| eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate new york 1972-1974. | | 1975 | 919 |
| equine viral encephalitis. | the most important neurotropic viral infections of the horse are the arthropod-borne encephalitides. these include venezuelan encephalitis (ve), eastern encephalitis (ee) and western encephalitis (we), which are found in the americas, and japanese b encephalitis which occurs in the far east. all the viruses cause encephalitis in man. between 1969 and 1972 an epidemic of ve occurred in central america. in 1971 the disease was reported in texas, where it was brought under control by the vaccinatio ... | 1976 | 4301 |
| markers of attenuated eastern equine encephalitis virus bound to the protein envelope. | | 1976 | 12608 |
| endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955-1974. | research and surveillance programs relating to the circulation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in florida between 1955 and 1974 are summarized. all available data suggest that eee virus is 1) endemic in many florida fresh water swamps and waterways, 2) active in a continuous cycle throughout the year with a peak between may and august, and 3) circulating in culiseta melanura. it has been isolated also from eight other mosquito species. | 1976 | 12669 |
| receptor interaction between eastern equine encephalitis virus and chicken embryo fibroblasts. | the attachment of eastern equine encephalitis virus to chicken embryo fibroblasts was studied at 0 degrees c. the binding specifically responsible for initiating infection was studied in the initial experiments by employing plaque-forming ability as the measured response. results from these initial studies were closely paralleled in studies of binding of radiolabeled virus under the same conditions. binding that had occurred at the ph optimum, ph 6.5, could be reversed only at higher ph. the obs ... | 1977 | 15136 |
| host feeding patterns of connecticut mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | blood-engorged coquillettidia perturbans, psorophora ferox, culex, culiseta, and aedes mosquitoes were collected principally by sweep net from salt marsh and woodland habitats in connecticut. of the 570 mosquitoes tested, precipitin tests identified the origins of 517 blood meals and revealed distinct host feeding patterns. aedes mosquitoes fed chiefly on mammals; a. abserratus, a. cantator, and a. vexans showed selectivity for cattle and (or) horses. a. cantator also obtained blood from avian h ... | 1977 | 17310 |
| ecology of keystone virus, a transovarially maintained arbovirus. | our studies in the pocomoke cypress swamp of maryland have shown that key strain of ce is endemic and is carried by the floodwater mosquito a. atlanticus. the virus is transmitted transstadially in nature, as evidenced by our recovery of virus from larvae and males of this species. serologic evidence, both here and elsewhere, indicates that vertebrates are infected with key, but their role in the transmission cycle remains unknown. we have found several animals, for example, the gray squirrel, t ... | 1975 | 20017 |
| chromatographic separations of alphavirus strains by hydroxylapatite. | hydroxylapatite column chromatography methods were developed to characterize selected alphavirus populations. different conditions of ph and phosphate molarity were required to obtain satisfactory elution profiles and separations for western equine encephalomyelitis virus strains, compared with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and semliki forest virus strains. raising the ph of the buffers effected earlier elutions of all viruses. selection of phosphate gradients with more gentle slopes an ... | 1977 | 20452 |
| characteristics of the ecology of the eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in the republic of cuba. | virologic and serological surveys of wild vertebrates carried out in various provinces of cuba demonstrated definitely that birds were the main hosts of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in this territory. fifteen strains of this virus were isolated from 8 species of birds belonging to 5 orders. isolation of eee virus from the blood of the endemic genus of iguanas indicates a certain role of cold-blooded animals in the ecology of this agent. active eee virus foci have been found in 4 ... | 1977 | 20693 |
| eastern equine encephalitis in massachusetts, 1957-1976. a prospective study centered upon analyses of mosquitoes. | reappearance of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) in massachusetts residents in the 1970's provided an opportunity to assess the predictive value of data on rainfall, eee in horses, and carriage of eee virus (eeev) by mosquitoes, factors which had been studied annually since the last eee outbreak in 1955-1956. the cycle of multiple cases during 1973-1975 started in a second consecutive year of rainfall that exceeded the annual mean by more than 20 cm, conditions recapitulating the 1955-1956 expe ... | 1978 | 23676 |
| mosquito-virus relationships of american encephalitides. | | 1978 | 24407 |
| attenuated variants of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: pathomorphological, immunofluorescence and virological studies of infection in syrian hamsters. | a virulent strain of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus produced in hamsters a lethal infection with severe lesions of nerve cells predominatly in the anterior parts of the brain. parenchyma necroses occurred in the liver and lymphoid organs. infectious virus and viral antigen were found in all the organs examined with the greatest accumulation in the brain. attenuated variants of the virus produced in most hamsters an inapparent infection. in some animals without clinical signs, focal infla ... | 1978 | 26199 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate new york: studies of a 1976 epizootic by a modified serologic technique, hemagglutination reduction, for rapid detection of virus infections. | an extensive outbreak of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) occurred in upstate new york during the summer of 1976, with 37 cases confirmed in horses by isolation of virus and/or by serologic examination. other specimens collected in the affected area yielded 16 further isolates: 9 from 818 pools of 33,365 mosquitoes, 5 from tissues of 64 birds and 2 from 4 sentinel pheasants with serologic conversions. eee antibodies were also detected in 81 of 499 wild birds tested. our data implicate spar ... | 1978 | 31803 |
| an evaluation of the hypothesis of transovarial transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus by culiseta melanura. | evidence for and against the hypothesis of transovarial transmission by culiseta melanura was obtained during an ongoing eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) surveillance and control program. evidence inconsistent with transovarial transmission included failure to isolated virus from 1,047 larvae, from 2,140 first-brood adults, or from 8,919 males collected at the same time as 3,977 nonblooded females which yielded 12 eee isolates. evidence supporting the hypothesis was the isolation of virus ... | 1978 | 31804 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in experimentally infected bats. | colonial bats (myotis supp. and eptesicus sp.) were infected with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus by subcutaneous inoculation or by the bite of infected mosquitoes. bats were maintained in an environment simulating conditions encountered in hibernacula or in summer maternal colonies. virus was detected in the blood of hibernating bats at irregular intervals over a 42-day observation period; viremia perhaps was influenced by the amount of disturbance (arousal) involved in the blood samplin ... | 1979 | 41109 |
| attenuation and immunogenicity of ts mutants of eastern encephalitis virus for mice. | preliminary experiments were intiated to test the attenuation for mice of chemically induced temperature-sensitive (ets) mutants of a virulents strain of eastern encephalitis (e) virus, and the potential of such mutants as live virus vaccines for mice. the reversion frequencies of eight mutants to temperature insensitivity were measured and the defects in their biosynthesis at the non-permissive temperature were studied. all eight mutants were less virulent for mice, but the extent of avirulence ... | 1975 | 49393 |
| letter: increased potency of killed vee (tc-83) vaccine in mice previously infected with eee virus. | | 1975 | 49960 |
| [avidity criteria in assessing the functional activity of antigens, antibodies and non-specific serum inhibitors on a model of the kinetic reaction of hemagglutination suppression with arboviruses]. | the functional activity of some arboviruses of groups a and b, of the antibodies and serum inhibitors was studied on a model of the kinetic hemagglutination inhibition test (hai) by different avidity criteria (velocity, completeness and stability of formation of a neutral complex). the avidity indices of the antigens, antibodies and the inhibitors proved to depend on the group, species and strain peculiarities of the arboviruses, the method of preparation of the antigen, the biological species o ... | 1976 | 65077 |
| effect of d-glucosamine on the growth pattern of rna viruses [proceedings]. | | 1976 | 65993 |
| interaction of mouse peritoneal macrophages with different arboviruses in vitro [proceedings]. | | 1976 | 66026 |
| a serologic survey of pronghorns in alberta and saskatchewan, 1970-1972. | to determine the exposure of free-ranging pronghorns (antilocapra americana ord) to selected pathogens, serum samples were obtained from 33 live-trapped animals from southwestern saskatchewan in 1970, and from 26 and 51 animals from southeastern alberta, in 1971 and 1972, respectively. antibodies were found to the agents of parainfluenza 3, bovine virus diarrhea, eastern and western encephalomyelitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and the chlamydial group. no serologic reactors were found to ... | 1975 | 167203 |
| prevalence of antibodies to arboviruses in egypt. results of a serologic survey among 1,113 university students. | | 1975 | 173201 |
| the effect of tilorone hydrochloride on the growth of several animal viruses in tissue cultures. | tilorone hydrochloride, at a concentration of 10 mug/ml inhibits the growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 in bs-c-1 cells. the growth of vaccinia virus in bs-c-1 cells is partially inhibited; however, six viruses containing rna, including four members of the togavirus group grown in chick fibroblasts, are not affected by the drug. the inhibition of the growth of herpes virus by tilorone hydrochloride is greater when the multiplicity of infection is lower than 1 p.f.u/cell and when the drug is a ... | 1976 | 177724 |
| sindbis virus-induced cytopathic effect in clones of aedes albopictus (singh) cells. | | 1977 | 196393 |
| [enzymatic and ultrastructural changes in isolated liver mitochondria from mice infected with several group a arboviruses]. | inoculation of white mice of varying body mass with pathologic strains of eastern and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses and their attenuated variants (dnc-20/6 and no. 2621), promising as vaccine candidates, resulted in an increase of enzymatic activity and ultrastructural changes of isolated mitochondria from livers of the animals. the attenuated strains of the viruses were shown to induce temporary changes in both aspects of the study which became normal by the end of the study. ther ... | 1978 | 211733 |
| the first isolations of eastern encephalitis, group c, and guama group arboviruses from the peruvian amazon region of western south america. | two strains of eastern encephalitis (ee) virus were isolated in the amazon region of peru near pucallpa, loreto department, using sentinel hamsters. ee virus antibodies were found in healthy horses at both pucallpa and iquitos in the same department. fourteen group c and four guama group arboviruses were recovered from sentenel hamsters and mosquitoes near iquitos. the group c agents were caraparu-ossa, marituba, and oriboca-itaqui viruses, and the guama group agents were bimiti virus. besides p ... | 1975 | 238693 |
| correlation between virus-cell receptor properties of alphaviruses in vitro and virulence in vivo. | virulent and avirulent clones of venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalitis viruses were examined for their in vitro attachment characteristics to the surface of cultured cell monolayers. these attachment characteristics were correlated with in vivo plasma clearance rates and virulence. for the clones investigated, avirulence correlated in vitro with attachment ph optima close to physiologic ph and in vivo with a rapid clearance from plasma. conversely, virulent clones had lower in vit ... | 1979 | 295182 |
| inactivated venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine complexed with specific antibody: enhanced primary immune response and altered pattern of antibody class elicited. | complexes of formalinized venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus vaccine and specific igg formed at antigen-antibody equivalence enhanced the immune responses of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). the predomonant class of antibody elicited by complexes was igg. in contrast, lower titers of antibody and a more biphasic (igg-igm) response were observed after exposure of monkeys to the vaccine alone. in comparison to the response of monkeys primed with antigen, a more rapid secondary respons ... | 1977 | 404363 |
| studies on immunity to alphaviruses in foals. | | 1979 | 453684 |
| detection of arbovirus antibodies in avian sera by the complement fixation-inhibition test. | the complement fixation-inhibition (cfi) test was described for the detection of antibodies to arboviruses in bird sera. the cfi antibody present in bird sera inhibited the standard complement-fixation reaction of a reference complement-fixing antigen-antibody pair. using reference antigens (st. louis encephalitis, eastern equine encephalomyelitis, western equine encephalomyelitis, and yellow fever) prepared from infected mouse brains and reference antisera prepared in rabbits or horses, reprodu ... | 1979 | 464371 |
| interaction of alphaviruses with human peripheral leukocytes: in vitro replication of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in monocyte cultures. | human peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) were examined for their ability to support growth of several group a arboviruses in vitro. cells were refractory to infection with eastern (eee) and western (wee) equine encephalitis viruses, whereas venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus was shown to infect and replicate to a substantially high titer. when pbl were fractionated into purified subpopulations, only the monocytes were susceptible to predictive vee virus infection. lymphocytes treated ... | 1979 | 468371 |
| prevalence of selected zoonotic diseases in vertebrates from haiti, 1972. | vertebrate animals collected in haiti in 1972 were tested for selected zoonotic diseases. no rabies virus or neutralizing (n) antibody was detected in bats (artibeus jamaicensis). however, n antibody against st. louis encephalitis, western equine encephalitis (wee), and eastern equine encephalitis were detected in resident species of birds and wee antibody in bats. no n antibody against venezuelan equine encephalitis was found. the possible introduction by migratory birds and local transmission ... | 1979 | 480524 |
| virologic and serologic survey for eastern equine encephalomyelitis and certain other viruses in colonial bats of new england. | to test the hypothesis that hibernating colonial bats serve as an overwintering reservoir host of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) and certain other arthropod-borne viruses in southern new england, 1128 bats of 4 species were collected from 1966 through 1976. blood and tissue samples and ectoparasites from these bats were tested in suckling mice, wet chicks, and/or chick-embryo tissue cultures for virus. rabies, the only virus isolated, was recovered from the brain, salivary glands, and br ... | 1979 | 501851 |
| evaluation in humans of a new, inactivated vaccine for venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (c-84). | a new, formalin-inactivated vaccine for venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus (c-84), prepared from an attenuated vaccine strain of virus (tc-83), was tested in humans. only occasional, mild, local and systemic reactions were noted in 28 volunteers; no meaningful changes in clinical laboratory values occurred. the vaccine augmented preexisting titers of serum neutralizing antibody to vee virus in seropositive recipients of tc-83 vaccine, and it induced high titers of neutralizing antibody i ... | 1979 | 528788 |
| seroepidemiologic studies in oaxaca, mexico. ii. survey for arbovirus antibody. | a serologic survey was conducted in south-western mexico to obtain information on human experience with arbovirus infections. sera were collected from two semitropical areas along the pacific coast of oaxaca state, two mountain areas above 1,700 meters and the interior valley at 1,500 meters. of the 610 sera tested for group a antibody, 4.9 per cent were positive in the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test to venezuelan (ve), 11 per cent to eastern, and none to western encephalitis viruses. in ... | 1979 | 539866 |
| radioimmunoassay for quantitation of antibodies to alphaviruses with staphylococcal protein a. | a radioimmunoassay (ria) procedure is described for measuring antibodies to alphaviruses in human and other mammalian sera. the test employed protein abearing staphylococcus aureus as a solid-phase immunoadsorbent for (3)h-labeled viruses complexed with immunoglobulin g. using antibodies produced in humans and guinea pigs, the ria procedure clearly differentiated among antibodies to venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses. sensitivity of the ria depended on the concentr ... | 1978 | 566768 |
| [use of rabbits for study of the neurovirulence of attenuated variants of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus]. | | 1977 | 602019 |
| study of homologous and heterologous antibody response in california horses vaccinated with attenuated venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine (strain tc-83). | of 359 horses vaccinated with attenuated venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) vaccine (strain tc-83), 87% developed hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibodies to vee virus within 1 month. blood from a subsample of 101 of the 359 horses was obtained over a 1-year period. within 1 month after vaccination, 84% of the 101 horses had developed vee hi antibodies, 87% had developed vee-neutralizing (nt) antibodies, and 78% had developed vee complement-fixing (cf) antibodies. one year after vaccin ... | 1978 | 637386 |
| [effect of virulent and anttenuated variants of viruses of american equine encephalomyelitis on the mitotic activity of the cells]. | a comparative study of reproduction of venezuelan and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (vee and eee) viruses in l cell culture showed the disorders of the mitotic activity of the infected cultures to depend on the variant of the inoculated virus and the degree of its attenuation. the highest number of pathological mitosis was observed within 12--24 hours after inoculation of the cultures, the attenuated variants of both the viruses causing lower numbers of pathological mitoses than virulent vari ... | 1978 | 645059 |
| efficacy of trivalent inactivated encephalomyelitis virus vaccine in horses. | twenty-nine horses were vaccinated with a trivalent (venezuelan, eastern, and western) inactivated equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine. the vaccine purchased for this study was the only one licensed and commercially available in may, 1975. plaque-neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies in response to each of the 3 equine encephalomyelitis viruses were determined after vaccination. horses had rising levels of plaque-neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies shortly afte ... | 1978 | 646197 |
| non-specific inhibitory fraction for hemagglutination of some togaviruses obtained from swiss albino mouse brain. | a fraction from swiss albino mouse brain homogenate obtained by deae cellulose chromatography showed a non-specific hemagglutination-inhibitory property for some togaviruses. evidence are presented indicating that the inhibitory property is related to a protein-rich fraction with sialic acid as an active group. | 1978 | 684259 |
| pheasant susceptibility at different ages to eastern encephalitis virus from various sources in massachusetts. | thirteen isolates of eastern encephalitis (ee) virus recovered from various hosts in massachusetts differed significantly in pathogenicity for pheasants, 21 days old or older, inoculated subcutaneously with graded doses of virus. among the least pathogenic were two isolates from culiseta melanura mosquitoes, and among the most pathogenic isolates was one of pheasant origin. nine-day-old pheasant chicks were highly susceptible to ee virus. mortality did not appear to be totally dose-related, for ... | 1978 | 697655 |
| immunization of pheasants for eastern encephalitis. | pheasants vaccinated twice with as much as one-half horse dose of a commercial eastern-western encephalitis adjuvanted cell-culture vaccine did not develop significant hemagglutination-inhibition titers and were not protected against artificial challenge by an eastern encephalitis virus. | 1978 | 697656 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis outbreak in coturnix quail. | eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) was the cause of heavy mortality in coturnix quail (coturnix coturnix) reared commercially in south carolina. the birds showed depression, tremor, and partial paralysis that advanced into complete paralysis, torticollis, and death within a few hours. the only consistent lesion on necropsy was a catarrhal enteritis in the duodenal area. the disease spread rapidly to all pens throughout the two houses on the farm in all birds over 2 weeks old, and mortality r ... | 1978 | 697663 |
| the role of chickens in the epidemiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in jamaica. | since 1962, when jamaica experienced its first and only outbreak of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee), surveillance for the causative virus has been in progress. wild birds, rodents, mosquitoes, sandflies and sentinels (domestic chickens, guinea pigs, mice and hamsters) have been constantly examined for eee virus and serological conversion. in essence, only negative results have been obtained. since june 1976, domestic chickens have been investigated as a possible reservoir and several have ... | 1978 | 725335 |
| cellular resistance to arbovirus infection. | when an arbovirus enters an arthropod in an infected blood meal, several mechanisms may interact to affect its life cycle and ultimate transmissibility. intrinsic absolute failure in the establishment of infection must be contrasted with infection that is successfully established but is variably modulated in its viral yield throughout the vector's life-span. degrees of vertebrate host resistance make this modulation a central factor in determining whether an arthropod is an important vector in n ... | 1975 | 801110 |
| isolation of chikungunya virus contaminating an aedes albopictus cell line. | an aedes albopictus cell line was found contaminated with structures morphologically compatible with an alphavirus. rapid isolation of a cytopathic virus was effected by combining sonication, concentration with aquacide ii-r, rate zonal sedimentation and subsequent plating of fractions on vero cells under agar overlay. the virus caused neithedeath nor disease on inoculation into infant and adult mice. it produced a c.p.e. in vero and bhk 21 cells, and multiplied in singh's aedes aegypti cells. t ... | 1975 | 806659 |
| the influence of arboviral infection on the susceptibility of cultured cells to immune injury in vitro. | the susceptibility of llc-mk2 monkey kidney cells to antivirus (antibodies versus viral antigens in the plasma membrane) and anticell (antibodies versus plasma membrane antigens) immune cytolysis in vitro was observed during the course of 100 continuous subcultures of these cells. in that period, llc-mk2 cells infected with the group b arboviruses, japanese encephalitis virus and dengue 2 virus, became progressively refractory to the complement-dependent antivirus immune cytolysis as measured ... | 1975 | 808137 |
| [interferonogenic and antiviral activity of the tobacco mosaic virus, tilorone and sodium nucleinate]. | production of endogenic interferon in animals in responce to administration of tobaco mozaic virus, tilorone and sodium nucleinate was shown. dependence of interferon production on the type of the inductor and the route of its administration was studied. absolute innocuiuty of the tobaco mozaic virus for monkeys (macaco-resus) and mice, as well as the absence of any side effects in humans treated with it perorally was shown. the tobaco mozaic virus, tilorone and sodium nucleinate used perorally ... | 1976 | 818948 |
| antibody studies in ponies vaccinated with venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (strain tc-83) and other alphavirus vaccines. | serologic studies in 24 ponies indicated that prevaccination antibodies to venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus (strain tc-83) had no influence on hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody stimulation by western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) or eastern equine encephalomyelits (eee)-wee vaccines. however, studies of the effects of vee neutralizing antibodies on neutralizing antibody stimulation by the heterologous alphavirus vaccines were inconclusive. the vee, wee, and eee antibody r ... | 1977 | 851275 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccination survey in arizona and new mexico, 1972. | field studies were conducted in 1972 to determine the immunization status of equines along the mexico, arizona, and new mexico borders. interviews with horse owners were conducted along roads selected at random in the counties of santa cruz and yuma, ariz., and in dona ana county, n. mex. at least 450 horse owners in each county were asked about the vaccination status of their animals, and information was taken on 1,260 animals. blood specimens were obtained from every third equine, regardless o ... | 1977 | 877211 |
| pathogenesis of temperature-sensitive mutants of sindbis virus in the embryonated egg. iii. autologous, homologous, and heterologous interference. | two temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of sindbis virus able to synthetize rna, but not two ts mutants defective in viral rna synthesis, reduced to lethality of the superinfecting heat-resistant parent strain of sindbis virus in embryonated chicken eggs as compared with results in controls. autologous interference (of mutant with parent) was observed under a variety of conditions. time-course studies in one selected system showed that lower titers of superinfecting parent virus were detected in ... | 1977 | 889615 |
| resolving power in a practical application of preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: preparation of eastern encephalitis virus proteins. | | 1977 | 907144 |
| nucleolar fragmentation in cells infected with alphaviruses (39886). | | 1977 | 909877 |
| serologic surveys for antibodies to western, eastern, california, and st. louis encephalitis and dengue 3 arboviruses in middle america, 1961-1975. | | 1977 | 922235 |
| preparation and testing of vaccines prepared from the envelopes of venezuelan, eastern, and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses. | envelope components were separated from venezuelan, eastern, and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses after treatment of the virions with detergent. vaccines prepared from the envelope component were capable of stimulating mice to produce humoral antibodies. protective efficacy studies were performed using mono-, di-, and trivalent vaccine combinations. these elicited varying degrees of homologous protection, and eastern and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis envelope products appeared to c ... | 1976 | 942635 |
| the arbovirus problem in canada. | | 1976 | 963664 |
| eastern equine encephalitis (eee) antibody status in st. thomas, jamaica, 1975. | | 1976 | 973351 |
| naturally occurring and experimentally induced eastern encephalomyelitis in calves. | eastern encephalomyelitis virus was isolated from the brain of 2 calves with encephalomyelitis. using the isolant from 1 of these calves, the disease was reproduced in a clinically normal calf. histopathologic features conformed with those described for eastern encephalomyelitis in the horse. | 1976 | 977441 |
| viremia in young herons and ibis infected with venezuelan encephalitis virus. | fifty-seven of 61 nestling, 8- to 30-day-old herons of three species (black-crowned night heron, great egret, and snowy egret), developed viremia lasting one to three days following subcutaneous inoculation with small doses of endemic or epidemic strains of venezuelan encephalitis virus from mexico, guatemala or venezuela. two epidemic strains from guatemala or venezuela stimulated levels of viremia similar to those following infection with enzootic strains. great egrets, striated and boat-bille ... | 1976 | 998614 |
| studies of arboviruses in southwestern venezuela: i. isolations of venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis viruses from sentinel hamsters in the catatumbo region. | the purpose of this report is to describe isolations of venezuelan (vee) and eastern (eee) equine encephalitis virus made in the lowland moist tropical forest of the catatumbo region on the southwestern part of the state of zulia, venezuela. we have isolated four strains of eeev from sentinel hamsters exposed at caño mocho and madre vieja sites in 1973 and 1974, and three strains of eeev in hacienda (hda.) las nubes in 1975. both viruses were recovered during silent interepidemic periods and we ... | 1976 | 1010667 |
| evaluation of the epidemic potential of western equine encephalitis virus in the northeastern united states. | | 1976 | 1035448 |
| an attenuated variant of eastern encephalitis virus: biological properties and protection induced in mice. | wild type eastern equine encephalitis virus (e) was compared with a mutant (em) derived from it. the latter was tested as an attenuated vaccine in mice. they differed in the following properties: em formed smaller plaques on chick embryo (ce) cell monolayers and, unlike e, did not plaque on mouse embryo (me) monolayers. futher, em had a longer latent period and attained a lower peak titer than e after infection of ce cells, was more senssitive than e to chick interferon, and was less virulent fo ... | 1975 | 1119939 |
| arbovirus surveillance in florida: wild vertebrate studies 1965-1974. | wildlife species from 38 of florida's 67 counties were surveyed over a 10 year period for the presence of antibody to the five major arboviruses circulating in the state. the routine screening of 7891 sera from wild birds and mammals via the hemagglutination-inhibition (h1) test with selected reactors subjected to serum neutralization testing has 1) provided information regarding geographic distribution and seasonality of circulation of these viruses 2) identified enzootic foci of infection and ... | 1975 | 1152173 |
| replication of eastern equine encephalitis viruses (new jersey and louisiana strains and the ets-4 mutant) in rabbit kidney cells. | virus yield, viral rna synthesis, viral protein synthesis, cytopathology, and virus-induced shutoff of host protein synthesis were examined in rabbit kidney (rk) cells infected with eastern equine encephalitis (eee) viruses. the new jersey (nj) strain replicated most rapidly, and exhibited a distinct patter in the synthesis of structural and non-structural viral proteins. the louisiana (la) strain and the ets-4 mutant appeared to be similar in rk celles and chick embryo fibroblasts. although the ... | 1975 | 1170829 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis. histopathologic and ultrastructural changes with isolation of the virus in a human case. | enveloped toga virus particles were demonstrated by means of an electron microscopy in the brain tissues of a 3-year-old girl with acute encephalitis. areas of demyelinization and necrosis throughout the white matter and brainstem were revealed by light microscopy. these viral particles were identified as eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in postmortem isolation of the virus utilizing young mice and complement-fixation studies. to the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of e ... | 1975 | 1171613 |
| a field study of persistence of antibodies in california horses vaccinated against western, eastern, and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. | as a result of the continuing threat of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee), a study was made to determine if revaccination against vee (tc-83 vaccine) was feasible and if revaccination could be incorporated into other routine vaccination practices. of the horses given annual vaccination with bivalent western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) vaccine, 57% retained detectable serum-neutralizing (sn) antiboyd titers for vee 18 months after the initial ... | 1975 | 1190598 |
| transovarial transmission of arboviruses by mosquitoes: a review. | one interesting aspect of mosquito-borne arboviruses is their endemic persistence, espeically during adverse climatic conditions in the temperate zones. the hypothesis that transovarial transmission of alpha- and flaviviruses by their respective mosquito vectors could serve as an overwintering mechanism has been proposed; however, experimental data in support of this hypothesis are not very convincing. recently, some of the california encephalitis group arboviruses have been shown to be transmit ... | 1975 | 1207183 |
| [evaluation of arbovirus attenuation by changes in the histamine level in the blood of immunized animals]. | changes in the content of histamine in the blood of rabbits inoculated with pathogenic and attenuated strains of tick-borne encephalitis, eastern and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses were studied. pathogenic strains of the test viruses were found to produce much greater increases in histamine concentration in the blood of animals than attenuated strains. this index is suggested to be used for additional characterization of arbovirus attenuation. | 1975 | 1241175 |
| genetic characterization of an antigenic subtype of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. | a 1983 human mississippi isolate of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev), recently identified as an antigenic subtype of the north american variety, was genetically characterized using oligonucleotide fingerprinting and sequencing of viral rna. this strain was found to be very closely related to other north american eeev isolates from the same time period. phylogenetic analysis suggested that this subtype belongs to a single eeev lineage in north america. two amino acid substitutions in ... | 1992 | 1280945 |
| arboviral disease--united states, 1991. | during 1991, state and local health departments reported 122 cases of human arboviral encephalitis to cdc. more than half (69) of the cases resulted from outbreaks of st. louis encephalitis (sle) in arkansas and texas. in addition, an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) extending from the atlantic and gulf coasts into the upper midwest caused sporadic human cases and a substantial loss of livestock. this report summarizes the reported cases of arboviral encephalitis in the united stat ... | 1992 | 1321947 |
| isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from aedes albopictus in florida. | fourteen strains of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus were isolated from aedes albopictus mosquitoes collected in polk county, florida. these are the first isolations of an arbovirus of proven public health and veterinary importance from naturally infected ae. albopictus in the united states since established populations of this introduced mosquito were first discovered in 1985. the widespread distribution of ae. albopictus in florida and in other areas of the united states where eee is en ... | 1992 | 1321985 |
| from the centers for disease control. arboviral disease--united states, 1991. | | 1992 | 1324995 |
| [the identification of alphaviruses by using cdna probes complementary to the 3'-terminal of the viral genome]. | venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, eastern equine encephalomyelitis and sindbis viruses, as well as members of various serological groups of alphaviruses were identified using synthesized molecular probes complementary to 3'-terminus of the molecule of the appropriate genomic rna: 32p-single-stranded kdna and e. coli-cloned 32p-double-stranded kdna. a high species-specificity of kdna-probes was demonstrated. the sensitivity of the method was 1 ng of viral rna overlayed on the nitrocellulose fi ... | 1992 | 1332260 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and culiseta melanura activity at the patuxent wildlife research center, 1985-90. | mosquito population densities, virus isolations and seroconversion in sentinel quail were used to monitor eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eee) activity at the patuxent wildlife research center, laurel, maryland, from 1985 through 1990. a dramatic increase in the number of culiseta melanura collected in 1989, as compared with the 3 previous years, was associated with virus isolations from this species (5/75 pools; n = 542 mosquitoes) and with seroconversion in sentinel quail (4/22 birds p ... | 1992 | 1357091 |
| virus-dependent mortality in rift valley fever, eastern equine encephalomyelitis, and chikungunya virus-inoculated mosquito (diptera: culicidae) larvae. | the effect of inoculation of mosquito larvae with rift valley fever (rvf) virus on survival to the adult stage was evaluated in aedes aegypti (l.), ae. fowleri (charmoy), ae. mcintoshi huang, ae. taeniorhynchus (wiedemann), ae. triseriatus (say), eretmapodites quinquevittatus theobald, anopheles albimanus wiedemann, and culex pipiens l. pupation rates were similar for rvf virus-inoculated and diluent-inoculated larvae of all mosquito species tested except cx. pipiens. however, with the exception ... | 1992 | 1357176 |
| pathologic changes in the midgut of culex tarsalis following infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | midguts of two strains of the mosquito vector culex tarsalis were examined by light and electron microscopy following infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. infection of the highly susceptible knight's landing strain with high-titered blood meals resulted in pathologic changes in the midgut epithelium after 2-4 days of incubation; lesions included sloughing of epithelial cells into the lumen and necrosis of cells in situ. infection of knight's landing strain mosquitoes with low-t ... | 1992 | 1449210 |
| experimental inoculation of three arboviruses in black-bellied whistling ducks (dendrocygna autumnalis). | wild-caught, immature black-bellied whistling ducks (dendrocygna autumnalis) were inoculated with eastern equine encephalitis (eee), st. louis encephalitis (sle), or western equine encephalitis (wee) virus. susceptibility, duration and titer of viremia, and antibody response to these arboviruses were determined. birds from all inoculated groups became viremic. higher virus titers occurred in the eee group but overall mean titers were not significantly different among experimental groups. all bir ... | 1992 | 1474647 |
| eastern equine encephalitis presenting with a focal brain lesion. | eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus causes a severe meningoencephalitis with high morbidity and mortality. despite numerous clinical reports of eee, there are only 11 patients in whom cranial computed tomographic (ct) findings are described. in 6 patients, ct was normal and in 5 patients diffuse edema was present; none had a focal brain lesion. based on these reports, it has been suggested that focal findings on ct support the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis rather than eee. the fir ... | 1992 | 1476580 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis in an adult cow. | | 1992 | 1514224 |
| arboviral encephalomyelitides of livestock in the western hemisphere. | | 1992 | 1601730 |
| arboviral infections in the united states. | arboviruses are important considerations in the differential diagnosis of encephalitis and other acute infections. alterations in the environment and in human behaviors contribute to changing patterns of arboviral transmission. these trends, the periodic epidemic resurgence of arboviral diseases such as st. louis encephalitis, and the discovery of new arboviruses present a continued challenge to infectious disease clinicians. | 1991 | 1646839 |
| viral encephalitis. | nonherpetic encephalitis outside the newborn period is usually a self-limited disease. the majority of patients will recover without significant sequelae, and require only supportive therapy during the acute illness. though the underlying viral etiology frequently will escape detection, identification of the infecting agent has considerable prognostic value which can complement clinical measures of severity of disease. the most important initial task of the clinician faced with a case of presump ... | 1991 | 1647166 |
| detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus deposition in culiseta melanura following ingestion of radiolabeled virus in blood meals. | we examined deposition of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev) in the alimentary tract of its enzootic mosquito vector, culiseta melanura, to detect potential sites of initial infection. artificial viremias were created by injecting purified [3h]uridine-labeled eeev intravenously into one-day-old chicks. mosquitoes were allowed to engorge, incubated 1-2 hr, fixed, and whole abdomens and thoraces of 25 specimens embedded. tagmata were sectioned, mounted on slides and coated with autoradi ... | 1991 | 1674647 |
| [a monoclonal antibody study of the receptor area of the venezuelan encephalitis virus]. | the receptor region for virus-cell interaction in venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) viruses was studied using a panel of 17 monoclonal antibodies (mca). they were able to block agglutination of goose erythrocytes. the dominant role of glycoprotein e2 in the formation of viral receptor for eee and vee viruses was demonstrated. competitive radioimmunoassay identified three antigenic sites in this region. these sites were also responsible for virus ... | 1991 | 1723820 |
| eastern equine encephalitis virus associated with aedes albopictus--florida, 1991. | | 1992 | 1736088 |
| from the centers for disease control. eastern equine encephalitis virus--florida, 1991. | | 1992 | 1740844 |
| [use of goat serum as a substitute for calf serum for growing various primary cultures from vertebrates]. | goat's serum was used to prepare primary cultures of fibroblast from chicken embryo and hamster kidney. later they were inoculated the east equine encephalomyelitis virus, being compared with culture from calf's serum. the choice of goat's serum is of great interest for the development of scientific research and national economy. | 1991 | 1812536 |
| enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies against eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in sentinel chickens. | we developed an enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the detection of immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg subclass antibodies directed against eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in chickens. the assays were compared with the serum plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) and the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test for ability to detect antibodies against eee virus in laboratory-infected birds. no cross-reactivity was detected in serum from chickens inoculated with st. louis encephalitis or hig ... | 1991 | 1885741 |
| [complete nucleotide sequence of the eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus genome]. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic 42s rna of eastern equine encephalitis virus has been defined for the first time. the strategy of this viral genome occurred analogous to the ones of the other alfa viruses. the comparison of amino acid sequences of e1 and e2 proteins from the two strains of the virus has revealed a number of differences. partially, they are localized in the hydrophilic regions of the protein molecules and evidently participate in organization of the specific antig ... | 1991 | 1896061 |
| specific binding of host cell proteins to the 3'-terminal stem-loop structure of rubella virus negative-strand rna. | at the 5' end of the rubella virus genomic rna, there are sequences that can form a potentially stable stem-loop (sl) structure. the complementary negative-strand equivalent of the 5'-end sl structure of positive-strand rubella virus rna [5' (+) sl structure] is thought to serve as a promoter for the initiation of positive-strand synthesis. we screened the negative-strand equivalent of the 5' (+) sl structure (64 nucleotides) and the adjacent region of the negative-strand rna for their ability t ... | 1991 | 1920622 |
| localized eastern equine encephalitis in santiago del estero province, argentina, without human infection. | in 1981, a localized epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) occurred in irrigated areas of four counties in the province of santiago del estero, argentina. the diagnosis was confirmed by serology, and there was no evidence of involvement of western or venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. the overall incidence of equine encephalitis was estimated 17%, the case-fatality rate at 61% and the inapparent: apparent infection ratio less than or equal to 2.9:1. this is the first localized epiz ... | 1991 | 1921689 |
| trajectory analysis of winds and eastern equine encephalitis in usa, 1980-5. | backward trajectories of winds were determined to identify possible sources of eastern equine encephalitis virus associated with isolation of virus from mosquitoes or birds or outbreaks in horses between 1980 and 1985 in maryland, new jersey, new york and michigan, usa. the results of the trajectory analyses suggested that eastern equine encephalitis virus could have been carried by infected mosquitoes on surface winds at temperatures 13 degrees c or higher from north carolina north-eastwards al ... | 1990 | 1969804 |
| the relationship between size and parity status of field collected culiseta melanura. | the relationship between body size and parity status of adult female culiseta melanura collected from 3 locations in northeastern united states was studied by measuring wing lengths and examining ovaries of individual mosquitoes. virus isolation was attempted from cs. melanura collected in maryland and in new jersey. at all 3 locations, the size of cs. melanura collected varied from large in the spring, to small in the summer. in new jersey and maryland mosquitoes collected in the fall were agai ... | 1990 | 1977877 |
| patterns of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae). | infection of the mosquito culiseta melanura (coquillett) by eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was examined using transmission electron microscopy (tem) of whole tagmata and fluorescent antibody assay (fa) and infectious assay (ia) of dissected tissues. following infectious blood meals from chicks circulating different virus titers, mosquitoes were examined after extrinsic incubation intervals of 1-22 d. virus was first detected by fa and ia in midguts and nonalimentary tissues 24 h after in ... | 1990 | 1977915 |
| body size variation of culiseta morsitans in relation to vector potential for eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. | variation in the body size of wild culiseta morsitans collected from massachusetts was examined. no significant size variation was detected at any time during the collection period, nor was there a significant size difference between parous and nulliparous mosquitoes. we conclude that size variation in this species does not affect survivorship, an important aspect of vectorial capacity. | 1990 | 1983021 |
| molecular evolution of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in north america. | we examined the rate and spatial pattern of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev) evolution in north america using primer-extension sequencing of viral rna. nucleotide sequences of the entire 26 s structural gene region of four eeev strains revealed remarkable conservation between 1933 and 1985, with an estimated 0.7% divergence or 1.4 x 10(-4) nucleotide substitutions per site per year. sequences from smaller 26 s regions of nine additional strains suggested that eeev evolves in north a ... | 1991 | 2024496 |
| distribution of st. louis encephalitis viral antibody in sentinel chickens maintained in sarasota county, florida: 1978-1988. | sentinel chicken flocks monitored arboviral transmission at 12 sites in sarasota county, fla., from 1978 through 1988. during this time, 3,452 serum samples were analyzed for hemagglutination inhibition antibody to st. louis encephalitis virus (sle) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eee). overall, 91 chickens seroconverted to sle and three to eee. the intensity of sle transmission showed considerable year-to-year variation. chickens from south-county flocks were more likely to seroconv ... | 1991 | 2033613 |
| use of a new synthetic-peptide-derived monoclonal antibody to differentiate between vaccine and wild-type venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. | we have prepared a murine monoclonal antibody (mab) capable of distinguishing between wild-type venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus and the tc-83 vaccine derivative. this mab, 1a2b-10, was derived from immunization with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the first 19 amino acids of the e2 glycoprotein of trinidad donkey vee virus. the mab reacts with prototype viruses from all naturally occurring vee subtypes except subtype 6 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. it does not rea ... | 1991 | 2037683 |
| [a comparison of the primary structures of the 26s rna in variants of the eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus]. | | 1990 | 2090417 |