| thermal inactivation of type 1 dengue virus strains. | | 1975 | 239566 |
| a modified pap (peroxidase-anti-peroxidase) staining technique using sera from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf): 4 step pap staining technique. | bhk-21 cells infected with dengue virus type 1 were stained by a newly developed 4 step pap (peroxidase-anti-peroxidase) technique using sera from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever as anti-virus antibody. the intensity of staining of the sera was proportional to the hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization titers. with this new technique using sera from patients it should be possible to use the pap technique of virus infections. | 1979 | 399586 |
| hemagglutinin prepared from cells of aedes albopictus, clone c6/36, infected with type 1 dengue virus. | a high titer of hemagglutinin (hanin) was found in culture fluids of cells of aedes albopictus, clone c6/36, infected with type 1 dengue virus. the hanin (tc antigen) was associated with complete virions and no appreciable small-sized hanin was produced, in contrast to the case in an infected suckling mouse brain (smb) homogenate, in which most of the hanin is smaller than complete virions. extraction of the tc antigen with tween 80-ether disrupted the hanin into smaller-sized particles, resulti ... | 1979 | 533536 |
| [a dengue epidemic at futuna]. | during an outbreak occuring in futuna (horne islands) from october 1976 to january 1977, ii strains quite similar to dengue virus type i were isolated from blood of patients in acute phase. immunitary responses were noted on 8/12 paired sera submitted to ih test; 4/17 serum samples showed antibody titer presumptive of a recent infection. entomological survey gave evidence that virus was transmitted by aedes polynesiensis and confirmed that futuna is free of a.e. aegypti; other species found were ... | 1978 | 755534 |
| levels of igm antibodies against dengue virus in rio de janeiro, brazil. | the appearance and persistence of igm antibodies were studied by mac-elisa in 926 confirmed cases of dengue virus type 1 infection. assays performed on acute and convalescent patient sera revealed that igm antibodies appeared during the early phase of disease (day 2) and persisted for three months after onset. mac-elisa proved to be a valuable early diagnosis test when compared with haemagglutination inhibition. | 1992 | 1297178 |
| brazilian dengue virus type 1 replication in mosquito cell cultures. | the development of dengue viruses type 1 obtained from acute human sera and inoculated into mosquito cell cultures, was observed by standard transmission electron microscopy and cytochemical staining. it follows the trans-type mechanism already established of other dengue types. direct passage of single virus particles across the cell membrane seems to be a pathway of entry and exit in dengue-1 infected cells. the nature of numerous electron translucent vesicles and tubules, produced simultaneou ... | 1992 | 1308543 |
| envelope protein sequences of dengue virus isolates th-36 and th-sman, and identification of a type-specific genetic marker for dengue and tick-borne flaviviruses. | complementary dnas were synthesized from the envelope protein genes of two isolates of dengue virus (th-36 and th-sman, previously suggested as possible dengue virus type 5 and dengue virus type 6 respectively) and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using sense and antisense primers designed from conserved dengue virus gene sequences. the amplified cdna clones were sequenced in both directions by double-stranded dideoxynucleotide sequencing. alignment with published dengue virus sequence ... | 1992 | 1339466 |
| full-length cdna sequence of dengue type 1 virus (singapore strain s275/90). | the complete nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the genome of dengue virus type 1 (singapore strain s275/90) were determined from cdna clones. the single-stranded, positive-sense rna is 10,718 nucleotides in length and contains a single long open reading frame of 10,188 nucleotides encoding a polyprotein of 3396 amino acids. the genomic size and organization were found to be similar to that of other dengue virus serotypes. both the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequen ... | 1992 | 1585663 |
| first reported outbreak of classical dengue fever at 1,700 meters above sea level in guerrero state, mexico, june 1988. | an outbreak of classical dengue fever occurred from march to august 1988 in the city of taxco, guerrero state, mexico. taxco is at an elevation of 1,700 meters above sea level, and this study represents the highest altitude at which an outbreak of dengue has been documented. an investigation was conducted to obtain serologic confirmation of dengue infection, determine the extent of the outbreak, and identify risk factors for dengue illness. toxorhynchites cell lines were used for viral isolation ... | 1992 | 1621889 |
| partial sequence analysis of type 1 dengue virus coding for the nonstructural hydrophilic protein ns-3. | a complementary dna copy of den-1 rna was synthesized using reverse transcriptase and a random primer. the double-stranded dna copy was cloned at the sma i site of the puc13 vector and was used to transform escherichia coli jm83. among the transformants selected for characterization by nucleotide sequence analysis, we report here one that codes for a region of nonstructural hydrophilic protein, ns-3. computer analysis of this sequence (967 bp) showed about 87% conservation at the amino acid leve ... | 1991 | 1823270 |
| development of cross-reactive antibodies to plasminogen during the immune response to dengue virus infection. | the four serotypes of dengue virus (a mosquito-borne flavivirus) cause an acute febrile illness (dengue fever) or a more prolonged illness with plasma leakage resulting in hypovolemia (dengue hemorrhagic fever). hemorrhage may accompany either. epidemiologic data suggest a role for dengue antibodies in pathogenesis. computer analysis revealed a 20-residue region of similarity in amino acid sequence between the dengue type 4 envelope glycoprotein (e) and a family of clotting factors, including pl ... | 1991 | 1856477 |
| outbreak of dengue fever in rural areas of parbhani district of maharashtra (india). | outbreak of dengue fever in chikalthana, pimpalgaon and waloor villages in parbhani district of maharashtra (india) were investigated. clinically, the illness was typical of dengue fever except for the absence of maculopapular rash. a total of 42 acute, 14 late acute, 73 convalescent and 19 sera from contacts were collected. of the 15 virus isolates, 12 were identified as dengue virus type 2 and 1 as dengue virus type 1. serological tests confirmed the etiological role of dengue virus in the out ... | 1991 | 2022403 |
| isolation of dengue virus with a human promonocyte cell line. | in october-november, 1988 there was an outbreak of dengue fever in the kaoshiung area of southern taiwan. we collected 100 serum samples from 96 patients at the onset of their fever for virus cultures and identification. a human promonocyte cell line (hl-cz) established in our laboratory was used and proved to be susceptible for dengue virus propagation. type 1 dengue virus in the hl-cz cell culture was identified by immunofluorescence tests using monoclonal antibodies, and also by hemagglutinat ... | 1991 | 2063953 |
| some clinical and epidemiological observations on virologically confirmed dengue hemorrhagic fever. | this study is a part of a one year prospective study on dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) carried out in the department of pediatrics, sumber waras hospital in west jakarta. viral isolation and serologic analysis for dhf were done by namru-2 in jakarta. the subjects were 151 virologically confirmed dhf patients admitted to the department of pediatrics during the period of september 1987-june 1988, consisting of 82 boys and 69 girls of 6 months-15 years old. the predominant age group was 5 to 9 year ... | 1990 | 2077462 |
| [study on the vertical transmission of the dengue virus in the south pacific]. | in the course of a dengue outbreak, 765 larvae and 20 pupae were collected in noumea and in wallis island around patients premises, to investigate a possible natural infection. on 15 pools made of 335 aedes aegypti larvae and pupae, 3 appeared to be infected. dengue virus type 1 was the only serotype identified. minimum infection rate reached 1: 112. in new caledonia, the local strains of aedes aegypti can insure the survival of dengue 1 virus between outbreaks, due to a vertical infection of th ... | 1990 | 2208461 |
| genetic relatedness among structural protein genes of dengue 1 virus strains. | the structural protein-coding genomic regions of dengue virus type 1 (den-1) strains representing three distinct topotypes (thailand, philippines and caribbean) were cloned and sequenced. in addition the envelope (e) nucleotide sequences of two recent caribbean topotype den-1 isolates were obtained by direct rna sequencing. the nucleotide sequence of the den-1 viruses in the structural gene region was found to be highly conserved with greater than 95% nucleotide sequence homology and with less t ... | 1989 | 2738579 |
| a case of dengue hemorrhagic fever in a japanese child. | a 6-year-old japanese girl contracted a febrile illness with hemorrhagic manifestations when she traveled in indonesia. a remarkable decrease in the numbers of platelets and white blood cells was observed in her acute-phase blood specimens. her father, who accompanied her, showed dengue fever-like symptoms at almost the same time as her illness. it was determined by serological tests that they were infected with dengue virus type 1. moreover, she showed a secondary antibody response to the flavi ... | 1989 | 2779473 |
| the status of dengue fever virus in south africa--serological studies and diagnosis of a case of dengue fever. | to assess the possibility of a dengue epidemic occurring in south africa 3 groups of survey sera and 2 groups of patients' sera, from a dengue high risk area of south africa, were tested for antibodies to several flaviviruses. 3.8% (75/1951) of the survey sera and 9.2% (26/282) of the patients' sera had haemagglutination inhibition antibodies to one or more of the flaviviruses tested. one of 1951 survey sera had a spectrum of complement fixation antibody consistent with a primary dengue infectio ... | 1987 | 2832982 |
| an outbreak of dengue virus at rio de janeiro--1986. | dengue virus type 1 has been isolated in aedes albopictus cell strain, from sera of patients living in the nova iguaçu county, by rio de janeiro. the clinical picture was characterized by fever, headache, retrobulbar pain, backache, pains in the muscles and the joints and prostration. studies in paired sera confirmed the presence of recent infection by dengue virus type 1. the outbreak reached adjacent areas, including rio de janeiro city (may, 1986). | 1986 | 3587006 |
| pathogenesis of type 1 dengue virus infection in suckling, weaning and adult mice. ii. immunofluorescent and histological studies. | | 1973 | 4586764 |
| electron microscopic observations on the purified dengue virus (type i). | | 1971 | 5148029 |
| pathogenesis of type 1 dengue virus infection in suckling, weanling and adult mice. 1. the relation of virus replication to interferon and antibody formation. | | 1969 | 5787600 |
| seroepidemiological survey on dengue and japanese encephalitis virus infections in asian monkeys. | to investigate the ecology of dengue and japanese encephalitis (je) viruses in the forest in asia, a seroepidemiological survey was carried out on 358 southeast asian cynomolgus (macaca iris), 33 indian bonnet (macaca radiata) and 37 japanese (macaca fuscata) monkey sera by a plaque reduction neutralization test. the results indicated that southeast asian monkeys were naturally infected with these viruses but the frequency of antibody to them varied considerably according to the geographical ori ... | 1984 | 6095461 |
| demonstration of interference between dengue virus types in cultured mosquito cells using monoclonal antibody probes. | cultured aedes albopictus cells (clone c6/36), persistently infected (pi) with dengue virus type 1 (dengue-1) were found resistant to superinfection with dengue virus type 3 (dengue-3). this was determined by indirect immunofluorescent (if) staining of cultures using monoclonal antibody against a dengue-3 type-specific antigen. dengue-1 pi cultures stained with this antibody 3 days after superinfection with dengue-3 virus (m.o.i of 2) had dengue-3 antigen in 0.1 to 1.0% of the cells. control cul ... | 1982 | 6176677 |
| a serotype-specific epitope of dengue virus 1 identified by phage displayed random peptide library. | from a panel of monoclonal antibodies of dengue viruses, a serotype-specific epitope of dengue virus 1 was screened from a random peptide library displayed on phage. the epitope was the determinant reactive with monoclonal antibody 15f3-1 that was specific to dengue 1. the screening was monitored by a dot blotting procedure, and after three rounds of screening a consensus motif, hryswk, was found. this sequence matches the sequence hkyswk, corresponding to the amino acid residues 885-890 of poly ... | 1995 | 7537702 |
| comparison of the genetic variation in type 1 dengue virus isolates in taiwan, 1987-1992. | in this study, the genetic variation of eight dengue-1 strains isolated in taiwan from 1987 to 1992 (including two imported strains) were studied. a fragment of 490 nucleotides from the e/ns1 junction was amplified and studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and vector cloning. by comparing the nucleotide sequences of these strains, it was found that local strains in taiwan shared geographic similarity. the nucleotide differences among local strains were less (0.61% t ... | 1995 | 7602661 |
| construction of intertypic chimeric dengue viruses exhibiting type 3 antigenicity and neurovirulence for mice. | there are four dengue virus serotypes (den1 to -4), each of which causes major epidemics in tropical or subtropical areas. the current strategy for dengue virus immunization favors the use of a tetravalent vaccine preparation. we have previously employed full-length den4 cdna to construct a viable intertypic dengue virus type 1 or type 2 chimera that contained the c-prem-e or only the prem-e genes of den1 or den2 substituting for the corresponding genes of den4. this success implied that it migh ... | 1995 | 7609092 |
| dengue fever among swedish tourists. | serologically confirmed cases of dengue fever among swedish tourists were studied retrospectively. dengue fever was found to be the most commonly diagnosed imported arbovirus disease in sweden during the period december 1989-november 1990. 24 cases were diagnosed. the geographical epidemiology showed that 17/23 who answered a questionnaire were infected in thailand, most often during spring and early summer. 17 patients were admitted to hospital. all patients had high fever. other common symptom ... | 1993 | 8052809 |
| isolation of dengue virus type 1 from larvae of aedes albopictus in campos altos city, state of minas gerais, brazil. | | 1993 | 8107613 |
| dengue in the south-eastern region of brazil: historical analysis and epidemiology. | the aim of the study is an historical analysis of the work undertaken by the public health organizations dedicated to the combat of the aedes aegypti, as well as an epidemiological study of persons with unexplained fever, with a view to evaluating the occurrence of dengue within the population. the mac-elisa, gac-elisa, hemagglutination inhibition, isolation and typage tests were used. organophosphate intoxication in agricultural workers was also assessed by measuring concentrations of seric cho ... | 1993 | 8115829 |
| dengue epidemic in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil: virological and epidemiological aspects. | laboratory studies were carried out on 3178 patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of dengue infection from april 1986 to december 1987 in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. the epidemic had two peaks following the first virus isolation and affected the inhabitants of 17 counties. both sex and all age groups were affected. dengue virus type 1 was isolated from 1039 sera and the number of confirmed cases was increased to 1874 (59%) by mac-elisa. isolation rate confirmed cases reached 80% i ... | 1993 | 8284599 |
| [application of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in rapid diagnosis and serotype identification of dengue virus infections]. | rt-pcr was developed for the amplification of partial e genome fragment from four dengue serotypes. of the six oligonucleotide primers designed one was shared by dengue virus type 1 and type 2, and one by type 3 and type 4. each of the other four primers was type specific. amplified products with 240, 150, 333 and 421 bp, respectively were identified by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel and digestion with restriction enzyme hind iii. rt-pcr can detect dengue viral rna from at least 5tcid50 virus ... | 1993 | 8313184 |
| dengue epidemic in the stage of rio de janeiro, brazil, 1990-1: co-circulation of dengue 1 and dengue 2 serotypes. | during 1990 and 1991, dengue fever was detected in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. it occurred in two epidemic waves; one, from january to august 1990, caused predominantly by dengue virus type 1 (den-1) the other from october 1990 to may 1991 caused by type 2 virus (den-2). dengue was confirmed by virus isolation and/or igm capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa) in 2109/5964 (35.4%) of the cases. den-2 virus was isolated from 180 patients. hai tests indicated that of these p ... | 1993 | 8348928 |
| [a study on a local epidemic of dengue fever in shaxi district of zhongshan city, 1991]. | an epidemic of dengue fever occurred in shengshi village of shaxi district in the last ten-day period of august, 1991. a wrong diagnosis was made on account of atypical clinical symptoms and careless investigation during early days. effective measures had not been taken in time, so that the disease spread to neighbouring three villages and the town. the epidemic lasted for 64 days and 112 cases were found. it had been proven by etiologic studies that type 1 dengue virus caused this epidemic. | 1993 | 8353823 |
| dengue virus-specific human cd4+ t-lymphocyte responses in a recipient of an experimental live-attenuated dengue virus type 1 vaccine: bulk culture proliferation, clonal analysis, and precursor frequency determination. | we analyzed the cd4+ t-lymphocyte responses to dengue, west nile, and yellow fever viruses 4 months after immunization of a volunteer with an experimental live-attenuated dengue virus type 1 vaccine (den-1 45az5). we examined bulk culture proliferation to noninfectious antigens, determined the precursor frequency of specific cd4+ t cells by limiting dilution, and established and analyzed cd4+ t-cell clones. bulk culture proliferation was predominantly dengue virus type 1 specific with a lesser d ... | 1993 | 8371350 |
| secondary dengue infection in schoolchildren in a dengue endemic area in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. | a seroepidemiologic survey was carried out in schoolchildren from public schools of the niterói municipality, state of rio de janeiro, brazil, after a period of sequential epidemics by dengue virus type 1 and 2 (den-1 and den-2). 450 blood samples were obtained by fingertip puncture and collected on filter paper discs. the hemagglutination inhibition (hai) test was carried out using den-1 and den-2 antigens. hai titres were demonstrated in 66% (297/450) of the sera and the geometric means of the ... | 1995 | 8731265 |
| dengue infection in paracambi, state of rio de janeiro, 1990-1995. | a seroepidemiological survey was carried out during 1994 in the municipality of paracambi, state of rio de janeiro. haemagglutination inhibition test positivity was detected in 145 out of 370 (39.2%) schoolchildren. the frequency of positive test by sex was 53.8% (78/145) female and 46.2% (67/145) male. distribution by age showed the increasing of antibody positivity in older children. strains of dengue virus type 1 and dengue virus type 2 were isolated before (1990) showing the co-circulation o ... | 1997 | 9322424 |
| in vitro antiviral activity on dengue virus of marine natural products. | metabolites isolated from marine invertebrates, callipeltin a, crambescidin, ptilomycalin a, celeromycalin, gymnochrome b, gymnochrome d and isogymnochrome d previously shown bioactive on either herpes simplex virus 1 or human immunodeficiency virus, were tested on a new in vitro bioassay using the dengue virus 1. only gymnochrome d and isogymnochrome d isolated from the living fossil crinoid gymnocrinus richeri are highly potent dengue antiviral agents. | 1998 | 9539959 |
| recombinant dengue virus type 1 ns3 protein exhibits specific viral rna binding and ntpase activity regulated by the ns5 protein. | the full-length dengue virus ns3 protein has been successfully expressed as a 94-kda gst fusion protein in escherichia coli. treatment of the purified fusion protein with thrombin released a 68-kda protein which is the expected molecular mass for the den1 ns3 protein. the identity of this protein was confirmed by western blotting using dengue virus antisera. two related activities of the recombinant ns3 protein were characterized, which were the binding of the protein to the 3'-noncoding region ... | 1998 | 9657959 |
| don't forget dengue! clinical features of dengue fever in returning travellers. | dengue virus infection is an increasingly important cause of imported fever, but many cases remain unrecognised. this study reviews the clinical features of dengue fever in patients seen at a regional department of infection and tropical medicine. | 1998 | 9670150 |
| establishment and characterization of japanese encephalitis virus-specific, human cd4(+) t-cell clones: flavivirus cross-reactivity, protein recognition, and cytotoxic activity. | we analyzed the cd4(+) t-lymphocyte responses of two donors who had received japanese encephalitis virus (jev) vaccine 6 or 12 months earlier. bulk culture proliferation assays showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) responded to jev antigens (ag) but also responded at lower levels to west nile virus (wnv) and dengue virus type 1, 2, and 4 (d1v, d2v, and d4v, respectively) ag. five jev-specific cd4(+) human t-cell clones and one subclone were established from pbmc of these two dono ... | 1998 | 9733842 |
| sequence and structural elements at the 3' terminus of bovine viral diarrhea virus genomic rna: functional role during rna replication. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), a member of the genus pestivirus in the family flaviviridae, has a positive-stranded rna genome consisting of a single open reading frame and untranslated regions (utrs) at the 5' and 3' ends. computer modeling suggested the 3' utr comprised single-stranded regions as well as stem-loop structures-features that were suspected of being essentially implicated in the viral rna replication pathway. employing a subgenomic bvdv rna (di9c) that was shown to function a ... | 1999 | 10196256 |
| dengue virus type 1 nonstructural glycoprotein ns1 is secreted from mammalian cells as a soluble hexamer in a glycosylation-dependent fashion. | nonstructural glycoprotein ns1, specified by dengue virus type 1 (den-1), is secreted from infected green monkey kidney (vero) cells in a major soluble form characterized by biochemical and biophysical means as a unique hexameric species. this noncovalently bound oligomer is formed by three dimeric subunits and has a molecular mass of 310 kda and a stokes radius of 64.4 a. during protein export, one of the two oligosaccharides of ns1 is processed into an endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase f-resis ... | 1999 | 10364366 |
| detection of dengue virus rna in patients after primary or secondary dengue infection by using the taqman automated amplification system. | in consecutive serum samples from 25 tourists with acute dengue fever, virus-specific rna was detected by using fully automated taqman reverse transcriptase pcr. for this amplification technique new primers and special fluorochrome-labeled probes had to be synthesized. during amplification the increasing amount of viral dna could simultaneously be measured in the tightly sealed tubes. dengue virus rna was found in almost all patients (17 of 18), if the samples had been taken soon after the onset ... | 1999 | 10405398 |
| vector competence of aedes notoscriptus (diptera: culicidae) for barmah forest virus and of this species and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) for dengue 1-4 viruses in queensland, australia. | aedes notoscriptus (skuse) mosquitoes colonized from brisbane, queensland, australia, were fed on blood suspensions containing either barmah forest (bf) virus, dengue virus type 1 (den-1), dengue virus type 2 (den-2), dengue virus type 3 (den-3), or dengue virus type 4 (den-4). ae. notoscriptus was shown to be moderately susceptible to oral infection with bf virus, id50 = 10(3.3) ccid50 per mosquito, with titers in infected mosquitoes peaking 10 d after infection. bf virus transmission occurred ... | 1999 | 10467781 |
| dengue epidemic in the state of rio grande do norte, brazil, in 1997. | during 1997 a large dengue epidemic occurred in rio grande do norte, a state in north-east brazil. the co-circulation of dengue virus type 1 and dengue virus type 2 was demonstrated by virus isolation in aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell-line and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). igm capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed 52.3% of the 8105 studied cases and dengue antigen was demonstrated by immunohistochemical reaction on hepatocytes from 2 out of 5 fatal ... | 1999 | 10492750 |
| trans-complementation analysis of the flavivirus kunjin ns5 gene reveals an essential role for translation of its n-terminal half in rna replication. | recently we described rescue of defective kunjin virus (kun) rnas with small deletions in the methyltransferase and rna polymerase motifs of the ns5 gene, using bhk cells stably expressing kun replicon rna (repbhk cells) as helper (a. a. khromykh et al., j. virol. 72:7270-7279, 1998). we have now extended our previous observations and report successful trans-complementation of defective kun rnas with most of the ns5 gene deleted or substituted with a heterologous (dengue virus) ns5 sequence. rep ... | 1999 | 10516033 |
| comparison of two rapid diagnostic assays for detection of immunoglobulin m antibodies to dengue virus. | two easy-to-use commercial diagnostic assays, a dipstick enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (integrated diagnostics, baltimore, md.) and an immunochromatographic card assay (panbio, brisbane, australia) were evaluated for detection of immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody to dengue virus with an in-house igm antibody capture microplate elisa as a reference assay. the dipstick elisa was based on the indirect-elisa format using dengue 2 virus as the only antigen and enzyme-labeled goat anti-human ... | 2000 | 10618287 |
| immunogenicity of dengue virus type 1 dna vaccines expressing truncated and full length envelope protein. | recombinant plasmid dna constructs expressing truncated or full-length dengue-1 envelope (e) with or without the pre-membrane (prm) were tested for immunogenicity in mice, as candidate dengue dna vaccines. two plasmids, one expressing the n-terminal 80% e and the other expressing prm and full length e were immunogenic in intradermally inoculated mice. the vaccinated mice produced dengue-1 specific antibodies that were both neutralizing and long lasting. data suggested that the plasmid expressing ... | 2000 | 10738100 |
| dengue virus infection during post-epidemic period in delhi, india. | dengue fever (df) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) are major public health problems in india. during the period following an epidemic, a study was carried out using virological and serological tests for confirmation of suspected cases of dengue virus infection in fever cases presenting to the all india institute of medical sciences. serum samples of suspected df/dhf cases were processed from january to december 1997. in 37 samples from patients with fever of less than 5-day duration, received ... | 1999 | 10774660 |
| dengue virus type 1 dna vaccine induces protective immune responses in rhesus macaques. | a candidate dna vaccine expressing dengue virus type 1 pre-membrane and envelope proteins was used to immunize rhesus macaques. monkeys were immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) or intradermally (i.d.) by three or four 1 mg doses of vaccine, respectively. monkeys that were inoculated i.m. seroconverted more quickly and had higher antibody levels than those that were inoculated i.d. the sera exhibited virus-neutralizing activity, which declined over time. four of the eight i.m.-inoculated monkeys wer ... | 2000 | 10859370 |
| potential dengue virus-triggered apoptotic pathway in human neuroblastoma cells: arachidonic acid, superoxide anion, and nf-kappab are sequentially involved. | direct in vivo evidence for the susceptibility of human neuronal cells to dengue virus has not been reported. in this study, we demonstrated that type 2 dengue (den-2) virus infection induced extensive apoptosis in the human neuroblastoma cell line sk-n-sh. phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) was activated by den-2 infection, which led to the generation of arachidonic acid (aa). inhibition of pla(2) activity by the pla(2) inhibitors, aacocf(3) and ono-rs-082, diminished den-2 virus-induced apoptosis. in ... | 2000 | 10954569 |
| epidemiologic studies on dengue in santiago de cuba, 1997. | a small, isolated outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (dhf/dss) due to dengue virus type 2 (den-2) was documented in santiago de cuba on the island of cuba beginning in january 1997. there were 205 dhf/dss cases, all in persons older than age 15 years. all but three had evidence of a prior dengue infection, with the only known opportunity being the islandwide dengue virus type 1 (den-1) epidemic of 1977-1979. virtually complete clinical and laboratory surveillance of overt ... | 2000 | 11085389 |
| invited commentary: dengue lessons from cuba. | an 18-year interval between a dengue virus type 1 outbreak in 1977-1979 and a dengue virus type 2 outbreak in 1997 in santiago de cuba, cuba, provided a unique opportunity to evaluate risk factors for dengue disease. all patients with symptomatic dengue, including 205 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever and 12 deaths, were adults born before the dengue virus type 1 epidemic, and nearly all (98%) experienced secondary dengue virus infections. in contrast, almost all of those who seroconverted witho ... | 2000 | 11085390 |
| identification of b-cell epitope of dengue virus type 1 and its application in diagnosis of patients. | using a serotype-specific monoclonal antibody (mab) of dengue virus type 1 (den-1), 15f3-1, we identified the b-cell epitope of den-1 from a random peptide library displayed on phage. fourteen immunopositive phage clones that bound specifically to mab 15f3-1 were selected. these phage-borne peptides had a consensus motif of hxyawb (a = s/t, b = k/h/r) that mimicked the sequence hkyswk, which corresponded to amino acid residues 111 to 116 of the nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) of den-1. among the f ... | 2001 | 11230414 |
| biophysical characterization and vector-specific antagonist activity of domain iii of the tick-borne flavivirus envelope protein. | the molecular determinants responsible for flavivirus host cell binding and tissue tropism are largely unknown, although domain iii of the envelope protein has been implicated in these functions. we examined the solution properties and antagonist activity of langat virus domain iii. our results suggest that domain iii adopts a stably folded structure that can mediate binding of tick-borne flaviviruses but not mosquito-borne flaviviruses to their target cells. three clusters of phylogenetically c ... | 2001 | 11264392 |
| evidence for recombination in natural populations of dengue virus type 1 based on the analysis of complete genome sequences. | recombination events are known to occur in non-segmented rna viruses like polioviruses or alphaviruses. analysis of the subgenomic sequences of dengue virus type 1 (denv-1) structural genes has recently allowed the identification of possible recombination breakpoints. because denv is a major human pathogen, this discovery might have important implications for virus pathogenicity, vaccine safety and efficiency, or diagnosis and, therefore, requires clear confirmation. we report the complete seque ... | 2001 | 11369871 |
| comparative sequences of two type 1 dengue virus strains possessing different growth characteristics in vitro. | the complete genome sequences of two dengue-1 virus strains having different growth characteristics (mochizuki and a88) were compared with other published strains. the sequence analysis indicated several unique amino acid changes throughout the coding region of mochizuki strain, mostly in envelope (e) protein. a unique amino acid, ile-69 for mochizuki strain at e protein resulted in the loss of an asn-67-linked glycosylation site. a thr substitution for ala-114 at c protein and amino acid change ... | 2001 | 11386425 |
| nosocomial spread of viral disease. | viruses are important causes of nosocomial infection, but the fact that hospital outbreaks often result from introduction(s) from community-based epidemics, together with the need to initiate specific laboratory testing, means that there are usually insufficient data to allow the monitoring of trends in incidences. the most important defenses against nosocomial transmission of viruses are detailed and continuing education of staff and strict adherence to infection control policies. protocols mus ... | 2001 | 11432812 |
| flow cytometry compared with indirect immunofluorescence for rapid detection of dengue virus type 1 after amplification in tissue culture. | dengue virus (dv) was detected early in infected mosquito c6/36 cells by using indirect immunofluorescence (if) in conjunction with flow cytometry. three fixation-permeabilization methods and three dv serotype 1 (den-1)-specific monoclonal antibodies, 8-8 (anti-e), 16-4 (anti-ns1), and 15f3-1 (anti-ns1), were evaluated for the detection of den-1 in infected c6/36 cells. we found that these three monoclonal antibodies were capable of detecting dv in c6/36 cells as early as 24 h postinoculation by ... | 2001 | 11574589 |
| development of dengue virus type 2 replicons capable of prolonged expression in host cells. | as part of a program to develop a dengue virus vaccine which avoids the deleterious effects of antibody dependent enhancement (ade) of infection mediated by antibodies to dengue virus structural proteins, we have begun to investigate the possibility of designing dengue vaccines based on non-structural proteins. | 2001 | 11580862 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific to dengue virus type 1 nonstructural protein ns1 reveals circulation of the antigen in the blood during the acute phase of disease in patients experiencing primary or secondary infections. | during flavivirus infection in vitro, nonstructural protein ns1 is released in a host-restricted fashion from infected mammalian cells but not vector-derived insect cells. in order to analyze the biological relevance of ns1 secretion in vivo, we developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect the protein in the sera of dengue virus-infected patients. the assay was based on serotype 1 ns1-specific mouse and rabbit polyclonal antibody preparations for antigen immunocaptur ... | 2002 | 11825945 |
| synergistic neutralizing antibody response to a dengue virus type 2 dna vaccine by incorporation of lysosome-associated membrane protein sequences and use of plasmid expressing gm-csf. | we have previously shown that a dengue virus type 1 dna vaccine expressing premembrane (prm) and envelope (e) genes was immunogenic in mice and monkeys and that rhesus monkeys vaccinated with this construct were completely to partially protected from virus challenge. in order to improve the immunogenicity of dengue dna vaccines, we have evaluated the effect of lysosome targeting of antigens and coimmunization with a plasmid expressing gm-csf on antibody responses. a dengue virus type 2 candidate ... | 2001 | 11883007 |
| long-term memory cellular immune response to dengue virus after a natural primary infection. | this study was conducted to examine the memory t-cell response to dengue virus 20 years after a primary infection. we took advantage of the exceptional epidemiologic situation in cuba, where the population initially suffered two large successive epidemics due to dengue virus 1 and 2 respectively over a 4-year period. thereafter, no dengue virus circulation was subsequently observed, except for the santiago de cuba municipality. | 2002 | 12121600 |
| diversity and evolution of the envelope gene of dengue virus type 1. | the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of a collection of strains of dengue virus type 1 (dv-1), isolated from different parts of the world, were investigated. phylogenetic trees derived from the complete sequence of the e gene of 44 strains suggested the existence of five genetic types defined by a maximum nucleotide divergence within each group of 6%. the 22 strains from america were classified into a single genetic type that included strains associated either with classical deng ... | 2002 | 12482662 |
| geographic genetic variation in populations of the dengue virus vector aedes aegypti. | isoenzyme variation was assessed in 79 mosquito samples of aedes aegypti, and susceptibility to a dengue 2 virus strain was evaluated in 83 samples. analysis of fst values, differentiation indexes, and geographic distances separating populations revealed that genetic differences between populations depended on the species' history of migration and colonization. three major clusters were identified: (1). the sylvan form, ae. ae. formosus, from west africa and some islands in the indian ocean; (2) ... | 2002 | 12486524 |
| a live, attenuated dengue virus type 1 vaccine candidate with a 30-nucleotide deletion in the 3' untranslated region is highly attenuated and immunogenic in monkeys. | the delta30 deletion mutation, which was originally created in dengue virus type 4 (den4) by the removal of nucleotides 172 to 143 from the 3' untranslated region (3' utr), was introduced into a homologous region of wild-type (wt) dengue virus type 1 (den1). the resulting virus, rden1delta30, was attenuated in rhesus monkeys to a level similar to that of the rden4delta30 vaccine candidate. rden1delta30 was more attenuated in rhesus monkeys than the previously described vaccine candidate, rden1mu ... | 2003 | 12502885 |
| molecular epidemiological study of dengue virus type 1 in taiwan. | taiwan has experienced several major outbreaks of dengue (den) virus since 1981. the predominant virus type involved has been dengue virus type one (den-1), which first appeared in 1987. to understand the molecular epidemiology of this virus, 15 strains of den-1 isolated during 1987-1991 and 1994-1995, including 11 epidemic strains, two sporadic strains, and two imported strains have been studied. fragments of 490 nucleotides (nt) from the e/ns1 junction were amplified by reverse transcription-p ... | 2003 | 12767004 |
| tick-borne encephalitis with hemorrhagic syndrome, novosibirsk region, russia, 1999. | eight fatal cases of tick-borne encephalitis with an unusual hemorrhagic syndrome were identified in 1999 in the novosibirsk region, russia. to study these strains, we sequenced cdna fragments of protein e gene from six archival formalin-fixed brain samples. phylogenetic analysis showed tick-borne encephalitis variants clustered with a far eastern subtype (homology 94.7%) but not with the siberian subtype (82%). | 2003 | 12781020 |
| improved detection of dengue-1 virus from igm-positive serum samples using c6/36 cell cultures in association with rt-pcr. | dengue is the most important arboviral disease in the world, and its diagnosis is primarily made by serology. virus isolation has been successful mainly in clinical samples obtained during the acute phase of illness, and is carried out through inoculation of clinical samples into c6/36 cell monolayers followed by the detection of infection by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). we compared the efficiency of rt-pcr and ifa in the detection of dengue-1 virus after inoculation of c6/36 cells w ... | 2003 | 12931031 |
| cultivation of mouse-adapted dengue virus (type 1) in rhesus monkey tissue culture. | | 1956 | 13295630 |
| isolation of three strains of type 1 dengue virus from a local outbreak of the disease in malaya. | | 1956 | 13385492 |
| dengue types 1 and 4 viruses in wild-caught mosquitoes in south india. | three strains of type 1 dengue virus and two strains of type 4 dengue virus have been isolated from aedes aegypti collected in vellore, india. | 1964 | 14075719 |
| behavior of the dengue virus in solution. | the dengue virus consists of four antigenically related but distinct viruses, termed dengue virus 1-4 (den 1-4). we have established that the dengue virus loses infectivity over time in solution in an exponentially declining manner. the four strains examined (one from each serotype) have half-lives that range from 2.5 to 7.5 hr in defined medium. the half-life is temperature and ph-dependent and is affected by the nature of the host cell in which it is produced, but is not dependent upon the pre ... | 2003 | 14556266 |
| needle-free biojector injection of a dengue virus type 1 dna vaccine with human immunostimulatory sequences and the gm-csf gene increases immunogenicity and protection from virus challenge in aotus monkeys. | a dengue-1 dna vaccine containing sequences encoding premembrane and envelope proteins (dime) was previously shown to elicit virus neutralizing antibodies in rhesus and aotus monkeys, and the primates were partially protected from viremia upon challenge. to increase the neutralizing antibody levels and subsequent protection from virus challenge, four strategies were evaluated: (a) coimmunization with a plasmid expressing aotus gm-csf gene; (b) coimmunization with a plasmid containing human immun ... | 2003 | 14585337 |
| alterations of pr-m cleavage and virus export in pr-m junction chimeric dengue viruses. | during the export of flavivirus particles through the secretory pathway, a viral envelope glycoprotein, prm, is cleaved by the proprotein convertase furin; this cleavage is required for the subsequent rearrangement of receptor-binding e glycoprotein and for virus infectivity. similar to many furin substrates, prm in vector-borne flaviviruses contains basic residues at positions p1, p2, and p4 proximal to the cleavage site; in addition, a number of charged residues are found at position p3 and be ... | 2004 | 14963133 |
| complete genome sequencing of dengue virus type 1 isolated in buenos aires, argentina. | dengue (den) constitutes a major viral arthropod-borne human illness. south america was last considered free of dengue two decades ago when a dramatic increase in the number of dengue fever and hemorrhagic dengue cases had been reported. five viruses were isolated in buenos aires city from the 1999-2000 paraguay outbreak. rt-pcrs obtained directly from plasma were cloned into pgemt vectors and sequences of the structural genes and ns1 were analyzed. three viruses were full-length sequenced from ... | 2004 | 15041181 |
| parturient and perinatal dengue hemorrhagic fever. | a thai woman in the shock stage of dengue hemorrhagic fever delivered a healthy infant by normal delivery. she had high, prolonged fever for five days, hepatomegaly, thrombocytopenia and a right pleural effusion. the serology performed later established a diagnosis of secondary dengue infection. she had no serious complications except for postpartum anemia. the newborn became febrile at the 48th hour of life. he had fever for 2 days, hepatomegaly, thrombocytopenia and a right pleural effusion. d ... | 2003 | 15115090 |
| molecular analysis of the dengue virus type 1 and 2 in brazil based on sequences of the genomic envelope-nonstructural protein 1 junction region. | the genomic sequences of the envelope-non-structural protein 1 junction region (e/ns1) of 84 den-1 and 22 den-2 isolates from brazil were determined. most of these strains were isolated in the period from 1995 to 2001 in endemic and regions of recent dengue transmission in são paulo state. sequence data for den-1 and den-2 utilized in phylogenetic and split decomposition analyses also include sequences deposited in genbank from different regions of brazil and of the world. phylogenetic analyses ... | 2004 | 15286818 |
| sustained transmission of dengue virus type 1 in the pacific due to repeated introductions of different asian strains. | outbreaks of dengue due to dengue virus type 1 (denv-1) occurred almost simultaneously in 2001 in myanmar and at multiple sites almost 10,000 km away in the pacific. phylogenetic analyses of the e protein genes of denv-1 strains recovered from asia and the pacific revealed three major viral genotypes (i, ii, and iii) with distinct clades within each. the majority of strains from the pacific and myanmar, and a number of other asian strains fell into genotype i. genotype ii comprised a smaller set ... | 2004 | 15518827 |
| epitope determinants of a chimpanzee fab antibody that efficiently cross-neutralizes dengue type 1 and type 2 viruses map to inside and in close proximity to fusion loop of the dengue type 2 virus envelope glycoprotein. | the epitope determinants of chimpanzee fab antibody 1a5, which have been shown to be broadly reactive to flaviviruses and efficient for cross-neutralization of dengue virus type 1 and type 2 (denv-1 and denv-2), were studied by analysis of denv-2 antigenic variants. sequence analysis showed that one antigenic variant contained a gly-to-val substitution at position 106 within the flavivirus-conserved fusion peptide loop of the envelope protein (e), and another variant contained a his-to-gln subst ... | 2004 | 15542644 |
| [susceptibility of 15 collections of aedes albopictus from guizhou to dengue virus oral infection]. | to study the susceptibility of aedes albopictus to dengue virus infection. | 2004 | 15640856 |
| [analysis of the e gene sequences of three dengue virus type 1 isolates in guangdong province]. | to trace the infection sources of three dengue virus type 1 isolates found in guangdong province, namely gd05/99, gd14/97 and gd23/95. | 2005 | 15683998 |
| lineage extinction and replacement in dengue type 1 virus populations are due to stochastic events rather than to natural selection. | between 1996 and 1998, two clades (b and c; genotype i) of dengue virus type 1 (denv-1) appeared in myanmar (burma) that were new to that location. between 1998 and 2000, a third clade (a; genotype iii) of denv-1, which had been circulating at that locality for at least 25 years, became extinct. these changes preceded the largest outbreak of dengue recorded in myanmar, in 2001, in which more than 95% of viruses recovered from patients were denv-1, but where the incidence of severe disease was mu ... | 2005 | 15892958 |
| [development of multiplex reverse translation-polymerase chain reaction methods for detection of dengue virus type 1-4 and its application in clinical use]. | to develop multiplex reverse translation-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method for detection of dengue virus type 1-4. | 2005 | 15921589 |
| castanospermine, a potent inhibitor of dengue virus infection in vitro and in vivo. | previous studies have suggested that alpha-glucosidase inhibitors such as castanospermine and deoxynojirimycin inhibit dengue virus type 1 infection by disrupting the folding of the structural proteins prm and e, a step crucial to viral secretion. we extend these studies by evaluating the inhibitory activity of castanospermine against a panel of clinically important flaviviruses including all four serotypes of dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and west nile virus. using in vitro assays we demons ... | 2005 | 15994763 |
| dengue virus m protein c-terminal peptide (dvm-c) forms ion channels. | a chemically synthesized peptide consisting of the c-terminus of the m protein of the dengue virus type 1 strain singapore s275/90 (dvm-c) produced ion channel activity in artificial lipid bilayers. the channels had a variable conductance and were more permeable to sodium and potassium ions than to chloride ions and more permeable to chloride ions than to calcium ions. hexamethylene amiloride (100 microm) and amantadine (10 microm), blocked channels formed by dvm-c. ion channels may play an impo ... | 2005 | 16007501 |
| [analysis on clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1032 patients with dengue fever in guangzhou]. | to analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever (df) during the dengue-1 epidemic in guangzhou. | 2005 | 16185453 |
| individual donor nucleic acid amplification testing for detection of west nile virus. | we have developed an economical, high-throughput nucleic acid amplification test (nat) for blood-borne viruses, suitable for use in the screening of plasma samples from individual blood donors. this assay system includes a semiautomated procedure, using 96-well glass fiber plates for the extraction of viral nucleic acids from plasma and "universal beacon" technology which permits the detection of all genotypes of highly variable viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis c virus). ... | 2005 | 16207971 |
| specific igm and igg responses in primary and secondary dengue virus infections determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | igm- and igg-capture elisas are widely used as diagnostic tests for confirmation of dengue virus infection. the positive rate of anti-dengue igm and igg detection was examined in primary and secondary dengue virus infections in the setting of a provincial hospital using igm- and igg-capture elisas. disease day 1 was defined as the day of onset of symptoms. in total, 232 plasma samples were collected from 106 confirmed dengue cases consisting of 12 primary and 94 secondary infections. in primary ... | 2006 | 16371180 |
| long-term transmission of defective rna viruses in humans and aedes mosquitoes. | in 2001, dengue virus type 1 (denv-1) populations in humans and mosquitoes from myanmar acquired a stop-codon mutation in the surface envelope (e) protein gene. within a year, this stop-codon strain had spread to all individuals sampled. the presence of truncated e protein species within individual viral populations, along with a general relaxation in selective constraint, indicated that the stop-codon strain represents a defective lineage of denv-1. we propose that such long-term transmission o ... | 2006 | 16410525 |
| novel dengue virus type 1 from travelers to yap state, micronesia. | dengue virus type 1 (denv-1), which was responsible for the dengue fever outbreak in yap state, micronesia, in 2004, was isolated from serum samples of 4 dengue patients in japan. genome sequencing demonstrated that this virus belonged to genotype iv and had a 29-nucleotide deletion in the 3 noncoding region. | 2006 | 16494770 |
| use of a short fragment of the c-terminal e gene for detection and characterization of two new lineages of dengue virus 1 in india. | here we propose the use of a 216-nucleotide fragment located in the carboxyl terminus of the e gene (e-cooh) and a pairwise-based comparison method for genotyping of dengue virus 1 (denv-1) strains. we have applied this method to the detection and characterization of denv-1 in serum samples from travelers returning from the tropics. the results obtained with the typing system correlate with the results obtained by comparison of the sequences of the entire e gene of the strains. the approach demo ... | 2006 | 16597885 |
| molecular epidemiology of dengue in the pacific: introduction of two distinct strains of dengue virus type-1 [corrected] into hawaii. | in 2000, a major dengue epidemic, caused by the type-1 virus (denv-1), began in the pacific and asia, with cases still being reported in 2006. the phylogenetic analysis of full-length sequences of the envelope-protein gene of denv-1 isolates recovered during outbreaks in hawaii and tahiti in 2001-2002 indicated that most hawaiian isolates were tahitian in origin. all the hawaiian and tahitian isolates were identified as the pacific subtype (i.e. subtype iv) of denv-1. a hawaiian isolate, collect ... | 2006 | 16762113 |
| dengue as a cause of acute undifferentiated fever in vietnam. | dengue is a common cause of fever in the tropics but its contribution to the total burden of febrile illnesses that is presented to primary health facilities in endemic regions such as vietnam, is largely unknown. we aimed to report the frequency of dengue as a cause of fever in binh thuan province, to describe the characteristics of dengue patients, and analyze the diagnostic accuracy of the health care workers and the determinants of the diagnostic process. | 2006 | 16869969 |
| [study on the epidemiology and etiologic agent of dengue fever outbreaks in fuzhou in 2004]. | to study the epidemiology and etiologic characteristics of a dengue fever outbreak in fuzhou from the beginning of september to the end of october in 2004 in order to understand the source of infection. | 2006 | 16981327 |
| rapid detection, serotyping and quantitation of dengue viruses by taqman real-time one-step rt-pcr. | the use of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in molecular diagnosis is now accepted worldwide and has become an essential tool in the research laboratory. in the laboratory, a rapid detection, serotyping and quantitation, one-step real-time rt-pcr assay was developed for dengue virus using taqman probes. in this assay, a set of forward and reverse primers were designed targeting the serotype conserved region at the ns5 gene, at the same time flanking a variable region for all four serotypes wh ... | 2006 | 17000012 |
| isolation of monoclonal antibodies-escape variant of dengue virus serotype 1. | during an outbreak from december 2004 to march 2005, 138 isolates of dengue virus were prospectively obtained from acute-phase serum samples of 1,067 patients with the provisional clinical diagnosis of acute dengue illness admitted to the adult wards of hospital tengku ampuan rahimah, klang, malaysia. of the 138 dengue virus isolates, 87, 11, 24 and 3 were typed as dengue serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, by a commercial dengue virus typing kit using monoclonal antibodies (mab). 13 dengue v ... | 2006 | 17075660 |
| generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against dengue virus type 1 for epitope mapping and serological detection by epitope-based peptide antigens. | dengue virus (den), the pathogen behind dengue hemorrhagic fever, remains a public health problem in asia and south america. in this study, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against den serotype 1 (den-1) were generated by fusing nsi/1-ag4-1 mouse myeloma cells with lymphocytes from balb/c mice immunized with den-1. twelve mabs were found to react specifically to the dens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence analysis, and immunoblotting analysis. five mabs, namely, da4-7, da6-7, d ... | 2007 | 17287314 |
| construction of an infectious cdna clone for a brazilian prototype strain of dengue virus type 1: characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutation in ns1. | to help understand the mechanism of pathogenesis of dengue virus (dv), we set out to create an infectious cdna of the brazilian prototype strain of dv serotype 1 (dv1-br/90). pcr-amplified fragments of dv1-br/90 cdna were readily assembled into a subgenomic cdna that could be used to produce replicating rnas (replicons), lacking the structural protein-encoding regions of the genome. however, assembly of a cdna capable of producing infectious virus was only possible using a bacterial artificial c ... | 2007 | 17289102 |