| isolation of a nucleocapsid polypeptide of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 possessing immunologically type-specific and cross-reactive determinants. | a polypeptide (p40) of approximately 40,000 molecular weight was isolated from herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 nucleocapsids by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. this protein appears to be the same as protein 22a described previously (gibson and roizman, j. virol. 10:1044--1052, 1972). competition immunoassays were developed by using purified p40 and antisera prepared in guinea pigs. the assays indicated that the p40's from herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 possess both type-spe ... | 1979 | 85720 |
| the isolation of herpesvirus from trigeminal ganglia of normal baboons (papio cynocephalus). | a herpesvirus was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia of three of six normal baboons (papio cynocephalus). this virus possessed the virologic characteristics of sa8, a herpesvirus known to be indigenous to the baboon. | 1978 | 108465 |
| clinical, virological, and pathological features of herpesvirus sa8 infection in conventional and gnotobiotic infant baboons (papio cynocephalus). | the pathogenicity of a strain of simian herpesvirus sa8 in one month old conventional and gnotobiotic baboons was investigated. intratracheal inoculation resulted in a mortality rate of 1/5 in the conventional and 1/4 in the gnotobiotic group. disease became apparent after 3 days and was characterized by respiratory distress, reduced formula intake, weight loss and fever in both groups. isolation of herpesvirus from the respiratory tract, lymphoid organs, kidneys, adrenals, and cns was more freq ... | 1976 | 179497 |
| activation of endogenous type c virus in balb/c mouse cells by herpesvirus dna. | several virion and nonvirion dnas were tested for the ability to activate endogenous type c virus in balb/c-derived mouse cells using the calcium precipitation technique. the dnas from all herpesviruses tested activated xenotropic type c virus synthesis. these included dnas from herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, epstein-barr virus, human cytomegalovirus, sa8 virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, pseudorabies virus, and herpes saimiri virus (m-dna). in contrast, dnas from vaccinia vir ... | 1978 | 212761 |
| serodiagnosis of herpesvirus infection in primates. | the presence of herpesviruses in various animal tissues used for vaccine production is of importance, inasmuch as these viruses may go unrecognized, residing in latent form. of greatest concern is herpesvirus simiae (b virus) present in the majority of macaca species, one of the more extensively used laboratory nonhuman primates. the close antigenic relationship of b virus to human herpes strains (h. hominis) and sa8 (a baboon herpesvirus) makes serologic differentiation extremely difficult, but ... | 1978 | 223911 |
| evidence for an alpha-herpesvirus indigenous to mountain gorillas. | sera from wild mountain gorillas were screened for antibodies reactive with primate alpha-herpesviruses. four of seven individuals tested (58%) were positive. in all four sera the highest titers were to hsv-2 followed by hsv-1 and sa8. immunoblot analysis confirmed a preferential reactivity with hsv-2 antigen. further analysis by competition elisa indicated that these gorillas had experienced infection with a virus antigenically similar but not identical to hsv-2. these results represent the fir ... | 1992 | 1328641 |
| the simian herpesvirus sa8 homologue of the herpes simplex virus gb gene: mapping, sequencing, and comparison to the hsv gb. | the genomic location and dna sequence of the simian herpesvirus sa8 gene encoding a homologue of the hsv1 gb glycoprotein was determined. using a cloned gb gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1) as probe in southern blot hybridizations, the sa8 gb gene was localized to a 10-kbp kpni fragment mapping in the unique long part of the genome. a 2.8 kbp, 68.4% gc segment of this fragment was sequenced. it contained a 2649 nucleotide orf possibly encoding a 98.4 kda polypeptide. the predicted amino ... | 1991 | 1646593 |
| relatedness of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of simian herpes-virus virions and infected cells to specific hsv glycoproteins. | the antigenic relatedness of the surface glycoprotein antigens of six herpesviruses indigenous to human and nonhuman primates was examined. binding of anti-viral sera to viral antigens expressed on the surface of infected cells demonstrated that the surface antigens of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv 1), hsv 2, simian agent 8 (sa8), and herpesvirus simiae (b virus) exhibit extensive cross-reactivity. surface antigens of two viruses isolated from south american primates, h. saimiri 1 (hvs 1) and ... | 1989 | 2482016 |
| serological evidence for variation in the incidence of herpesvirus infections in different species of apes. | sera from captive lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and gibbons were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for antibody to herpesviruses serologically related to human herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2), a baboon virus (sa8), and a macaque herpesvirus (b virus). the incidence of herpesvirus antibodies varied considerably among the different species, gorillas having the highest incidence of seropositivity (65.4%) and orangutans the lowest. the virus specifi ... | 1989 | 2546978 |
| simian alphaherpesviruses and their relation to the human herpes simplex viruses. | biochemical and immunological properties of structural and non-structural polypeptides of the human simplex viruses (hsv1 and hsv2) and four related herpesviruses of non-human primates [herpesvirus simiae (b virus), h. cercopithicus (sa8), h. saimiri 1 (hvs 1), and h. ateles 1 (hva 1)] were compared. using a radioimmunoassay (ria), the presence of antigenic determinants shared among all six viruses was demonstrated. the relative degree of antigenic cross-reactivity among these viruses was furthe ... | 1989 | 2558632 |
| rapid identification of herpesvirus simiae (b virus) dna from clinical isolates in nonhuman primate colonies. | a rapid, simple technique, based on restriction endonuclease analysis of radioactively labeled infected cell dna, is described for identification of herpesvirus simiae (b virus) infection in clinical isolates from nonhuman primates. isolates can be screened within 2-3 days from the time of collection of a specimen from a suspect lesion to final viral identification. isolates were obtained from eight animals with suspected b virus infections. the results indicated the presence of b virus in each ... | 1986 | 3013916 |
| serologic relationship o a simian herpes virus (sa8) and herpes simplex virus: heterogeneity in the degree of reciprocal cross-reactivity shown by rabbit 7s and 19s antibodies. | | 1968 | 4301411 |
| the differential diagnosis of herpesvirus infections in man and animals. | the precise number of human and nonhuman herpesviruses is unknown. it is recognized, however, that the complex antigenic components of this group of viruses and their group interrelationships make specific differentiation of certain herpesviruses extremely difficult with routine serologic procedures. the question of differentiating herpes simplex (h. hominis) infection from b virus (h. simiae) infection frequently requires resolution. when sa8, another primate herpesvirus (principally of african ... | 1982 | 6299823 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the herpesvirus simiae glycoprotein g gene and its expression as an immunogenic fusion protein in bacteria. | the nucleotide sequence of a 2384 bp portion within the unique short (us) region of the herpesvirus simiae (simian herpes b virus; shbv) genome is presented. a partial and a complete open reading frame (orf) were found within this nucleotide sequence. the partial orf encodes the c terminus (147 amino acids) of a protein kinase which is highly conserved in the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) and simian agent 8 (sa8) us regions. the complete orf is located 3' to the partial ... | 1995 | 7561753 |
| herpesvirus papio 2, an sa8-like alpha-herpesvirus of baboons. | several sa8 isolates obtained from baboons were compared to the prototype sa8 herpesvirus of african green monkeys. sds-page and restriction enzyme analyses revealed definite differences between green monkey and baboon isolates. dna and amino acid sequences of the gb, gd and gj glycoprotein genes exhibited substantial differences in variable regions. for the gb and gd, the amount of amino acid substitutions between sa8 and the baboon viruses was comparable to levels observed between analogous ge ... | 1995 | 7733825 |
| development of a competitive elisa for detection of primates infected with monkey b virus (herpesvirus simiae). | two competitive elisas (c-elisas) are described that allow detection of antibodies against monkey b virus (bv, cercopithecine herpesvirus 1). the assays utilize monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against the bv glycoprotein b (gb). two of these mabs specifically recognize bv gb while a third mab also reacts with the gb homologues of other primate alpha-herpesviruses (herpes simplexvirus-1, hsv-1: hsv-2; simian agent-8, sa8; and herpesvirus papio-2, hvp2). a c-elisa using the single cross-reac ... | 1999 | 10029325 |
| rapid identification and differentiation of baboon alphaherpesvirus sa8 from closely related hsv-1 and hsv-2 in xenograft transplant recipients. | background: rapid differential diagnosis of sa8 infection in humans following xenograft transplantation is an essential part of organ cell donor recipients. methods and results: we have developed a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based test using synthetic oligonucleotide primers and probe to detect sa8 dna in clinical samples. after assessing the specificity of the pcr for detection of laboratory sa8 isolates, the method was used in the investigation of human and baboon specimens and compared t ... | 1996 | 10462569 |
| serological evidence of alpha herpesvirus infection in sooty mangabeys. | contact between sooty mangabeys (sms) and a pigtailed macaque prompted the serological screening of sms for evidence of infection with b virus. serological tests detected sm antibodies that reacted with b virus polypeptides. additional testing was performed with sera from sms with no previous contact with macaques. results from these tests indicated that 56% (33/59) of the sms had antibodies that reacted with b virus and sa8. sm antibodies also reacted with herpesvirus papio 2 and to a lesser ex ... | 2002 | 12190852 |
| fatal herpes simplex infection in a group of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | an outbreak of classical herpetic infection causing vesicoulcerative stomatitis in a family group (eight animals) of callithrix jacchus is described. in all eight infected animals, human herpesvirus 1 (hhv-1) was identified as the causative agent. this was confirmed by histologic, immunohistologic, and molecular biologic investigations, as well as by virus isolation. the clinical picture, the macroscopic appearance, and the histologic results indicated a herpes infection as the cause of mortalit ... | 2003 | 12824512 |
| herpesvirus infections in rock hyraxes (procavia capensis). | seven juveniles and 3 adults from a closed group of 19 rock hyraxes (procavia capensis) housed in a zoo's indoor rock exhibit died or were euthanized after developing blepharoconjunctivitis and orofacial ulcers over a 2-week period. histopathologic examination of dermal ulcers and ulcerated tongues revealed amphophilic to basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in epithelial cells bordering ulcers. epithelial cells with inclusion bodies were often characterized by cytomegaly and karyomegaly, an ... | 2009 | 19564505 |
| rna binding properties of the us11 protein from four primate simplexviruses. | the protein encoded by the us11 gene of herpes simplex viruses is a dsrna binding protein which inhibits protein kinase r activity, thereby preventing the interferon-induced shut down of protein synthesis following viral infection. us11 protein is not essential for infectivity in vitro and in mice in herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1), however this virus has a second, and apparently more important, inhibitor of pkr activity, the γ134.5 protein. recently sequenced simian simplexviruses sa8, hvp2 ... | 2011 | 22054255 |
| an in-silico study of alphaherpesviruses icp0 genes: positive selection or strong mutational gc-pressure? | the purpose of our work was to analyze the case of the strong mutational gc-pressure influence on the ratio between nonsynonymous (dn) and synonymous (ds) distances (dn/ds ratio). we have used as the material the genes coding for icp0 from five completely sequenced genomes of simplexviruses. dn/ds ratio, total gc-content (g + c), and gc-content in first, second, and third codon positions (1gc, 2gc, and 3gc, respectively) have been calculated separately for exon 2, nonconserved part of exon 3, an ... | 2008 | 18465795 |
| complete genome sequence of cercopithecine herpesvirus 2 (sa8) and comparison with other simplexviruses. | we have obtained the complete sequence of the herpesvirus simian agent 8 (sa8; cercopithecine herpesvirus 2) a baboon simplexvirus closely related to the monkey b virus and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. the genome of sa8 is 150,715 bp long, with an overall g/c content of 76%, the highest among the simplexviruses sequenced so far. the sequencing has confirmed that the genomic arrangement of sa8 is similar to that of other simplexviruses: unique long and unique short regions bordered by two ... | 2005 | 15629785 |
| comparative pathology of infections with baboon and african green monkey alpha-herpesviruses in mice. | the comparative pathology of herpesvirus papio 2 (hvp2) of baboons and sa8 virus of african green monkeys relative to that of herpes simplex virus (hsv1) of man was investigated in young adult mice inoculated intramuscularly and observed for 21 days. the 50% infectious dose (id(50)) for hvp2 was approximately 10(2.0) plaque-forming units (pfu), while the id(50) for hsv1 and sa8 was 10(2.5) and 10(3.8), respectively. there were marked differences in the ability of these three viruses to invade th ... | 2002 | 12354526 |
| detection of b virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys by elisa using simian agent 8 as alternative antigen. | the use of simian agent 8 (sa8) as an antigen for b virus (bv) antibody detection was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys. seventy-two sera judged as positive using bv antigen were all positive when the sa8 antigen was used. out of 28 bv-negative sera 2 were positive against the sa8 antigen and one serum was classified as indeterminate. the present data indicates that detection of bv antibody can be achieved accurately and safely by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using sa8 antigen. | 2001 | 11515100 |
| clinical disease associated with simian agent 8 infection in the baboon. | simian agent 8 (sa8) is an alphaherpesvirus that was first reported as a spontaneous natural infection in a captive baboon colony in 1988. it was first isolated from an african vervet monkey in 1958 and was classified as a simian agent. simian agent 8 was later isolated from a baboon rectal swab specimen in 1969 and from an oral lesion in a vervet monkey in 1972. restriction endonuclease analysis was used to identify the virus as sa8. in a 1-year period, 70 baboons housed in two outside 6-acre b ... | 1998 | 9517884 |
| genetic and functional complementation of the hsv1 ul27 gene and gb glycoprotein by simian alpha-herpesvirus homologs. | utilizing co-transfection of dna from glycoprotein gb- strain of hsv1 and cloned fragments of several simian alpha-herpesviruses containing the ul26, ul27 (gb glycoprotein), and ul28 gene homologs, replication-competent recombinant viruses were produced. genetic analysis of one hsv1/sa8 recombinant (hsv1/sgb) demonstrated the presence of sa8 dna comprising the entire ul27 (gb) gene and parts of the ul28 and ul26 orfs in an otherwise hsv1 genome. the recombinant was shown to express the sa8 gb an ... | 1997 | 9170500 |
| competitive radioimmunoassay to detect antibodies to herpes b virus and sa8 virus. | a monoclonal competitive radioimmunoassay (compriam) which detects antibody to herpesvirus simiae (b virus) in monkey and human sera and antibody to sa8 virus in monkey sera but not antibody to herpes simplex virus in human sera is described. of 232 serum samples from wild-caught cynomolgus monkeys, 117 serum samples were positive when tested by compriam. the results were in close agreement (97.5%) with b virus neutralizing antibody results on the same sera. sera from 97 wild-caught rhesus monke ... | 1993 | 8385154 |
| simian agent 8 (sa8): morphogenesis and ultrastructure. | electron microscopic studies on the morphogenesis of sa8 in primary rabbit brain cell cultures revealed that in early stages of infection, envelopment of nucleocapsids commonly occurred at the inner nuclear membrane. from the perinuclear space, enveloped virus particles moved into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) in which they were transported, through the cytoplasm, to the plasma membrane. alternatively, de-envelopment at the outer nuclear membrane and egress of naked capsids int ... | 1993 | 8305810 |
| chemically defined serum-free media for the cultivation of primary cells and their susceptibility to viruses. | chemically defined media sfre-199-1 for the growth and sfre-199-2 for the maintenance of primary baboon kidney (bak) cell cultures were formulated by supplementing medium m199 with insulin, sodium pyruvate, zinc sulfate, and increasing arginine-hcl, cysteine, cystine, l-glutamine, l-glutamatic acid, glycine, histidine, tyrosine, and glucose to maximally active nontoxic concentrations. for prolonged maintenance of the cells, physiological ph control, and blocking of excessive lactic acid accumula ... | 1980 | 6997185 |
| correlation between the neutralizing activity of human serum against herpes simplex virus and a simian herpesvirus (sa8). | | 1969 | 4303793 |
| b virus, herpesvirus simiae: historical perspective. | between 1932 and 1972, 24 known infections of man by b virus caused 23 cases of encephalitis and 18 fatalities. the virus has been isolated from dermal lesions and neural ganglia from macaque monkeys. serological evidence of infection is complicated by close antigenic relationships between b virus, herpesvirus simplex, and sa8. hyperimmune globulin produced from monkey, horse, and rabbit sera has not proved highly effective. formalin-inactivated vaccine appears safe and antigenic in man but has ... | 1987 | 3035187 |
| elisa for detection of group-common and virus-specific antibodies in human and simian sera induced by herpes simplex and related simian viruses. | a rapid (3.5 h) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for the detection of serum antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and to two antigenically related monkey viruses, simian agent 8 (sa8) and herpesvirus simiae (b virus). crude preparations of detergent solubilized infected cells and similarly treated control mock-infected cells served as antigens for coating wells in microplates. biotinylated protein a and avidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase were used to detect ... | 1986 | 3021805 |
| a naturally occurring epizootic of simian agent 8 in the baboon. | an epizootic of genital lesions was observed on baboons (four papio sub-species) housed in two different outdoor breeding corrals. serological analysis revealed strong prevalence of antibodies to simian agent 8 (sa8). this herpesvirus was subsequently recovered from skin lesions and identified by restriction endonuclease digestion of infected cell dna. observations of lesion type, frequency and location were suggestive of venereal transmission. the remarkable similarity between infection resulti ... | 1988 | 2846956 |
| discrimination between twenty isolates of herpesvirus simiae (b virus) by restriction enzyme analysis of the viral genome. | twenty isolates, obtained from adult breeding monkeys, were all identified as herpesvirus simiae (b virus) by neutralisation with polyclonal b virus antiserum. subsequent analysis of restriction enzyme profiles produced by digestion of dna from the isolates enabled discrimination to be made between them. in particular cynomolgus monkey isolates could be distinguished from those of rhesus animals. one isolate (isolate 9) could not be typed either as b virus or as the antigenically related herpesv ... | 1989 | 2543157 |
| primate viral diseases in perspective. | the recent occurrence of fatal herpesvirus simiae (b virus) infection in human subjects has again focused the attention of primatologists on this virus. b virus, however, is only one of a number of viral diseases that plays a role in primate colony management. this report is to emphasize to the primatologist a number of viruses other than h. simiae, with high morbidity and mortality rates, of importance for health management of nonhuman primate animal colonies. this concept is supported by the r ... | 1990 | 2174083 |
| simian agent 8--a herpes simplex-like monkey virus. | this review summarizes the most recent information on simian agent 8, a herpes simplex-like monkey virus. the agent has a broad host range and--besides the classical morphogenesis (budding at the internal nuclear membrane)--the virus gets enveloped at all cytoplasmic membranes including the plasma membrane; strikingly it carries a rather prominent tegument. regarding its sequence arrangement sa8 can be grouped to the e-type genomes. it has a g + c-content of 69% and a total dna-homology with hsv ... | 1991 | 1934999 |
| conserved domains of glycoprotein b (gb) of the monkey virus, simian agent 8, identified by comparison with herpesvirus gbs. | the herpesvirus simian agent 8 (sa8) gene which corresponds to the herpes simplex virus (hsv) gene encoding glycoprotein b (gb) was localized, cloned and sequenced. comparison of its deduced amino acid sequence with those of its counterparts in 12 other distinct herpesvirus was used to evaluate their homology and phylogenetic relationship. the results emphasized that sa8 gb is more closely related to those of hsv-1 and -2, and bovine herpesvirus 2 than to the homologous proteins of other herpesv ... | 1991 | 1895066 |
| a fosmid-based system for the generation of recombinant cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2 encoding reporter genes. | the transmission of macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (mchv-1) from macaques, the natural host, to humans causes encephalitis. in contrast, human infection with cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2 (cehv-2), a closely related alphaherpesvirus from african vervet monkeys and baboons, has not been reported and it is believed that cehv-2 is apathogenic in humans. the reasons for the differential neurovirulence of mchv-1 and cehv-2 have not been explored on a molecular level, in part due to the absence of sy ... | 2019 | 31694178 |
| genomic nucleotide-based distance analysis for delimiting old world monkey derived herpes simplex virus species. | herpes simplex viruses form a genus within the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, with three identified viral species isolated from old world monkeys (owm); macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (mchv-1; herpes b), cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2 (sa8), and papiine alphaherpesvirus 2 (pahv-2; herpes papio). herpes b is endemic to macaques, while pahv-2 and sa8 appear endemic to baboons. all three viruses are genetically and antigenically similar, with sa8 and pahv-2 thought to be avirulent in humans, while her ... | 2020 | 32590937 |
| herpes b virus utilizes human nectin-1 but not hvem or pilrα for cell-cell fusion and virus entry. | to investigate the requirements of herpesvirus entry and fusion, the four homologous glycoproteins necessary for herpes simplex virus (hsv) fusion were cloned from herpes b virus (bv) (or macacine herpesvirus 1, previously known as cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) and cercopithecine herpesvirus 2 (cehv-2), both related simian simplexviruses belonging to the alphaherpesvirus subfamily. western blots and cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) showed that glycoproteins gb, gd, and gh/gl ... | 2012 | 22345445 |
| the complete genome sequence of herpesvirus papio 2 (cercopithecine herpesvirus 16) shows evidence of recombination events among various progenitor herpesviruses. | we have sequenced the entire genome of herpesvirus papio 2 (hvp-2; cercopithecine herpesvirus 16) strain x313, a baboon herpesvirus with close homology to other primate alphaherpesviruses, such as sa8, monkey b virus, and herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and type 2. the genome of hvp-2 is 156,487 bp in length, with an overall gc content of 76.5%. the genome organization is identical to that of the other members of the genus simplexvirus, with a long and a short unique region, each bordered by i ... | 2006 | 16414998 |