| immunological sensitization following inapparent infection with dengue virus type 3 in rhesus monkeys. | rhesus monkeys previously given dengue virus type 3, without apparent viremia or antibody response, exhibited a secondary-type response upon reinoculation. these data suggest that monkeys can be immunologically sensitized to dengue virus without detectable antibody production. | 1977 | 404181 |
| epidemic dengue hemorrhagic fever in rural indonesia. iii. entomological studies. | entomological studies were carried out during a dengue hemorrhagic fever epidemic in central java in december 1976. both aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus were widely distributed in bantul, but the latter species was more abundant. comparative studies on the vector competence of the two species showed that ae. albopictus had a higher susceptibility than ae. aegypti to oral infection with all four dengue serotypes. the two species were equally compentent in transmitting the bantul strain of deng ... | 1979 | 464193 |
| direct sequence analysis of amplified dengue virus genomic rna from cultured cells, mosquitoes and mouse brain. | a method is described for direct sequence analysis of selected regions of dengue virus genomic rna in infected tissues. using specific primers, total high-molecular-weight infected-cell rna is reverse transcribed to single-stranded (ss) complementary dna, amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequenced using ssdna obtained after lambda exonuclease digestion of one strand of the pcr product (r.g. higuchi and h. ochman, nucleic acids research, 17, 5865, 1989). sequence data for t ... | 1992 | 1634599 |
| dengue virus-specific, human cd4+ cd8- cytotoxic t-cell clones: multiple patterns of virus cross-reactivity recognized by ns3-specific t-cell clones. | thirteen dengue virus-specific, cytotoxic cd4+ cd8- t-cell clones were established from a donor who was infected with dengue virus type 3. these clones were examined for virus specificity and human leukocyte antigen (hla) restriction in cytotoxic assays. six patterns of virus specificities were determined. two serotype-specific clones recognized only dengue virus type 3. two dengue virus subcomplex-specific clones recognized dengue virus types 2, 3, and 4, and one subcomplex-specific clone recog ... | 1991 | 1705990 |
| dengue 3 virus infection of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti: comparison of parent and progeny candidate vaccine viruses. | den-3 parent (strain ch53489) and progeny candidate vaccine (clone 24/28) viruses were compared in their abilities to interact with aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus. the parent and progeny virus were equivalent in their ability to infect, to replicate in, and to be transmitted by both species of mosquitoes. the candidate vaccine den-3 clone was temperature sensitive and had small plaque morphology. these phenotypic markers remained stable during mosquito passage. thus, temperature sensitivity an ... | 1990 | 2301711 |
| the reemergence of dengue in china. | in 1978, dengue was reported in china for the first time in 32 years. since then, epidemics involving hundreds of thousands of people have occurred in guangdong and guangxi provinces and on hainan island. these epidemics were caused by all four types of dengue virus. aedes aegypti was the vector in coastal areas, while aedes albopictus was the vector in inland regions. during these epidemics, case rates were very high (greater than 50%) in some areas. case-fatality rates were generally less than ... | 1989 | 2665017 |
| a dot enzyme immunoassay for dengue 3 virus: comparison with the haemagglutination inhibition test. | a dot enzyme immunoassay (deia) was used to determine the levels of antibody to dengue 3 virus in the acute and convalescent sera of febrile patients with a clinical diagnosis of dengue fever or dengue haemorrhagic fever. the antibody titres were compared with titres determined by the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. the results of the study showed that, besides being more simple to perform, the deia is in order of magnitude more sensitive than the hi test. furthermore, the data suggest t ... | 1988 | 3238470 |
| outbreak of febrile illness due to dengue virus type 3 in calcutta during 1983. | an epidemic of dengue fever broke out in calcutta between july and august 1983. persons of all age groups were affected with a preponderance of young adults. haemorrhagic manifestations and shock were not observed. virus was isolated from 4 acute phase sera and identified as dengue type 3 (den-3), the first isolation of den-3 virus in calcutta. serotesting with 9 paired blood samples established dengue infection in 7 and a flavivirus group reaction in 2. examination of 36 single sera revealed pr ... | 1987 | 3503397 |
| etiologic and serologic investigations of the 1980 epidemic of dengue fever on hainan island, china. | virologic and seroepidemiologic studies were carried out during an epidemic of dengue fever on hainan island in 1980. dengue 3 virus was isolated from 46 of 77 acute phase sera and from 1 of 10 pools of adult aedes aegypti. dengue 1 virus virus was isolated from a single acute phase serum. seroepidemiologic investigations showed that 74% of healthy individuals in the epidemic area had antibody to dengue virus compared to 54% in an area where epidemic dengue had occurred in 1978, and less than or ... | 1986 | 3766851 |
| dengue 3 virus transmission in africa. | the first known transmission of dengue 3 virus in africa was documented by virus isolation during an epidemic of dengue-like illness in pemba, mozambique, in late 1984 and early 1985. dengue 3 virus was the only serotype isolated. most patients appeared to be experiencing secondary flavivirus infections, but whether this was the result of previous dengue, yellow fever, or other flavivirus infection is not known. two cases of hemorrhagic disease with shock and death were associated with the epide ... | 1986 | 3789276 |
| comparison of dengue-2 and dengue-3 virus strains by neutralization tests and identification of a subtype of dengue-3. | | 1972 | 5061690 |
| isolation of two strains of dengue virus type 3 in singapore. | | 1965 | 5851265 |
| demonstration of interference between dengue virus types in cultured mosquito cells using monoclonal antibody probes. | cultured aedes albopictus cells (clone c6/36), persistently infected (pi) with dengue virus type 1 (dengue-1) were found resistant to superinfection with dengue virus type 3 (dengue-3). this was determined by indirect immunofluorescent (if) staining of cultures using monoclonal antibody against a dengue-3 type-specific antigen. dengue-1 pi cultures stained with this antibody 3 days after superinfection with dengue-3 virus (m.o.i of 2) had dengue-3 antigen in 0.1 to 1.0% of the cells. control cul ... | 1982 | 6176677 |
| monoclonal antibodies specific for dengue virus type 3. | mouse lymphocyte hybridomas were prepared by polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion of cells from a mouse plasmacytoma line with lymphocytes from a mouse hyperimmunized with dengue virus type 3 (dengue-3). media from 50 hybrid colonies were screened; 46 of them showed antibody activity against dengue-3-infected cells as determined by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. dengue monoclonal antibody obtained after cloning one of these colonies demonstrated activity in hemagglutination inh ... | 1980 | 6999016 |
| detection of dengue virus antigens in cultured cells by using protein a-gold-silver staining (pags) method. | a protein a-gold-silver (pags) staining was developed to detect dengue virus antigens in cultured cells. the method can be carried out in either newly-subcultured or monolayered cells. dengue virus-inoculated c6/36 clone of aedes albopictus cells and human endothelial cells appeared brown-yellowish color on the peripheral membrane of the infected cells. in many cases, the infected c6/36 cells appeared darker than that of the infected endothelial cells. the positive results from the inoculated c6 ... | 1993 | 7689138 |
| comparative analysis of ns3 sequences of temporally separated dengue 3 virus strains isolated from southeast asia. | by a combination of pcr and direct-cycle sequencing using consensus primers, we analyzed approximately 400-bp fragments within the ns3 genes of twenty-one dengue virus type 3 strains isolated from five neighboring southeast asian countries at different time intervals from 1956 to 1992. the majority of base disparities were silent mutations, with few predicted amino acid substitutions, thus emphasizing the strict conservation of the ns3 gene. phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of these n ... | 1994 | 7698880 |
| analysis of c-terminally truncated dengue 2 and dengue 3 virus envelope glycoproteins: processing in insect cells and immunogenic properties in mice. | we constructed two recombinant autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis baculoviruses. spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells containing these constructs produce carboxy-terminally truncated envelope e proteins representing dengue (den) virus serotypes 2 and 3. the two recombinant proteins contained their homologous signal sequences at the n terminus and were truncated by 71 and 74 amino acids at the c terminus, respectively. this allowed the translocation of the recombinant proteins to the endopl ... | 1994 | 8021588 |
| dengue 3 virus distribution in the mosquito aedes aegypti: an immunocytochemical study. | the dissemination of dengue (den) 3 virus in parenterally infected female aedes aegypti mosquitoes was studied immunocytochemically. antigen was first detected in fat body cells near the thoracic site of virus inoculation. the intussuscepted foregut, salivary glands and nervous tissue were the first major tissues infected. nervous tissue appeared to be the primary site of amplification. muscles, tracheae, malphigian tubules and the posterior midgut did not become infected. the only part of the r ... | 1996 | 8834747 |
| transovarial transmission of dengue 3 virus by aedes aegypti. | | 1996 | 9015501 |
| impact of dengue virus infection on feeding behavior of aedes aegypti. | in addition to heavily infecting the salivary glands of aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes, dengue viruses produce a significant infection of the nervous system, involving the brain, johnston's organ, compound eye, and thoracic and abdominal ganglion. to determine if dengue infection affects feeding behavior of ae. aegypti we measured feeding times, counted the number of feeding delays or interruptions, and by in situ immunocytochemistry techniques determined the spatial and temporal distribution of ... | 1997 | 9288801 |
| definition of the region on ns3 which contains multiple epitopes recognized by dengue virus serotype-cross-reactive and flavivirus-cross-reactive, hla-dpw2-restricted cd4+ t cell clones. | the epitopes recognized by six cd4+ cd8- cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) clones established from a dengue-3 virus-immune donor were defined. (i) three ctl clones, jk10, jk34 and jk39, were cross-reactive for dengue virus types 1-4. (ii) one clone, jk28, was cross-reactive for dengue virus types 1-4 and west nile virus. (iii) two clones, jk26 and jk49, were cross-reactive for dengue virus types 1-4, west nile virus and yellow fever virus. the clones, except for jk49, recognized the same epitope on n ... | 1998 | 9568963 |
| molecular and epidemiologic analysis of dengue virus isolates from somalia. | nucleotide sequence analysis was performed on 14 dengue virus isolates (13 dengue-2 viruses and 1 dengue-3 virus) recovered from febrile soldiers in somalia in 1993. the dengue-2 viruses were most closely related to dengue-2 virus recovered in somalia in 1984. however, differences in nucleotide sequence (0.35% to 1.35%) were evident among the 1993 isolates. these differences were closely associated with the geographic location of the infection as well as with different times of infection at the ... | 1998 | 9621203 |
| [genetic relatedness of the dengue 3 virus isolated in the outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in nicaragua, 1994]. | it is reported the isolation of 2 dengue strains, 3 in samples from nicaraguan patients suffering from dengue with hemorrhagic manifestations, which showed the reintroduction of this serotype in the region after being 17 years out of circulation. it is also reported the genetic characterization of the isolated strain, which, according to its classification, belongs to the group of dengue 2 strains isolated in southeast asi and which have been associated to hemorrhagic dengue. these results sugge ... | 1996 | 9768281 |
| vector competence of aedes notoscriptus (diptera: culicidae) for barmah forest virus and of this species and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) for dengue 1-4 viruses in queensland, australia. | aedes notoscriptus (skuse) mosquitoes colonized from brisbane, queensland, australia, were fed on blood suspensions containing either barmah forest (bf) virus, dengue virus type 1 (den-1), dengue virus type 2 (den-2), dengue virus type 3 (den-3), or dengue virus type 4 (den-4). ae. notoscriptus was shown to be moderately susceptible to oral infection with bf virus, id50 = 10(3.3) ccid50 per mosquito, with titers in infected mosquitoes peaking 10 d after infection. bf virus transmission occurred ... | 1999 | 10467781 |
| first isolation of dengue 3 in brazil from an imported case. | the authors report the isolation of dengue 3 virus for the first time in brazil. the patient, resident in limeira-sp, traveled to nicaragua on may 16th, 1998, where he stayed for two months. starting on august 14 th he had fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain and diarrhea. he returned to brazil on august 16th and was hospitalized in the next day. the patient had full recovery and was discharged on august 20th. the virus was isolated in c6/36 cell culture inoculated with serum ... | 2001 | 11246285 |
| dengue virus type 3 in rio de janeiro, brazil. | dengue virus type 3 was isolated for the first time in the country as an indigenous case from a 40 year-old woman presenting signs and symptoms of a classical dengue fever in the municipality of nova iguaçu, state of rio de janeiro. this serotype has been associated with dengue haemorrhagic epidemics and the information could be used to implement appropriate prevention and control measures. virological surveillance was essential in order to detected this new serotype. | 2001 | 11685256 |
| differing influences of virus burden and immune activation on disease severity in secondary dengue-3 virus infections. | dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), the most severe form of illness following infection with a dengue virus, is characterized by plasma leakage, thrombocytopenia, and hepatic inflammation. the interrelationships among virus burden, immune activation, and development of dhf were examined in 54 children with secondary dengue-3 virus infections participating in a prospective, hospital-based study. dhf was associated with higher mean plasma viremia early in illness and earlier peak plasma interferon-gam ... | 2002 | 12001037 |
| first outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever, bangladesh. | during the first countrywide outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in bangladesh, we conducted surveillance for dengue at a hospital in dhaka. of 176 patients, primarily adults, found positive for dengue, 60.2% had dengue fever, 39.2% dengue hemorrhagic fever, and 0.6% dengue shock syndrome. the dengue virus 3 serotype was detected in eight patients. | 2002 | 12095447 |
| dengue virus type 3 isolation from aedes aegypti in the municipality of nova iguaçu, state of rio de janeiro. | in a prospective field study conducted from july 2000 to june 2001, adult aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes were caught from the municipality of nova iguaçu, state of rio de janeiro, brazil. virus isolation in ae. albopictus clone c6/36 cell line and a semi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detected only dengue virus type 3 in three pools of ae. aegypti, despite the co-circulation of den-1, den-2 and den-3 serotypes in that area. no viruses were detected in ae. alb ... | 2002 | 12386700 |
| persistence of dengue-3 virus through transovarial transmission passage in successive generations of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | progeny of aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected intrathoracically with dengue-3 virus was reared to subsequent generations. in each generation, blood-fed females were confined individually and the eggs obtained from the transovarially infected females were pooled. the seventh generation obtained from the infected parental mosquitoes showed that virus could persist in mosquitoes in successive generations through transovarial passage. the rate of vertical transmission initially increased in the few g ... | 2002 | 12389940 |
| secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children: an analysis of etiology and outcome. | fifty-two pediatric patients were diagnosed with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (hlh) at the department of pediatrics, siriraj hospital between 1989 and 1998. of these, 15 were infection-associated (iahs), 25 were malignancy-associated (mahs) and 12 were idiopathic hlh. causative organisms for iahs were salmonella (3), staphylococcus (2), enterobactor (2), dengue virus (3), malaria (2) and one each of ebstein barr virus (ebv), serratia marcesens and penicillium maneffei. unlike tho ... | 2002 | 12403229 |
| genetic characterization of dengue virus type 3 isolates in the state of rio de janeiro, 2001. | the genetic characterization of dengue virus type 3 (den-3) strains isolated from autochthonous cases in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil, in 2001 is presented. restriction site-specific (rss)-pcr performed on 22 strains classified the brazilian den-3 viruses as subtype c, a subtype that contains viruses from sri lanka, india, africa and recent isolates from central america. nucleic acid sequencing (positions 278 to 2550) of one den-3 strain confirmed the origin of these strains, since genoty ... | 2002 | 12185377 |
| identification of epitopes on the envelope (e) protein of dengue 2 and dengue 3 viruses using monoclonal antibodies. | of a panel of forty-six anti-dengue 3 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) only three neutralised infection of bhk cells by dengue 3 virus. attempts to select neutralisation escape mutants (n.e.m.) with two of these antibodies failed. the n.e.m. population selected in the presence of the third neutralising antibody, 1h9, had a nucleotide change at position 1157 of the e protein gene resulting in a non-conservative amino acid change at e386 for a lys to an asn. a dengue 2 n.e.m. was selected with the fla ... | 2001 | 11811694 |
| persistent transovarial infection of successive generations of aedes aegypti mosquitoes with dengue-3 virus. | | 2003 | 12685627 |
| a novel method for the preparation of large cdna fragments from dengue-3 rna genome by long rt-pcr amplification. | for many years, dengue viruses were among the most difficult flaviviruses to isolate and to identify, but technical advances in the past 20 years have facilitated this process. dengue viruses are usually recovered from specimens by the infection of mosquito-cell cultures. the virus may be passaged several times in cell cultures until a sufficient infectivity titer is attained. the viral nucleocapsid consists of capsid protein and an rna genome. the dengue genome is a single stranded messenger (p ... | 2000 | 11414441 |
| tick-borne encephalitis with hemorrhagic syndrome, novosibirsk region, russia, 1999. | eight fatal cases of tick-borne encephalitis with an unusual hemorrhagic syndrome were identified in 1999 in the novosibirsk region, russia. to study these strains, we sequenced cdna fragments of protein e gene from six archival formalin-fixed brain samples. phylogenetic analysis showed tick-borne encephalitis variants clustered with a far eastern subtype (homology 94.7%) but not with the siberian subtype (82%). | 2003 | 12781020 |
| efficiency of dengue serotype 2 virus strains to infect and disseminate in aedes aegypti. | dengue serotype 2 (den-2) viruses with the potential to cause dengue hemorrhagic fever have been shown to belong to the southeast (se) asian genotype. these viruses appear to be rapidly displacing the american genotype of den-2 in the western hemisphere. to determine whether distinct genotypes of den-2 virus are better adapted to mosquito transmission, we classified 15 viral strains of den-2 phylogenetically and compared their ability to infect and disseminate in different populations of aedes a ... | 2003 | 12812340 |
| emergence and global spread of a dengue serotype 3, subtype iii virus. | over the past two decades, dengue virus serotype 3 (denv-3) has caused unexpected epidemics of dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) in sri lanka, east africa, and latin america. we used a phylogenetic approach to evaluate the roles of virus evolution and transport in the emergence of these outbreaks. isolates from these geographically distant epidemics are closely related and belong to denv-3, subtype iii, which originated in the indian subcontinent. the emergence of dhf in sri lanka in 1989 correlate ... | 2003 | 12899133 |
| genetic characterization of newly reintroduced dengue virus type 3 in martinique (french west indies). | dengue type 3 viruses were isolated from patients in martinique between 1999 and 2002. this serotype had not been detected on the island in the last 20 years. genomic sequence determination and analysis showed great stability of the virus during the period studied. | 2003 | 14605161 |
| microevolution and virulence of dengue viruses. | the evolution of dengue viruses has had a major impact on their virulence for humans and on the epidemiology of dengue disease around the world. although antigenic and genetic differences in virus strains had become evident, it is mainly due to the lack of animal models of disease that has made it difficult to detect differences in virulence of dengue viruses. however, phylogenetic studies of many different dengue virus samples have led to the association between specific genotypes (within serot ... | 2003 | 14696333 |
| highly conserved nucleotide sequence and its deduced amino acids of the 5'-noncoding region and the capsid protein of a bangkok isolate dengue-3 virus. | the dengue-3 virus genome encodes an uninterrupted open reading frame (orf) flanked by 5' and 3' non-coding regions. the order of proteins encoded in dengue-3 virus orf, as with other flaviviruses, is: cap 5'-c-prm-e-ns1-ns2a-ns2b-ns3-ns4a-ns4b-ns5-3'. the nucleotide sequence of the 5'-noncoding region and the capsid protein of dengue-3virus (a bangkok isolate: ch53489 isolated by usamc-afrims in 1973) has been analyzed in both forward and reverse directions. the pcr-based cycle sequencing techn ... | 2000 | 11414440 |
| relationship of preexisting dengue virus (dv) neutralizing antibody levels to viremia and severity of disease in a prospective cohort study of dv infection in thailand. | infection with any 1 of the 4 dengue viruses (dvs) can produce several illnesses, ranging from a mild febrile illness to classic dengue fever (df) to dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), a potentially life-threatening disease. most dhf cases occur after sequential heterotypic dv infections. the role of preexisting humoral immunity in modifying severity of dengue disease is not well understood. | 2004 | 14999601 |
| safety and immunogenicity of attenuated dengue virus vaccines (aventis pasteur) in human volunteers. | a randomized, controlled, double-blinded study was conducted to determine safety and immunogenicity of five live attenuated dengue vaccines produced by aventis pasteur (avp). the study was completed with 40 flavivirus non-immune volunteers: five recipients of each monovalent (dengue-1, dengue-2, dengue-3, or dengue-4) vaccine, ten recipients of tetravalent (dengue-1, dengue-2, dengue-3, and dengue-4) vaccine, and ten recipients of vaccine vehicle alone. all vaccines were administered in a single ... | 2001 | 11312014 |
| dengue: defining protective versus pathologic immunity. | dengue is an expanding public health problem, and an effective vaccine remains elusive. this review discusses how the significant influence of sequential infection with different dengue virus serotypes on the severity of disease can be viewed in terms of beneficial and detrimental effects of heterologous immunity. a more complete understanding of these effects is likely to be critical for predicting optimal vaccine-induced immune responses. | 2004 | 15057297 |
| application of molecular typing techniques in the 1998 dengue epidemic in nicaragua. | this report presents the results of applying the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) to the analysis of clinical specimens during the 1998 dengue epidemic in nicaragua. the rt-pcr was validated through comparison with viral isolation, resulting in a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 90%. in-country application of the rt-pcr permitted the rapid identification of dengue-3 virus as the cause of the epidemic at the beginning of 1998 and the detection of the reintroduction ... | 1999 | 10674666 |
| acute spotted fever rickettsiosis among febrile patients, cameroon. | although potential arthropod vectors are abundant in cameroon, acute febrile illnesses are rarely evaluated for arboviral or rickettsial infections. serum samples from 234 acutely febrile patients at clinics in tiko and buea, cameroon, were examined for antibodies to rickettsia africae and african alphaviruses and flaviviruses. these serum samples did not contain antibodies against typhoid, and blood malarial parasites were not detected. serum samples of 32% contained immunoglobulin m antibodies ... | 2004 | 15109409 |
| association of increased platelet-associated immunoglobulins with thrombocytopenia and the severity of disease in secondary dengue virus infections. | severe thrombocytopenia and increased vascular permeability are two major characteristics of dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf). to develop a better understanding of the roles of platelet-associated igg (paigg) and igm (paigm) in inducing thrombocytopenia and its severity of disease in patients with secondary dengue virus infection, the relationship between the paigg or paigm levels and disease severity as well as thrombocytopenia was examined in 78 patients with acute phase secondary infection in ... | 2004 | 15498040 |
| type-3 dengue viruses responsible for the dengue epidemic in malaysia during 1993-1994. | to characterize the dengue epidemic that recently occurred in malaysia, we sequenced cdnas from nine 1993-1994 dengue virus type-3 (den-3) isolates in malaysia (den-3 was the most common type in malaysia during this period). nucleic acid sequences (720 nucleotides in length) from the nine isolates, encompassing the precursor of membrane protein (prem) and membrane (m) protein genes and part of the envelope (e) protein gene were aligned with various reference den-3 sequences to generate a neighbo ... | 1999 | 10403318 |
| genetically modified, live attenuated dengue virus type 3 vaccine candidates. | three novel recombinant dengue type 3 (den3) virus vaccine candidates have been generated from a den3 virus isolated from a mild outbreak of dengue fever in the sleman area of central java in indonesia in 1978. antigenic chimeric viruses were prepared by replacing the membrane precursor and envelope (me) proteins of recombinant den4 (rden4) virus with those from den3 sleman/78 in the presence (rden3/4delta30(me)) and the absence (rden3/4(me)) of the delta30 mutation, a previously described 30-nu ... | 2004 | 15642976 |
| nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the nonstructural proteins of dengue type 3 virus, bangkok genotype. | the nucleotide sequence of the nonstructural protein gene (1,610 bases) of dengue 3 virus (bangkok genotype; ch53489 isolated in 1973) has been determined in both forward and reverse directions. the pcr based cycle sequencing technic by the enzymatic method of sanger et al using a sequencing primer 5'-end labeled with gamma-32p-atp was the method of our choice for sequence analysis. two cdna templates were prepared by rt-pcr technique starting from the nucleotides 6,306-6,969 and 6,925-7,915 of ... | 1998 | 9886128 |
| dengue virus type 3, cuba, 2000-2002. | | 2005 | 15898173 |
| [the specific epidemiological surveillance of dengue: the method and its importance since the dengue-2 epidemic in french polynesia in 1996]. | dengue fever is present in tropical and subtropical regions and its geographical extension and the simultaneous increase of its mortality are worrisome. in endemic or epidemic countries, the aim of dengue-specific epidemiological surveillance is to confirm as soon as possible the circulation of a new viral dengue serotype, i.e. the beginning of an epidemic. the efficiency of the control strategy is improved by an earlier epidemic alert. in french polynesia, dengue-3 virus circulated since 1989 a ... | 1998 | 9705191 |
| analysis of a recombinant dengue-2 virus-dengue-3 virus hybrid envelope protein expressed in a secretory baculovirus system. | in a step towards a tetravalent dengue virus subunit vaccine which is economical to produce, highly immunogenic and stable, a hybrid dengue virus envelope (e) protein molecule has been constructed. it consists of 36 amino acids from the membrane protein, the n-terminal 288 amino acids of the dengue-2 virus e protein plus amino acids 289-424 of the dengue-3 virus e protein. it has been engineered for secretory expression by fusion to a mellitin secretory signal sequence and truncation of the hydr ... | 1997 | 9367357 |
| dengue virus inhibits human hematopoietic progenitor growth in vitro. | dengue disease, whether it be classical dengue fever (df), dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), or dengue shock syndrome (dss), is frequently associated with hematologic disorders. the underlying cause of these abnormalities is unknown. to determine if an inhibitory effect on human hematopoietic progenitor growth can be observed, normal cord blood mononuclear cells were exposed to low-passaged clinical isolates from df, dhf, and dss patients and to the prototype strain of dengue-3 virus (h-87). in pr ... | 1997 | 9180193 |
| individual donor nucleic acid amplification testing for detection of west nile virus. | we have developed an economical, high-throughput nucleic acid amplification test (nat) for blood-borne viruses, suitable for use in the screening of plasma samples from individual blood donors. this assay system includes a semiautomated procedure, using 96-well glass fiber plates for the extraction of viral nucleic acids from plasma and "universal beacon" technology which permits the detection of all genotypes of highly variable viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis c virus). ... | 2005 | 16207971 |
| dengue virus type 3, brazil, 2002. | during the summer of 2002, rio de janeiro had a large epidemic of dengue fever; 288,245 cases were reported. a subset of 1,831 dengue hemorrhagic fever cases occurred. in this study, performed in the first half of 2002, samples from 1,559 patients with suspected cases of dengue infection were analyzed. from this total, 1,497 were obtained from patients with nonfatal cases, and 62 were obtained from patients with fatal cases. by the use of different methods, 831 (53.3%) cases, including 40 fatal ... | 2005 | 16229765 |
| pathologic study of a fatal case of dengue-3 virus infection in rio de janeiro, brazil. | dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) is a severe febrile disease, characterized by abnormalities in hemostasis and increased vascular permeability, which in some cases results in hypovolemic shock syndrome and in dengue shock syndrome. the clinical features of dhf include plasma leakage, bleeding tendency and liver involvement. we studied the histopathological features of a fatal case of dengue-3 virus infection. the patient, a 63-year old male, presented with an acute onset of severe headache, myalgi ... | 2005 | 16270128 |
| evidence for the existence of a pseudoknot structure at the 3' terminus of the flavivirus genomic rna. | the 3'-terminal nucleotides of the flavivirus genomic rna form conserved secondary structures that may function as cis-acting signals for rna replication. here we provide evidence for the existence of a conserved pseudoknot structure at the 3' terminus of the flavivirus genomic rna. a truncated version of the west nile virus (wnv) 3'-terminal rna sequence was used as the model for these studies. circular dichroism spectra indicated the presence of a highly structured rna conformation with a sign ... | 1996 | 8672458 |
| identification of amino acids involved in recognition by dengue virus ns3-specific, hla-dr15-restricted cytotoxic cd4+ t-cell clones. | the majority of t-cell clones derived from a donor who experienced dengue illness following receipt of a live experimental dengue virus type 3 (den3) vaccine cross-reacted with all four serotypes of dengue virus, but some were serotype specific or only partially cross-reactive. the nonstructural protein, ns3, was immuno-dominant in the cd4+ t-cell response of this donor. the epitopes of four ns3-specific t-cell clones were analyzed. jk15 and jk13 recognized only den3 ns3, while jk44 recognized d ... | 1996 | 8627790 |
| dengue encephalitis: a true entity? | involvement of the central nervous system in dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever has always been thought to be secondary to vasculitis with resultant fluid extravasation, cerebral edema, hypoperfusion, hyponatremia, liver failure, and/or renal failure. thus, the condition has been referred to as dengue encephalopathy. encephalitis or direct involvement of the brain by the virus was thought to be unlikely. this paper reports on six children who were seen over a period of two years presentin ... | 1996 | 8600761 |
| dengue virus-specific human cd4+ t-lymphocyte responses in a recipient of an experimental live-attenuated dengue virus type 1 vaccine: bulk culture proliferation, clonal analysis, and precursor frequency determination. | we analyzed the cd4+ t-lymphocyte responses to dengue, west nile, and yellow fever viruses 4 months after immunization of a volunteer with an experimental live-attenuated dengue virus type 1 vaccine (den-1 45az5). we examined bulk culture proliferation to noninfectious antigens, determined the precursor frequency of specific cd4+ t cells by limiting dilution, and established and analyzed cd4+ t-cell clones. bulk culture proliferation was predominantly dengue virus type 1 specific with a lesser d ... | 1993 | 8371350 |
| dengue fever with papilledema: a case of dengue-3 virus infection in central nervous system. | neurological manifestations of dengue fever are rarely reported during acute illness and clinical presentation commonly observed is of acute encephalitis or one of the post-infectious immune mediated manifestations. we describe a case of dengue fever having mild encephalopathy and papilledema at presentation. | 2006 | 16797229 |
| reemergence of dengue virus type-3 (subtype-iii) in india: implications for increased incidence of dhf & dss. | dengue virus infection has recently taken endemic proportion in india implicating all the four known dengue serotypes. there was a major dengue outbreak in northern india including delhi in october- december, 2003 and again in 2004. we have carried out a detailed investigation of the 2004 outbreak by serosurveillance, rt-pcr, nested pcr, virus isolation and genotyping. we also report the molecular epidemiological investigation of these outbreaks. | 2006 | 16824209 |
| complete genetic characterization of a brazilian dengue virus type 3 strain isolated from a fatal outcome. | we have determined the complete nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences of brazilian dengue virus type 3 (denv-3) from a dengue case with fatal outcome, which occurred during an epidemic in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil, in 2002. this constitutes the first complete genetic characterization of a brazilian denv-3 strain since its introduction into the country in 2001. denv-3 was responsible for the most severe dengue epidemic in the state, based on the highest number of reported case ... | 2006 | 16862328 |
| kinetics of antibodies in sera, saliva, and urine samples from adult patients with primary or secondary dengue 3 virus infections. | the kinetics of three serological markers (igm, iga, and igg) in serum, saliva, and urine samples from adult patients with primary or secondary dengue infection were studied. | 2007 | 16914345 |
| correlation between detection of plasminogen cross-reactive antibodies and hemorrhage in dengue virus infection. | although dengue fever (df) is usually self-limited, some patients experience severe and prolonged illness characterized by capillary leakage, which may progress to hypovolemic shock (dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome; dhf/dss) with hemorrhage of unknown etiology. development of antibodies potentially cross-reactive to plasminogen has been reported in a high percentage of thai patients with df and dhf/dss. correlation between detection of plasminogen cross-reactive antibodies and hem ... | 1994 | 7963733 |
| bhk cell proteins that bind to the 3' stem-loop structure of the west nile virus genome rna. | the first 83 3' nucleotides of the genome rna of the flavivirus west nile encephalitis virus (wnv) form a stable stem-loop (sl) structure which is followed in the genome by a smaller sl. these 3' structures are highly conserved among divergent flaviviruses, suggesting that they may function as cis-acting signals for rna replication and as such might specifically bind to cellular or viral proteins. cellular proteins from uninfected and wnv-infected bhk-21 s100 cytoplasmic extracts formed three di ... | 1995 | 7637011 |
| west nile virus in pakistan. 1. sero-epidemiological studies in punjab province. | serum samples collected during 1978-79 from residents of the chiniot and changa manga national forest (cmf) areas of punjab province, pakistan, had over-all neutralizing (n) antibody positive rates for west nile (wn) virus of 32.8% (n = 192) and 38.5% (n = 239), respectively. comparison of the age-specific antibody rates indicated that the pattern of exposure to infection was different in the two areas. samples from a 1968 serosurvey of residents of the cmf area had an age-specific n antibody pr ... | 1982 | 6926759 |
| cocirculation of dengue serotypes, delhi, india, 2003. | | 2006 | 17080580 |
| nucleotide sequence of dengue type 3 virus genomic rna encoding viral structural proteins. | complementary dnas to the 5' proximal region of the dengue virus type 3 rna were cloned into bacterial plasmids and the nucleotide sequence of 3,000 bases from the 5' terminus of the genome were determined by dna and rna sequencing methods using dideoxy chain-termination reactions. comparison of the nucleotide sequence thus obtained with those of other flavivirus genomes revealed significant homology existing in nucleotide sequence of the flavivirus genomes. when we compared amino acid sequence ... | 1988 | 3227644 |
| dengue virus-specific human t cell clones. serotype crossreactive proliferation, interferon gamma production, and cytotoxic activity. | the severe complications of dengue virus infections, hemorrhagic manifestation and shock, are much more commonly observed during secondary infections caused by a different serotype of dengue virus than that which caused the primary infections. it has been speculated, therefore, that dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) and dengue shock syndrome (dss) are caused by serotype crossreactive immunopathological mechanisms. we analyzed clones of dengue serotype crossreactive t lymphocytes derived from the pb ... | 1989 | 2475573 |
| an adenovirus prime/plasmid boost strategy for induction of equipotent immune responses to two dengue virus serotypes. | dengue is a public health problem of global significance for which there is neither an effective antiviral therapy nor a preventive vaccine. it is a mosquito-borne viral disease, caused by dengue (den) viruses, which are members of the flaviviridae family. there are four closely related serotypes, den-1, den-2, den-3 and den-4, each of which is capable of causing disease. as immunity to any one serotype can potentially sensitize an individual to severe disease during exposure to a heterologous s ... | 2007 | 17302980 |
| panmicrobial oligonucleotide array for diagnosis of infectious diseases. | to facilitate rapid, unbiased, differential diagnosis of infectious diseases, we designed greenechippm, a panmicrobial microarray comprising 29,455 sixty-mer oligonucleotide probes for vertebrate viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. methods for nucleic acid preparation, random primed pcr amplification, and labeling were optimized to allow the sensitivity required for application with nucleic acid extracted from clinical materials and cultured isolates. analysis of nasopharyngeal aspirates, b ... | 2007 | 17370518 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of dengue type 3 virus genome rna. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of the dengue virus type 3 was determined. sequence analyses of the genomic rna and cloned cdna revealed that the genomic rna contains 10,696 nucleotides and encodes a single open reading frame of 10,170 nucleotides corresponding to 3390 amino acid residues. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of three structural proteins (c, m, and e proteins) and the prem protein were also determined from the purified virion. when the deduced amino acid sequence a ... | 1990 | 2345967 |
| epidemic dengue hemorrhagic fever in rural indonesia. i. virological and epidemiological studies. | virological studies were carried out during an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in central java, indonesia in 1976. dengue virus was isolated from the acute sera of 45 of 69 patients (65%). the isolation rate was higher in primary than secondary cases. dengue 3 was the predominant serotype being transmitted (27 isolates), but both dengue 1 (8 isolates) and dengue 4 (10 isolates) were also being transmitted. a composite picture of magnitude and duration of viremia showed that many patients we ... | 1979 | 464191 |
| sequence diversity of the capsid gene and the nonstructural gene ns2b of dengue-3 virus in vivo. | previously, we studied the envelope (e) gene of dengue virus and reported that dengue-3 virus is present as a quasispecies. to investigate the extent of intrahost sequence variation of other dengue viral genes, we examined in this study the capsid (c) gene and the nonstructural gene, ns2b, derived directly from plasma dengue viruses from 18 confirmed dengue-3 patients. using reverse transcription-pcr, multiple clones of a 360-nucleotide region covering the c gene and of a 404-nucleotide region c ... | 2002 | 12482670 |
| dengue virus type 3 vaccine candidates generated by introduction of deletions in the 3' untranslated region (3'-utr) or by exchange of the denv-3 3'-utr with that of denv-4. | the dengue virus type 3 (denv-3) vaccine candidate, rden3delta30, was previously found to be under-attenuated in both scid-huh-7 mice and rhesus monkeys. herein, two strategies have been employed to generate attenuated rden3 vaccine candidates which retain the full complement of structural and nonstructural proteins of denv-3 and thus are able to induce humoral or cellular immunity to each of the denv-3 proteins. first, using the predicted secondary structure of the 3' untranslated region (3'-ut ... | 2008 | 18191005 |
| extinction and rapid emergence of strains of dengue 3 virus during an interepidemic period. | strains of dengue 3 (den-3) virus circulating in thailand prior to 1992 appear to have disappeared from that location and to have been replaced by two new lineages which have evolved locally, rather than being introduced. similar den-3 virus extinctions may have occurred previously in thailand in 1962 and 1973. although no causal relationship could be shown, this strain replacement event was accompanied by den-3 replacing den-2 as the serotype recovered most frequently from patients in thailand. ... | 2002 | 12359455 |
| elevated levels of soluble st2 protein in dengue virus infected patients. | levels of the soluble form of the interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 protein (il-1rl-1/st2) are elevated in the serum of patients with diseases characterized by an inflammatory response. the objective of this study was to determine the concentration of soluble st2 (sst2) in dengue infected patients during the course of the disease. twenty-four patients with confirmed dengue infection, classified as dengue fever, and 11 patients with other febrile illness (ofi) were evaluated. levels of sst2 in serum ... | 2008 | 18226917 |
| molecular epidemiology of dengue virus strains from finnish travelers. | we characterized 11 dengue virus (denv) isolates obtained from finnish travelers during 2000-2005 using monoclonal antibodies and phylogenetic analysis. the analysis of denv isolated from travelers contributes to the global picture of strain distribution and circulation. the isolates included all serotypes, including a denv-2 isolate from ghana. | 2008 | 18258084 |
| dengue virus 3 genotype 1 associated with dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, brazil. | dengue serotype 3 viruses were isolated from patients in brazil from 2002 through 2004. on the basis of phylogenetic analyses, these isolates were assigned genotype 1. this genotype had never been reported in south america before. its appearance indicates a major risk factor for dengue epidemics and severe disease. | 2008 | 18258129 |
| [soluble expression and identification of expressed single chain antibody fragment 3d3 against dengue virus type 3]. | hybridoma secreting 3d3 monoclonal antibody against dengue virus type 3 was used. the isolated mrna was reverse-transcribed into cdna for amplifying the heavy and light chain variable domains genes. the amplified light and heavy chain variable domains' genes were connected by flexible linker to from a single chain fragment (scfv) gene of 750 bp, which was cloned into phage pcantab5e vector using the recombination phage antibody system. pcantab5e vector transformed e coli hb2151. soluble single c ... | 1998 | 12526352 |
| molecular epidemiology of dengue virus type 3 in venezuela. | during the past 40 years, dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (dhf/dss) have emerged in humans, with approximately 3 million cases reported and over 58 000 deaths. dengue virus serotypes 1, 2 and 4 (denv-1, -2 and -4) have been co-circulating in venezuela for at least the past 10 years, causing minor or major outbreaks of dengue fever (df) and dhf/dss. the first recorded outbreak due to denv-3 in venezuela dates to 1964 and the virus then seems to have disappeared. however, denv- ... | 2003 | 12771427 |
| phylogenetic study of dengue-3 virus in taiwan with sequence analysis of the core gene. | dengue virus serotype 3 (dengue-3) has been classified into five genotypes (i-v) by phylogenetic analysis based on different viral genes. to investigate the genetic variability and evolutionary character of the dengue-3 isolates in southern taiwan from 2005 to 2006, we analyzed the 290 nucleotides of the core (c) gene of 12 dengue-3 isolates and compared them with the published c gene sequences of global dengue-3 strains available in genbank, including four isolates from 1998 and one isolate fro ... | 2008 | 18281221 |
| chikungunya fever in travelers returning to europe from the indian ocean region, 2006. | chikungunya fever has spread through several indian ocean islands and india, including popular travel destinations. to compare usefulness of diagnostic tests and to understand reasons for the magnitude and severity of an outbreak, we used 3 diagnostic methods to test 720 samples from 680 patients returning to europe from the indian ocean region in 2006. chikungunya infection was confirmed for 24.4% patients in the first half of the year and for 9.9% in the second half. reverse transcription-pcr ... | 2008 | 18325256 |
| differential gene expression changes in children with severe dengue virus infections. | the host response to dengue virus infection is characterized by the production of numerous cytokines, but the overall picture appears to be complex. it has been suggested that a balance may be involved between protective and pathologic immune responses. this study aimed to define differential immune responses in association with clinical outcomes by gene expression profiling of a selected panel of inflammatory genes in whole blood samples from children with severe dengue infections. | 2008 | 18398488 |
| use of recombinant envelope proteins for serological diagnosis of dengue virus infection in an immunochromatographic assay. | an immunochromatographic test that incorporates recombinant antigens (dengue duo rapid strip test; panbio, brisbane, australia) has recently become commercially available. this assay is performed in 15 min and detects both immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg in a capture format. the four recombinant proteins used represent the n-terminal 80% of the viral envelope glycoproteins of dengue viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. the sensitivity and specificity of the recombinant-antigen-based assay were 9 ... | 2001 | 11687456 |
| alterations of pr-m cleavage and virus export in pr-m junction chimeric dengue viruses. | during the export of flavivirus particles through the secretory pathway, a viral envelope glycoprotein, prm, is cleaved by the proprotein convertase furin; this cleavage is required for the subsequent rearrangement of receptor-binding e glycoprotein and for virus infectivity. similar to many furin substrates, prm in vector-borne flaviviruses contains basic residues at positions p1, p2, and p4 proximal to the cleavage site; in addition, a number of charged residues are found at position p3 and be ... | 2004 | 14963133 |
| dengue viruses activity in piauí, brazil. | the present paper reports a laboratory investigation performed between the years of 2000 and 2002 to study a virological surveillance program introduced in the state of piauí to support an epidemiological survey of the disease. dengue virus type 3 (denv-3) existence in the state was detected in may 2002 when a high number of dengue cases due to denv-1 and denv-2 were reported. an assessment on the population knowledge about the disease and its transmission showed that almost 50% of the populatio ... | 2003 | 15049083 |
| neurovirulence of four encephalitogenic dengue 3 virus strains isolated in malaysia (1992-1994) is not attributed to their envelope protein. | the amino acid sequences of the envelope (e) protein of four encephalitogenic and five non-encephalitogenic dengue 3 virus strains isolated in malaysia were determined and compared. multiple sequence alignment revealed a high degree of similarity in the e protein of the strains suggesting that neurovirulence of these four encephalitogenic strains is not attributed to this protein. | 2004 | 15099995 |
| specific genetic markers for detecting subtypes of dengue virus serotype-2 in isolates from the states of oaxaca and veracruz, mexico. | dengue (den) is an infectious disease caused by the den virus (denv), which belongs to the flavivirus genus in the family flaviviridae. it has a (+) sense rna genome and is mainly transmitted to humans by the vector mosquito aedes aegypti. dengue fever (df) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) are caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes (denv-1, denv-2, denv-3 and denv-4). epidemiological and evolutionary studies have indicated that host and viral factors are involved in determining ... | 2008 | 18625078 |
| variable surface epitopes in the crystal structure of dengue virus type 3 envelope glycoprotein. | dengue virus is an emerging global health threat. the major envelope glycoprotein, e, mediates viral attachment and entry by membrane fusion. antibodies that bind but fail to neutralize noncognate serotypes enhance infection. we have determined the crystal structure of a soluble fragment of the envelope glycoprotein e from dengue virus type 3. the structure closely resembles those of e proteins from dengue type 2 and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. serotype-specific neutralization escape mutant ... | 2005 | 15613349 |
| development of a humanized monoclonal antibody with therapeutic potential against west nile virus. | neutralization of west nile virus (wnv) in vivo correlates with the development of an antibody response against the viral envelope (e) protein. using random mutagenesis and yeast surface display, we defined individual contact residues of 14 newly generated monoclonal antibodies against domain iii of the wnv e protein. monoclonal antibodies that strongly neutralized wnv localized to a surface patch on the lateral face of domain iii. convalescent antibodies from individuals who had recovered from ... | 2005 | 15852016 |
| emergence of dengue virus type-3 in northern india. | during the last few decades dengue has reemerged in several parts of southeast asia, including india. a major outbreak of dengue infection occurred in northern india during october to december 2003. to determine the etiology, we carried out serological, virological and molecular investigations of this outbreak. a total of 76 dengue suspected patient blood samples were collected from gwalior, madhya pradesh and delhi, india. serological investigations carried out using an in-house dipstick elisa ... | 2005 | 15916043 |
| classical dengue hemorrhagic fever resulting from two dengue infections spaced 20 years or more apart: havana, dengue 3 epidemic, 2001-2002. | to report the clinical, laboratory and sonographic findings in 76 adult cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf). | 2005 | 16023878 |
| strategically examining the full-genome of dengue virus type 3 in clinical isolates reveals its mutation spectra. | previous studies presented the quasispecies spectrum of the envelope region of dengue virus type 3 (denv-3) from either clinical specimens or field-caught mosquitoes. however, the extent of sequence variation among full genomic sequences of denv within infected individuals remains largely unknown. | 2005 | 16120221 |
| genetic variations and relationship among dengue virus type 3 strains isolated from patients with mild or severe form of dengue disease in indonesia and thailand. | sequence analysis was conducted on structural and non-structural genes of 7 strains of dengue virus type-3 (denv-3 virus) isolated in indonesia and thailand in the year 1973, 1994, and 1998 from patients with different clinical manifestations. in general, sequence similarity among isolates was greater than 93%, indicating that the mutation rate of denv-3 circulating in this region was not more than 7% in the last 3 decades and suggesting that sequences that may responsible for viral architecture ... | 2005 | 16438144 |
| characterization of dengue complex-reactive epitopes on dengue 3 virus envelope protein domain iii. | the disease dengue (den) is caused by four genetically and serologically related viruses termed denv-1, -2, -3, and -4. the denv envelope (e) protein ectodomain can be divided into three structural domains designated ed1, ed2, and ed3. the ed3 contains the denv type-specific and denv complex-reactive (epitopes shared by denv 1-4) antigenic sites. in this study the epitopes recognized by four denv complex-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with neutralizing activity were mapped on the denv-3 e ... | 2009 | 19101005 |
| threat of dengue to blood safety in dengue-endemic countries. | dengue, the most common arbovirus infection globally, is transmitted by mosquito vectors. healthcare-related transmission, including transmission by blood products, has been documented, although the frequency of these occurrences is unknown. dengue is endemic to singapore, a city-state in asia. using mathematical modeling, we estimated the risk for dengue-infected blood transfusions in singapore in 2005 to be 1.625-6/10,000 blood transfusions, assuming a ratio of asymptomatic to symptomatic infe ... | 2009 | 19116042 |
| mode of transmission and the evolution of arbovirus virulence in mosquito vectors. | the traditional assumption that vector-borne pathogens should evolve towards a benign relationship with their arthropod vectors has been challenged on theoretical grounds and empirical evidence. however, in the case of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses), although a number of investigators have reported experimental evidence for virus-induced vector mortality, others have failed to detect any significant impact. whether this variation in the observed level of arbovirus virulence depends on bio ... | 2009 | 19141420 |