| togaviridae. | the family togaviridae is described; it contains four genera--alphavirus, flavivirus, pestivirus and rubivirus--and additional members. the main characteristics of the family are as follows: single-stranded, linear rna, molecular weight about 4 x 10(6). virions have isometric nucleocapsids surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope containing host cell lipid and virus-specified polypeptides including one or more glycopeptides. virions yield infectious rna. there are at least 80 members; all the alphav ... | 1978 | 618831 |
| togaviridae. | the family togaviridae comprises four genera: alphavirus (with 26 species), rubivirus (one species), pestivirus (three species), and arterivirus (one species). the main characteristics of the member viruses are: (i) the virus particles are spherical, 50-70 nm in diameter, including an envelope with surface projections that incorporate two or three polypeptides, usually glycosylated; (ii) the nucleocapsid comprises a core protein and a single strand of positive-sense rna, molecular weight about 4 ... | 1985 | 2999027 |
| development of a rubella virus vaccine expression vector: use of a picornavirus internal ribosome entry site increases stability of expression. | rubella virus (rub) is a small plus-strand rna virus classified in the rubivirus genus of the family togaviridae. live, attenuated rub vaccines have been successfully used in vaccination programs for over 25 years, making rub an attractive vaccine vector. in this study, such a vector was constructed using a recently developed rub infectious cdna clone (robo). using a standard strategy employed to produce expression and vaccine vectors with other togaviruses, the subgenomic promoter was duplicate ... | 2000 | 11044128 |
| mapping the rubella virus subgenomic promoter. | rubella virus (rub), the sole member of the rubivirus genus in the togaviridae family of positive-strand rna viruses, synthesizes a single subgenomic (sg) rna containing sequences from the 3' end of the genomic rna including the open reading frame (orf) that encodes the virion proteins. the synthesis of sg rna is initiated internally on a negative-strand, genome-length template at a site known as the sg promoter (sgp). mapping the rub sgp was initiated by using an infectious cdna vector, dsrobo4 ... | 2002 | 11884543 |
| [preliminary study on torch epidemic laws in wuhan region]. | to investigate the torch epidemic law in wuhan region. | 1999 | 12569781 |
| rubella virus capsid protein modulates viral genome replication and virus infectivity. | the structural proteins (sp) of the togaviridae can be deleted in defective interfering rnas. the dispensability of viral sp has allowed construction of noninfectious viral expression vectors and replicons from viruses of the alphavirus and rubivirus genera. nevertheless, in this study, we found that the sp of rubella virus (rub) could enhance expression of reporter genes from rub replicons in trans. sp enhancement required capsid protein (cp) expression and was not due to rna-rna recombination. ... | 2004 | 15047844 |
| rubella and congenital rubella (german measles). | rubella, also known as german measles, is usually a very mild infection that can have devastating effects in certain instances. it is a pleomorphic rna virus in the togaviridae family of the genus rubivirus. it typically causes a scarletiniform rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, and mild constitutional symptoms, but in older children and adults, especially women, it may be more severe, with joint involvement and purpuric rash. infection during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy results in congenital i ... | 2005 | 16022642 |
| rubella virus pseudotypes and a cell-cell fusion assay as tools for functional analysis of the rubella virus e2 and e1 envelope glycoproteins. | the rubivirus rubella virus contains the two envelope glycoproteins e2 and e1 as a heterodimeric spike complex embedded in its lipid envelope. the functions of both proteins, especially of e2, in the process of viral entry are still not entirely understood. in order to dissect e2 and e1 entry functions from post-entry steps, pseudotypes of lentiviral vectors based on simian immunodeficiency virus were used. c-terminally modified e2 and e1 variants successfully pseudotyped lentiviral vector parti ... | 2006 | 16963762 |
| medical microbiology | at least 27 alphaviruses and 68 flaviviruses have been recognized, approximately
one-third of which are medically important human pathogens. they vary widely in
their basic ecology; each virus occupies a distinct ecologic niche, often with
restricted geographic and biologic distribution. as shown in tables 54-1 and 54-2, alphaviruses and flaviviruses can cause various syndromes, ranging
from benign febrile illnesses to severe system ... | 1996 | 21413253 |
| [exanthemic diseases (measles, chickenpox, rubella and parotitis). focus on screening and health surveillance of health workers: results and perspectives of a multicenter working group]. | nosocomial transmission of varicella-zoster virus, certain paramixovirus and rubivirus might pose a risk of morbidity for varicella (v), rubella (r), mumps (mu) and measles (me) in health care workers (hcw), patients and coworkers. international literature and european legislation recommend preventive interventions to minimize the risk. | 2010 | 21061713 |
| eliminating congenital rubella: a seroepidemiological study on women of childbearing age and mmr vaccine coverage in newborns. | rubella can have particularly serious effects on the product of conception if contracted during pregnancy. thus, the main aim of rubella vaccination programmes is to prevent infection during pregnancy. | 2009 | 20812520 |
| expression of the hepatitis e virus orf1. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an unclassified, plus-strand rna virus whose genome contains three open reading frames (orfs). orf1, the 5' proximal orf of hev, encodes nonstructural proteins involved in rna replication which share homology with the products of the corresponding orf of members of the alphavirus-like superfamily of plus-strand rna viruses. among animal virus members of this superfamily (the alphavirus and rubivirus genera of the family togaviridae), the product of this orf is a nonstr ... | 2000 | 10963340 |
| [ultrastructural analysis of placentas with villitis. retrospective study]. | a villitis is a focal or multifocal inflammatory reaction of chorionic villi with infiltration of mononuclear cells and usually is associated with fibrinoid necrosis. the aetiology of villitis could be a transplacental infection of the fetus, especially with virus (viv), in normal placentae however, the presence of villitis is referred as villitis of unknown ethiology (ved). this study was designed to characterize villitis lesions of 11 placentae, four viv and seven ved, ultrastructural descript ... | 1996 | 8925989 |
| polymerase chain reaction-based detection of bacteria in semen. | to determine if the presently used bacterial detection techniques provide accurate and complete profiles of microorganisms found in human semen. | 1996 | 8751749 |
| characterization of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (sirs) virus (isolate atcc vr-2332). | the characterization of an isolate of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (sirs) virus (atcc vr-2332) is reported. a commercial cell line (cl2621) was used for the propagation of the virus for all assays. laboratory studies indicate that this isolate is a fastidious, nonhemagglutinating, enveloped rna virus. cesium chloride-purified virions visualized by electron microscopy were spherical particles with an average diameter of 62 nm (range: 48-83 nm) and a 25-30 nm core surrounded by an en ... | 1992 | 1616976 |
| Rubella encephalitis. | | 2011 | 22019669 |
| medical microbiology | rubella (german measles) is a common mild disease characterized by a rash. it affects children and adolescents worldwide and can also affect young adults. when rubella virus infects susceptible women early in pregnancy, it may be transmitted to the fetus and may cause birth defects. therefore, accurate diagnosis is critical in pregnancy. the rubella virus is a member of the genus rubivirus in the family togaviridae. | 1996 | 21413314 |