| enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies against eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in sentinel chickens. | we developed an enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the detection of immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg subclass antibodies directed against eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in chickens. the assays were compared with the serum plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) and the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test for ability to detect antibodies against eee virus in laboratory-infected birds. no cross-reactivity was detected in serum from chickens inoculated with st. louis encephalitis or hig ... | 1991 | 1885741 |
| identification of highlands j virus from a florida horse. | a virus, strain 64a-1519, isolated from the brain of a horse dying of encephalitis in florida in 1964, was identified as western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus. recently, we used polyclonal and monoclonal immune reagents to identify this isolate by comparing it to 2 strains of wee virus and to highlands j (hj) virus in hemagglutination-inhibition, immunofluorescent antibody, and plaque-reduction neutralization tests. these tests demonstrate that strain 64a-1519 is a strain of hj virus dist ... | 1988 | 2849884 |
| investigations of the vertebrate hosts of eastern equine encephalitis during an epizootic in michigan, 1980. | a study was undertaken to investigate an increase in reported cases of clinical encephalitis due to eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus in horses and to determine the natural vertebrate hosts of that virus. horses, birds, and small mammals were sampled at sites in a contiguous area in st. joseph and kalamazoo counties, michigan, from 25 august to 5 september 1980. serum samples from four horses acutely ill with encephalitis and 16 of 39 pasture mates of ill horses had neutralizing (n) antibo ... | 1985 | 3010751 |
| detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and highlands j virus antigens within mosquito pools by enzyme immunoassay (eia). i. a laboratory study. | enzyme immunoassays (eias) producing either chromogenic or fluorogenic end products were developed and evaluated for detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) and highlands j (hj) viruses in pools of aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. overnight incubation of the mosquito samples in the eia significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the test. both the eee and hj eias were sensitive, readily detecting one infected mosquito in a pool with 99 noninfected, and specific, distinguishing homologous ... | 1984 | 6091470 |
| detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and highlands j virus antigens within mosquito pools by enzyme immunoassay (eia). ii. retrospective field test of the eia. | enzyme immunoassays (eias) for eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) and highlands j (hj) virus antigens were compared in a retrospective study with standard virus isolation procedures (vip) for detection of alpha virus-infected mosquito pools. the original vip was a plaque assay in chick embryo cell culture, and was performed in the years from 1979 to 1981. using the original vip as the reference standard, the sensitivity rate of the eia was 0.7674 and the false negative rate was 0.2326. howev ... | 1984 | 6148899 |
| characterization of fort morgan virus, an alphavirus of the western equine encephalitis virus complex in an unusual ecosystem. | an alphavirus isolated from nestling cliff swallows (petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and house sparrows (passer domesticus) and from cimicid bugs (oeciacus vicarius) in eastern colorado, for which we propose the name fort morgan (fm) virus, is sensitive to the action of sodium deoxycholate, unstable at ph 2.0-4.0, and demonstrates no characteristics of temperature-sensitive mutants. unpassaged field strains are nonpathogenic, or of low pathogenicity, for suckling mice; however, plaque-purified fm viru ... | 1980 | 7446830 |
| experimental transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus and highlands j virus via semen of infected tom turkeys. | tom turkeys were experimentally inoculated with eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus or highlands j (hj) virus; semen was examined for presence of virus and ability to transmit infection by artificial insemination. mild depression and inappetence were observed in tom turkeys inoculated with either eee virus or hj virus. toms were viremic on days 1-2 postinoculation (pi), and virus was shed in semen on days 1-5 pi. semen collected from eee-virus-inoculated or hj-virus-inoculated toms on days 1 ... | 1995 | 7677655 |
| decreased egg production in turkeys experimentally infected with eastern equine encephalitis virus or highlands j virus. | turkey breeder hens were experimentally infected with strains of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus or highlands j (hj) virus previously isolated from turkey hens experiencing decreased egg production. depression and inappetance were observed on day 1 postexposure (pe) in hens inoculated with either eee virus or hj virus, and egg production fell in each virus-inoculated group from approximately 75% to less than 20% within 2-3 days pe. egg production remained depressed (less than 20%) for 15 ... | 1994 | 7832710 |
| experimental infection of young broiler chickens with eastern equine encephalitis virus and highlands j virus. | two-week-old broiler chickens were experimentally infected with either eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus or highland j (hj) virus. mortality rates were 24/30 (80%) in eee-virus-inoculated chickens and 2/30 (7%) in hj-virus-inoculated chickens. chickens inoculated with eee virus exhibited severe depression and somnolence on days 1-6 postexposure (pe), with 17/30 birds dying during this period. after day 6 pe, eee-virus-inoculated chickens exhibited abdominal distention, depression, and grow ... | 1994 | 7832711 |
| highlands j virus-associated mortality in chukar partridges. | | 1994 | 8011789 |
| egg-production drop in turkeys associated with alphaviruses: eastern equine encephalitis virus and highlands j virus. | alphaviruses were isolated from tracheas of turkey breeders in two north carolina flocks experiencing a severe drop in egg production. highlands j virus was isolated from one of the breeder flocks, in which production decreased by as much as 72.6% in selected houses over a 48-to-96-hour period. eastern equine encephalitis virus was isolated from the second breeder flock, which experienced an egg-production drop of 44.5%. clinical signs in both flocks were similar, with inactivity and the egg-pro ... | 1993 | 8141750 |
| experimental infection of young turkeys with eastern equine encephalitis virus and highlands j virus. | depression, somnolence, and increased mortality were observed in 2-week-old turkeys inoculated intramuscularly with either eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus or highlands j (hj) virus. mortality rates in eee virus- and hj virus-inoculated turkeys were 7/30 (23%) and 9/30 (27%), respectively; no sham-inoculated controls died. both eee virus- and hj virus-inoculated turkeys developed viremia that lasted 2 days; peak mean titers were 5.5 and 3.2 log10 plaque-forming units per ml of blood, resp ... | 1993 | 8395798 |
| high mortality of domestic turkeys associated with highlands j virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus infections. | high mortality occurred in two flocks of commercial turkey hens placed in southern north carolina in fall 1991. daily mortality peaked at 3.19% in flock 1 and 3.79% in flock 2. clinical signs included restlessness, somnolence, vocalization, and acute death. gross lesions included atrophy of the bursa of fabricius, thymus, and spleen, and watery intestinal contents. microscopic changes included moderate to marked lymphocyte necrosis and depletion in the bursa, thymus, and spleen, widely scattered ... | 1993 | 8395810 |
| multiple isolations of eastern equine encephalitis and highlands j viruses from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) during a 1996 epizootic in southeastern connecticut. | thirty-six isolations of eastern equine encephalitis virus were obtained from 8 species of mosquitoes collected from 5 september through 18 october 1996 during an epizootic in southeastern connecticut. these included culiseta melanura (coquillett) (19 isolates), culex pipiens l. (8), culiseta morsitans (theobald) (3), aedes sollicitans (walker) (2), aedes cantator (coquillett) (1), aedes trivittatus (coquillett) (1), aedes vexans (meigen) (1), and coquillettidia perturbans (walker) (1). isolatio ... | 1998 | 9615549 |
| the cholesterol requirement for sindbis virus entry and exit and characterization of a spike protein region involved in cholesterol dependence. | semliki forest virus (sfv) and sindbis virus (sin) are enveloped alphaviruses that enter cells via low-ph-triggered fusion in the endocytic pathway and exit by budding from the plasma membrane. previous studies with cholesterol-depleted insect cells have shown that sfv requires cholesterol in the cell membrane for both virus fusion and efficient exit of progeny virus. an sfv mutant, srf-3, shows efficient fusion and exit in the absence of cholesterol due to a single point mutation in the e1 spik ... | 1999 | 10196324 |
| standardization of immunoglobulin m capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. | immunoglobulin m antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa) is a rapid and versatile diagnostic method that readily permits the combination of multiple assays. test consolidation is especially important for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) which belong to at least three virus families: the togaviridae, flaviviridae, and bunyaviridae. using prototype viruses from each of these families and a panel of well-characterized human sera, we have evaluated and standardized a comb ... | 2000 | 10790107 |
| epidemiological features of and public health response to a st. louis encephalitis epidemic in florida, 1990-1. | a st. louis encephalitis (sle) epidemic in florida during 25 weeks in 1990-1, resulted in 222 laboratory-diagnosed cases, an attack rate in the 28 affected counties of 2.25/100,000. disease risk rose with advanced age, to 17.14/100,000 in persons over 80 years, and all 14 fatal cases were in persons over 55 years (median, 70 years). community serosurveys in indian river county, the epicenter of the outbreak (attack rate 21/100,000), showed acute asymptomatic infections in 3.6% of the persons sur ... | 2000 | 11057975 |
| a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting highlands j virus. | highlands j (hj) virus is an arbovirus frequently recovered at high rates in mosquitoes collected in the eastern united states. hj virus is primarily a veterinary pathogen causing disease in domestic birds including turkeys, chickens, and partridges. it has an enzootic cycle similar to eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus and is often used as an indicator species in eee surveillance programs. current immunologic techniques to identify hj virus are often inefficient and can involve cross-react ... | 2001 | 11569733 |
| evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses. | partial e1 envelope glycoprotein gene sequences and complete structural polyprotein sequences were used to compare divergence and construct phylogenetic trees for the genus alphavirus. tree topologies indicated that the mosquito-borne alphaviruses could have arisen in either the old or the new world, with at least two transoceanic introductions to account for their current distribution. the time frame for alphavirus diversification could not be estimated because maximum-likelihood analyses indic ... | 2001 | 11581380 |
| nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assays for rapid detection of west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses. | the development and application of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) assays for the detection of west nile (wn) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses are reported. two unique detection formats were developed for the nasba assays: a postamplification detection step with a virus-specific internal capture probe and electrochemiluminescence (nasba-ecl assay) and a real-time assay with 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled virus-specific molecular beacon probes (nasba-beacon assay). the sen ... | 2001 | 11724870 |
| two new rhabdoviruses (rhabdoviridae) isolated from birds during surveillance for arboviral encephalitis, northeastern united states. | two novel rhabdoviruses were isolated from birds during surveillance for arboviral encephalitis in the northeastern united states. the first, designated farmington virus, is a tentative new member of the vesiculovirus genus. the second, designated rhode island virus, is unclassified antigenically, but its ultrastructure and size are more similar to those of some of the plant rhabdoviruses. both viruses infect birds and mice, as well as monkey kidney cells in culture, but their importance for hum ... | 2002 | 12023919 |
| interactions between the transmembrane segments of the alphavirus e1 and e2 proteins play a role in virus budding and fusion. | the alphavirus envelope is built by heterodimers of the membrane proteins e1 and e2. the complex is formed as a p62e1 precursor in the endoplasmic reticulum. during transit to the plasma membrane (pm), it is cleaved into mature e1-e2 heterodimers, which are oligomerized into trimeric complexes, so-called spikes that bind both to each other and, at the pm, also to nucleocapsid (nc) structures under the membrane. these interactions drive the budding of new virus particles from the cell surface. th ... | 2003 | 12610119 |
| the orf2 protein of hepatitis e virus binds the 5' region of viral rna. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major human pathogen in much of the developing world. it is a plus-strand rna virus with a 7.2-kb polyadenylated genome consisting of three open reading frames, orf1, orf2, and orf3. of these, orf2 encodes the major capsid protein of the virus and orf3 encodes a small protein of unknown function. using the yeast three-hybrid system and traditional biochemical techniques, we have studied the rna binding activities of orf2 and orf3, two proteins encoded in the 3' struc ... | 2004 | 14671114 |
| antibody response of wild birds to natural infection with alphaviruses. | from 1986 to 1990, we conducted our second longitudinal study in the central (upstate) new york (cny) area on the wild avian hosts of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus. field-collecting methods mirrored a study conducted from 1978 to 1980 at the same endemic focus. over the 5-yr study period, we captured 6,296 birds representing 99 species and took 4,174 blood samples from representatives of 83 species. gray catbirds, song sparrows, and veerys were the three dominant species captured ... | 2004 | 15605649 |
| comparison of immunohistochemistry and virus isolation for diagnosis of west nile virus. | immunohistochemistry and virus isolation were performed on 1,057 birds. immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, or both found 325 birds to be west nile virus positive. of these, 271 were positive by both methods. these results indicate that virus isolation and immunohistochemistry are approximately equal in their ability to detect west nile virus. | 2005 | 15956415 |
| phylogenetic analysis of buggy creek virus: evidence for multiple clades in the western great plains, united states of america. | we present the first detailed phylogenetic analysis of buggy creek virus (bcrv), a poorly known alphavirus with transmission cycles involving a cimicid swallow bug (oeciacus vicarius) vector and cliff swallows (petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and house sparrows (passer domesticus) as the principal avian hosts. nucleotide sequences of a 2,075-bp viral envelope glycoprotein-coding region, covering the entire pe2 gene, were determined for 33 bcrv isolates taken from swallow bugs at cliff swallow colonies ... | 2006 | 16936062 |
| alphavirus production is inhibited in neurofibromin 1-deficient cells through activated ras signalling. | virus-host interactions essential for alphavirus pathogenesis are poorly understood. to address this shortcoming, we coupled retrovirus insertional mutagenesis and a cell survival selection strategy to generate clonal cell lines broadly resistant to sindbis virus (sinv) and other alphaviruses. resistant cells had significantly impaired sinv production relative to wild-type (wt) cells, although virus binding and fusion events were similar in both sets of cells. analysis of the retroviral integrat ... | 2008 | 18485440 |
| a duplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of st. louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses. | a duplex taqman real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed for the detection of st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev), for use in human and vector surveillance. the respective targets selected for the assay were the conserved ns5 and e1 genes of the 2 viruses. because of the insufficient number of ns5 sequences from slev strains in the genbank database, we determined the sequence of an approximately 1-kb region f ... | 2008 | 18715737 |
| discovery of frameshifting in alphavirus 6k resolves a 20-year enigma. | the genus alphavirus includes several potentially lethal human viruses. additionally, species such as sindbis virus and semliki forest virus are important vectors for gene therapy, vaccination and cancer research, and important models for virion assembly and structural analyses. the genome encodes nine known proteins, including the small '6k' protein. 6k appears to be involved in envelope protein processing, membrane permeabilization, virion assembly and virus budding. in protein gels, 6k migrat ... | 2008 | 18822126 |
| genomic sequencing of highlands j virus: a comparison to western and eastern equine encephalitis viruses. | highlands j virus (hjv) is a member of the genus alphavirus, family togaviridae. hjv is the sole representative of the western equine encephalitis (wee) serocomplex found in the eastern united states, and circulates in nature in an apparently identical transmission cycle as eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev). north american representatives of the wee serocomplex [hjv, wee virus (weev), and fort morgan virus (fmv)] are believed to be derived from a recombination event involving eeev and a s ... | 2009 | 19651164 |
| a structural and functional perspective of alphavirus replication and assembly. | alphaviruses are small, spherical, enveloped, positive-sense ssrna viruses responsible for a considerable number of human and animal diseases. alphavirus members include chikungunya virus, sindbis virus, semliki forest virus, the western, eastern and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, and the ross river virus. alphaviruses can cause arthritic diseases and encephalitis in humans and animals and continue to be a worldwide threat. the viruses are transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, and re ... | 2009 | 19722838 |
| replication cycle of chikungunya: a re-emerging arbovirus. | arboviruses (or arthropod-borne viruses), represent a threat for the new century. the 2005-2006 year unprecedented epidemics of chikungunya virus (chikv) in the french reunion island in the indian ocean, followed by several outbreaks in other parts of the world such as india, have attracted the attention of clinicians, scientists, and state authorities about the risks linked to this re-emerging mosquito-borne virus. chikv, which belongs to the alphaviruses genus, was not previously regarded as a ... | 2009 | 19732931 |
| a duplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of california serogroup and cache valley viruses. | a duplex taqman real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed for the detection of california (cal) serogroup viruses and cache valley virus (cvv), for use in human surveillance. the targets selected for the assay were the sequences encoding the nucleocapsid protein of cal and the g1 glycoprotein of cvv. conserved regions were selected by aligning genetic sequences from various strains available in the genbank database. primers and probes were selected in co ... | 2009 | 19748425 |
| encephalitic alphaviruses. | this review will cover zoonotic, encephalitic alphaviruses in the family togaviridae. encephalitic alphaviruses, i.e. western- (weev), eastern- (eeev), venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) and, more rarely, ross river virus, chikungunya virus and highlands j virus (hjv), are neuroinvasive and may cause neurological symptoms ranging from mild (e.g., febrile illness) to severe (e.g., encephalitis) in humans and equines. among the naturally occurring alphaviruses, weev, eeev and veev have wi ... | 2010 | 19775836 |
| evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in north versus south america suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision. | the eastern equine encephalitis (eee) complex consists of four distinct genetic lineages: one that circulates in north america (na eeev) and the caribbean and three that circulate in central and south america (sa eeev). differences in their geographic, pathogenic, and epidemiologic profiles prompted evaluation of their genetic diversity and evolutionary histories. the structural polyprotein open reading frames of all available sa eeev and recent na eeev isolates were sequenced and used in evolut ... | 2010 | 19889755 |
| avian communal roosts as amplification foci for west nile virus in urban areas in northeastern united states. | west nile virus (wnv) perpetuates in an enzootic transmission cycle involving culex mosquitoes and virus-competent avian hosts. in the northeastern united states, the enzootic vectors, cx. pipiens and cx. restuans, feed preferentially on american robins (turdus migratorius), suggesting a key role for this bird species in the wnv transmission cycle. we examined the role of american robin communal roosts as virus amplification foci in greater new haven, connecticut. robin communal roosts were loca ... | 2010 | 20134014 |
| persistence of buggy creek virus (togaviridae, alphavirus) for two years in unfed swallow bugs (hemiptera: cimicidae: oeciacus vicarius). | alphaviruses (togaviridae) have rarely been found to persist for long in the adult insects that serve as their vectors. the ectoparasitic swallow bug (hemiptera: cimicidae: oeciacus vicarius horvath), the vector for buggy creek virus (bcrv; togaviridae, alphavirus), lives year-round in the mud nests of its host, the cliff swallow (petrochelidon pyrrhonota vieillot). we measured the prevalence of bcrv in swallow bugs at sites with cliff swallows present and at the same sites after cliff swallows ... | 2010 | 20496591 |
| fatal human case of western equine encephalitis, uruguay. | to the editor: the genus alphavirus (family togaviridae) comprises 29 viral species (1), grouped in at least 7 antigenic complexes by their serologic cross-reactivity (2). they are maintained in nature through enzootic cycles involving arthropods as vectors with subsequent amplification in small mammals or birds, and epizootic cycles between mosquitoes and large mammals such as horses or humans. | 2011 | 21529429 |
| detection of infectious virus from field-collected mosquitoes by vero cell culture assay. | mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as west nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. many of these viruses have intensified in their endemic ranges and expanded to new territories, necessitating effective surveillance and control programs to respond to these threats. one strategy to monitor virus activity involves collecting large numbers of mosquitoes from endemic sites and testing them for viral infection. in this article, we descr ... | 2011 | 21694689 |
| molecular evolution of west nile virus in a northern temperate region: connecticut, usa 1999-2008. | west nile virus (wnv) has become firmly established in northeastern us, reemerging every summer since its introduction into north america in 1999. to determine whether wnv overwinters locally or is reseeded annually, we examined the patterns of viral lineage persistence and replacement in connecticut over 10 consecutive transmission seasons by phylogenetic analysis. in addition, we compared the full protein coding sequence among wnv isolates to search for evidence of convergent and adaptive evol ... | 2011 | 21723580 |
| surveillance for western equine encephalitis, st. louis encephalitis, and west nile viruses using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | collection of mosquitoes and testing for vector-borne viruses is a key surveillance activity that directly influences the vector control efforts of public health agencies, including determining when and where to apply insecticides. vector control districts in california routinely monitor for three human pathogenic viruses including west nile virus (wnv), western equine encephalitis virus (weev), and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev). reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction ... | 2016 | 26807734 |
| sindbis and middelburg old world alphaviruses associated with neurologic disease in horses, south africa. | old world alphaviruses were identified in 52 of 623 horses with febrile or neurologic disease in south africa. five of 8 sindbis virus infections were mild; 2 of 3 fatal cases involved co-infections. of 44 middelburg virus infections, 28 caused neurologic disease; 12 were fatal. middelburg virus likely has zoonotic potential. | 0 | 26583836 |
| evolutionary genetics and vector adaptation of recombinant viruses of the western equine encephalitis antigenic complex provides new insights into alphavirus diversity and host switching. | western equine encephalitis virus (weev), highlands j virus (hjv), and fort morgan virus (fmv) are the sole representatives of the wee antigenic complex of the genus alphavirus, family togaviridae, that are endemic to north america. all three viruses have their ancestry in a recombination event involving eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) and a sindbis (sin)-like virus that gave rise to a chimeric alphavirus that subsequently diversified into the present-day weev, hjv, and fmv. here, we pr ... | 2014 | 25463613 |
| in- silico exploration of thirty alphavirus genomes for analysis of the simple sequence repeats. | the compilation of simple sequence repeats (ssrs) in viruses and its analysis with reference to incidence, distribution and variation would be instrumental in understanding the functional and evolutionary aspects of repeat sequences. present study encompasses the analysis of ssrs across 30 species of alphaviruses. the full length genome sequences, assessed from ncbi were used for extraction and analysis of repeat sequences using imex software. the repeats of different motif sizes (mono- to penta ... | 2014 | 25606453 |
| a genome-wide analysis of rna pseudoknots that stimulate efficient -1 ribosomal frameshifting or readthrough in animal viruses. | programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (prf) and stop codon readthrough are two translational recoding mechanisms utilized by some rna viruses to express their structural and enzymatic proteins at a defined ratio. efficient recoding usually requires an rna pseudoknot located several nucleotides downstream from the recoding site. to assess the strategic importance of the recoding pseudoknots, we have carried out a large scale genome-wide analysis in which we used an in-house developed program to d ... | 2013 | 24298557 |
| a tyrosine-to-histidine switch at position 18 of the ross river virus e2 glycoprotein is a determinant of virus fitness in disparate hosts. | arthritogenic alphaviruses are human pathogens maintained in nature through alternating replication in vertebrates and mosquitoes. using chimeric viruses, we previously reported that replacement of the pe2 coding region of the t48 strain of ross river virus (rrv-t48) with that from the attenuated dc5692 strain, which differ by 7 amino acids, resulted in an attenuated disease phenotype in a mouse model of rrv-induced rheumatic disease. here, we demonstrate that introduction of one of these amino ... | 2013 | 23514884 |
| epithelial cell lines of the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) are highly susceptible in vitro models to zoonotic bunya-, rhabdo-, and flaviviruses. | small mammals such as bats and rodents have been increasingly recognized as reservoirs of novel potentially zoonotic pathogens. however, few in vitro model systems to date allow assessment of zoonotic viruses in a relevant host context. the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) is a new world rodent species that has a long-standing history as an experimental animal model due to its unique susceptibility to human viruses. furthermore, wild cotton rats are associated with a large variety of known or pote ... | 2016 | 27142375 |
| vector-host interactions of culiseta melanura in a focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in southeastern virginia. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) causes a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne zoonosis that is responsible for sporadic outbreaks of severe illness in humans and equines in the eastern usa. culiseta (cs.) melanura is the primary vector of eeev in most geographic regions but its feeding patterns on specific avian and mammalian hosts are largely unknown in the mid-atlantic region. the objectives of our study were to: 1) identify avian hosts of cs. melanura and evaluate their potential role in ... | 2015 | 26327226 |
| arboviruses in north dakota, 2003-2006. | to investigate arbovirus transmission in north dakota, we collected and screened mosquitoes for viral infection by vero cell culture assay. seven viruses were isolated from 13 mosquito species. spatial and temporal distributions of the important vectors of west nile virus (wnv), cache valley virus, jamestown canyon virus (jcv), and trivittatus virus are reported. snowshoe hare virus, potosi virus, and western equine encephalomyelitis virus were also isolated. the risks of culex tarsalis and aede ... | 2014 | 25487728 |
| serological evidence for eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus, in vermont, 2010. | serum samples from 489 free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were screened for antibodies against the eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) using plaque reduction neutralization tests (prnts). eeev antibodies were detected in 10.2% of serum samples. this is the first evidence that eeev is present in vermont. serum was collected from deer in all 14 counties in the state, and positive eeev sera were found in 12 (85%) of 14 counties, suggesting statewide eeev activity in vermon ... | 2012 | 23208886 |
| development of a multi-target taqman assay to detect eastern equine encephalitis virus variants in mosquitoes. | disease outbreaks caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev; togaviridae, alphavirus) may be prevented by implementing effective surveillance and intervention strategies directed against the mosquito vector. methods for eeev detection in mosquitoes include a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr technique (taqman assay), but we report its failure to detect variants isolated in connecticut in 2011, due to a single base-pair mismatch in the probe-binding site. to improve the molecular detect ... | 2012 | 22835151 |
| experimental piscine alphavirus rna recombination in vivo yields both viable virus and defective viral rna. | rna recombination in non-segmented rna viruses is important for viral evolution and documented for several virus species through in vitro studies. here we confirm viral rna recombination in vivo using an alphavirus, the sav3 subtype of salmon pancreas disease virus. the virus causes pancreas disease in atlantic salmon and heavy losses in european salmonid aquaculture. atlantic salmon were injected with a sav3 6k-gene deleted cdna plasmid, encoding a non-viable variant of sav3, together with a he ... | 2016 | 27805034 |
| viral metagenomics on blood-feeding arthropods as a tool for human disease surveillance. | surveillance and monitoring of viral pathogens circulating in humans and wildlife, together with the identification of emerging infectious diseases (eids), are critical for the prediction of future disease outbreaks and epidemics at an early stage. it is advisable to sample a broad range of vertebrates and invertebrates at different temporospatial levels on a regular basis to detect possible candidate viruses at their natural source. however, virus surveillance systems can be expensive, costly i ... | 2016 | 27775568 |
| recombinant hepatitis e virus like particles can function as rna nanocarriers. | assembled virus-like particles (vlps) without genetic material, with structure similar to infectious virions, have been successfully used as vaccines. we earlier described in vitro assembly, characterisation and tissue specific receptor dependent clathrin mediated entry of empty hev vlps, produced from escherichia coli expressed hev capsid protein (porf2). similar vlp's have been described as a potential candidate vaccine (hecolin) against hev. | 2015 | 26104584 |
| molecular evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of genotypes 1g and 2b of rubella virus. | rubella virus (rv), which causes measles-like rashes in children, puts millions of infants at risk of congenital defects across the globe. employing phylogenetic approaches to the whole genome sequence data and e1 glycoprotein sequence data, the present study reports the substitution rates and dates of emergence of all thirteen previously described rubella genotypes, and gains important insights into the epidemiological dynamics of two geographically widely distributed genotypes 1g and 2b. the o ... | 2014 | 25329480 |
| mosquitoes used to draw blood for arbovirus viremia determinations in small vertebrates. | serial samples from the same individuals may be required for certain virological studies, however, some small animals cannot easily be blood-sampled. therefore, we evaluated the use of culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes albopictus skuse mosquitoes as "biological syringes" to draw blood for virus titer determinations in small vertebrates. groups of chicks (gallus gallus), hamsters (mesocricetus auratus), and house sparrows (passer domesticus) were experimentally infected with west nile virus (w ... | 2014 | 24901448 |
| habitat associations of eastern equine encephalitis transmission in walton county florida. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev; family togaviridae, genus alphavirus) a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne virus is endemic to eastern north america. the ecology of eeev in florida differs from that in other parts of the united states; eeev in the northeastern united states is historically associated with freshwater wetlands. no formal test of habitat associations of eeev in florida has been reported. geographical information sciences (gis) was used in conjunction with sentinel chicken ee ... | 0 | 22679885 |
| combining reverse-transcription multiplex pcr and microfluidic electrophoresis to simultaneously detect seven mosquito-transmitted zoonotic encephalomyelitis viruses. | several mosquito-transmitted viruses are causative agents for zoonotic encephalomyelitis. rapid identification of these viruses in mosquito populations is an effective method for surveying these diseases. to detect multiple mosquito-transmitted viral agents, including west nile virus, saint louis encephalitis virus, venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus, western equine encephalomyelitis virus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, highlands j virus and japanese encephalitis virus, an assay ... | 2016 | 27256022 |
| culex tarsalis mosquitoes as vectors of highlands j virus. | highlands j virus (hjv) is an alphavirus closely related to western equine encephalitis virus (weev) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev). hjv is an avian pathogen with the potential for disruption of poultry operations, but is not known to cause human or equine disease. hjv has only been identified in the eastern united states and is thought to have a transmission cycle similar to that of eeev involving culiseta melanura mosquitoes and birds. however, hjv is more genetically similar to ... | 2016 | 27248005 |
| identification and characterization of highlands j virus from a mississippi sandhill crane using unbiased next-generation sequencing. | advances in massively parallel dna sequencing platforms, commonly termed next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies, have greatly reduced time, labor, and cost associated with dna sequencing. thus, ngs has become a routine tool for new viral pathogen discovery and will likely become the standard for routine laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases in the near future. this study demonstrated the application of ngs for the rapid identification and characterization of a virus isolated from ... | 2014 | 24880070 |
| serologic survey of mosquito-borne viruses in hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), new york state. | sera from white-tailed deer (wtd, odocoileus virginianus) hunter-harvested throughout new york state (nys), 2007-2015, were tested by plaque reduction neutralization for antibodies against nine mosquito-borne viruses from the families peribunyaviridae, flaviviridae, and togaviridae. overall, 76.1% (373/490) of sampled wtd were seropositive against at least one virus, and 38.8% were exposed to multiple viruses. the seropositivity rate in adult wtd (78.0%) was significantly greater (p < 0.0001) th ... | 2020 | 33350367 |