| experimental infection of red grouse with louping-ill virus (flavivirus group). i. the viraemia and antibody response. | | 1975 | 167055 |
| isolation of louping-ill virus from a roe deer (capreolus capreolus). | | 1976 | 176767 |
| experimental infection of monkeys with viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex: degenerative cerebellar lesions following inapparent forms of the disease or recovery from clinical encephalitis. | rhesus, patas and vervet monkeys were infected i.c. or i.n. with three viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex (tbe) as follows: turkish tick-borne encephalitis virus (tte), louping-ill virus and central european tick-borne encephalitis virus (cete). the incidence of overt clinical signs of disease varied according to the virus that was used for the inoculations. tte proved to be more pathogenic for monkeys than the other two members of the complex, whilst cete was the least pathogenic. i ... | 1976 | 178337 |
| encephalitis caused by louping ill virus in a group of horses in ireland. | an outbreak of li infection in a group of free range horses is described. three of 4 horses displayed signs of cns disturbance and 2 of these died after illnesses ranging from 2-12 days duration. in both cases a variable degree of viral polioencephalomyelitis was observed. a virus antigenically indistinguishable from a reference strain of li virus was isolated from the brain and cervical cord of a 3 y.o. draft mare. serum samples obtained from 3 of the horses contained hi, cf, precipitating and ... | 1976 | 182486 |
| the effect of colostrum-derived antibody on louping-ill virus infection in lambs. | the influence of colostrum-derived antibody to louping-ill virus on the course of experimental infection was investigated in lambs. lambs that had high titres of antibody were refractory to infection. lambs that had low titres of antibody did not develop a viraemia but either showed an antibody reaction or were sensitized as judged by the immune response, which was typical of an anamnestic response, after rechallenge. animals that had no antibody 34-20 days before challenge had either no or very ... | 1976 | 187692 |
| the occurrence of antibody to babesia and to the virus of louping-ill in deer in scotland. | sera of wild red deer from 16 localities in scotland were tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique for antibody to babesia and by the haemagglutination inhibition test for antibody to the virus of louping-ill. babesial antibody was detected in sera from all localities in proportions ranging from 22 to 100 per cent. antibody to louping-ill virus could not be demonstrated in sera from five of the localities and in the other 11 was found less frequently than was antibody to babesia. se ... | 1977 | 200997 |
| isolation of louping-ill virus from red deer (cervus elaphus). | | 1978 | 208224 |
| antibody responses to vaccination against louping-ill virus in newborn lambs. | | 1978 | 209066 |
| studies of louping-ill virus (flavivirus group) in wild red grouse (lagopus lagopus scoticus). | studies were made to find evidence of louping-ill virus infection in free-living red grouse and relate this to their breeding success. in areas where ticks were abundant 61 (84%) adult grouse had antibody to the virus compared with 1 (10%) in areas where ticks were relatively scarce. of 162 chicks tested 25 were shown to be viraemic. infected chicks were of significantly less weight than comparably aged uninfected birds and the probability that they died was much greater than that of uninfected ... | 1978 | 212479 |
| effect of chronic trypanosoma brucei infection on the course of louping ill virus infection in mice. | the course of louping-ill virus infection in mice chronically infected with trypanosoma brucei was investigated. the mean survival time of mice infected with virus alone was 10.2 days, compared to 12.8 days in mice infected with t. brucei 14 days before virus challenge, and the cumulative mortality in the two groups was 62.5 and 90%, respectively. virus was only inconsistently detected in the blood of mice given virus alone but was regularly present at high titers for up to 12 days in the blood ... | 1979 | 217825 |
| immunosuppression in bovine trypanosomiasis: studies with louping-ill vaccine. | the antibody response to louping-ill virus vaccine was examined in mice infected with trypanosoma brucei and t congolense, and in ethiopian cattle experimentally infected with t brucei, t congolense and t vivax. in mice the antibody response was completely suppressed, while in cattle infected with t congolense and t vivax the antibody response to the vaccine was only 10 per cent that of uninfected animals. in contrast, the response of cattle infected with t brucei was not significantly reduced, ... | 1979 | 224433 |
| immunosuppression in toxoplasmosis: studies in mice with a clostridial vaccine and louping-ill virus vaccine. | | 1979 | 231055 |
| immunosuppression in experimental trypanosomiasis: effects of trypanosoma brucei on immunization against louping-ill virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. | | 1979 | 232108 |
| experimental infection of red grouse with louping-ill virus (flavivirus group). ii. neuropathology. | | 1975 | 1170216 |
| heterologous resistance to superinfection by louping ill virus persistently infected cell cultures. | louping ill virus, a tick-borne arbovirus readily established a persistent infection in porcine kidney (ps) cells after initially inducing minor cytopathic changes. nucleotide sequence analysis of the envelope glycoprotein of the viral rna recovered from the persistently infected cells showed no changes as compared with the virus used to establish persistent infections. more than 80 per cent of the cells contained virus specific antigen when analysed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. th ... | 1992 | 1322654 |
| nucleotide sequence of the envelope glycoprotein of negishi virus shows very close homology to louping ill virus. | negishi virus, a member of the family flaviviridae, was originally isolated in japan, during an outbreak of japanese encephalitis. antigenically, however, negishi virus resembles the tick-borne rather than the mosquito-borne flaviviruses. monoclonal antibodies that bind louping ill virus showed a close antigenic relationship between louping ill and negishi virus. the genes encoding the envelope glycoprotein of negishi virus (strain 3248/49/p10) and louping ill virus (strain sb526) were cloned an ... | 1992 | 1326816 |
| louping ill virus envelope protein expressed by recombinant baculovirus and vaccinia virus fails to stimulate protective immunity. | we have constructed recombinant baculoviruses and vaccinia viruses containing cloned dna, encoding either the envelope protein alone or all of the structural proteins (core, membrane and envelope) of louping ill virus. glycosylated viral envelope protein, presented both inside and on the surface of insect and mammalian cells, was expressed by all four recombinant viruses. differences in antigenic presentation of the envelope protein were observed between the envelope protein and structural prote ... | 1992 | 1337231 |
| genomic sequence of the structural proteins of louping ill virus: comparative analysis with tick-borne encephalitis virus. | the genomic rna of louping ill virus coding for capsid, premembrane, membrane, and envelope proteins was cloned and sequenced. hydrophilicity profiles of the deduced amino acid sequence shared homologous functional domains with other flaviviruses. the premembrane and envelope proteins contain n-glycosylation sites and conserved cysteine residues which are important for maintaining the secondary structures of the proteins. sequence comparisons of louping ill envelope protein showed greater homolo ... | 1991 | 1845834 |
| the relationship between the flaviviruses skalica and langat as revealed by monoclonal antibodies, peptide mapping and rna sequence analysis. | the flavivirus skalica was isolated from a bank vole in czechoslovakia in 1976. it can be serologically distinguished from prototype strains of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus and has a decreased virulence for adult mice. we have further defined the relationship of skalica virus to other members of the tbe serocomplex (tbe european and far eastern subtypes, langat and louping ill virus) by using a panel of 22 monoclonal antibodies, peptide mapping and rna sequence analyses. by these criteria ... | 1991 | 1847173 |
| macrophage activity in rabies virus infection of genetically selected high and low antibody responder lines of mice. | after infection with the pasteur strain of fixed rabies virus, the onset of disease, mortality, interferon (ifn) synthesis and interaction of the virus with macrophages were investigated in high (hi) and low (li) antibody responder lines of mice. the hi mice were shown to be more resistant than the li mice, and resistance was age-dependent, since mice from both mouse lines were fully susceptible up to 2 weeks of age. ifn synthesis studies of the serum indicated that, after rabies infection, hi m ... | 1990 | 2109344 |
| a disease resembling louping-ill in sheep in the basque region of spain. | a clinical syndrome resembling louping-ill which primarily affects lambs and yearlings in the basque region of spain is described. the disease has been observed for several years during may and june after the sheep flocks have been taken to the mountain grazings where the sheep tick (ixodes ricinus) is known to occur. examination of the brain from one of the affected animals revealed histological changes indistinguishable from those caused by louping-ill virus. in addition antibody that reacted ... | 1987 | 2820110 |
| excretion of louping-ill virus in ewes' milk. | | 1985 | 3000059 |
| some aspects of tick-borne diseases of british sheep. | the significance of tick-borne fever (tbf) and other tick-borne diseases of british sheep are reviewed. experimental and field studies were carried out to clarify the role of tbf as a pathogen per se and as a predisposing factor in other diseases. experimental tbf infection caused anorexia and depression in two- to three-week-old lambs, which under the stress of a hill environment could alone be a cause of mortality. nine out of 10 lambs experimentally inoculated with staphylococcus aureus durin ... | 1986 | 3754669 |
| response of sheep to experimental concurrent infection with tick-borne fever (cytoecetes phagocytophila) and louping-ill virus. | the pathogenesis of concurrent cytoecetes phagocytophila and louping-ill virus infection was studied in two experiments. in the first experiment 18 four- to seven-year-old rams were used. ten were infected with c phagocytophila and five days later eight of these animals and the remaining eight sheep were infected with louping-ill virus. the two rams infected with c phagocytophila alone developed no clinical signs apart from a transient pyrexia, while only three of the eight rams infected with lo ... | 1986 | 3764102 |
| louping ill virus vaccination of dogs. | | 1987 | 3824860 |
| laboratory infections with louping-ill virus. | | 1972 | 4110073 |
| intranuclear inclusion bodies in the brain of guinea-pigs infected with louping ill virus with special reference to the effect of treatment with cyclophosphamide. | | 1974 | 4134208 |
| louping-ill virus in red grouse in scotland. | | 1974 | 4375344 |
| the persistence of louping ill virus in immunosuppressed guinea-pigs. | | 1971 | 4936536 |
| the serological response and long-lasting resistance against infection with louping-ill virus in sheep immunized with a highly attenuated tick-borne encephalitis virus. | | 1969 | 4982559 |
| recovery of louping ill virus from the red grouse in ireland. | | 1972 | 5062158 |
| variations in the haemagglutinin content of crude mouse brain antigens containing louping ill virus. | | 1971 | 5107106 |
| a comparison of methods of measuring the persistence of neutralizing and haemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies to louping ill virus in experimentally infected sheep. | | 1968 | 5250130 |
| field trials of an inactivated oil-adjuvant vaccine against louping-ill (arbovirus group b). | a single dose of inactivated louping-ill oil-adjuvant vaccine elicited a sero-logically detectable immune response in sheep lasting for at least 1 year. these sheep when exposed to a natural focus of louping-ill virus were completely protected from clinical disease and 1 year after vaccination were able to pass on a substantial maternal immunity to their lambs.twenty-nine per cent of unvaccinated sheep, exposed at the same time, died from clinical louping-ill; half of the survivors showed positi ... | 1971 | 5285947 |
| demonstration of louping-ill virus in abnormal purkinje cells. | | 1969 | 5390899 |
| microneutralization test in pk(15) cells for assay of antibodies to louping ill virus. | a microneutralization test in pk(15) cells was developed to measure the neutralizing antibody response of a group of ponies experimentally challenged with louping ill virus. viral cytopathic effect was maximal after 6 days of incubation, at which point titration endpoints were clear-cut and readily determinable. the assay compared favorably with the mouse neutralization test for accuracy and ease of performance. | 1984 | 6086707 |
| homogeneity of the structural glycoprotein from european isolates of tick-borne encephalitis virus: comparison with other flaviviruses. | isolates of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus from finland, germany, czechoslovakia, switzerland and austria were compared with strains of the far eastern subtype isolated in russia as well as louping ill virus and other flaviviruses belonging to a different serocomplex: west nile, murray valley encephalitis and rocio viruses. analysis of the structural polypeptides by sds--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds--page) revealed identical mol. wt. of the glycoprotein e (mol. wt. 55 000) and th ... | 1981 | 6172553 |
| antigenic variation among members of the tick-borne encephalitis complex. | the antigenic relationships between seven members of the tick-borne encephalitis complex of flaviviruses (group b arboviruses) were examined by raising a library of 16 monoclonal antibodies against one of them and examining their biological and antigenic properties. these clones reacted with only one of two intracellular, virus-specific polypeptides. one polypeptide [mol. wt. 58 x 10(3) (58k)] is related to the major envelope protein e, but the identity of the other is at present unknown, even t ... | 1984 | 6198450 |
| louping-ill virus infection of pigs. | | 1980 | 6243813 |
| immunosuppression in toxoplasmosis: further studies on mice infected with louping-ill virus. | mice were infected with an avirulent cyst-producing strain of toxoplasma gondii and given injections of louping-ill virus 7 days later; control mice were given virus but not toxoplasma. test and control mice were then killed, in groups, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days later. in the dually infected mice viraemia was later, greater and more prolonged; titres of virus recovered from brain and spleen were greater; production and haemagglutinating antibody to louping-ill virus was later and less, and inflamma ... | 1980 | 6247491 |
| susceptibility of the horse to experimental inoculation with louping ill virus. | | 1980 | 6248578 |
| the response of three grouse species (tetrao urogallus, lagopus mutus, lagopus lagopus) to louping-ill virus. | | 1980 | 6253539 |
| immunosuppression in toxoplasmosis: preliminary studies in mice infected with louping-ill virus. | | 1980 | 6253540 |
| immunosuppression in toxoplasmosis: studies in sheep with vaccines for chlamydial abortion and louping-ill virus. | toxoplasma gondii infection was established in sheep seven days (acute infection) or 28 days (chronic infection) before they were given enzootic abortion (eae) vaccine alone or simultaneously with louping-ill (li) vaccine. uninfected controls received the same vaccination schedule. the serological response of acute toxoplasma-infected sheep to initial li vaccination was significantly depressed but after revaccination four weeks later these sheep demonstrated a response equal to that of the revac ... | 1981 | 6278695 |
| immune responses of sheep to louping-ill virus vaccine. | the immune responses of sheep to single and double doses of commercially available louping-ill virus vaccine were examined. the susceptibility to challenge of sheep which had been vaccinated but showed a poor response was also investigated. two injections of vaccine were required to provoke an adequate antibody response and maximum titres were obtained when there was an interval of two to eight weeks between injections. after challenge, viraemia could not be detected in animals with an antibody ... | 1981 | 6280367 |
| immunosuppression in toxoplasmosis: studies in lambs and sheep infected with louping-ill virus. | | 1982 | 6282944 |
| experimental louping-ill virus infection in two species of british deer. | | 1982 | 6289506 |
| molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus: peptide mapping of large non-structural proteins of european isolates and comparison with other flaviviruses. | nine virus-specified proteins were identified by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in [35s]methionine-labelled chick embryo cells infected with tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus by comparison with mock-infected cells. these proteins were designated p91, p74, p72, p67, gp53(e), p47, p25, p15(c) and p14.5 according to their molecular weights. peptide mapping of p91, p67, gp53(e) and p47 from tbe virus-infected cells, as well as those of the corresponding proteins from west nile virus (wnv)- ... | 1982 | 6292351 |
| experimental louping-ill virus infection of black grouse (tetrao tetrix). | louping-ill virus was injected into the tarsal pads of four black grouse and the course of infection monitored. all developed viraemia of low intensity that lasted for four days and thereafter produced high titres of haemagglutination inhibiting antibody. no clinical signs were detected and mild neuropathological changes were present in only 1/4 brains collected on day 17 after inoculation. the mild response of black grouse to infection with louping-ill virus is thus similar to that found in oth ... | 1983 | 6318699 |
| transmission of louping-ill virus in goat milk. | the course of louping-ill virus infection was examined in lactating goats. seven goats were inoculated subcutaneously and titres of virus in blood and milk were monitored. all goats became viraemic with maximum titres of between 10(1.6) and 10(4.0) plaque forming units (pfu)/0.2 ml. virus was also detected in the milk of all goats at maximum titres of between 10(0.6) and 10(5.7) pfu/0.2 ml. only one of these goats exhibited clinical signs which were transient. in contrast, five of the 13 kids su ... | 1984 | 6328733 |
| experimental louping-ill virus infection of cattle. | the response of six calves to subcutaneous inoculation with louping-ill virus was studied. all developed viraemia of low intensity which lasted two to four days followed by the appearance of haemagglutination inhibiting serum antibody. igm was the predominant class of antibody until day 14. only one calf developed clinical signs; following a brief period of incoordination on day 7 it became recumbent and was killed on day 12. severe meningoencephalitis was detected in this calf and mild changes ... | 1981 | 7197842 |
| tick-borne flavivirus ns1 gene: identification of conserved peptides and antigenic analysis of recombinant louping ill virus ns1 protein. | the nucleotide sequence of the ns1 gene of louping ill (li) virus has been determined. the sequence shows a high degree of homology with other members of the tick-borne serocomplex of flaviviruses and a lower homology with the mosquito-borne flaviviruses. alignment of the deduced ns1 amino acid sequences with all tick-borne flavivirus ns1 sequences, identified four peptide regions which were conserved for all tick-borne flaviviruses, but were variable amongst mosquito-borne flaviviruses. a dendr ... | 1994 | 7513932 |
| recombinant vaccinia virus expressing prm and e glycoproteins of louping ill virus: induction of partial homologous and heterologous protection in mice. | recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either the premembrane/truncated envelope (prm/tre) or truncated envelope (tre) protein of louping ill virus were constructed. both constructs expressed authentic e proteins as determined by their size and antigenic reactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. the deletion of the c-terminal hydrophobic domain of the envelope glycoprotein resulted in the secretion of e protein into the supernatant culture medium. the immunisation of mice with these rec ... | 1994 | 7529419 |
| investigation of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus infection in ruminants by pcr and competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | development of control measures for the gammaherpesviral disease of cattle known as sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) has been hampered by a lack of accurate diagnostic tests either for the causative virus or for antibody against that virus. a recently developed competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ci-elisa) for the detection of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) virus (mcfv) in ruminants based on a monoclonal antibody to a widely conserved epitope ... | 1995 | 7559946 |
| antibody response of sheep following administration of louping-ill virus vaccine. | | 1995 | 7571273 |
| the virus causing encephalomyelitis in sheep in spain: a new member of the tick-borne encephalitis group. | the nucleotide and deduced primary amino acid sequence of the envelope gene of two virus isolates from the brains of spanish sheep with encephalomyelitis, were determined and compared with those of other flaviviruses. the amino acid alignments showed that the spanish viruses shared 95 to 96 per cent homology with the envelope protein of louping ill virus and western european tick-borne encephalitis virus. in comparison, the maximum variation in amino acid identities among strains of louping ill ... | 1995 | 7709053 |
| detection of louping ill virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues of mice, sheep and a pig by the avidin-biotin-complex immunoperoxidase technique. | an immunohistochemical method for the detection of louping ill virus antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues by an avidin-biotin-complex (abc) immunoperoxidase technique was established. the tissues examined were from the brains of 10 mice, five sheep and one pig. the mice were experimentally infected with louping ill virus whereas the sheep and the pig were field cases of louping ill confirmed by clinical examination, and by histological and serological methods. | 1994 | 7801438 |
| intracellular interference of tick-borne flavivirus infection by using a single-chain antibody fragment delivered by recombinant sindbis virus. | a single-chain antibody fragment that identifies a neutralizing epitope on the envelope protein of louping ill and some other tick-borne flaviviruses was previously expressed in soluble form from bacteria and shown to be functionally active in vitro. to see whether or not the single-chain antibody could bind and inactivate infectious virus in vivo, we have used recombinant sindbis virus as a delivery vehicle for intracellular expression of the antibody fragment. the variable genes and interchain ... | 1995 | 7815482 |
| identification of naturally occurring monoclonal antibody escape variants of louping ill virus. | louping ill virus isolates from great britain, ireland and norway were compared antigenically by indirect immunofluorescence, haemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization tests using a panel of five envelope-specific and five non-structural protein ns1-specific monoclonal antibodies raised against louping ill virus. the viruses were grouped according to their reactivities with the antibodies. group 1, members of which were isolated between 1931 and 1987, consisted of 13 viruses that reacted w ... | 1994 | 8126456 |
| classification of a new member of the tbe flavivirus subgroup by its immunological, pathogenetic and molecular characteristics: identification of subgroup-specific pentapeptides. | the antigenic, pathogenic and molecular characteristics of turkish sheep encephalitis (tse) virus, strain tte80, were compared with other members of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus complex. monoclonal antibodies with defined specificity for the flavivirus envelope glycoprotein distinguished tse virus from louping ill (li), western or far eastern tbe, langat and powassan virus in indirect immunofluorescence, haemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization tests. on the other hand, tse vir ... | 1993 | 8249442 |
| sequencing and antigenic studies of a norwegian virus isolated from encephalomyelitic sheep confirm the existence of louping ill virus outside great britain and ireland. | we have carried out an antigenic analysis and nucleotide sequence comparison of the envelope glycoprotein of recognized louping ill virus strains isolated from scotland with that of a norwegian virus known to cause encephalomyelitis in sheep. monoclonal antibodies with defined specificity for the louping ill virus envelope glycoprotein failed to distinguish between the norwegian virus and prototype louping ill virus in indirect immunofluorescence, haemagglutination inhibition and neutralization ... | 1993 | 8380831 |
| single amino acid codon changes detected in louping ill virus antibody-resistant mutants with reduced neurovirulence. | seven mutant viruses were derived from a scottish strain of louping ill virus using a virus envelope-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody. none of the mutants was neutralized and immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that they did not bind to this antibody. four mutants showed reduced mouse neurovirulence compared with parent virus and two mutants failed to induce protective immune responses in mice challenged with virulent tick-borne encephalitis virus. the mutants with the lowest virule ... | 1993 | 8388021 |
| nucleotide sequence of the envelope protein of a turkish isolate of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus is distinct from other viruses of the tbe virus complex. | turkish tick-borne encephalitis (tte) virus causes an acute form of meningoencephalomyelitis in sheep in the north-western region of turkey. the clinical syndrome resembles louping ill (li) and the viruses responsible for both li and tte are members of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) complex of the flaviviridae. the envelope protein gene of tte virus was reverse-transcribed, amplified, cloned and sequenced. alignment of the resultant sequence with those from other viruses of the tbe complex re ... | 1993 | 8492100 |
| persistence and transmission of tick-borne viruses: ixodes ricinus and louping-ill virus in red grouse populations. | the population dynamics of tick-borne disease agents and in particular the mechanisms which influence their persistence are examined with reference to the flavivirus that causes louping-ill in red grouse and sheep. pockets of infection cause heavy mortality and the infection probably persists as a consequence of immigration of susceptible hosts. seroprevalence is positively associated with temporal variations in vectors per host, although variation between areas is associated with the abundance ... | 1995 | 8632924 |
| antigenic similarity of central european encephalitis and louping-ill viruses. | twenty isolates of central european encephalitis (cee) virus were compared with 20 isolates of louping-ill (li) virus in indirect immunofluorescence test (iift), using a panel of 17 monoclonal antibodies (moabs) prepared against the prototype li virus. three asian members of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) complex were also included in the comparison: turkish sheep encephalitis (tse), russian spring-summer encephalitis (rsse) and langat (lgt) viruses. antigenic relationships of the viruses wer ... | 1995 | 8722293 |
| transmission of louping ill virus between infected and uninfected ticks co-feeding on mountain hares. | most of the data on oral infection of ticks by louping ill virus have been obtained from experiments in which animals were infected by syringe inoculation with infectious material. using infected ticks to mimic the natural situation, we have demonstrated that louping ill (li) virus transmission can occur from infected to uninfected ixodes ricinus feeding in close proximity on mountain hares (lepus timidus). under these conditions the hares developed either low or undetectable viraemias. highest ... | 1997 | 9226648 |
| definitive identification of louping ill virus by rt-pcr and sequencing in field populations of ixodes ricinus on the lochindorb estate. | rapid and precise virus detection procedures are an important component of any epizootiological study. an automated one tube reverse transcriptase and nested primer polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) followed by nucleotide sequencing of the cdna product, was used for the rapid detection and identification of louping ill (li) virus in field caught ixodes ricinus and compared with a classical isolation method i.e. infectivity in cell culture. the results establish the genetic identity of li virus ... | 1997 | 9229007 |
| phylogeny of the genus flavivirus. | we undertook a comprehensive phylogenetic study to establish the genetic relationship among the viruses of the genus flavivirus and to compare the classification based on molecular phylogeny with the existing serologic method. by using a combination of quantitative definitions (bootstrap support level and the pairwise nucleotide sequence identity), the viruses could be classified into clusters, clades, and species. our phylogenetic study revealed for the first time that from the putative ancesto ... | 1998 | 9420202 |
| apoptosis in the mouse central nervous system in response to infection with mouse-neurovirulent dengue viruses. | apoptosis has been suggested as a mechanism by which dengue (den) virus infection may cause neuronal cell death (p. desprès, m. flamand, p.-e. ceccaldi, and v. deubel, j. virol. 70:4090-4096, 1996). in this study, we investigated whether apoptotic cell death occurred in the central nervous system (cns) of neonatal mice inoculated intracerebrally with den virus. we showed that serial passage of a wild-type human isolate of den virus in mouse brains selected highly neurovirulent variants which rep ... | 1998 | 9420294 |
| efficacy of acaricidal tags and pour-on as prophylaxis against ticks and louping-ill in red grouse. | this paper examines the efficacy of 10% lambdacyhalothrin-impregnated plastic tags and a deltamethrin pour-on preparation in protecting red grouse chicks from parasitism by ticks and subsequent infection with the louping-ill virus. in 1995, ten red grouse hens (lagopus lagopus scoticus) in a free-living population in north-east scotland were fitted with lambdacyhalothrin-impregnated plastic tags, glued to radio transmitters. chicks of more than 10 days of age from a further ten untreated radio-c ... | 1997 | 9430120 |
| tracing the origins of louping ill virus by molecular phylogenetic analysis. | the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of louping ill (li) virus isolates, collected from representative regions of the british isles and norway, were determined for either the entire envelope gene (20 isolates) or for a portion of the envelope gene that spans a hypervariable region and includes an li virus specific marker sequence (53 isolates). phylogenetic analysis reveals the presence of three major geographical populations of li virus in the british isles, viz. irish, welsh and bri ... | 1998 | 9603312 |
| molecular variation, evolution and geographical distribution of louping ill virus. | following the demonstration that the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) subgroup viruses are distributed as a cline across the northern hemisphere (zanotto et al., 1995), we have analyzed the dispersal pattern of louping ill (li) virus, the most westerly located member in the cline. a total number of 21 li or li-related virus e gene sequences have been used for a detailed molecular analysis of the evolution, phylogeny and geographical distribution of li virus in the british isles and ireland. the res ... | 1997 | 9607079 |
| recombinant semliki forest virus particles encoding the prme or ns1 proteins of louping ill virus protect mice from lethal challenge. | recombinant semliki forest virus (rsfv) vaccines encoding louping ill virus (liv) genes prme and ns1 were examined. cells transfected with rsfv-prme rna showed correct processing of the precursor prme and the release into the medium of m and e proteins in particulate form, whilst rsfv-ns1-transfected cells secreted glycosylated, heat-labile ns1 dimers. mice immunized with rsfv particles produced antibodies against prme and ns1 that were mainly of the igg2a subtype, indicating that a t-helper 1 i ... | 1999 | 10355766 |
| perspectives for the treatment of infections with flaviviridae. | the family flaviviridae contains three genera: hepacivirus, flavivirus, and pestivirus. worldwide, more than 170 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis c virus and are at risk of developing cirrhosis and/or liver cancer. in addition, infections with arthropod-borne flaviviruses (such as dengue fever, japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, st. louis encephalitis, murray valley encephalitis, west nile, and yellow fever viruses) are emerging throughout the world. the pestiv ... | 2000 | 10627492 |
| recombinant semliki forest virus particles expressing louping ill virus antigens induce a better protective response than plasmid-based dna vaccines or an inactivated whole particle vaccine. | louping ill virus (liv) infection of mice was used as a model to evaluate the protective efficacy of semliki forest virus (sfv)-based vaccines in comparison to a standard dna vaccine and a commercial chemically inactivated vaccine. the recombinant sfv-based vaccines consisted of suicidal particles and a naked layered dna/rna construct. the nucleic acid vaccines expressed the spike precursor prme and the nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) antigens of liv. three liv strains of graded virulence for mice ... | 2000 | 10675413 |
| the role of lambs in louping-ill virus amplification. | in some areas of scotland, the prevalence of louping-ill virus has not decreased despite the vaccination of replacement ewes for over 30 years. the role of unvaccinated lambs in viral persistence was examined through a combination of an empirical study of infection rates of lambs and mathematical modelling. serological sampling revealed that most lambs were protected by colostral immunity at turnout in may/june but were fully susceptible by the end of september. between 8 and 83% of lambs were i ... | 2000 | 10726271 |
| charged residues in the transmembrane domains of hepatitis c virus glycoproteins play a major role in the processing, subcellular localization, and assembly of these envelope proteins. | for most membrane proteins, the transmembrane domain (tmd) is more than just an anchor to the membrane. the tmds of hepatitis c virus (hcv) envelope proteins e1 and e2 are extreme examples of the multifunctionality of such membrane-spanning sequences. indeed, they possess a signal sequence function in their c-terminal half, play a major role in endoplasmic reticulum localization of e1 and e2, and are potentially involved in the assembly of these envelope proteins. these multiple functions are su ... | 2000 | 10729138 |
| role of small mammals in the persistence of louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies. | louping-ill (li) is a tick-borne viral disease of red grouse, lagopus lagopus scoticus lath. (tetraonidae: galliformes), and sheep, ovis aries l. (bovidae: artiodactyla), that causes economic loss to upland farms and sporting estates. unvaccinated sheep, grouse and mountain hares, lepus timidus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), are known to transmit li virus, whereas red deer, cenrus elaphus l. (cervidae: artiodactyla), and rabbits, oryctolagus cuniculus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), do not. however, th ... | 2000 | 11016435 |
| self-replicative rna vaccines elicit protection against influenza a virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and a tickborne encephalitis virus. | in genetic vaccination, recipients are immunized with antigen-encoding nucleic acid, usually dna. this study addressed the possibility of using the recombinant alpha virus rna molecule, which replicates in the cytoplasm of transfected cells, as a novel approach for genetic vaccination. mice were immunized with recombinant semliki forest virus rna-encoding envelope proteins from one of 3 viruses: influenza a virus, a tickborne flavivirus (louping ill virus), or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). ... | 2001 | 11294672 |
| essential role of cyclization sequences in flavivirus rna replication. | a possible role in rna replication for interactions between conserved complementary (cyclization) sequences in the 5'- and 3'-terminal regions of flavivirus rna was previously suggested but never tested in vivo. using the m-fold program for rna secondary-structure predictions, we examined for the first time the base-pairing interactions between the covalently linked 5' genomic region (first ~160 nucleotides) and the 3' untranslated region (last ~115 nucleotides) for a range of mosquito-borne fla ... | 2001 | 11413342 |
| a recombinant semliki forest virus particle vaccine encoding the prme and ns1 proteins of louping ill virus is effective in a sheep challenge model. | this study has examined the efficacy following intramuscular administration of a recombinant semliki forest virus (rsfv) vaccine, encoding the prme and ns1 proteins of louping ill virus (liv), in sheep. administration of rsfv-liv vaccine resulted in transient detection at the injection site and draining lymph node only and no dissemination to distal sites. in addition, the recombinant vaccine offered complete protection against subcutaneous challenge with liv, and partial protection following in ... | 2001 | 11427261 |
| the pathogenicity of louping ill virus for mice and lambs. | mice and lambs were infected with the li/i, li/31 or ma54 strain of louping ill virus (liv) to provide information relevant to testing the efficacy and biosafety of a new generation of flavivirus vaccines based on a semliki forest virus (sfv) vector. whereas clinical signs and neuropathological lesions were consistently severe in mice, the majority of lambs showed lesions of moderate severity and only lambs with severe lesions were clinically affected. for both species, dispersal of viral antige ... | 2002 | 11945002 |
| characterization of a siberian virus isolated from a patient with progressive chronic tick-borne encephalitis. | a strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus designated zausaev (za) was isolated in siberia from a patient who died of a progressive (2-year) form of tick-borne encephalitis 10 years after being bitten by a tick. the complete genomic sequence of this virus was determined, and an attempt was made to correlate the sequence with the biological characteristics of the virus. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this virus belongs to the siberian subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus. comparison o ... | 2003 | 12477807 |
| tick-borne encephalitis. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is one of the most dangerous human infections occurring in europe and many parts of asia. the etiological agent tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), is a member of the virus genus flavivirus, of the family flaviviridae. tbev is believed to cause at least 11,000 human cases of encephalitis in russia and about 3000 cases in the rest of europe annually. related viruses within the same group, louping ill virus (liv), langat virus (lgtv) and powassan virus (powv), also ... | 2003 | 12615309 |
| [symbiosis between neurotropic coxsackie virus strain b and louping ill virus]. | | 1953 | 13124978 |
| propagation of louping-ill virus in malignant human epithelial cells, strain he la. | | 1956 | 13381990 |
| growth and titration of louping-ill virus in monolayer tissue culture of pig kidney. | | 1958 | 13517192 |
| the serological response of sheep to infection with louping-ill virus. | | 1961 | 14007163 |
| laboratory infection with louping-ill virus: a case study. | | 1964 | 14213074 |
| tick-borne flaviviruses. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), one of the most dangerous neuroinfections in europe and asia, is caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and currently involves approximately 11,000 human cases annually, mostly in russia. this chapter describes the main problems associated with the epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis, and control of this disease. we have attempted to review the factors that influence the incidence and distribution of tbe, and to discuss possible reasons for the different cl ... | 2003 | 14714436 |
| the role of non-viraemic transmission on the persistence and dynamics of a tick borne virus--louping ill in red grouse ( lagopus lagopus scoticus) and mountain hares ( lepus timidus). | there exist many tick borne infections that are of either economic or public health interest. mathematical models have previously been used to describe the dynamics of these infections. however it has recently come to light that there is an alternative mechanism for the transmission of these diseases that has not been considered in a modelling framework. this is transmission through ticks co-feeding on non-viraemic hosts. this paper extends a simple mathematical model to include this alternative ... | 2004 | 14745507 |
| the relationship of a newly-isolated human encephalitis virus to louping-ill virus. | | 1950 | 14791902 |
| effects of low protein diet on the multiplication and disappearance of louping ill virus in the rat. | | 1951 | 14886489 |
| ixodid and argasid tick species and west nile virus. | control of west nile virus (wnv) can only be effective if the vectors and reservoirs of the virus are identified and controlled. although mosquitoes are the primary vectors, wnv has repeatedly been isolated from ticks. therefore, tick-borne transmission studies were performed with an ixodid (ixodes ricinus) and an argasid tick species (ornithodoros moubata). both species became infected after feeding upon viremic hosts, but i. ricinus ticks were unable to maintain the virus. in contrast, o. moub ... | 2004 | 15200855 |
| ticks need not bite their red grouse hosts to infect them with louping ill virus. | for pathogens transmitted by biting vectors, one of the fundamental assumptions is often that vector bites are the sole or main route of host infection. here, we demonstrate experimentally a transmission route whereby hosts (red grouse, lagopus lagopus scoticus) became infected with a member of the tick-borne encephalitis virus complex, louping ill virus, after eating the infected tick vector. furthermore, we estimated from field observations that this mode of infection could account for 73-98% ... | 2004 | 15252984 |
| [densities of the tick (ixodes ricinus) and coexistence of the louping ill virus and tick borne encephalitis on the island of bornholm]. | | 2004 | 15285165 |
| tick-borne virus diseases of human interest in europe. | several human diseases in europe are caused by viruses transmitted by tick bite. these viruses belong to the genus flavivirus, and include tick-borne encephalitis virus, omsk haemorrhagic fever virus, louping ill virus, powassan virus, nairovirus (crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus) and coltivirus (eyach virus). all of these viruses cause more or less severe neurological diseases, and some are also responsible for haemorrhagic fever. the epidemiology, clinical picture and methods for diagnos ... | 2004 | 15606630 |
| first human cases of tickborne encephalitis, norway. | the first reported case of tickborne encephalitis (tbe) in norway occurred in 1997. from 1997 to 2003, from zero to two cases of human tbe have been diagnosed per year in norway, for a total of eight cases. clinical tbe cases in dogs are not reported in norway. | 2004 | 15663873 |
| steps of the tick-borne encephalitis virus replication cycle that affect neuropathogenesis. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is an important human pathogen that causes severe neurological illness in large areas of europe and asia. the neuropathogenesis of this disease agent is determined by its capacity to enter the central nervous system (cns) after peripheral inoculation ("neuroinvasiveness") and its ability to replicate and cause damage within the cns ("neurovirulence"). tbev is a small, enveloped flavivirus with an unsegmented, positive-stranded rna genome. mutations affecting ... | 2005 | 15871909 |
| low diversity of alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus, saudi arabia, 1994-1999. | alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (genus flavivirus, ahfv) was recently identified as the agent of a viral hemorrhagic fever in saudi arabia and characterized serologically and genetically as a variant genotype of kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv). since viral diagnosis and vaccine development may be hindered by genetic diversity, this study was intended to address ahfv genetic heterogeneity. eleven strains isolated from hospitalized patients from 1994 to 1999 in saudi arabia were sequenced in ... | 2005 | 15890119 |