| barmah forest virus. | | 1991 | 1678035 |
| most alphaviruses share a conserved epitopic region on their nucleocapsid protein. | fourteen hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies against the semliki forest virus nucleocapsid protein were established and employed for identification of conserved epitopes among 27 alphavirus types and subtypes. using an antibody capture test, the antibodies were found to cross-react to variable degree with alphaviruses belonging to the semliki forest, western encephalitis and eastern encephalitis complexes, as well as middelburg and ndumu. none of the antibodies reacted with either venezuel ... | 1989 | 2471798 |
| classification of barmah forest virus as an alphavirus using cytotoxic t cell assays. | barmah forest virus, an arbovirus, does not cross-react convincingly with alpha-, flavi- or bunyavirus immune sera. secondary cytotoxic t cells generated in vitro immune to a number of alphaviruses cross-lyse barmah forest virus-infected target cells. flavivirus (west nile and kunjin)- and bunyamwera virus-immune tc cells lyse homologous virus-infected target cells, but not alphavirus-infected targets. using cytotoxic t cell assays barmah forest virus can be classified as an alphavirus. | 1986 | 3003237 |
| characterization of barmah forest virus: an alphavirus with some unusual properties. | barmah forest virus has been characterized in a number of ways including electron microscopy of infected cells; physical studies of the virion, its rna, and associated proteins; n-terminal sequence analysis of the two envelope glycoproteins; studies of macromolecular species present in infected cells; and serological cross-reactions with alphaviruses and bunyaviruses. from these results barmah forest virus is clearly an alphavirus since the structure of the virion, the mode of replication, and t ... | 1984 | 6324461 |
| alphavirus infection in mosquitoes at the ross river reservoir, north queensland, 1990-1993. | this study addresses the potential problem of alphavirus infection associated with recreational use of the ross river reservoir in north queensland, australia. from 1990 to 1993, 51,497 adult female mosquitoes were collected mainly by co2-supplemented light traps. four localities within the reservoir were considered and compared with mosquitoes collected during 1991 from 2 public localities around townsville city. ten isolates of ross river virus, one of barmah forest virus, and 2 of sindbis vir ... | 1996 | 8887221 |
| emergence of barmah forest virus in western australia. | | 1995 | 8903150 |
| emerging infections in australia. | over the last 10 years, novel infectious agents including equine morbillivirus, lyssavirus, barmah forest virus, rickettsia honei and two as-yet-unnamed bunyaviruses have been identified as causes of human disease in australia. previously described agents, such as japanese b encephalitis virus, dengue virus, ross river virus, orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia australis, burkholderia pseudomallei, mycobacterium ulcerans and trichinella pseudospiralis, have increased their geographical distributi ... | 1997 | 9494666 |
| alphavirus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes recognize a cross-reactive epitope from the capsid protein and can eliminate virus from persistently infected macrophages. | persistent alphavirus infections in synovial and neural tissues are believed to be associated with chronic arthritis and encephalitis, respectively, and represent likely targets for cd8+ alphabeta cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl). here we show that the capsid protein is a dominant target for alphavirus-specific ctl in balb/c mice and that capsid-specific ctl from these mice recognize an h-2kd restricted epitope, qysggrfti. this epitope lies in the highly conserved region of the capsid protein, and ... | 1998 | 9573286 |
| arboviruses in the australian region, 1990 to 1998. | arboviruses continue to be major human pathogens in the australian region. this report provides a summary of the activities of these viruses over the past eight years, and comments on new findings relevant to their respective ecologies. of particular interest and concern is the propensity of these viruses to spread. the examples discussed include the initiation of dengue epidemics in north queensland by virus imported in viraemic travellers; the spread of japanese encephalitis virus to the austr ... | 1998 | 9648365 |
| vectors vs. humans in australia--who is on top down under? an update on vector-borne disease and research on vectors in australia. | australia has a diversity of vectors and vector-borne human diseases. mosquito-borne arboviruses are of greatest concern, but there are issues with other vector and pathogen systems. mosquitoes were responsible for more than 35,000 cases of ross river virus during 1991-1997. barmah forest virus is increasing nationwide, and unidentified bunyaviruses suspected of causing illness have been isolated. cases of murray valley encephalitis have occurred in 14 of the past 20 years in northern australia. ... | 1998 | 9673928 |
| a comparison of the diseases caused by ross river virus and barmah forest virus. | barmah forest virus (bfv) and ross river virus (rrv) are mosquito-borne viruses with similar vectors and environmental requirements. they cause diseases characterised by arthralgia, arthritis and myalgia, often accompanied by fever and rash. arthritis is more common and more prominent in rrv disease and rash is more common and florid with bfv infection, although the diseases cannot be reliably distinguished by their clinical symptoms. diagnosis is based on serological tests and a definite diagno ... | 1998 | 9734514 |
| experimental infection and transmission of barmah forest virus by aedes vigilax (diptera: culicidae). | aedes vigilax (skuse) mosquitoes colonized from townsville, queensland, australia, were fed on blood containing barmah forest virus (bf) isolated from the same species. the colony was susceptible to infection, with an id50 of 10(2.6) ccid50 per mosquito. infection and transmission rates for mosquitoes fed 10(3.5) ccid50 virus per mosquito varied from 58 to 100% and 36 to 100%, respectively, between days 3 and 13 after infection. titers in infected mosquitoes were high by 5 d after infection and ... | 1999 | 10083756 |
| the cholesterol requirement for sindbis virus entry and exit and characterization of a spike protein region involved in cholesterol dependence. | semliki forest virus (sfv) and sindbis virus (sin) are enveloped alphaviruses that enter cells via low-ph-triggered fusion in the endocytic pathway and exit by budding from the plasma membrane. previous studies with cholesterol-depleted insect cells have shown that sfv requires cholesterol in the cell membrane for both virus fusion and efficient exit of progeny virus. an sfv mutant, srf-3, shows efficient fusion and exit in the absence of cholesterol due to a single point mutation in the e1 spik ... | 1999 | 10196324 |
| vector competence of aedes notoscriptus (diptera: culicidae) for barmah forest virus and of this species and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) for dengue 1-4 viruses in queensland, australia. | aedes notoscriptus (skuse) mosquitoes colonized from brisbane, queensland, australia, were fed on blood suspensions containing either barmah forest (bf) virus, dengue virus type 1 (den-1), dengue virus type 2 (den-2), dengue virus type 3 (den-3), or dengue virus type 4 (den-4). ae. notoscriptus was shown to be moderately susceptible to oral infection with bf virus, id50 = 10(3.3) ccid50 per mosquito, with titers in infected mosquitoes peaking 10 d after infection. bf virus transmission occurred ... | 1999 | 10467781 |
| vector competence of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from maroochy shire, australia, for barmah forest virus. | mosquitoes were collected in light traps from maroochy shire and fed on blood containing the sympatric bf1611 strain of barmah forest virus (bf). saltmarsh aedes vigilax (skuse) and freshwater aedes procax (skuse) were highly susceptible to infection, with id50s of 10(1.7) and 10(1.5) african green monkey kidney (vero) cell culture infectious dose, 50% endpoint (ccid50) per mosquito, respectively, followed by aedes multiplex (theobald) and aedes funereus (theobald) with 10(2.5) and 10(3.2) ccid5 ... | 1999 | 10593091 |
| genome structure of sagiyama virus and its relatedness to other alphaviruses. | sagiyama virus (sag) is a member of the genus alphavirus in the family togaviridae, isolated in japan from mosquitoes in 1956. we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the sag genomic rna from the original stock virus which formed a mixture of plaques with different sizes, and that from a full-length cdna clone, psag2, infectious rna transcripts from which formed uniform large plaques on bhk-21 cells. the sag genome was 11698 nt in length exclusive of the 3' poly(a) tail. between the co ... | 2000 | 10769079 |
| specific ablation of antiviral gene expression in macrophages by antibody-dependent enhancement of ross river virus infection. | ross river virus (rrv) is an indigenous australian arthropod-borne alphavirus responsible for epidemic polyarthritis (epa), myalgia, and lethargy in humans. macrophages and monocytes have been associated with human rrv disease, and previous studies have shown that rrv is capable of infecting macrophages via both a natural virus receptor and by fc receptor-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement (ade). similar to other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus and dengue virus, ade infection ... | 2000 | 10954537 |
| arbovirus of marine mammals: a new alphavirus isolated from the elephant seal louse, lepidophthirus macrorhini. | a novel alphavirus was isolated from the louse lepidophthirus macrorhini, collected from southern elephant seals, mirounga leonina, on macquarie island, australia. the virus displayed classic alphavirus ultrastructure and appeared to be serologically different from known australasian alphaviruses. nearly all macquarie island elephant seals tested had neutralizing antibodies against the virus, but no virus-associated pathology has been identified. antarctic division personnel who have worked exte ... | 2001 | 11287559 |
| evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses. | partial e1 envelope glycoprotein gene sequences and complete structural polyprotein sequences were used to compare divergence and construct phylogenetic trees for the genus alphavirus. tree topologies indicated that the mosquito-borne alphaviruses could have arisen in either the old or the new world, with at least two transoceanic introductions to account for their current distribution. the time frame for alphavirus diversification could not be estimated because maximum-likelihood analyses indic ... | 2001 | 11581380 |
| ross river virus transmission, infection, and disease: a cross-disciplinary review. | ross river virus (rrv) is a fascinating, important arbovirus that is endemic and enzootic in australia and papua new guinea and was epidemic in the south pacific in 1979 and 1980. infection with rrv may cause disease in humans, typically presenting as peripheral polyarthralgia or arthritis, sometimes with fever and rash. rrv disease notifications in australia average 5,000 per year. the first well-described outbreak occurred in 1928. during world war ii there were more outbreaks, and the name ep ... | 2001 | 11585790 |
| comparison of two aquatic alphaviruses, salmon pancreas disease virus and sleeping disease virus, by using genome sequence analysis, monoclonal reactivity, and cross-infection. | cell culture isolates of salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) of farmed atlantic salmon and sleeping disease virus (sdv) of rainbow trout were compared. excluding the poly(a) tracts, the genomic nucleotide sequences of spdv and sdv rnas include 11,919 and 11,900 nucleotides, respectively. phylogenetic analysis places spdv and sdv between the new world viruses of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus and the old world viruses of aura virus and sindbis virus. w ... | 2002 | 12021349 |
| alphavirus minus-strand rna synthesis: identification of a role for arg183 of the nsp4 polymerase. | a partially conserved region spanning amino acids 142 to 191 of the sindbis virus (sin) nsp4 core polymerase is implicated in host restriction, elongation, and promoter recognition. we extended the analysis of this region by substituting ser, ala, or lys for a highly conserved arg183 residue immediately preceding its absolutely conserved ser184-ala-val-pro-ser188 sequence. in chicken cells, the nsp4 arg183 mutants had a nonconditionally lethal, temperature-sensitive (ts) growth phenotype caused ... | 2002 | 12163582 |
| modification of asn374 of nsp1 suppresses a sindbis virus nsp4 minus-strand polymerase mutant. | our recent study (c. l. fata, s. g. sawicki, and d. l. sawicki, j. virol. 76:8632-8640, 2002) found minus-strand synthesis to be temperature sensitive in vertebrate and invertebrate cells when the arg183 residue of the sindbis virus nsp4 polymerase was changed to ser, ala, or lys. here we report the results of studies identifying an interacting partner of the region of the viral polymerase containing arg183 that suppresses the ser183 codon mutation. large-plaque revertants were observed readily ... | 2002 | 12163583 |
| molecular genetic evidence that the hydrophobic anchors of glycoproteins e2 and e1 interact during assembly of alphaviruses. | chimeric alphaviruses in which the 6k and glycoprotein e1 moieties of sindbis virus are replaced with those of ross river virus grow very poorly, but upon passage, adapted variants arise that grow >100 times better. we have sequenced the entire domain encoding the e2, 6k, and e1 proteins of a number of these adapted variants and found that most acquired two amino acid changes, which had cumulative effects. in three independent passage series, amino acid 380 of e2, which is in the transmembrane d ... | 2002 | 12239293 |
| suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced antiviral transcription factor (stat-1 and nf-kappa b) complexes by antibody-dependent enhancement of macrophage infection by ross river virus. | subneutralizing concentrations of antibody may enhance virus infection by bringing the virus-antibody complex into contact with the cell surface fc receptors; this interaction facilitates entry of virus into the cell and is referred to as antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) of infection. northern analysis of macrophage rna demonstrated that ade infection by the indigenous australian alphavirus ross river (rrv-ade) ablated or diminished message for tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), nitric ... | 2002 | 12364588 |
| interactions between the transmembrane segments of the alphavirus e1 and e2 proteins play a role in virus budding and fusion. | the alphavirus envelope is built by heterodimers of the membrane proteins e1 and e2. the complex is formed as a p62e1 precursor in the endoplasmic reticulum. during transit to the plasma membrane (pm), it is cleaved into mature e1-e2 heterodimers, which are oligomerized into trimeric complexes, so-called spikes that bind both to each other and, at the pm, also to nucleocapsid (nc) structures under the membrane. these interactions drive the budding of new virus particles from the cell surface. th ... | 2003 | 12610119 |
| australia's notifiable diseases status, 2001: annual report of the national notifiable diseases surveillance system. | in 2001 there were 104,187 notifications of communicable diseases in australia reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss). the number of notifications in 2001 was an increase of 16 per cent of those reported in 2000 (89,740) and the largest annual total since the nndss commenced in 1991. in 2001, nine new diseases were added to the list of diseases reported to nndss and four diseases were removed. the new diseases were cryptosporidiosis, laboratory-confirmed influen ... | 2003 | 12725505 |
| improving gene annotation of complete viral genomes. | gene annotation in viruses often relies upon similarity search methods. these methods possess high specificity but some genes may be missed, either those unique to a particular genome or those highly divergent from known homologs. to identify potentially missing viral genes we have analyzed all complete viral genomes currently available in genbank with a specialized and augmented version of the gene finding program genemarks. in particular, by implementing genome-specific self-training protocols ... | 2003 | 14627837 |
| flavivirus isolations from mosquitoes collected from western cape york peninsula, australia, 1999-2000. | after the 1st appearance of japanese encephalitis virus (je) on mainland australia in 1998, a study was undertaken to investigate whether je had become established in enzootic transmission cycles on western cape york peninsula. adult mosquitoes were collected during the late wet season from kowanyama and pormpuraaw in april 1999, and pormpuraaw and barr's yard in april 2000. despite processing 269,270 mosquitoes for virus isolation, no isolates of je were obtained. however, other flaviviruses co ... | 2003 | 14710742 |
| sucrose density gradient centrifugation and cross-flow filtration methods for the production of arbovirus antigens inactivated by binary ethylenimine. | sucrose density gradient centrifugation and cross-flow filtration methods have been developed and standardised for the safe and reproducible production of inactivated arbovirus antigens which are appropriate for use in diagnostic serological applications. | 2004 | 14720306 |
| occurrence of ross river virus and barmah forest virus in mosquitoes at shoalwater bay military training area, queensland, australia. | shoalwater bay military training area (swbta), 2,713 km2 of land located 50-80 km north of rockhampton, queensland, australia, is used by australian and allied forces for training purposes. between march 1998 and february 2000, monthly collections of mosquitoes at 15 sites were conducted using carbon dioxide-baited traps to study the seasonal occurrence of mosquitoes and ross river virus (rrv) and barmah forest virus (bfv) in mosquitoes. a total of 72,616 mosquitoes, comprising 3,897 pools were ... | 2004 | 14989354 |
| barmah forest viral exanthems. | a series of five patients presented with eruptions beginning on the face. in each case the facial changes were characterized by urticated erythema with minimal epidermal change. the patients also demonstrated more widespread vesiculopapular, macular or purpuric eruptions. at presentation most patients were asymptomatic; however, several subsequently developed constitutional symptoms. each of these patients was reactive for barmah forest virus immunoglobulin (ig)m, and on repeat testing four were ... | 2004 | 15068462 |
| clinical and pathologic aspects of arthritis due to ross river virus and other alphaviruses. | arthritogenic alphaviruses are globally distributed mosquito-borne rna viruses causing epidemics of polyarthritis/arthralgia, with disease emerging or reemerging and increasingly being reported in travelers. this article summarizes the current knowledge of these diseases, focusing on recent developments in the understanding of ross river virus disease. | 2004 | 15201600 |
| definition of ross river virus vectors at maroochy shire, australia. | evidence of ross river (rr) virus infection in field-collected mosquitoes and data from laboratory vector competence experiments incriminated a range of mosquito species as important vectors of rr virus in maroochy shire, queensland, australia. nine rr and 2 barmah forest virus isolates were recovered from 27,529 mosquitoes collected in light traps from maroochy shire during 1996. nine of the 10 most abundant mosquito species collected in light traps were fed on blood containing the b94/20 strai ... | 2000 | 15218919 |
| proteomics computational analyses suggest that the carboxyl terminal glycoproteins of bunyaviruses are class ii viral fusion protein (beta-penetrenes). | the bunyaviridae family of enveloped rna viruses includes five genuses, orthobunyaviruses, hantaviruses, phleboviruses, nairoviruses and tospoviruses. it has not been determined which bunyavirus protein mediates virion:cell membrane fusion. class ii viral fusion proteins (beta-penetrenes), encoded by members of the alphaviridae and flaviviridae, are comprised of three antiparallel beta sheet domains with an internal fusion peptide located at the end of domain ii. proteomics computational analyse ... | 2004 | 15544707 |
| a conserved histidine in the ij loop of the semliki forest virus e1 protein plays an important role in membrane fusion. | the enveloped alphavirus semliki forest virus (sfv) infects cells via a low ph-triggered membrane fusion reaction mediated by the e1 protein. e1 is a class ii fusion protein that contains the hydrophobic fusion peptide loop and converts to a stable homotrimer during the fusion reaction. intriguingly, the fusion loop is closely associated with a loop connecting the i and j beta-strands. this ij loop plays a role in the cholesterol dependence of membrane fusion and is specifically susceptible to p ... | 2004 | 15564465 |
| ross river virus disease reemergence, fiji, 2003-2004. | we report 2 clinically characteristic and serologically positive cases of ross river virus infection in canadian tourists who visited fiji in late 2003 and early 2004. this report suggests that ross river virus is once again circulating in fiji, where it apparently disappeared after causing an epidemic in 1979 to 1980. | 2005 | 15829203 |
| an outbreak of barmah forest virus disease in victoria. | this report describes the epidemiological and clinical features of an outbreak of 47 cases of laboratory-confirmed barmah forest virus disease (bf disease) that occurred in victoria between january and may 2002. laboratory-confirmed cases were investigated, and information on travel history and clinical details was collected. surveillance data from adult mosquito trappings and climatic conditions in the wellington shire were also reviewed. the response rate for interviews was 85 per cent (40/47) ... | 2002 | 12549534 |
| analysis of barmah forest virus disease activity in queensland, australia, 1993-2003: identification of a large, isolated outbreak of disease. | barmah forest virus (bfv) disease is the second most common mosquito-borne disease in australia. although the majority of notifications are received from queensland, little is known about the distribution of the disease within the state, or the important mosquito vectors and nonhuman vertebrate hosts. we conducted a retrospective statistical analysis of the notifications received from queensland residents from 1993 to 2003 to establish long-term local incidence rates and to identify disease outb ... | 2005 | 16363173 |
| factsheet: barmah forest virus infection. | | 2002 | 12451416 |
| weather variability, tides, and barmah forest virus disease in the gladstone region, australia. | in this study we examined the impact of weather variability and tides on the transmission of barmah forest virus (bfv) disease and developed a weather-based forecasting model for bfv disease in the gladstone region, australia. we used seasonal autoregressive integrated moving-average (sarima) models to determine the contribution of weather variables to bfv transmission after the time-series data of response and explanatory variables were made stationary through seasonal differencing. we obtained ... | 2006 | 16675420 |
| molecular determinants of substrate specificity for semliki forest virus nonstructural protease. | the c-terminal cysteine protease domain of semliki forest virus nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) regulates the virus life cycle by sequentially cleaving at three specific sites within the virus-encoded replicase polyprotein p1234. the site between nsp3 and nsp4 (the 3/4 site) is cleaved most efficiently. analysis of semliki forest virus-specific cleavage sites with shuffled n-terminal and c-terminal half-sites showed that the main determinants of cleavage efficiency are located in the region prece ... | 2006 | 16699022 |
| epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to ross river virus in vertebrate sera. | we describe the development of an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the sensitive and rapid detection of antibodies to ross river virus (rrv) in human sera and known vertebrate host species. this elisa provides an alternative method for the serodiagnosis of rrv infections. | 2006 | 16829622 |
| phylogenetic analysis of buggy creek virus: evidence for multiple clades in the western great plains, united states of america. | we present the first detailed phylogenetic analysis of buggy creek virus (bcrv), a poorly known alphavirus with transmission cycles involving a cimicid swallow bug (oeciacus vicarius) vector and cliff swallows (petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and house sparrows (passer domesticus) as the principal avian hosts. nucleotide sequences of a 2,075-bp viral envelope glycoprotein-coding region, covering the entire pe2 gene, were determined for 33 bcrv isolates taken from swallow bugs at cliff swallow colonies ... | 2006 | 16936062 |
| recombination and selection in the evolution of picornaviruses and other mammalian positive-stranded rna viruses. | picornaviridae are a large virus family causing widespread, often pathogenic infections in humans and other mammals. picornaviruses are genetically and antigenically highly diverse, with evidence for complex evolutionary histories in which recombination plays a major part. to investigate the nature of recombination and selection processes underlying the evolution of serotypes within different picornavirus genera, large-scale analysis of recombination frequencies and sites, segregation by serotyp ... | 2006 | 16956935 |
| functions of the stem region of the semliki forest virus fusion protein during virus fusion and assembly. | membrane fusion of the alphaviruses is mediated by the e1 protein, a class ii virus membrane fusion protein. during fusion, e1 dissociates from its heterodimer interaction with the e2 protein and forms a target membrane-inserted e1 homotrimer. the structure of the homotrimer is that of a trimeric hairpin in which e1 domain iii and the stem region fold back toward the target membrane-inserted fusion peptide loop. the e1 stem region has a strictly conserved length and several highly conserved resi ... | 2006 | 16971447 |
| differential induction of type i interferon responses in myeloid dendritic cells by mosquito and mammalian-cell-derived alphaviruses. | dendritic cells (dcs) are an important early target cell for many mosquito-borne viruses, and in many cases mosquito-cell-derived arboviruses more efficiently infect dcs than viruses derived from mammalian cells. however, whether mosquito-cell-derived viruses differ from mammalian-cell-derived viruses in their ability to induce antiviral responses in the infected dendritic cell has not been evaluated. in this report, alphaviruses, which are mosquito-borne viruses that cause diseases ranging from ... | 2007 | 17079324 |
| role of verrallina funerea (diptera: culicidae) in transmission of barmah forest virus and ross river virus in coastal areas of eastern australia. | verrallina funerea (theobald) (diptera: culicidae) is a brackish water mosquito species found most commonly in indonesia, papua new guinea, and the northeastern coastal regions of australia. aspects of the vector competence of this species for barmah forest virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, bfv) and ross river virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, rrv), two medically important arboviruses in australia, were investigated. laboratory-reared ve. funerea were moderately susceptible ... | 2006 | 17162959 |
| communicable diseases network australia national arbovirus and malaria advisory committee annual report, 2005-06. | this report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne disease in australia for the mosquito-borne disease season 1 july 2005 to 30 june 2006, in which the second largest number of notifications since 1995-96 was reported. ross river virus (rrv) infections (66%), barmah forest virus (bfv) infections (23%) and malaria (9%) were the most common mosquito-borne diseases reported in 2005-06. national rrv notifications were the fifth largest on record. the northern territory had the highest rate of ... | 2006 | 17330382 |
| alphavirus 6k proteins form ion channels. | ross river virus and barmah forest virus are australian arboviruses of the alphavirus genus. features of alphavirus infection include an increased permeability of cells to monovalent cations followed by virion budding. virally encoded ion channels are thought to have a role in these processes. in this paper, the 6k proteins of ross river virus and barmah forest virus are shown to form cation-selective ion channels in planar lipid bilayers. using a novel purification method, bacterially expressed ... | 2002 | 12228229 |
| the risk of ross river and barmah forest virus disease in queensland: implications for new zealand. | to describe the incidence of ross river (rr) and barmah forest (bf) virus disease in queensland and determine the risk of importation of rr virus from queensland into new zealand (nz) via viraemic travellers. | 2002 | 11895031 |
| universal primers that amplify rna from all three flavivirus subgroups. | species within the flavivirus genus pose public health problems around the world. increasing cases of dengue and japanese encephalitis virus in asia, frequent outbreaks of yellow fever virus in africa and south america, and the ongoing spread of west nile virus throughout the americas, show the geographical burden of flavivirus diseases. flavivirus infections are often indistinct from and confused with other febrile illnesses. here we review the specificity of published primers, and describe a n ... | 2008 | 18218114 |
| arboviruses associated with human disease in australia. | mosquito-borne arboviruses are an important public health issue in australia. the alphaviruses ross river and barmah forest virus are widespread and active annually, and cause debilitating polyarthritis. the flaviviruses murray valley encephalitis, kunjin and japanese encephalitis virus are restricted in distribution and activity but may cause life-threatening illness, and dengue viruses are active in some areas. | 2000 | 11137043 |
| a mouse model for chikungunya: young age and inefficient type-i interferon signaling are risk factors for severe disease. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is a re-emerging arbovirus responsible for a massive outbreak currently afflicting the indian ocean region and india. infection from chikv typically induces a mild disease in humans, characterized by fever, myalgia, arthralgia, and rash. cases of severe chikv infection involving the central nervous system (cns) have recently been described in neonates as well as in adults with underlying conditions. the pathophysiology of chikv infection and the basis for disease severi ... | 2008 | 18282093 |
| communicable diseases network australia national arbovirus and malaria advisory committee annual report, 2006-07. | this report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne disease in australia for the mosquito-borne disease season 1 july 2006 to 30 june 2007, which was moderately low compared to previous seasons. ross river virus (rrv) infections (55%), barmah forest virus (bfv) infections (29%) and overseas acquired malaria (11%) were the most common mosquito-borne diseases reported in 2006-07. the number, proportion and rate of national bfv notifications were the second highest on record since 1998-99. the ... | 2008 | 18522303 |
| the dynamic envelope of a fusion class ii virus. e3 domain of glycoprotein e2 precursor in semliki forest virus provides a unique contact with the fusion protein e1. | in alphaviruses, here represented by semliki forest virus, infection requires an acid-responsive spike configuration to facilitate membrane fusion. the creation of this relies on the chaperone function of glycoprotein e2 precursor (p62) and its maturation cleavage into the small external e3 and the membrane-anchored e2 glycoproteins. to reveal how the e3 domain of p62 exerts its control of spike functions, we determine the structure of a p62 cleavage-impaired mutant virus particle (sql) by elect ... | 2008 | 18596032 |
| vector competence of aedes aegypti, culex sitiens, culex annulirostris, and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) for barmah forest virus. | aedes aegypti (l.), culex sitiens weidemann, culex annulirostris skuse, and culex quinquefasciatus say mosquitoes colonized at the queensland institute of medical research, brisbane australia, were fed on blood containing barmah forest virus (bf). only cx. annulirostris was susceptible to infection, with a median cell culture infectious dose (ccid50) of 10(3.36) per mosquito. ae. aegypti and cx. quinquefasciatus were infected experimentally, but at rates of < 9%. cx. sitiens did not become infec ... | 2000 | 11004776 |
| southern oscillation index and transmission of the barmah forest virus infection in queensland, australia. | | 2000 | 10692966 |
| discovery of frameshifting in alphavirus 6k resolves a 20-year enigma. | the genus alphavirus includes several potentially lethal human viruses. additionally, species such as sindbis virus and semliki forest virus are important vectors for gene therapy, vaccination and cancer research, and important models for virion assembly and structural analyses. the genome encodes nine known proteins, including the small '6k' protein. 6k appears to be involved in envelope protein processing, membrane permeabilization, virion assembly and virus budding. in protein gels, 6k migrat ... | 2008 | 18822126 |
| ross river virus envelope glycans contribute to type i interferon production in myeloid dendritic cells. | alphaviruses are mosquito-transmitted viruses that cause significant human disease, and understanding how these pathogens successfully transition from the mosquito vector to the vertebrate host is an important area of research. previous studies demonstrated that mosquito and mammalian-cell-derived alphaviruses differentially induce type i interferons (alpha/beta interferon [ifn-alpha/beta]) in myeloid dendritic cells (mdcs), where the mosquito cell-derived virus is a poor inducer of ifn-alpha/be ... | 2008 | 18922878 |
| socio-environmental predictors of barmah forest virus transmission in coastal areas, queensland, australia. | to assess the socio-environmental predictors of barmah forest virus (bfv) transmission in coastal areas, queensland, australia. | 2009 | 19187524 |
| predicting the timing and magnitude of tropical mosquito population peaks for maximizing control efficiency. | the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases is strongly linked to the abundance of the host vector. identifying the environmental and biological precursors which herald the onset of peaks in mosquito abundance would give health and land-use managers the capacity to predict the timing and distribution of the most efficient and cost-effective mosquito control. we analysed a 15-year time series of monthly abundance of aedes vigilax, a tropical mosquito species from northern australia, to determine ... | 2009 | 19238191 |
| correlation between buruli ulcer and vector-borne notifiable diseases, victoria, australia. | | 2009 | 19331750 |
| random insertion mutagenesis of sindbis virus nonstructural protein 2 and selection of variants incapable of downregulating cellular transcription. | sindbis virus nonstructural protein 2 (sinv nsp2) is an important determinant of virus pathogenesis and downregulation of virus-induced cell response. this protein efficiently inhibits transcription of cellular messenger and ribosomal rnas and, thus, is capable of inhibiting the activation of genes whose products are involved in development of the antiviral response. alphavirus nsp2 has a number of predicted functional domains, some of which were confirmed by crystal structure. our current study ... | 2009 | 19570872 |
| performance of the realstar chikungunya virus real-time reverse transcription-pcr kit. | a novel commercial chikungunya virus real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) kit was evaluated on a comprehensive panel of original patient samples. the assay was 100% sensitive and specific in comparison to a published real-time rt-pcr. viral loads from both assays were highly correlated. the kit proved to be suitable for routine use in patient care. | 2009 | 19625474 |
| e1 mutants identify a critical region in the trimer interface of the semliki forest virus fusion protein. | the alphavirus semliki forest virus (sfv) uses a membrane fusion reaction to infect host cells. fusion of the virus and cell membranes is triggered by low ph in the endosome and is mediated by the viral membrane protein e1. during fusion, e1 inserts into the target membrane, trimerizes, and refolds into a hairpin conformation. formation of the e1 homotrimer is critical to membrane fusion, but the mechanism of trimerization is not understood. the crystal structure of the postfusion e1 trimer show ... | 2009 | 19692469 |
| arboviruses isolated from mosquitoes collected from urban and peri-urban areas of eastern australia. | to determine the presence of arboviruses in mosquito populations from major urban areas of eastern australia, a total of 67,825 mosquitoes, representing -60 species, was collected and tested from cairns, brisbane, and sydney between january 2005 and april 2008. mosquito pools were screened by inoculation onto mosquito cell cultures and the detection of viral antigen using a panel of flavivirus and alphavirus monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. suspect positive samples ... | 2009 | 19852216 |
| novel functions of the alphavirus nonstructural protein nsp3 c-terminal region. | the functions of the alphavirus-encoded nonstructural protein nsp3 during infection are poorly understood. in contrast, nsp1, nsp2, and nsp4 have known enzymatic activities and functions. a functional analysis of the c-terminal region of nsp3 of semliki forest virus revealed the presence of a degradation signal that overlaps with a sequence element located between nsp3 and nsp4 that is required for proteolytic processing. this element was responsible for the short half-life (1 h) of individually ... | 2010 | 20015978 |
| modulation of cellular tropism and innate antiviral response by viral glycans. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a significant cause of human and animal disease worldwide. multiple interactions between virus and the host innate immune system ultimately determine the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of the infection. evidence is rapidly emerging that suggests viral glycans play a key role in viral pathogenesis by regulating host cell tropism and interactions with the host innate immune response. glycan-mediated interactions are especially important for arboviruses ... | 2009 | 20375598 |
| structural basis for substrate specificity of alphavirus nsp2 proteases. | the alphavirus nsp2 protease is essential for correct processing of the alphavirus nonstructural polyprotein (nsp1234) and replication of the viral genome. we have combined molecular dynamics simulations with our structural studies to reveal features of the nsp2 protease catalytic site and s1'-s4 subsites that regulate the specificity of the protease. the catalytic mechanism of the nsp2 protease appears similar to the papain-like cysteine proteases, with the conserved catalytic dyad forming a th ... | 2010 | 20483643 |
| detection of all species of the genus alphavirus by reverse transcription-pcr with diagnostic sensitivity. | clinical arbovirus screening requires exclusion of a broad range of viruses with as few assays as possible. we present a reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) for the detection of all species of the genus alphavirus qualified for exclusion screening (limit of detection [lod], 5 to 100 rna copies per reaction across all alphavirus species; detection of viremia down to ca. 10,000 copies per ml). | 2010 | 20504990 |
| exploiting mosquito sugar feeding to detect mosquito-borne pathogens. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) represent a global public health problem, with dengue viruses causing millions of infections annually, while emerging arboviruses, such as west nile, japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya viruses have dramatically expanded their geographical ranges. surveillance of arboviruses provides vital data regarding their prevalence and distribution that may be utilized for biosecurity measures and the implementation of disease control strategies. however, current su ... | 2010 | 20534559 |
| barmah forest virus epidemic on the south coast of new south wales, australia, 1994-1995: viruses, vectors, human cases, and environmental factors. | in 1995, the largest recorded outbreak of human disease resulting from infection with the mosquito transmitted alphavirus barmah forest (bf) virus occurred along the south coast of new south wales, australia. the virus was first isolated in early january from mosquitoes collected at batemans bay and predisposed the recognition of 135 human clinical cases. the cases of bf virus were identified initially from batemans bay during late january, and the majority (30%) of all cases came from this town ... | 1999 | 10593092 |
| an overview of remote sensing and gis for surveillance of mosquito vector habitats and risk assessment. | this paper provides a brief nontechnical overview of the use of remote sensing to achieve multiple objectives, focusing on mosquito management. it also shows how geographic information systems, combined with remote sensing analysis, have the potential to assist in minimizing disease risk. examples are used from subtropical queensland, australia, where the salt marsh mosquito, aedes vigilax, and the freshwater species, culex annulirostris, are vectors of human arbovirus diseases such as ross rive ... | 1998 | 9673930 |
| probable association between barmah forest virus infection and guillain-barré syndrome. | | 1998 | 9594963 |
| the 6a resolution cryo-em barmah forest virus structure shows detailed transmembrane proteins architecture and interactions. | barmah forest virus (bfv) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that infects humans. a 6å resolution cryo-electron microscopy three-dimensional structure of bfv exhibits a typical alphavirus organization with rna-containing nucleocapsid surrounded by a bilipid membrane anchored with the surface proteins e1 and e2. the map allows details of the transmembrane regions of e1 and e2 to be seen. the c-terminal end of the e2 transmembrane helix binds to the capsid protein. following the e2 transmembrane helix ... | 2011 | 21752915 |
| the viruses of australia and the risk to tourists. | australia is a climatically diverse country varying from a tropical climate in the north to arid central desert and grassland regions, and to temperate climates in the south. there are many viral infections found in australia that are common to developed countries worldwide, but this article will focus on those that pose a special risk for travellers to australia, especially the mosquito-borne viruses. the commonest are the members of the alphavirus genus, particularly ross river virus and barma ... | 2011 | 21679887 |
| vector competence of new zealand mosquitoes for selected arboviruses. | new zealand (nz) historically has been free of arboviral activity with the exception of whataroa virus (togaviridae: alphavirus), which is established in bird populations and is transmitted by local mosquitoes. this naive situation is threatened by global warming, invasive mosquitoes, and tourism. to determine the threat of selected medically important arboviruses to nz, vector competence assays were conducted using field collected endemic and introduced mosquito species. four alphaviruses (toga ... | 2011 | 21734146 |
| molecular links between the e2 envelope glycoprotein and nucleocapsid core in sindbis virus. | a three-dimensional reconstruction of sindbis virus at 7.0 å resolution presented here provides a detailed view of the virion structure and includes structural evidence for key interactions that occur between the capsid protein (cp) and transmembrane (tm) glycoproteins e1 and e2. based on crystal structures of component proteins and homology modeling, we constructed a nearly complete, pseudo-atomic model of the virus. notably, this includes identification of the 33-residue cytoplasmic domain of ... | 2011 | 22001018 |
| self-reported morbidity of barmah forest virus infection on the north coast of new south wales. | to describe the clinical features and disability associated with barmah forest virus (bfv) infection. | 1997 | 9397039 |
| genetic stability among temporally and geographically diverse isolates of barmah forest virus. | an increase in the incidence of polyarthritis caused by barmah forest (bf) virus, and its recent emergence into western australia, prompted a study of the molecular epidemiology of this australian mosquito-borne alphavirus. the nucleotide sequence of a 500-basepair region of the 3' end of the envelope (e2) gene of the prototype bf virus strain (bh2193) was compared with other members of the alphavirus genus, and to a panel of isolates of bf virus collected more for than 20 years from different g ... | 1997 | 9288821 |
| viruses acquired abroad: what does the primary care physician need to know? | viral infections are imported by travelers and immigrants from tropical or subtropical regions. the primary care physician should be able to include these diseases in the differential diagnosis of various clinical conditions. | 2012 | 23264811 |
| glomerulonephritis secondary to barmah forest virus infection. | clinical infection with barmah forest virus (bfv) is becoming increasingly recognised with serological testing. we report the first case of glomerulonephritis after bfv infection. the patient required diuretic and antihypertensive therapy, but made an almost complete recovery. bfv infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of glomerulonephritis. | 1997 | 9236755 |
| mayaro virus infection in traveler returning from amazon basin, northern peru. | | 2012 | 22469145 |
| prolonged polyarthralgia in a german traveller with mayaro virus infection without inflammatory correlates. | mayaro virus is endemic in south america and sporadic outbreaks have been described. it causes a dengue-like febrile illness accompanied by severe and long-lasting polyarthralgias. outside endemic regions, however, the disease is not well known and can be misdiagnosed as dengue. international travellers are at risk to acquire mayaro virus and due to increased worldwide travel infectious disease specialists need to be aware of such rare clinical entities. | 2013 | 23927600 |
| diagnosis of barmah forest virus infection by a nested real-time sybr green rt-pcr assay. | barmah forest virus (bfv) is a mosquito borne (+) ssrna alphavirus found only in australia. it causes rash, myalgia and arthralgia in humans and is usually diagnosed serologically. we developed a real-time pcr assay to detect bfv in an effort to improve diagnosis early in the course of infection. the limit of detection was 16 genome equivalents with a specificity of 100%. fifty five serum samples from bfv-infected patients were tested by the pcr. 52 of 53 antibody-positive samples were pcr negat ... | 2013 | 23935816 |
| barmah forest virus causing anaemia? | | 1997 | 9227827 |
| disease surveillance based on internet-based linear models: an australian case study of previously unmodeled infection diseases. | effective disease surveillance is critical to the functioning of health systems. traditional approaches are, however, limited in their ability to deliver timely information. internet-based surveillance systems are a promising approach that may circumvent many of the limitations of traditional health surveillance systems and provide more intelligence on cases of infection, including cases from those that do not use the healthcare system. infectious disease surveillance systems built on internet s ... | 2016 | 27994231 |
| mosquito-transmitted viruses - the great brazilian challenge. | arboviruses pose a serious threat to public health worldwide, overloading the healthcare system and causing economic losses. these viruses form a very diverse group, and in brazil, arboviruses belonging to the families flaviviridae and togaviridae are predominant. unfortunately, the number of arboviruses increases in proportion with factors such as deforestation, poor sanitation, climate changes, and introduction of new viruses like chikungunya virus and zika virus. in brazil, dengue is endemic, ... | 2016 | 27818091 |
| molecular detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from coastal ecosystems in the colombian caribbean. | arboviruses belonging to the genera flavivirus and alphavirus were detected in mosquitoes in a rural area of san bernardo del viento (córdoba, colombia). a total of 22,180 mosquitoes were collected, sorted into 2,102 pools, and tested by generic/nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, dengue virus, west nile virus, st. louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and culex flavivirus were detected and identified by sequencing. the detection ... | 2016 | 27706377 |
| a field-deployable reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of the chikungunya virus. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-borne virus currently transmitted in about 60 countries. chikv causes acute flu-like symptoms and in many cases prolonged musculoskeletal and joint pain. detection of the infection is mostly done using rt-rcr or elisa, which are not suitable for point-of-care diagnosis. | 2016 | 27685649 |
| the viral capping enzyme nsp1: a novel target for the inhibition of chikungunya virus infection. | the chikungunya virus (chikv) has become a substantial global health threat due to its massive re-emergence, the considerable disease burden and the lack of vaccines or therapeutics. we discovered a novel class of small molecules ([1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7(6h)-ones) with potent in vitro activity against chikv isolates from different geographical regions. drug-resistant variants were selected and these carried a p34s substitution in non-structural protein 1 (nsp1), the main enzyme involve ... | 2016 | 27545976 |
| mosquito communities and disease risk influenced by land use change and seasonality in the australian tropics. | anthropogenic land use changes have contributed considerably to the rise of emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. these diseases appear to be increasing as a result of the novel juxtapositions of habitats and species that can result in new interchanges of vectors, diseases and hosts. we studied whether the mosquito community structure varied between habitats and seasons and whether known disease vectors displayed habitat preferences in tropical australia. | 2016 | 27388293 |
| alphavirus infection: host cell shut-off and inhibition of antiviral responses. | alphaviruses cause debilitating disease in humans and animals and are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, typically mosquitoes. with a traditional focus on two models, sindbis virus and semliki forest virus, alphavirus research has significantly intensified in the last decade partly due to the re-emergence and dramatic expansion of chikungunya virus in asia, europe, and the americas. as a consequence, alphavirus-host interactions are now understood in much more molecular detail, and importa ... | 2016 | 27294951 |
| effects of an in-frame deletion of the 6k gene locus from the genome of ross river virus. | the alphaviral6kgene region encodes the two structural proteins 6k protein and, due to a ribosomal frameshift event, the transframe protein (tf). here, we characterized the role of the6kproteins in the arthritogenic alphavirus ross river virus (rrv) in infected cells and in mice, using a novel6kin-frame deletion mutant. comprehensive microscopic analysis revealed that the6kproteins were predominantly localized at the endoplasmic reticulum of rrv-infected cells. rrv virions that lack the6kprotein ... | 2016 | 26865723 |
| a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices in relation to mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease in western australia. | on average, more than 1,000 individuals will acquire a mosquito-borne disease in western australia (wa) each year. knowledge, attitudes, and practices (kap) in relation to mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease have not yet been investigated within australia. a randomized telephone survey of 2,500 households across 12 regions in wa was undertaken between february and may 2014. the aim of the survey was to obtain baseline kap data surrounding mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in different reg ... | 2016 | 26973827 |
| surveillance for western equine encephalitis, st. louis encephalitis, and west nile viruses using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | collection of mosquitoes and testing for vector-borne viruses is a key surveillance activity that directly influences the vector control efforts of public health agencies, including determining when and where to apply insecticides. vector control districts in california routinely monitor for three human pathogenic viruses including west nile virus (wnv), western equine encephalitis virus (weev), and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev). reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction ... | 2016 | 26807734 |
| global emergence of alphaviruses that cause arthritis in humans. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) may cause severe emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, which pose a significant threat to human and animal health in the world today. these infectious diseases range from mild febrile illnesses, arthritis, and encephalitis to haemorrhagic fevers. it is postulated that certain environmental factors, vector competence, and host susceptibility have a major impact on the ecology of arboviral diseases. presently, there is a great interest in the emergence ... | 2015 | 26689654 |
| sindbis and middelburg old world alphaviruses associated with neurologic disease in horses, south africa. | old world alphaviruses were identified in 52 of 623 horses with febrile or neurologic disease in south africa. five of 8 sindbis virus infections were mild; 2 of 3 fatal cases involved co-infections. of 44 middelburg virus infections, 28 caused neurologic disease; 12 were fatal. middelburg virus likely has zoonotic potential. | 0 | 26583836 |
| broadly neutralizing alphavirus antibodies bind an epitope on e2 and inhibit entry and egress. | we screened a panel of mouse and human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against chikungunya virus and identified several with inhibitory activity against multiple alphaviruses. passive transfer of broadly neutralizing mabs protected mice against infection by chikungunya, mayaro, and o'nyong'nyong alphaviruses. using alanine-scanning mutagenesis, loss-of-function recombinant proteins and viruses, and multiple functional assays, we determined that broadly neutralizing mabs block multiple steps in the ... | 2015 | 26553503 |