| isolation and identification of the sersenk strain of goat pox virus in iraq. | goat pox virus was isolated during an outbreak of pox infection among goats in the sersenk district, iraq. the isolated virus grew on the chorioallantoic membranes of developing chick embryos and in primary lamb testis cell cultures. it was identified morphologically as a pox virus and serologically as a member of the capripoxvirus group in the family poxviridae. the isolated virus was designated the "sersenk" strain. | 1979 | 233273 |
| capripoxvirus disease in an arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) from saudi arabia. | lumpy skin disease caused by a capripoxvirus was observed in a captive-bred female arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) at the national wildlife research center, taif, saudi arabia. clinical signs included severe general depression with fever, anorexia, greater than 1,000 nodular cutaneous lesions and gradual recovery over 2 mo. the virus was found by electron microscopy and paired sera showed an increasing virus neutralization antibody titer against capripoxvirus. a serologic survey of the herd of 90 o ... | 1992 | 1602585 |
| identification and nucleotide sequence of the thymidine kinase gene of swinepox virus. | using degenerative oligonucleotide probes, representing two different conserved regions of poxvirus and mammalian thymidine kinase (tk) genes, the swinepox virus (spv) tk gene was mapped to a 1.7-kb bamhi-hindiii fragment of the viral genome. nucleotide sequencing of this dna piece revealed that the spv tk gene was encoded by an open reading frame (orf) of 177 codons. immediately downstream of the tk gene was a second orf with homologues at the same location in both capripoxvirus and leporipoxvi ... | 1991 | 1840707 |
| quaternary structure of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase. | thymidine kinase enzymes isolated from a variety of sources are generally considered to have a native molecular weight of 80-90 kda composed of two 40-45 kda subunits. although these parameters may accurately describe the atypical deoxypyrimidine kinases expressed by members of the herpesviridae, the nucleotide sequences of thymidine kinase genes isolated from human, mouse, chicken and variety of poxviruses (vaccinia virus, monkeypox virus, variola virus, fowlpox virus and capripoxvirus) predict ... | 1990 | 2114104 |
| mutational analysis of the resolution sequence of vaccinia virus dna: essential sequence consists of two separate at-rich regions highly conserved among poxviruses. | in replicative forms of vaccinia virus dna, the unit genomes are connected by palindromic junction fragments that are resolved into mature viral genomes with hairpin termini. bacterial plasmids containing the junction fragment for vaccinia virus or shope fibroma virus were converted into linear minichromosomes of vector sequence flanked by poxvirus hairpin loops after transfection into infected cells. analysis of a series of symmetrical deletion mutations demonstrated that in vaccinia virus the ... | 1990 | 2398534 |
| the characterization of african strains of capripoxvirus. | isolates of capripoxvirus collected from sub-saharan africa were compared in sheep, goats and cattle and by restriction endonuclease digestion of their purified dna. biochemical techniques were used to precisely identify strains of capripoxvirus for epidemiological investigations. strains of capripoxvirus infecting cattle have remained very stable over a 30-year period and are closely related to strains recovered from sheep in africa. | 1989 | 2539299 |
| poxvirus genetic recombination during natural virus transmission. | we have compared detailed physical maps of the genomes of four capripoxvirus isolates, representing four capripoxvirus genome types. the comparisons strongly suggest that the progenitor of one of these isolates arose by genetic recombination between members of two of the other three types. | 1989 | 2543750 |
| the nucleotide sequence around the capripoxvirus thymidine kinase gene reveals a gene shared specifically with leporipoxvirus. | we have extended previous comparisons of genetic organization between poxvirus genera by sequencing a 2.5k genomic fragment from isolate ks-1 (kenya sheep-1) of the genus capripoxvirus. the fragment is located in the central region of the capripoxvirus genome and contains three complete and two incomplete open reading frames (orfs). one of the complete orfs is a gene for thymidine kinase (tk). this gene, with one of the other two complete orfs and both the incomplete orfs, are homologous to four ... | 1989 | 2732700 |
| a capripoxvirus pseudogene whose only intact homologs are in other poxvirus genomes. | equivalent regions from within the inverted terminal repeats (itrs) of the genomes of two capripoxviruses, ks-1 and ins-1, were sequenced. the sequence from ks-1 dna covers the major part of three contiguous open reading frames (orfs), which match three contiguous orfs from within the genomic itrs of the leporipoxvirus shope fibroma virus (sfv). the sequenced region of ins-1 dna contains only two of the three orfs. the region homologous to the third orf has no coding potential due to the presenc ... | 1989 | 2773324 |
| a comparison of the genome organization of capripoxvirus with that of the orthopoxviruses. | comprehensive comparisons of genome organizations for poxviruses of different genera have not previously been reported. here we have made such a comparison by cross-hybridizing genome fragments from capripoxvirus ks-1 and vaccinia virus wr (vv). this showed that a 100- to 115-kilobase (kb) centrally placed section is essentially colinear in organization in the two viruses and that a small region has translocated between the ends of one or other of the genomes during their divergence. no cross-hy ... | 1989 | 2795717 |
| physical characterization of the genome of a cattle isolate of capripoxvirus. | hindiii, pstl, aval, and sali site maps have been determined for the genome of a cattle isolate of capripoxvirus, kc-1. the length of the genome was estimated, by summation of the lengths of individual hindiii fragments, to be 145.6 kb, and the genome was shown to possess terminally repeated regions 1.13-6.23 kb in length. the restriction site maps demonstrate that the genome of kc-1 does not possess a high degree of nucleotide sequence homology with the genomes of isolates of orthopoxvirus, par ... | 1987 | 2821685 |
| capripox in bangladesh. | in 1984 capripox entered bangladesh developing into a severe epidemic causing high mortality in the indigenous goat population. although at present mainly confined to the western districts the disease has spread to some central and northern districts and unless controlled could spread further. clinically and biochemically the strain is closely related to a strain previously isolated in central india. it has been shown that restriction endonuclease analysis of the genome of field isolates of capr ... | 1987 | 2827360 |
| a comparison of the genomes of capripoxvirus isolates of sheep, goats, and cattle. | hindiii, psti, avai, and sali sites were mapped on the genomes of six isolates of capripoxvirus from sheep, goats, and cattle. genome pairs were aligned by the alignment of cross-hybridizing hindiii fragments and the introduction of padding fragments (pads) at specific locations. the majority of these pads represent the approximate positions of relative deletions or insertions. three possible phylogenetic networks were generated for seven capripoxvirus isolates by wagner parsimony analysis of th ... | 1988 | 2835855 |
| transmission of capripoxvirus. | the transmission of capripoxvirus to sheep, using an aerosol suspension of a yemen isolate of the virus, was demonstrated. capripoxvirus was also transmitted by contact to sheep and goats kept with animals infected with virus isolates from the yemen, sudan, india and nigeria. the incubation period for capripoxvirus infection in sheep and goats was approximately eight to 12 days. animals that had well developed clinical signs transmitted capripoxvirus more rapidly than animals which died of perac ... | 1985 | 2999929 |
| insect transmission of capripoxvirus. | capripoxvirus was transmitted between sheep using stomoxys calcitrans as a vector. attempts to transmit capripoxvirus between sheep and between goats using biting lice (mallophaga species), sucking lice (damalinia species), sheep head flies (hydrotaea irritans) and midges (culicoides nubeculosus) were unsuccessful, although capripoxvirus was isolated from sheep head flies that had previously fed on infected sheep. | 1986 | 3010413 |
| genomic relationship between capripoxviruses. | capripoxvirus dnas from field isolates and vaccine samples were analysed by digestion with the restriction enzyme hind iii. the patterns of fragments generated by digestion with hind iii are sufficiently similar to show that all capripoxviruses are closely related, although patterns of different isolates can be grouped in a way which correlates with the animal of origin. the close relatedness was also demonstrated by the high level of sequence homology detected using the southern cross hybridiza ... | 1986 | 3020831 |
| passive protection of sheep against capripoxvirus. | the close antigenic relationship between strains of capripox was shown by passively immunising sheep with serum against capripoxviruses isolated from a sheep and from a goat. sheep immunised with immune serum to oman sheep pox or yemen goat pox resisted challenge with yemen goat pox or nigeria sheep pox respectively. lambs born to sheep previously infected with isolates of capripox from the sudan, india and nigeria were also protected against challenge with yemen goat pox. | 1986 | 3022361 |
| studies on the major common precipitating antigen of capripoxvirus. | the proteins of sheep pox, goat pox, sheep and goat pox and lumpy skin disease (neethling) viruses were labelled with [35s]methionine. the major structural polypeptides of these viruses co-migrated on polyacrylamide gels, demonstrating the very close biochemical relationship between them. using the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test with radiolabelled antigen preparations, a major common precipitating antigen was identified. this co-migrated on polyacrylamide gels with one of the major structu ... | 1986 | 3080547 |
| comparison of the external dimensions of capripoxvirus isolates. | no significant difference was found between the external dimensions of the m forms of isolates of sheep pox virus from nigeria, sheep and goat pox virus from kenya and lumpy skin disease virus from south africa. earlier reports that isolates of capripoxvirus can be distinguished by their relative sizes could not be substantiated. | 1986 | 3809738 |
| modelling the potential impact of exotic diseases on regional australia. | recent international initiatives for disease control suggest that, in the future, the consequences for trade of an exotic disease outbreak may not be as severe as estimated in the past. if zoning were to be accepted by australia's trading partners, then the major effects may be felt at the regional rather than the national level. a study, using an integrated epidemiological/economic model, was undertaken to compare the impacts of 3 important exotic diseases (foot-and-mouth disease, classical swi ... | 1995 | 7611987 |
| an antigen trapping elisa for the detection of capripoxvirus in tissue culture supernatant and biopsy samples. | a trapping elisa for the detection of capripoxvirus antigen in tissue culture supernatant and biopsy material was developed, using a guinea-pig polyclonal detector antiserum raised against a recombinant capripoxvirus specific antigen, expressed in escherichia coli using the plasmid vector pgex-2t. the elisa detected antigen in tissue culture samples that on virus titration contained equal to or in excess of 10(2.8) tcid50/ml. virus isolation and elisa were compared for the detection of capripoxv ... | 1995 | 7730442 |
| sequence analysis of hindiii q2 fragment of capripoxvirus reveals a putative gene encoding a g-protein-coupled chemokine receptor homologue. | the dna sequence of the hindiii q2 fragment near the left terminus of the capripoxvirus (ks-1 strain) genome was determined. the sequence contains two complete open reading frames (orfs) and a part of a third. analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of one of these orfs, q2/3l, revealed that this gene has the capacity to encode a protein which is related to members of the g-protein coupled chemokine receptor subfamily, the swinepoxvirus k2r and the human cytomegalovirus us28 orfs. it has the ... | 1995 | 7747471 |
| protection of goats against peste des petits ruminants with recombinant capripoxviruses expressing the fusion and haemagglutinin protein genes of rinderpest virus. | goats were protected against a lethal challenge of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus following vaccination with a recombinant capripoxvirus containing either the fusion (f) gene of rinderpest virus or the haemagglutinin (h) gene of rinderpest virus. the h gene recombinant produced high titres of neutralizing antibody to rinderpest virus in the vaccinated goats, whereas the f gene recombinant failed to stimulate detectable levels of neutralizing antibody. a similar response to the two recomb ... | 1995 | 7762275 |
| capripoxvirus-based multivaccines. | | 1995 | 7796952 |
| adverse reactions in cattle to a capripox vaccine. | capripox vaccine (strain 0240) caused severe generalised skin reactions in vaccinated dairy cattle in two herds, whereas beef cattle did not develop reactions. all the reacting animals developed lumpy skin disease-like lesions. the incidence of skin lesions in first-lactation cows in herd a was 22.9 per cent and in herd b 29.3 per cent, mainly in the post-calving period. in older cows, the incidence was 10 per cent in herd a and 12.4 per cent in herd b. in herd b the high-yielding lactating cows ... | 1994 | 7825272 |
| use of a recombinant antigen in an indirect elisa for detecting bovine antibody to capripoxvirus. | the gene coding for the capripoxvirus structural protein p32 was cloned, expressed in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase, and purified on glutathione sepharose. an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using this antigen was developed to screen bovine sera for antibodies to capripoxvirus. sequential serum samples from experimentally infected animals tested by elisa and by virus neutralisation test (vnt) showed that the elisa was more sensitive and de ... | 1994 | 7868646 |
| protection of cattle against rinderpest and lumpy skin disease with a recombinant capripoxvirus expressing the fusion protein gene of rinderpest virus. | cattle were protected against challenge with rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses by vaccination with a recombinant capripoxvirus containing the fusion protein (f) gene of rinderpest virus. the minimum protective immunising doses for rinderpest and lumpy skin disease were 5.5 x 10(4) plaque forming units (pfu) and 1.5 x 10(3) pfu, respectively. | 1994 | 7880246 |
| western blot analysis of virus-specific antibody responses for capripox and contagious pustular dermatitis viral infections in sheep. | this paper reports the development and evaluation of serological tests for the differentiation of antibodies in animals infected with capripox and parapox viruses. agar-gel immunodiffusion tests using sera from sheep with naturally-acquired infections and from sheep experimentally inoculated with orf or capripox viruses showed cross reactions. virus-specific antibody responses to structural proteins of the viruses were analysed by western-blot analysis. this analysis readily differentiated the i ... | 1994 | 7925674 |
| recombinant capripoxvirus expressing the hemagglutinin protein gene of rinderpest virus: protection of cattle against rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses. | a cdna clone containing the complete coding sequence of the hemagglutinin (h) protein gene of the rbok vaccine strain of rinderpest virus, under the control of the vaccinia late promoter p11, was inserted by homologous recombination into the thymidine kinase gene of the ks-1 strain of capripoxvirus. the recombinant virus produced authentic h protein as judged by its electrophoretic mobility, transport to the cell surface of infected lamb testis cells, and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies sp ... | 1994 | 8091673 |
| control of capripoxvirus infections. | the capripoxviruses cause the most severe pox diseases of animals. epidemiologically the diseases of sheep pox, goat pox and lumpy skin disease differ, but all three viruses may be mechanically transmitted by biting insects, and control without vaccination is extremely difficult in endemic areas. recently developed live attenuated vaccines provide good, virtually lifelong, protection, which is dependent on stimulating cell-mediated immunity. lumpy skin disease currently threatens to extend beyon ... | 1993 | 8296478 |
| single capripoxvirus recombinant vaccine for the protection of cattle against rinderpest and lumpy skin disease. | a recombinant capripoxvirus has been constructed containing a full-length cdna of the fusion protein gene of rinderpest virus. the gene was inserted in the thymidine kinase gene of the capripox genome under the control of the vaccinia virus major late promoter p11 together with the escherichia coli gpt gene in the opposite orientation under the control of the vaccinia early/late promoter p7.5. a vaccine prepared from this recombinant virus protected cattle against clinical rinderpest after a let ... | 1993 | 8342321 |
| [main infectious agents involved in the etiology of lung diseases of small ruminants in northern cameroon]. | between 1990 and 1992, 91 necropsies of small ruminants affected with pulmonary illness led to the isolation of the following strains of mycoplasma (m.): m. mycoides subsp. mycoides lc, m. ovipneumoniae, m. agalactiae, m. sp. type d2 and m. arginini. eleven pasteurella multocida strains (serotypes a1, a3, a5, a7 and d2) and 11 pasteurella haemolytica strains (serotypes 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 9) were isolated. corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, actinomyces pyogenes, staphylococcus sp., streptococc ... | 1995 | 8552842 |
| expression of the major core structural protein (vp7) of bluetongue virus, by a recombinant capripox virus, provides partial protection of sheep against a virulent heterotypic bluetongue virus challenge. | a recombinant capripox virus was constructed containing a cdna copy of genome segment 7 of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 1 from south africa (btv 1sa), which expressed high levels of the major btv core protein vp7 in infected lamb testis (lt) cells. sheep vaccinated with this recombinant virus developed antibodies to vp7 (detected by elisa) but no neutralizing antibodies to either the homologous or heterologous btv serotype, prior to challenge (btv 1 or btv 3, respectively). following challeng ... | 1996 | 8659119 |
| single radial haemolysis for the detection of goat pox virus antigen and antibody. | the single radial haemolysis (srh) test was standardised for the detection of goat pox antigen and antibody. in this test soluble antigens, and serum prepared against soluble antigens were used for coupling sheep erythrocytes to detect goat pox antibody and antigen, respectively. this test was compared with the agar gel precipitation test (agpt) and counter immunoelectrophoresis (cie) test; the 2 most commonly used tests for goat pox diagnosis. srh was found to be as sensitive as agpt and cie in ... | 1996 | 8815608 |
| trial of a capripoxvirus-rinderpest recombinant vaccine in african cattle. | cattle were vaccinated with differing doses of an equal mixture of capripox-rinderpest recombinant viruses expressing either the fusion protein (f) or the haemagglutinin protein (h) of rinderpest virus. animals vaccinated with 2 x 10(4) p.f.u. or greater of the combined viruses were completely protected against challenge, 1 month later, with both virulent rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses. vaccination with any of the doses did not induce any adverse clinical response in the animals or tr ... | 1997 | 9042036 |
| identification and characterization of differentiating soluble antigens of sheep and goat poxviruses. | soluble antigens of sheep and goat poxviruses (spv, gpv) were isolated and purified from scab suspensions prepared from lesions of experimentally infected homologous hosts. the soluble antigens were then subjected to sequential ammonium sulphate precipitation. all the obtained fractions reacted in counter immunoelectrophoresis (cie) with both the antisera against spv and gpv except the fraction obtained at 30% saturation level (30% sspv), which did not react with antiserum against gpv. this diff ... | 1996 | 9171453 |
| the concept of virus attenuation in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. | | 1997 | 9325002 |
| evaluation of different serological tests for the diagnosis of goat pox using soluble antigens. | a reverse-phase passive haemagglutination (rpha) test was developed and standardised after coupling glutaraldehyde- and tannic acid-treated sheep erythrocytes with the soluble goat pox virus (gpv) antigens for the detection of gpv antibody in goat sera. the rpha test was as sensitive as the latex agglutination (la) test, and more sensitive than precipitation tests viz. agar gel precipitation and counter immunoelectrophoresis. nevertheless, the la test was practically the most useful. | 1997 | 9493297 |
| evaluation of immunocapture elisa for diagnosis of goat pox. | an immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-elisa) for the detection of goat poxvirus (gpv) antigen in skin biopsy samples obtained from healthy and experimentally infected goats as well as from goats from field was evaluated. the assay was 80-100% specific and 70-86% sensitive, and was compared with a commonly used diagnostic test, namely, the counter immunoelectrophoresis (cie) test in the efficacy for goat pox. although ic-elisa was marginally more sensitive than the cie test, the ... | 1997 | 9607095 |
| evaluation of hyperimmune sera against goat pox viral antigens. | laboratory diagnosis of goat poxvirus (gpv) requires suitable diagnostic reagents (sera and antigens). gpv-infected scab suspension has been used as antigen for production of hyperimmune sera (his) by several workers (pandey and singh, 1972; tantawi et al., 1980; sharma et al., 1988). this antiserum sometimes reacts non-specifically in routine laboratory tests such as the agar gel precipitation test (agpt) and counter-immunoelectrophoresis (cie) (sharma et al., 1988). production of specific goat ... | 1998 | 9760714 |
| improved detection of capripoxvirus in biopsy samples by pcr. | a simple test based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detect capripoxvirus dna in tissue culture supernatants and biopsy samples. the identity of the pcr products was confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis. the test has greater sensitivity and good specificity compared to an antigen trapping enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay which uses a detector antibody raised against a recombinant capripoxvirus-specific antigen. the reagents for the pcr-based test are all available commerci ... | 1998 | 9763122 |
| identification and characterisation of an early/late bi-directional promoter of the capripoxvirus, lumpy skin disease virus. | identification and characterisation of an early/late bi-directional promoter element of lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) is described. the 56 bp element shows substantial structural similarities with other poxvirus promoters, providing further evidence that transcriptional elements are conserved within the poxviridae. the relative strengths of the lsdv early and late promoters were compared to the vaccinia virus (vv) p7.5k and p11k promoters in transient expression assays. these transient assays ... | 1999 | 10446656 |
| a capripoxvirus detection pcr and antibody elisa based on the major antigen p32, the homolog of the vaccinia virus h3l gene. | sheeppoxvirus (spv), goatpoxvirus (gpv) and lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) of cattle belong to the capripoxvirus genus of the poxviridae family and can cause significant economic losses in countries where they are endemic. capripox diagnosis by classical virological methods dependent on live capripox virus is not suitable in countries such as australia where the virus is exotic and live virus is not available. to develop diagnostic tests based on recombinant material, we cloned and sequenced a ... | 1999 | 10485266 |
| evaluation of an immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of capripoxviruses. | | 1999 | 10499858 |
| detection of sheep poxvirus in skin biopsy samples by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | the development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method with amplification of capripoxvirus in a single-step procedure from skin biopsies using three primer pairs, two specific for capripoxvirus and one specific for alpha-tubulin is described. a sensitive multiplex pcr was achieved by optimization of parameters such as the primer concentrations, magnesium and dntps concentrations. false negative results that sometimes arise due to inhibitors of dna amplification may be avoided by t ... | 2000 | 10680965 |
| immunohistochemical detection of antigen in lamb tissues naturally infected with sheeppox virus. | the present study describes the detection of sheeppox virus antigen in various lamb tissues, using an immunohistochemical technique, in sheeppox cases which occurred naturally. sheeppox viral antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of sheeppox cells and degenerated epithelial cells of the skin, lungs and digestive tract involving typical sheeppox lesions. nuclear staining was also observed in some typically deformed nuclei of sheeppox cells. the immunostaining of sheeppox virus showed a correlatio ... | 2000 | 10829571 |
| [comparative study of the immunizing ability of some attenuated strains of sheep pox virus and of a sensitizing vaccine]. | the authors present the results of a study designed to compare the immunogenicity of several attenuated strains of sheep pox virus and a virus/immune serum vaccine. two of the strains studied present immunogenic characteristics that make them particularly interesting for the manufacture of a vaccine. the first, named djelfa, confers solid immunity to animals without provoking a vaccinal reaction; the second, known as romania, can provide protection beyond twenty-four months, but causes persisten ... | 2000 | 11107620 |
| genome of lumpy skin disease virus. | lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv), a member of the capripoxvirus genus of the poxviridae, is the etiologic agent of an important disease of cattle in africa. here we report the genomic sequence of lsdv. the 151-kbp lsdv genome consists of a central coding region bounded by identical 2.4 kbp-inverted terminal repeats and contains 156 putative genes. comparison of lsdv with chordopoxviruses of other genera reveals 146 conserved genes which encode proteins involved in transcription and mrna biogenesi ... | 2001 | 11435593 |
| a comprehensive review of goat pox and sheep pox and their diagnosis. | sheep and goats occupy a premier place in the livestock industry and contribute significantly to the world economy. their populations are threatened by a number of health hazards, among the most notable of which are goat pox and sheep pox. these diseases inflict substantial losses in terms of reduced productivity and lower quality of wool and leather. they pose a major obstacle to the intensive rearing of sheep and goats and considerably hamper international trade. a comprehensive knowledge of g ... | 2000 | 11708598 |
| the genome of swinepox virus. | swinepox virus (swpv), the sole member of the suipoxvirus genus of the poxviridae, is the etiologic agent of a worldwide disease specific for swine. here we report the genomic sequence of swpv. the 146-kbp swpv genome consists of a central coding region bounded by identical 3.7-kbp inverted terminal repeats and contains 150 putative genes. comparison of swpv with chordopoxviruses reveals 146 conserved genes encoding proteins involved in basic replicative functions, viral virulence, host range, a ... | 2002 | 11752168 |
| importance of thymidine kinase activity for normal growth of lumpy skin disease virus (sa-neethling). | in order to study the importance of an intact thymidine kinase (tk) gene for the vaccine strain of a southern african capripoxvirus, namely, lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) (type sa-neethling), a tk disruption recombinant was generated expressing the escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacz) reporter gene. a comparative growth study of the recombinant and wild-type (wt) lsdv in tk-positive primary and secondary cells and tk-negative secondary cells was performed. it was found that although reco ... | 2002 | 11958465 |
| long term immunity in african cattle vaccinated with a recombinant capripox-rinderpest virus vaccine. | cattle were vaccinated with a recombinant capripox-rinderpest vaccine designed to protect cattle from infection with either rinderpest virus (rpv) or lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv). vaccination did not induce any adverse clinical responses or show evidence of transmission of the vaccine virus to in-contact control animals. approximately 50% of the cattle were solidly protected from challenge with a lethal dose of virulent rpv 2 years after vaccination while at 3 years approx. 30% were fully pro ... | 2002 | 12002554 |
| the genomes of sheeppox and goatpox viruses. | sheeppox virus (sppv) and goatpox virus (gtpv), members of the capripoxvirus genus of the poxviridae, are etiologic agents of important diseases of sheep and goats in northern and central africa, southwest and central asia, and the indian subcontinent. here we report the genomic sequence and comparative analysis of five sppv and gtpv isolates, including three pathogenic field isolates and two attenuated vaccine viruses. sppv and gtpv genomes are approximately 150 kbp and are strikingly similar t ... | 2002 | 12021338 |
| goat immune response to capripox vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin protein of peste des petits ruminants. | sheep-pox and capripox are contagious diseases of domestic small ruminants for which the causal agent is a poxvirus classified into the capripoxvirus genus. viruses of this group have a host range specific to sheep, goats, cattle, and possibly buffalo. thus, they are clearly indicated as vectors for the development of recombinant vaccines for peste des petits ruminants (ppr). here we report the immune response of goats inoculated with a recombinant capripox-ppr hemagglutinin. | 2002 | 12381569 |
| development of a dual recombinant vaccine to protect small ruminants against peste-des-petits-ruminants virus and capripoxvirus infections. | a recombinant capripoxvirus vaccine containing a cdna of the peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (pprv) fusion protein gene was constructed. a quick and efficient method was used to select a highly purified recombinant virus clone. a trial showed that a dose of this recombinant as low as 0.1 pfu protected goats against challenge with a virulent pprv strain. | 2003 | 12502870 |
| study on skin diseases in sheep from northern ethiopia. | a study was conducted to determine the cause and prevalence of skin diseases in local sheep from northern ethiopia. of 520 sheep examined 174 (33%) had skin diseases of different causes. the identified causes were lice infestation due to damalina ovis and linognatus africanus (21%), sheep pox (8%), sarcoptic mange (sarcoptic scab. var. ovis) (4%), dermatophilosis due to dermatophilus congolensis (3%), and orf (contagious ecthyma) (3%). there was no statistically significant (p > 0.05) associatio ... | 2003 | 12596667 |
| evaluation of lumpy skin disease virus, a capripoxvirus, as a replication-deficient vaccine vector. | lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv), a capripoxvirus with a host range limited to ruminants, was evaluated as a replication-deficient vaccine vector for use in non-ruminant hosts. by using the rabies virus glycoprotein (rg) as a model antigen, it was demonstrated that recombinant lsdv encoding the rabies glycoprotein (rlsdv-rg) was able to express rg in both permissive (ruminant) and non-permissive (non-ruminant) cells. the recombinant lsdv, however, replicated to maturity only in permissive but not ... | 2003 | 12867628 |
| complete genomic sequence and comparative analysis of the tumorigenic poxvirus yaba monkey tumor virus. | the yatapoxvirus genus of poxviruses is comprised of yaba monkey tumor virus (ymtv), tanapox virus, and yaba-like disease virus (yldv), which all have the ability to infect primates, including humans. unlike other poxviruses, ymtv induces formation of focalized histiocytomas upon infection. to gain a greater understanding of the yatapoxvirus genus and the unique tumor formation properties of ymtv, we sequenced the 134,721-bp genome of ymtv. the genome of ymtv encodes at least 140 open reading fr ... | 2003 | 14645589 |
| vaccines for lumpy skin disease, sheep pox and goat pox. | sheep pox, goat pox and lumpy skin disease (neethling) are diseases of sheep, goats and cattle respectively, caused by strains of poxvirus, within the genus capripoxvirus. strains affecting sheep and goats are not totally host-specific; some cause disease in both sheep and goats while others may cause disease in only one species. those causing disease in cattle appear to be specific for cattle, and this is reflected in the different geographical distribution of lumpy skin disease (lsd) and sheep ... | 2003 | 14677686 |
| poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis. | the evolutionary relationships of 26 sequenced members of the poxvirus family have been investigated by comparing their genome organization and gene content and by using dna and protein sequences for phylogenetic analyses. the central region of the genome of chordopoxviruses (chpvs) is highly conserved in gene content and arrangement, except for some gene inversions in fowlpox virus (fpv) and species-specific gene insertions in fpv and molluscum contagiosum virus (mcv). in the central region 90 ... | 2004 | 14718625 |
| differentiation of sheep pox and goat poxviruses by sequence analysis and pcr-rflp of p32 gene. | sheep pox and goat pox are highly contagious viral diseases of small ruminants. these diseases were earlier thought to be caused by a single species of virus, as they are serologically indistinguishable. p32, one of the major immunogenic genes of capripoxvirus, was isolated and sequenced from two indian isolates of goat poxvirus (gpv) and a vaccine strain of sheep poxvirus (spv). the sequences were compared with other p32 sequences of capripoxviruses available in the database. sequence analysis ... | 2004 | 15215685 |
| a vero cell-attenuated goatpox virus provides protection against virulent virus challenge. | an indian isolate of goatpox virus (gtpv) was adapted and propagated in vero cells for development of an attenuated virus. the virus was initially passaged in primary lamb testes cells and subsequently in vero cells. at the 55th passage, the virus showed evidence of attenuation when tested for safety in seronegative goats. at this stage, the virus was found to be completely non-pathogenic. the virus was passaged further and the 60th passage was used for testing its immunogenicity in goats. the l ... | 2004 | 15230470 |
| a classical live attenuated vaccine for sheep pox. | a classical live attenuated sheep pox vaccine was prepared using the ranipet strain of sheep pox virus (spv) at the 50th passage in a secondary lamb testicular cell system. the tcid50 and rd50 were 10(9.63)/ml and 10(9.51)/ml. respectively. the sid50 of spv challenge virus was 10(5)/ml. the vaccine was found to have no adverse effects in laboratory animals, and was safe and effective in spv seronegative lambs. in the field, 660 sheep were vaccinated with an immunizing dose containing 1 x 10(2) t ... | 2004 | 15241965 |
| trials for preparation of inactivated sheep pox vaccine using binary ethyleneimine. | binary ethyleneimine (bei) was used to inactivate the local egyptian strain of sheep pox virus. the inactivation process was applied using final concentrations of bei at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3% for different incubation periods at 37 degrees c. the virus was completely inactivated after 7 hours incubation with by 2% bei final concentration; the inactivated virus was adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide gel when incubated for 6 hours in a concentration 1:1. the antibody levels were estimated by virus neutrali ... | 2003 | 15719613 |
| the production and evaluation of a standard diagnostic peste des petits ruminants (ppr) hyperimmune serum prepared from the egyptian antigen (egypt 87). | the aim of this study was to produce a specific hyperimmune serum for diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants (ppr). based on good laboratory practices and standard operating procedures, we produced this reagent in goats using attenuated local strain of pprv. the quality was assured to meet the internationally required levels of potency and sterility. the titer of the product was 1024 as evaluated by virus neutralization (vn) and agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) tests. in its final form, it is a ... | 2004 | 15724381 |
| modulation of macrophage functions by sheeppox virus provides clues to understand interaction of the virus with host immune system. | poxviruses encode a range of immunomodulatory genes to subvert or evade the challenges posed by the innate and adaptive immune responses. however, the inactivated poxviruses possessed immunostimulating capacity and were used as a prophylactic or metaphylactic application that efficiently reduced susceptibility to infectious diseases in different species. this fact is intensively studied in different genera of poxviruses. however, little is known about the basic mechanisms adopted by sheeppox vir ... | 2005 | 15784144 |
| an outbreak of sheep pox on a sheep breeding farm in jammu, india. | an outbreak of sheep pox occurred in december 2001 on a sheep breeding farm in jammu, india. the farm maintains three exotic breeds of sheep, i.e. american merino, rambouillet and australian cross. the disease agent was confirmed as sheep pox virus by clinical and post-mortem examination as well as laboratory testing. typical pock lesions were dispersed over the body of the affected animals with nodular lesions observed in the lung tissue of the dead animals. sheep pox virus antigen and antibody ... | 2004 | 15861890 |
| [virus production laboratory]. | | 1997 | 15945188 |
| the detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques. | lumpy skin disease (lsd) is a disease of cattle, primarily in africa and madagascar and rarely in the middle east. it is caused by a capripoxvirus that belongs to the family poxviridae. the disease is of economic importance in endemic areas. effective control of lsd requires accurate and rapid laboratory techniques to confirm a tentative clinical diagnosis. comparative studies on different diagnostic tests used at different stages of the disease have not been done. the aim of this study was to c ... | 2005 | 16137133 |
| immunohistochemical evaluation of inflammatory infiltrate in the skin and lung of lambs naturally infected with sheeppox virus. | the present study describes immunophenotypic characteristics of inflammatory infiltrate in the skin and lung of lambs naturally infected with sheeppox virus (spv). three lambs revealed typical cutaneous and pulmonary lesions of sheeppox. histologically, cutaneous and pulmonary lesions consisted of hyperplastic and/or degenerative changes in the epithelium with mononuclear cells, neutrophils, and typical sheeppox cells (spcs), which had a vacuolated nucleus and marginated chromatin with occasiona ... | 2006 | 16407491 |
| the current status of sheep pox disease. | sheep are the moving banks of shepherds and their economic contribution in terms of meat, wool and skin/hide is immense. various infectious diseases jeopardize the optimum productivity; among which sheep pox is more important as the disease restricts the export of sheep and their products besides other economic losses. although, clinical signs are indicative of the disease but a laboratory confirmation is necessary for unequivocal diagnosis and studying epidemiology. the causative agent, sheep p ... | 2006 | 16458357 |
| [differentiation of capripoxvirus species and strains by polymerase chain reaction]. | a fast and simple method for capripoxvirus species identification has been developed. the method is based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) with species-specific primers and does not require nucleotide sequencing or restriction analysis of pcr products. to differentiate vaccine stains used in russia and countries of the former soviet union from epizootic isolates of sheep pox virus, a method based on restriction analysis of the ankyrin-repeat protein gene fragment amplified by pcr ha ... | 2006 | 16523702 |
| an epidemiological study of sheep pox infection in karnataka state, india. | analysis of retrospective quantitative sheep pox epidemiological data from the government animal husbandry department, karnataka, india, covering 24 years revealed significant information on sheep pox. the state has a dense sheep population including some valuable breeds. data revealed the endemicity of the disease: there were a considerable number of outbreaks and attacks, high mortality and case fatality rates and low immunisation coverage. none of the years studied were free from infection. t ... | 2005 | 16642761 |
| genome annotation transfer utility (gatu): rapid annotation of viral genomes using a closely related reference genome. | since dna sequencing has become easier and cheaper, an increasing number of closely related viral genomes have been sequenced. however, many of these have been deposited in genbank without annotations, severely limiting their value to researchers. while maintaining comprehensive genomic databases for a set of virus families at the viral bioinformatics resource center http://www.biovirus.org and viral bioinformatics - canada http://www.virology.ca, we found that researchers were unnecessarily spe ... | 2006 | 16772042 |
| a bivalent vaccine against goat pox and peste des petits ruminants induces protective immune response in goats. | safety and immunogenicity of an experimental combined vaccine comprising attenuated strains of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) and goat poxvirus (gtpv) was evaluated in goats. goats immunized subcutaneously with 1 ml of vaccine consisting of 10(3) tcid(50) of each of pprv and gtpv were monitored for clinical and serological responses for a period of 4 weeks postimmunization (pi) and postchallenge (pc). specific antibodies directed to both gtpv and pprv could be demonstrated by indirect e ... | 2006 | 16828938 |
| a sheeppox virus outbreak in central turkey in 2003: isolation and identification of capripoxvirus ovis. | poxvirus epidemics occur almost every year and cause significant economic losses for small-scale animal producers in turkey. in this study, the causative agent of the most recent epidemic in central anatolia was detected in clinical samples using electron microscopy (em) and amplified using an in house polymerase chain reaction procedure for the first time. additionally, the aetiological agent was isolated from a sheep and identified using em and pcr. | 2006 | 17139549 |
| elimination of toxicity and enhanced detection of lumpy skin disease virus on cell culture from experimentally infected bovine semen samples. | lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv), a poxvirus of the genus capripoxvirus, is shed in the semen of infected bulls. the screening of semen for infectious virus requires a sensitive diagnostic method. the isolation of the virus on cell cultures and/or the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) are sensitive diagnostic tests which may be used to screen semen for lsd viral dna prior to artificial insemination. although cell culture detects infectious virus and is a sensitive method, there are major difficulti ... | 2006 | 17283726 |
| economic and epidemiological aspects of an outbreak of sheeppox in a dairy sheep flock. | | 2007 | 17308023 |
| a duplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of capripoxvirus and orf virus. | a duplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed and optimized for simultaneous detection and differentiation of capripoxvirus (cpv) (including goat pox virus and sheep pox virus) and orf virus (orfv). two sets of specific oligonucleotide primers were designed and used for cpv and orfv, respectively. the duplex pcr dna products, which consisted of fragments of 413 bp for a29l gene of cpv, and 708 bp for p55 gene of orfv, were visualized by gel electrophoresis. the developed assay was found ... | 2007 | 17350223 |
| recombinant capripoxviruses expressing proteins of bluetongue virus: evaluation of immune responses and protection in small ruminants. | the development of recombinant capripoxviruses for protective immunization of ruminants against bluetongue virus (btv) infection is described. sheep (n=11) and goats (n=4) were immunized with btv recombinant capripoxviruses (btv-cpox) individually expressing four different genes encoding two capsid proteins (vp2 and vp7) and two non-structural proteins (ns1, ns3) of btv serotype 2 (btv-2). seroconversion was observed against ns3, vp7 and vp2 in both species and a lymphoproliferation specific to ... | 2007 | 17669563 |
| sheeppox virus kelch-like gene sppv-019 affects virus virulence. | sheeppox virus (sppv), a member of the capripoxvirus genus of the poxviridae, is the etiologic agent of a significant disease of sheep in the developing world. genomic analysis of pathogenic and vaccine capripoxviruses identified genes with potential roles in virulence and host range, including three genes with similarity to kelch-like genes of other poxviruses and eukaryotes. here, a mutant sppv with a deletion in the sppv-019 kelch-like gene, deltaklp, was derived from the pathogenic strain sp ... | 2007 | 17686843 |
| evaluation of an ovine testis cell line (oa3.ts) for propagation of capripoxvirus isolates and development of an immunostaining technique for viral plaque visualization. | an ovine testis cell line (oa3.ts) was evaluated and compared with primary lamb kidney (lk) cells for its utility in capripoxvirus propagation and titration. a comparison of oa3.ts cell growth kinetics and morphology at low (<33) and high (34-36) passage levels indicated a difference in both characteristics. however, viral titers determined in low and high passage oa3.ts cells were comparable with those obtained using lk cells. capripoxvirus infection of oa3.ts and lk cells resulted in a similar ... | 2007 | 17823391 |
| capripoxvirus tissue tropism and shedding: a quantitative study in experimentally infected sheep and goats. | sheeppox virus and goatpox virus cause systemic disease in sheep and goats that is often associated with high morbidity and high mortality. to increase understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, we undertook quantitative time-course studies in sheep and goats following intradermal inoculation of nigerian sheeppox virus or indian goatpox virus in their respective homologous hosts. viremia, determined by virus isolation and real-time pcr, cleared within 2 to 3 weeks post inoculation. pea ... | 2008 | 17988703 |
| rapid preclinical detection of sheeppox virus by a real-time pcr assay. | sheeppox virus (sppv) is a member of the capripoxvirus (capv) genus of the poxviridae family. members of this genus, which also include goatpox and lumpy skin disease viruses, cause economically significant disease in sheep, goats, and cattle. a rapid diagnostic assay for capv would be useful for disease surveillance as well as for detection of capv in clinical samples and for outbreak management. here we describe a fluorogenic probe hydrolysis (taqman) pcr assay designed for rapid detection of ... | 2008 | 18032617 |
| in vitro antiviral activity of plant extracts on goatpox virus replication. | four plants having known medicinal properties were screened for inhibition of goatpox virus (gtpv) replication in vitro. of the 4 plants, extract of acacia arabica (babul) and eugenia jambolana (jamun) leaves had inhibition (%) 99.70 and 99.92 at their maximum non toxic concentrations, 99.93 +/- 0.38 and 1999.73 +/- 0.50 microg/ml, respectively in all cytopathic effect (cpe) inhibition assays. inhibition of gtpv virus replication was further confirmed by pcr and sybr green based quantitative rea ... | 2008 | 18335810 |
| quantification of lumpy skin disease virus following experimental infection in cattle. | lumpy skin disease along with sheep pox and goatpox are the most serious poxvirus diseases of livestock, and are caused by viruses that belong to the genus capripoxvirus within the subfamily chordopoxvirinae, family poxviridae. to facilitate the study of lumpy skin disease pathogenesis, we inoculated eight 4- to 6-month-old holstein calves intravenously with lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) and collected samples over a period of 42 days for analysis by virus isolation, real-time pcr and light mic ... | 2008 | 18503511 |
| [construction, expression and immunogenicity of eukaryotic vectors based on goat pox virus p32 gene]. | the full-length p32 gene and the truncated p32 gene (mp-32) were amplified from the recombinant plasmid pmd-p32 by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and cloned into pcdna3. 1(+) and pcdna3.1-cpg respectively. the recombinant plasmids (pcdna3.1-p32, pcdna3.1-cpg-p32 and pcdna3. 1-cpg-mp32) were transfected into bhk-21 cells by using lipofectin. the expressed p32 protein was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). the balb/c mice were immunized with these recombinant plasmids by intram ... | 2008 | 18533345 |
| the use of lumpy skin disease virus genome termini for detection and phylogenetic analysis. | during 2006 and 2007 there were two outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (lsd) in israel. an lsd virus (lsdv)-specific pcr assay was developed that can detected specifically lsdv even though the number of tested lsdv isolates were limited. full-length sheep pox and lsdv genome sequences were aligned to find non-homologous regions, which were then used for preparing specific primers, whose specificity was tested against several lsdv dna isolates and the system could detect all the different isolates. ... | 2008 | 18582954 |
| sheep pox disease outbreaks in madras red and mechery breeds of indigenous sheep in tamilnadu, india. | sheep pox disease outbreaks were recorded among madras red (n=145) and mechery (n=80) breeds of indigenous sheep on three farms in tamilnadu. over both breeds, adult mortality rate ranged from 2.66% to 37.5% and lamb mortality ranged from 10% to 17.33%. however, mortality was more in mechery sheep (50% overall; 37.5% adults, 12.5% lambs) than in madras red sheep (24.28% overall; 10.34% adults, 13.79% lambs). the clinical signs observed were high fever, anorexia, respiratory distress, mucopurulen ... | 2008 | 18586288 |
| capripoxviruses: an emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle. | capripoxviruses are the cause of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpy skin disease (lsd) of cattle. these diseases are of great economic significance to farmers in regions in which they are endemic and are a major constraint to international trade in livestock and their products. although the distribution of capripoxviruses is considerably reduced from what it was even 50 years ago, they are now expanding their territory, with recent outbreaks of sheeppox or goatpox in vietnam, mongolia and greece, and o ... | 2008 | 18774991 |
| cell culture adapted sheeppox virus as a challenge virus for potency testing of sheeppox vaccine. | sheeppox virus from an outbreak of sheeppox that occurred in srinagar (jammu and kashmir, india) in 2000 was isolated by inoculation of susceptible sheep and further re-isolated in cell culture. the field virus, adapted to grow in lamb testes culture, was evaluated for its potential use as challenge virus in potency testing of sheeppox vaccine currently in use. the virus (passage 6) produced severe disease in susceptible sheep when inoculated subcutaneously with a dose of 106.2 tcid50. the virus ... | 2008 | 19024165 |
| yemen and vietnam capripoxviruses demonstrate a distinct host preference for goats compared with sheep. | sheeppox and goatpox are caused by viruses that are members of the genus capripoxvirus, and globally result in significant production losses. to improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis and evaluate host species preferences, sheep and goats were inoculated either with a capripoxvirus isolate from yemen or from a recent outbreak in vietnam. blood, swabs and tissues were collected at various time points following experimental challenge and assessed for viral dna content using real-time pc ... | 2009 | 19088279 |
| detection of antibodies against capripoxviruses using an inactivated sheeppox virus elisa. | an indirect elisa was developed to detect antibodies specific for capripoxviruses in goat, sheep and cattle sera. heat-inactivated nigerian sheeppox virus was used as the elisa antigen. sera obtained from sheep and goats that were experimentally infected with different capripoxvirus isolates were used to develop and evaluate the sensitivity of the elisa. virus neutralization indexes were determined for the experimental sera in oa3.ts cells. the specificity of the elisa was determined using 231 s ... | 2009 | 19281604 |
| the epidemiology of sheep pox in greece from 1987 to 2007. | the authors reviewthe epidemiology of sheep pox outbreaks in greece between 1987 and 2007. it is believed that sheep pox is introduced into greece principally from neighbouring countries to the east, and is associated with the movements of infected sheep flocks close to the border and contacts between humans and animals. disease foci have appeared in several central and north-eastern areas of the country. between 1982 and 1986, greece remained free of sheep pox but, in 1987, the disease appeared ... | 2008 | 19284058 |
| comparative efficacy of conventional and taqman polymerase chain reaction assays in the detection of capripoxviruses from clinical samples. | sheeppox and goatpox are economically important viral diseases of sheep and goats, respectively. both diseases are reportable to the world organization for animal health. to implement a control and eradication program for these diseases, a rapid and user-friendly diagnostic tool is imperative for screening. therefore, in the present study, taqman quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) and conventional pcr assays targeting the dna polymerase (dna pol) gene were developed for the detection ... | 2009 | 19286502 |
| capripoxvirus g-protein-coupled chemokine receptor: a host-range gene suitable for virus animal origin discrimination. | the genus capripoxvirus within the family poxviridae comprises three closely related viruses, namely goat pox, sheep pox and lumpy skin disease viruses. this nomenclature is based on the animal species from which the virus was first isolated, respectively, goat, sheep and cattle. since capripoxviruses are serologically identical, their specific identification relies exclusively on the use of molecular tools. we describe here the suitability of the g-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (gpcr) gene ... | 2009 | 19339476 |
| detection of antibodies specific for sheeppox and goatpox viruses using recombinant capripoxvirus antigens in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | viruses in the genus capripoxvirus, family poxviridae, cause sheeppox, goatpox and lumpy skin disease, which are the most serious poxvirus diseases of production animals. despite the considerable threat that these viruses pose to livestock production and global trade in sheep, goats, cattle and their products, convenient and effective serodiagnostic tools are not readily available. to develop a more effective antibody detection capability, selected open reading frames from capripoxvirus dna were ... | 2009 | 19426763 |
| a vero cell derived combined vaccine against sheep pox and peste des petits ruminants for sheep. | the combined sheep pox and peste des petits ruminants (ppr) vaccine was prepared in lyophilized form containing recommended doses of both vaccine viruses. safety and immunogenicity of this combined vaccine was evaluated in sheep. sheep immunized subcutaneously with 1ml of live attenuated vaccine consisting of 10(3)tcid(50) each of sheep pox virus (spv) romanian fanar (rf) strain and peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv-sungri/96 strain) were monitored for clinical and serological responses for ... | 2009 | 19428860 |
| multicolor quantum dot-encoded microspheres for the fluoroimmunoassays of chicken newcastle disease and goat pox virus. | semiconductor nanocrystals (or quantum dots, qds) have the potential to overcome some of the limitations encountered by traditional fluorophores in fluorescence labeling applications. the unique spectroscopic properties of qds make them hold immense promise as versatile labels for biological applications. in this work, we employ the layer-by-layer (lbl) method for the construction of bio-functional multicolor qd-encoded microspheres. polystyrene microspheres with diameter of 3 microm were used a ... | 2009 | 19452974 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of semliki forest virus replicon-based dna vaccines encoding goatpox virus structural proteins. | goatpox, caused by goatpox virus (gtpv), is an acute feverish and contagious disease in goats often associated with high morbidity and high mortality. to resolve potential safety risks and vaccination side effects of existing live attenuated goatpox vaccine (av41), two semliki forest virus (sfv) replicon-based bicistronic expression dna vaccines (pcsm-aal and pcsm-baa) which encode gtpv structural proteins corresponding to the vaccinia virus proteins a27, l1, a33, and b5, respectively, were cons ... | 2009 | 19559453 |