from virions by treatment with triton x-100 and bound monoclonal antibodies which were both neutralizing and protective. treatment of virions with triton x-100 and 0.2 to 1.0 m-nacl progressively released l, m1 and m2. the n protein rema ...19911990067
clinical response of cattle to experimental infection with bovine ephemeral fever virus.as part of a study of the pathology and pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever virus infection 44 cattle were infected by the intravenous injection of virulent virus. thirty-eight animals responded clinically and detailed haematological and serological data were obtained from 10 of them. inappetence was the only clinical sign observed before the onset of fever. the temperature response was characteristically biphasic, with the second peak occurring 12 to 24 hours after the first. the only consis ...19902309390
demonstration of vascular permeability changes in cattle infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus.five cattle infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus were necropsied on the day after onset of clinical disease, when clinical signs of lameness were most severe. gross lesions observed included a serofibrinous polyserositis involving the synovial, pericardial, thoracic and abdominal cavities. the associated histological changes consisted primarily of oedema and an influx of neutrophils into affected tissues and fluids. in a further eight infected cattle, increases in permeability of vessels a ...19902312797
an outbreak of bovine ephemeral fever in nagasaki prefecture in 1988.in october, 1988, bovine ephemeral fever (bef) occurred in nagasaki prefecture and throughout kyushu island, with the exception miyazaki prefecture. the first outbreak occurred in hirado-shi on october 17. the total number of diseased cattle was 24 in 24 farms in nagasaki prefecture. the clinical findings were mainly sudden fever, anorexia, and instability in standing. the serum neutralizing antibodies against bef virus (befv) rose in all infected cattle. twelve strains of the virus were isolate ...19902348596
clinical and pathological responses of water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) to experimental infection with bovine ephemeral fever virus--chinese strain. 19892695032
the relationship between selenium deficiency and the development of pulmonary and subcutaneous emphysema in bovine ephemeral fever virus-infected cattle.bovine ephemeral fever (bef) was diagnosed on several commercial farms around harare, zimbabwe. the affected animals showed signs of fever (40-41.5 degrees c), depression, ruminal stasis, lameness and recumbency. eight of those attended had severe respiratory distress and subcutaneous emphysema. haematological and biochemical results indicated leukocytosis with an attending lymphopaenia. selenium deficiency was detected only in those animals which showed respiratory embarrassment and subcutaneou ...19892748131
arboviruses recovered from sentinel cattle using several virus isolation methods.a group of 20 sentinel steers was bled weekly for 5 months in 1986 and the blood samples were examined for arboviruses by inoculation firstly into embryonated chicken eggs (ece), baby mice, aedes albopictus cells and bhk21 monolayers. a second group of cattle was similarly examined for virus in 1987, except that baby mice were not used. viruses were recovered from 26% of the 878 weekly bleeds. the viruses identified consisted of 14 types belonging to the bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic diseas ...19883218074
a comparison of a chinese and an australian strain of bovine ephemeral fever virus. 19873632495
hemagglutination with rhabdoviruses related to bovine ephemeral fever virus.three different bovine ephemeral fever group viruses were tested for hemagglutination (ha). one of them, tortilla flat virus (csiro 368), agglutinated erythrocytes from geese, pigeons, horses, hamsters, mice and guinea-pigs when the concentrated infectious culture fluid was used as a hemagglutinin. the ha was dependent on the ph of phosphate buffered saline used as the erythrocyte diluent when using borate buffered saline (ph 9.0) with 0.4% bovine serum albumin as the antigen diluent. the optima ...19863705443
transmission of virus from serosal fluids and demonstration of antigen in neutrophils and mesothelial cells of cattle infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus.following intravenous injection of bovine ephemeral fever (bef) virus 6 cattle were autopsied after clinical disease became evident. fluid from serosal cavities with serofibrinous inflammatory changes showed large increases in neutrophil numbers. bef virus was detected for the first time in pericardial, thoracic and abdominal fluids. virus was also detected in synovial fluids, confirming an earlier report of transmission with a synovial fluid sample. using a direct fluorescent antibody technique ...19854002606
studies on the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever in sentinel cattle. i. virology and serology.twenty-two sentinel cattle were observed daily during an outbreak of ephemeral fever on a dairy farm in eastern australia in the summer of 1981-82. of the 22 cattle, 9 developed clinical ephemeral fever. none developed sub-clinical infection. the pattern of the epidemic was a single index case followed 10 days later by the main epidemic wave which lasted for 7 days. this wave stopped when there were still 14 uninfected susceptible animals remaining in the sentinel group, and when biting flies we ...19854095897
studies on the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever in sentinel cattle. ii. haematological and biochemical data.twenty-two non-lactating dairy cattle from a sentinel herd previously described (st. george, 1985) were monitored daily during an outbreak of ephemeral fever. nine developed clinical ephemeral fever between 25 december 1981 and 30 january 1982. there were no subclinical infections with bovine ephemeral fever virus in the group. there were, however, subclinical infections with csiro village, akabane, aino, tinaroo and kimberley viruses as described by st. george et al. (1984). six of the nine aff ...19854095898
electron microscopic studies on bovine ephemeral fever virus. 19694195625
bovine ephemeral fever virus in cell culture and mice. 19724198014
development and behaviour of a strain of bovine ephemeral fever virus with unusual host range. 19744211919
a microtitre serum neutralization test for bovine ephemeral fever virus. 19744217170
double strandedness of ribonucleic acid of bovine ephemeral fever virus. 19724626997
formalin-inactivated, aluminum phosphate gel-adsorbed vaccine of bovine ephemeral fever virus. 19734749258
isolation of bovine ephemeral fever virus in nigeria. 19734760928
morphology and development of bovine ephemeral fever virus.the development of the virus of bovine ephemeral fever in mouse brain has been studied by electron microscopy. the virus particles are bullet-shaped, 70 by 145 nm, and slightly tapered toward the rounded end. the outer envelope is closely apposed to an electron-dense shell, about 12 nm thick, but no other internal structure is visible. the virus strains studied bud from the marginal membranes of neurones, but intracytoplasmic development, possibly aberrant, was also observed with one strain. eph ...19704986085
behavior of bovine ephemeral fever virus in laboratory animals and cell cultures. 19704990770
serological and biochemical factors in bovine ephemeral fever.clinical signs of ephemeral fever, which were observed in individual cattle during two successive epidemics in 1973 and 1976, were related to biochemical, cellular and serological changes in the blood. the rise in peripheral blood neutrophil counts in samples collected from 12 sentinel cattle on a daily basis before, during and after natural disease in the two epidemics to mean peaks of 9.6-12.5 x 10(9) per litre, and fall in counts of lymphocytes to a trough of 5-7 x 10(9) per litre was found t ...19846536261
the isolation and preliminary characterization of a rhabdovirus in australia related to bovine ephemeral fever virus.csiro 368 virus was isolated from blood collected in the northern territory from a healthy cow and electron microscope studies showed that the isolate had rhabdovirus morphology. fluorescent antibody studies and complement fixation tests related the virus to bovine ephemeral fever (bef) virus. neutralization tests in both suckling mice and vero cells showed that the virus was not bef virus. antibodies to csiro 368 virus were found in cattle sera from northern and eastern australia and papua new ...19836612981
the isolation in australia of a new virus related to bovine ephemeral fever virus. 19836870710
the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever virus infection of adult mice. 19817198652
the role of neutrophils in bovine ephemeral fever virus infection of cattle.bovine ephemeral fever is a rhabdoviral disease characterized by a pronounced neutrophilia and an influx of neutrophils into serosae and serosal fluids. studies were undertaken on the effect of bovine ephemeral fever virus infection of cattle with an induced neutropenia. an equine antiserum to bovine neutrophils was produced using neutrophils derived from a bovine udder. this antiserum was used to deplete circulating neutrophils in three calves that were infected with virulent bovine ephemeral f ...19807400628
effective vaccination of cattle using the virion g protein of bovine ephemeral fever virus as an antigen.in a series of experiments, the envelope glycoprotein (g protein) of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) induced immunity against challenge with virulent virus. protection correlated with the level of specific serum antibodies to g protein measured by a blocking elisa test and with the level of neutralizing antibody. the optimum vaccination regimen consisted of two injections given 21 days apart at a dose rate of 0.32 microgram per cow of purified g protein emulsified in the adjuvant quil a. thi ...19947975863
structural and antigenic analysis of the nucleoprotein of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus.the nucleotide sequence of the bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) genome has been determined from the 3' terminus to the end of the nucleoprotein (n) gene. the 3' leader sequence comprises 50 nucleotides and shares a common terminal three nucleotides (3'-ugc-) and a downstream u-rich domain with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus. the n gene comprises 1328 nucleotides from the transcription initiation consensus sequence (aacagg) to the conserved transcription termination-poly(a) ...19948046391
adelaide river rhabdovirus expresses consecutive glycoprotein genes as polycistronic mrnas: new evidence of gene duplication as an evolutionary process.a 3914 nucleotide region of the adelaide river virus (arv) genome, located immediately downstream of the m2 gene, has been cloned and sequenced. the region contains two long open reading frames (orfs). the first encodes a protein comprising 660 amino acids which shares extensive sequence homology with the virion g protein of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) and less but significant homology with other rhabdovirus glycoproteins. the size and structural characteristics of the product indicate t ...19938337841
field trials of ephemeral fever vaccines.various bovine ephemeral fever (bef) vaccines were tested between 1982 and 1984 in 24 queensland herds; neutralising antibody responses were monitored and six of the herds were closely observed following natural challenge with ephemeral fever. a vaccine regime of two consecutive vaccinations with attenuated virus combined with the adjuvant quil a provided excellent protection against bef for at least 12 months, whereas one vaccination with the quil a vaccine or two vaccinations with vaccine cont ...19958545949
australian-indonesian collaboration in veterinary arbovirology--a review.australian-indonesian collaboration in veterinary development programs has led to significant advances in the study of arboviruses. this paper reviews the resulting knowledge of arboviral infections of livestock in indonesia. the first recognized arboviral disease of animals in indonesia was bovine ephemeral fever. serology indicates that the virus is widespread, as are related rhabdoviruses. local sheep appear resistant to bluetongue disease, but imported sheep have suffered mortalities. blueto ...19958545953
vaccinia virus-expressed bovine ephemeral fever virus g but not g(ns) glycoprotein induces neutralizing antibodies and protects against experimental infection.two related glycoproteins (g and g(ns)) encoded in the bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) genome were expressed from recombinant vaccinia viruses (rvv). both proteins were detected in lysates of rvv-infected cells by labelling with d-[6-3h]glucosamine or by immuno-blotting. the recombinant g protein (mol. mass 79 kda) appeared slightly smaller than the native g protein but reacted with monoclonal antibodies directed against all defined neutralizing antigenic sites (g1, g2, g3a, g3b and g4). the ...19968627251
adelaide river virus nucleoprotein gene: analysis of phylogenetic relationships of ephemeroviruses and other rhabdoviruses.the nucleotide sequence of the adelaide river virus (arv) genome was determined from the 3' terminus to the end of the nucleoprotein (n) gene. the 3' leader sequence comprises 50 nucleotides and shares a common terminal trinucleotide (3' ugc-), a conserved u-rich domain and a variable au-rich domain with other animal rhabdoviruses. the n gene comprises 1355 nucleotides from the transcription start sequence (aacagg) to the poly(a) sequence [catg(a)7] and encodes a polypeptide of 429 amino acids. ...19959049348
serological survey for antibodies to infectious agents in beef cattle in northern south australia. 19979066974
genome organization and transcription strategy in the complex gns-l intergenic region of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus.a 1622 nucleotide region of the bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) genome, located between the second glycoprotein (gns) gene and the polymerase (l) gene, has been cloned and sequenced in australian (bb7721) and chinese (beijing-1) isolates of the virus. in the australian isolate, the region contains five long open reading frames (orfs) organized into three coding regions (alpha, beta and gamma), each of which are bound by a consensus transcription initiation and transcription termination-polya ...19979191923
bovine ephemeral fever in saudi arabia. 19979228697
a bovine ephemeral fever vaccine incorporating adjuvant quil a: a comparative study using adjuvants quil a, aluminium hydroxide gel and dextran sulphate.various vaccines containing the 919 strain of ephemeral fever virus were evaluated in experimental calves and in commercial cattle. the vaccine virus was mixed with one of the adjuvants, quil a (a saponin derivative), aluminium hydroxide gel, dextran sulphate or combinations of these. the response of experimental calves was evaluated by measuring the production of neutralising antibodies and by resistance to challenge with virulent virus; the response of commercial cattle was judged only by the ...19852412334
location of neutralizing epitopes on the g protein of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus.the surface glycoprotein g is the major neutralizing and protective antigen of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus (befv). twelve neutralizing mabs against befv strain bb7721 were used to select 33 neutralization escape mutants. the mutants had been classified previously into three major antigenic sites (g1-g3) based on their cross-neutralization patterns. the nucleotide sequence of the entire extracellular domain of the g protein gene was determined for all mutants. each contained a single nucle ...19989820132
the prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea, bovine herpes virus 1, rift valley fever, ephemeral fever and bluetongue and to leptospira sp in free-ranging wildlife in zimbabwe.the prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea (bvd), bovine herpes virus typel (bhv1), rift valley fever (rvf), bovine ephemeral fever (bef) and bluetongue (bt) and to leptospira sp. was determined in wildlife populations in zimbabwe. evidence of infection with bvd virus was found in 14 of the 16 species examined but was greatest in eland taurotragus oryx, nyala tragelaphus angasi and bushbuck tragelaphus scriptus. persistent infection with bvd virus was found in 1 of 303 a ...19989825798
epizootics of bovine ephemeral fever on dairy farms in saudi arabia.in 1990 and 1996, field veterinarians suspected the clinical occurrence of bovine ephemeral fever among dairy and conventional cattle in different regions of saudi arabia. the disease has a seasonal occurrence; it begins in early summer (may) and ends in late autumn (november). the mortality rate is low: 0.3% to 0.6%. the morbidity rate ranged from 5% to 61% within the different age groups of one affected herd in the 1996 outbreaks and from 3.4% to 19% among four affected herds in the 1990 outbr ...19989850542
epidemiology of bovine ephemeral fever virus infection in taiwan.sick animals with excessive nasal discharges and protruding tongue as a result of dyspnea were observed in the august of 1996. eight strains of bef virus were isolated from heparinized blood samples of the affected cattle. most of the affected cattle were difficult to be treated and had a poor prognosis. a total of 516 farms in the 9 districts of taiwan were affected in 1996. among a population of 110,247 dairy cattle, 14,993 (13.6%) cattle were found to be clinically ill. during the epidemic, 1 ...19989880933
bovine ephemeral fever: a review.bovine ephemeral fever is a viral disease of cattle and buffaloes besides subclinical involvement of a variety of ruminant species. the subtropical and temperate regions of africa, asia and australia have experienced the major epidemic of the bovine ephemeral fever but the occurrence in the tropics can not be overlooked. although the substantial role played by the vectors viz., mosquitoes and culicoides in bovine ephemeral fever perpetuation and dissemination, other vector involvement if any sho ...199910051179
observations on the recent epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever in saudi arabia.observations of the epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever which occurred in saudi arabia during 1996 are presented. the investigations included the collection of epidemiological data from affected farms and the testing of sera for antibodies to the virus. the authors report a mean morbidity rate of 50% and a mean case fatality rate of 0.3%. of the infected cattle, 4% were affected by recumbency, the majority of these recovered (89%). the clinical signs observed in affected cattle were uniform thro ...199910588011
rna polymerase (l) gene and genome terminal sequences of ephemeroviruses bovine ephemeral fever virus and adelaide river virus indicate a close relationship to vesiculoviruses.the sequence of the rna genome of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) was determined from the start of the l (polymerase) gene to the end of the untranslated 5' trailer sequence, completing the sequence of the 14900 nucleotide (nt) genome. the 6470 nt l gene encodes a single long orf of 2144 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 249766 da. the 70 nt befv 5' trailer region displays partial terminal complementarity with the 3' leader sequence and contains a 26 nt direct repeat of the u-ri ...200011074128
bovine ephemeral fever in taiwan.bovine ephemeral fever (bef) is a vector-borne disease of cattle, spanning tropical and subtropical zones of asia, australia, and africa, caused by ephemerovirus of the rhabdoviridae. taiwan has had 3 bef epizootics, occurring in 1989, 1996, and 1999, since the vaccination regimen was initiated in 1984, given once a year in the spring with a single-dose formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine using the 1983 isolate as the seed virus. this study evaluated the 1999 population immunity against bef virus i ...200111724135
epidemiological investigations of outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever in israel.in two epidemics of bovine ephemeral fever (bef) in israel, one in 1990 and one in 1999, the virus was probably carried by vectors transported by air currents across the rift valley and through the red sea trough. the disease broke out under optimal ecological conditions among vulnerable cattle populations and spread rapidly; it developed in the spring and summer and ended soon after the daily average ambient temperature fell below 16 degrees c in late autumn. the proportion of herds affected re ...200212180660
akabane and bovine ephemeral fever virus infections.akabane and bovine ephemeral fever viruses are exotic to the american continent. both viruses are spread by insect vectors, and each causes disease of varying severity in food-producing animals. however, there are few other similarities between the agents and the diseases that they cause. they do not share the same insect vectors, the mammalian host range is different, and the clinical manifestations of virus infection vary markedly. akabane virus is a cause of severe congenital defects, but adu ...200212442580
bovine ephemeral fever in beef cattle herds in the jordan valley, israel. 200312570314
determination of the oral susceptibility of south african livestock-associated biting midges, culicoides species, to bovine ephemeral fever virus.a total of 10 607 culicoides midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) were fed on either sheep or horse blood containing not less than 6.5 log10 tcid50/ml of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv). insects were collected during two consecutive summers from two distinct climatic areas. two seed viruses, originating from either south africa or australia, were used separately in the feeding trials. blood-engorged females were incubated at 23.5 degrees c for 10 days and then individually assayed in microplate ...200312823829
economic aspects of the 1999 outbreak of bovine ephemeral fever in dairy cattle herds in the jordan valley in israel. 200312934730
apoptosis induced by bovine ephemeral fever virus.the potential significance of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv)-induced apoptosis and involved viral molecules was fully unknown. in the present study, evidence is provided demonstrating that bovine ephemeral fever virus induces apoptosis in several cell lines. five types of assays for apoptosis were used in examining befv-infected cells. (1) assay for dna fragmentation, (2) nuclear staining with acridine orange, (3) elisa detection of cytoplasmic histone-associated dna fragment, (4) terminal ...200415542140
immune responses to recombinants of the south african vaccine strain of lumpy skin disease virus generated by using thymidine kinase gene insertion.the south african vaccine strain of lumpy skin disease virus (type sa-neethling) is currently being developed as a vector for recombinant vaccines of economically important livestock diseases throughout africa. in this study, the feasibility of using the viral thymidine kinase gene as the site of insertion was investigated and recombinant viruses were evaluated in animal trials. two separate recombinants were generated and selected for homogeneity expressing either the structural glycoprotein ge ...200515811653
bovine ephemeral fever in taiwan (2001-2002).bovine ephemeral fever (bef), a vector-borne disease of cattle, is caused by the ephemerovirus of the family rhabdoviridae. in the past 40 years, taiwan has had seven bef epizootics, and we have previously reported the first five. this study summarizes the 2001 and 2002 epizootics; conducted case-control serologic studies on 10 herds involved in the 2001 epizootic; determined whether the recent bef viruses have varied significantly; and discusses the relationship between epizootic patterns and p ...200515876792
development of a reliable assay protocol for identification of diseases (rapid)-bioactive amplification with probing (bap) for detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus.a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay, rapid-bap assay, was developed to detect and quantify the g protein-encoding gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv). this new technique uses a nested pcr and magnetic bead-based dna probing assay. the optimal conditions for the assay were examined. by applying a nested pcr, a minimum of 1 copy/mul of the befv plasmid dna could be detected by the assay. the optimal hybridization conditions at 50 degrees c in 5x ssc and 0.5% sds with a 20-min incubation ...200515970336
bovine ephemeral fever in australia and the world.bovine ephemeral fever (bef) is a disabling viral disease of cattle and water buffaloes. it can cause significant economic impact through reduced milk production in dairy herds, loss of condition in beef cattle and loss of draught animals at the time of harvest. available evidence indicates clinical signs of bef, which include bi-phasic fever, anorexia, muscle stiffness, ocular and nasal discharge, ruminal stasis and recumbency, are due primarily to a vascular inflammatory response. in australia ...200515981468
a real-time rt-quantative(q)pcr for the detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus.a quantitative reverse-transcriptase real-time pcr assay, using taqman chemistry, for detecting bovine ephemeral virus (befv) is described. available g gene sequences of viral rna were aligned, and primers and probes were designed to recognize the virus. to quantitate the viruses, cdna containing the real-time amplicon was prepared with a forward primer carrying the t7 promoter sequences. run-off transcription from the t7 promoter amplicon template was used to prepare crna. ten-fold dilutions of ...200516005987
dna sequence analysis of glycoprotein g gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus and development of a double oil emulsion vaccine against bovine ephemeral fever.the surface glycoprotein g is considered as the major neutralizing and protective antigen of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv). comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of g protein of befv isolates during the period 1984-2004 outbreaks in taiwan showed amino acid substitutions in the neutralizing epitopes. all the isolates differ markedly in the neutralizing epitope at the same amino acid positions compared to the currently available killed vaccine strain (tn73). tn88128 strain isolated ...200616820709
sero-survey on aino, akabane, chuzan, bovine ephemeral fever and japanese encephalitis virus of cattle and swine in korea.vector-borne arboviruses produce mild to severe symptoms in domestic animals. bovine ephemeral fever (bef), akabane, aino, and chuzan virus have been primarily attributed to reproductive disorders or febrile diseases in cattle, and japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is mainly associated with reproductive failures in swine. we investigated antibody titers from domestic swine against four bovine arboviruses (bef, akabane, aino, and chuzan virus) and from cattle against jev in korea. while the posit ...200717322773
a study on bovine ephemeral fever involving sentinel herds and serosurveillance in saudi arabia.a nationwide study was conducted in saudi arabia to determine if bovine ephemeral fever (bef) was present in cattle between 1993 and 1995. the study had two components: the first was establishment of sentinel herds of cattle in some localities, the second was to conduct a nationwide serological survey. the results indicated that saudi arabia was free of bef during the period of study and that the cattle population was susceptible to the disease, which may have contributed to the fulminating epid ...200617361778
suppression of bovine ephemeral fever virus by rna interference.rna interference (rnai) was used to suppress bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv). plasmids expressing continuously shrnas were used against g gene of befv to induce rna interference in cultured cells. a gfp reporter assay was established to determine the efficiency and specificity of sirna and the potential of befv to hamper rnai. two of five small interfering rnas (sirnas) were shown to suppress befv. suppression of the g gene of befv corresponded with reduction of viral plaques and progeny tit ...200717590446
improved method for the generation and selection of homogeneous lumpy skin disease virus (sa-neethling) recombinants.lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) is being developed as a vector for recombinant vaccines against diseases of veterinary importance. a strategy for generating viral thymidine kinase (tk) gene-disrupted recombinants which are stable and homogeneous using the south african neethling vaccine strain of lsdv as vector has been developed. to assist with the selection process, the escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacz) visual marker gene was incorporated into the constructs. however, the use of lacz ...200717644196
[expression, purification and antigenic characterization of the epitope-g1 gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus in escherichia coli].the epitope-g1 gene, cloned from the pmd-g plasmid including g protein gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv), was subcloned into expression vector pgex-4t-1 to construct pgex-g1 recombinant plasmid successfully. the pgex-g1 was transformed into e. coli bl21(de3) to be induced with iptg. the optimal expression conditions for g1 gene were obtained, which included reaction temperature 16 degrees c, induction time 18h and iptg concentration 0.1 mmol/l. the soluble target protein was purified w ...200717672313
antigenic characterization of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus g and gns glycoproteins expressed from recombinant baculoviruses.recombinant baculoviruses expressing the befv envelope glycoprotein g and non-structural glycoprotein g(ns) were constructed. the g protein expressed in insect cells was located on the cell surface and induced spontaneous cell fusion at mildly acidic ph. the expressed g protein reacted with mabs to continuous and conformational neutralization sites (g1, g2, g3b and g4), but not to conformational site g3a. the expressed g(ns) protein was also located on the cell surface but did not exhibit fusoge ...200818626567
application of a flow type quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor for real time determination of cattle bovine ephemeral fever virus in liquid.bovine ephemeral fever (bef) is a viral disease of cattle. a flow type quartz crystal microbalance (qcm) immunosensor was developed for the real time determination bef virus (befv) that is suitable for clinical point-case diagnosis. self-assembled monolayer (sam) of thiols and sulphides by the cystamine-glutaraldehyde method was used for the immobilization of befv monoclonal antibody on the gold surface of a quartz crystal microbalance (qcm). a positive correlation was found between the virus co ...200518969950
phylogenetic relationships of the g gene sequence of bovine ephemeral fever virus isolated in japan, taiwan and australia.the g gene encoding the neutralization antigen of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) was characterized in order to define the virus's molecular epidemiology in japan and the genetic relationships among the japanese, taiwanese and australian isolates. the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the gene were highly conserved among the japanese strains, regardless of the year of isolation, and were closely related to the taiwanese strains. by phylogenetic analysis, the japanese and taiwanese strai ...200919201554
development and application of g1-elisa for detection of antibodies against bovine ephemeral fever virus.the gene encoding antigenic site g(1) of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) was highly expressed in the host cell escherichia coli. an indirect g(1)-elisa with the recombinant protein as the coating antigen was established to detect antibodies against befv. the result revealed that the optimal concentration of the coated antigen was 0.5 microg/well and the dilution of serum was 1:20. it was optimal that sera with p/n >or= 2.2 were considered positive, p/n <or=2.0 negative, and between 2.0 and 2 ...200919376554
bovine ephemeral fever virus-induced apoptosis requires virus gene expression and activation of fas and mitochondrial signaling pathway.although induction of apoptosis by bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) in several cell lines has been previously demonstrated by our laboratory, less information is available on the process of befv-induced apoptosis in terms of cellular pathways and specific proteins involved. in order to determine the step in viral life cycle at which apoptosis of infected cells is triggered, chemical and physical agents were used to block viral infection. treatment of bhk-21 infected cells with ammonium chlori ...200919521777
serological detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus using an indirect elisa based on antigenic site g1 expressed in pichia pastoris.an indirect elisa for the serological detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) infection in cattle is described in which a glycosylated protein of approximately 25 kda (including the g1 antigenic site of the virus glycoprotein) expressed in pichia pastoris gs115 was used as the coating antigen. the optimal concentration of coated antigen was 0.3 microg/well at a serum dilution of 1:40. the optimal positive threshold value of the assay was 1.88, as derived from receiver operating characte ...201019586786
apoptosis induction in befv-infected vero and mdbk cells through src-dependent jnk activation regulates caspase-3 and mitochondria pathways.our previous report demonstrated that bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv)-infected cultured cells could induce caspase-dependent apoptosis. this study aims to further elucidate how befv activates the caspase cascade in bovine cells. befv replicated and induced apoptosis in vero and madin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cells, and a kinetic study showed a higher efficiency of replication and a greater apoptosis induction ability of befv in vero cells. src and c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) inhibitor, b ...201019846041
inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mtor but not akt enhance replication of bovine ephemeral fever virus.non-segmented, negative-sense rna viruses (nnsvs) depend on akt (protein kinase b) for efficient replication. infection with bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) increases akt phosphorylation. this study examined the effect of inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k)-akt signalling on befv replication, since pi3k is the major upstream regulator of akt. treatment of befv-infected cells with two specific pi3k inhibitors (wortmannin and ly294002) enhanced replication of befv when compared ...201120074986
the association of winds with the spread of ehdv in dairy cattle in israel during an outbreak in 2006.winds may play a major role in spread of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). arboviruses like epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), bluetongue virus and bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) frequently cause major outbreaks in israel with a unique pattern of spread. most of these outbreaks begin in the jordan valley, near the sea of galilee and then spread to the north, south and west through the major valleys of israel. the aim of this study was to describe the spread pattern in such an ...201020619907
an epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever in new south wales in 2008 associated with long-distance dispersal of vectors.to report the rapid transmission of bovine ephemeral fever (bef) virus from north-western new south wales south to the victorian border in january 2008 and to present data that suggests an uncommon meteorological event caused this rapid southward dispersal of vectors.201020633165
a reverse-transcription, loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus in the blood of infected cattle.a novel reverse-transcription, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for the detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) was developed and evaluated in this study. the rt-lamp assay exhibited higher sensitivity when compared with conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and virus isolation methods. the specificity of the assay was determined by digestion of the rt-lamp products with restriction enzyme and detection of befv serogroup rabies virus ...201021093487
competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies to rift valley fever virus in goat and cattle.rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is one of the important emerging viral diseases of serious impact in public health and animal hygiene both in human and animal industry. in this study, we developed monoclonal antibody-based competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies to rvfv in goat and cattle. the recombinant n protein of rvfv was expressed in e. coli with six-histidine tag and the purified n protein was used for detecting antigen with competitive monoclonal antibody against rvfv antibodies ...201122020149
enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in australian mosquitoes.viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. a metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. sequence comparisons revealed strains of liao ning virus (reovirus, seadornavirus), previously detected only in china, livestock-infecting stretch lagoon virus (reovirus, orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdov ...201324314645
evolution of bovine ephemeral fever virus in the australian episystem.bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) is an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus that causes a debilitating disease of cattle in africa, asia, and australia; however, its global geodynamics are poorly understood. an evolutionary analysis of g gene (envelope glycoprotein) ectodomain sequences of 97 befv isolates collected from australia during 1956 to 2012 revealed that all have a single common ancestor and are phylogenetically distinct from befv sampled in other geographical regions. the age of the austral ...201324227855
bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus α1 protein has viroporin-like properties and binds importin β1 and importin 7.bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) is an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus that is classified as the type species of the genus ephemerovirus. in addition to the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (n, p, m, g, and l), the large and complex befv genome contains several open reading frames (orfs) between the g and l genes (α1, α2/α3, β, and γ) encoding proteins of unknown function. we show that the 10.5-kda befv α1 protein is expressed in infected cells and, consistent with previous predicti ...201324257609
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