| heat-selected mutants of pigeon pox virus. | two mutants of pigeon pox virus were derived from virus isolated from naturally infected pigeons. one (s 39) was obtained by cultivation of the original virus in chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes at 39 degrees c, and the second (s m) by heating the original virus at 56 degrees c for 30 min. the mutants were less pathogenic to pigeons than the original virus. the original virus and the mutant s 39, but not the mutant s m produced plaques in primary chick embryo cell cultures. pigeons inocula ... | 1979 | 41438 |
| a smear technique for staining elementary bodies of fowlpox. | red-stained elementary bodies of fowlpox virus were detected in smears from lesions of infected chorioallantoic membrane and from skin of infected birds stained by the giménez method. | 1976 | 60991 |
| development of parthenogenetic membranes in double-yolked and injected chicken eggs. | development of parthenogenetic eggs is expressed in a dark cornish stock by either membrane or embryo formation. double-yolked eggs have membranes developing in zero, one, or two yolks. the incidence of double-yolked eggs with two membranes was higher than expected when compared with the incidence of single-yolked eggs from the same hens. membrane formation was increased over that of the controls by injecting saline, ringer's solution, or ground crude membranes. yolk and membranes filtered throu ... | 1975 | 166142 |
| identification of infectious bronchitis virus by interference with the b-1 isolant of newcastle disease virus. waxing and waning of interference. | the massachusetts and the connecticut types of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were identified by interference in embryonating chicken eggs (ece) with the production of hemagglutinin by the b-1 isolant of newcastle disease virus (ndv). this interference test appears to be specific because the above interference was eliminated by adding type-specific anti-ibv serum to the ibv-ndv system; however, interference was not detectable when fowlpox virus (fpv) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (lt ... | 1975 | 168852 |
| the addition of fowlpox and pigeon pox vaccine to marek's vaccine for broilers. | laboratory and field studies indicated that a cell-culture fowlpox vaccine was effective and safe when administered subcutaneously to day-old broiler chicks in combination with cell-associated marek's vaccine without compromising the latter. pox vaccines of chick embryo origin evaluated similarly provided excellent protection, although they caused local musculature swelling when injected into muscle rather than under the skin. no muscle swelling followed improper vaccination with the cell-cultur ... | 1975 | 168854 |
| responses of isolator-derived japanese quail and quail cell cultures to selected animal viruses. | thirteen oncogenic and necrotizing animal viruses were assayed in life sciences, inc. (lsi)-specific pathogen-free japanese quail and lsi-specific pathogen-free chicken embryo cell cultures. nine viruses produced similar titers in the quail and chicken cell systems, whereas four viruses showed significantly higher titers in chickens. young japanese quail and chickens were inoculated with five selected avain viruses and maintained in stainless-steel isolators. comparable responses were noted in q ... | 1975 | 172527 |
| virus-specific rna and dna in nuclei of cells infected with fowlpox virus. | | 1976 | 174286 |
| cellular fatty acids during fowlpox virus infection of three different host systems. | | 1976 | 176806 |
| efficacy of turkey herpesvirus vaccine when administered simultaneously with fowl pox vaccine. | the efficacy of the turkey herpesvirus (hvt) vaccine in protecting chickens challenged with virulent marek's disease (md) virus was unaffected by the presence of either the chick embryo fowl pox vaccine or fowl pox vaccine derived from cell culture. conversely the hvt vaccine did not affect the efficacy of the fowl pox vaccine in chickens challenged with pathogenic fowl pox virus. a combination of spectinomycin dihydrochloride pentahydrate and lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate as well as spec ... | 1975 | 180502 |
| vaccination of chickens against marek's disease with the turkey herpesvirus vaccine using a pneumatic vaccinator. | a pneumatic vaccinator has been successfully used to administer cell-associated turkey herpesvirus (hvt) vaccine without a loss in titer due to the pressure required to administer the vaccine. laboratory studies have also shown that chickens vaccinated with graded doses of the hvt vaccine using doses as low as 41 pfu offered protection against marek's disease (md) when compared to the unvaccinated controls. the pneumatic vaccinator has also been successful in administering a combination of hvt v ... | 1976 | 180512 |
| oral immunization against pox. studies on fowl pox as a model. | oral vaccination against fowl pox is both effective and harmless. a suitable vaccine strain is the attenuated hp-1 strain in the 200th to 400th tissue culture passage. for optimal immunization virus of the 200th to 270th passage level should be applied twice at an interval of 3 to 4 weeks. vaccination dose should contain 10(7.0)tcid50. chickens may be effectively immunized already at 5 days. immunity is against both homologous and heterologous virus and proves equally resistant to oral, cutaneo ... | 1976 | 182584 |
| [mixed infection of chick embryos caused by oncogenic and infectious viruses]. | | 1976 | 184626 |
| rapid diagnosis of some avian virus diseases. | direct electron microscopy was used to identify virions of infectious laryngotracheitis in lysed tracheal cells and of fowlpox in scabs and exudates from natural cases. rapid identification of avian adenovirus and infectious laryngotracheitis by gel diffusion was possible using antigens prepared by simple distilled-water lysis of infected cell cultures. precipitin lines were often visible within 5 hours. | 1976 | 186012 |
| relationship between the lesser mealworm, fowl pox, and newcastle disease virus in poultry. | | 1976 | 187632 |
| [effect of iosan and bradofen on the viruses of newcastle disease, laryngotracheitis and fowl pox]. | tested was the effect of the iodoform preparation iosan and the quaternary ammonium preparation bradofen against the viruses of the newcastle disease (strain la sota), laryngotracheitis (strain tsniip) and fowl pox (strain fk) in birds. the following results were obtained: 1. to a concentration of 3% (262 ppm of active iodine) and exposure of 45 min. to iosan the virus of laryngotracheitis was sensitive; that of newcastle disease perished at a conc. of 5% (525 ppm of active iodine for 15 min); a ... | 1976 | 189485 |
| odd-and even-numbered fatty acids. their contrasting behavior in normal and fowlpox virus-infected epithelium. | upon infection with fowlpox virus, the amount of odd-numbered fatty acids in chick scalp epithelium shows a significant decrease compared with control values. this effect begins quite early and progresses throughout the period of infection. individual members of the odd-numbered family (c15--c27 inclusive) were quantitatively related to the group as a whole during most of the infection. experiments involving the administration of labeled acetate in vivo demonstrated an increase in the synthesis ... | 1977 | 192305 |
| studies on poxvirus isolated from a magpig in queensland. | an avian poxvirus was isolated from a black-backed magpie in queensland. the virus produced pocks on the chorio-allantoic membrane of chicken embryos and lesions on the skin of chickens. comparison by passive haemagglutination test and neutralisation test indicated that the virus was related more closely to pigeonpox virus than to fowlpox virus. | 1977 | 200213 |
| a viral-induced protein in the nuclei of cells infected with fowlpox virus. | | 1978 | 202082 |
| comparison of five poxvirus genomes by analysis with restriction endonucleases hindiii, bami and ecori. | | 1978 | 202667 |
| vaccination immunity to selected diseases in chickens fed the androgen analog mibolerone. | chickens fed the androgen analog mibolerone during the first 7 weeks of life regress their bursa of fabricius but can be properly immunized by vaccination against avian pathogens of major economic importance such as newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, fowl pox virus, marek's disease virus, and pasteurella multocida, the pathogen causing fowl cholera. these findings on immunocompetence to infectious agents are im ... | 1978 | 209430 |
| pathogenesis of fowlpox in laying hens. | egg production dropped after hens were inoculated with fowlpox virus originally isolated from a natural mild infection. the drop started from the 2nd week and continued to the 5th week after inoculation. all birds developed focal lesions at the site of inoculation, and some developed secondary lesions. the drop in individual birds was related to the severity of lesions. birds challenged with fowlpox virus fifteen months after vaccination with pigeon pox vaccine were susceptible. | 1978 | 209778 |
| poxvirus infection in a spectacled amazon parrot (amazona albifrons). | avian pox was determined to be the cause of death of a spectacled amazon parrot (amazona albifrons). intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were visualized by light microscopy in esophageal and bronchial epithelial lesions. electron microscopy revealed pox-virus virions in the inclusions. | 1978 | 209779 |
| sedimentation characteristics and molecular weights of three poxvirus dnas. | | 1978 | 210571 |
| turkey pox. | | 1978 | 214929 |
| pox infection among captive peacocks. | an outbreak of avian pox was detected among captive peacocks (pavo cristatus) at baghdad zoological park during spring, 1978. a total of 45 of the 60 birds in the aviary developed pox lesions around the beaks and eyes. morbidity was 75% and mortality was 13%. a virus isolated from the skin lesions produced large plaques on the chorioallantoic membrane of developing chicken embryos and induced cytopathic effect characteristic for pox viruses in chicken embryo cell cultures. the virus neither haem ... | 1979 | 230366 |
| [comparative trials of the effectiveness of 3 fowl pox vaccines using a standardized challenge infection]. | | 1979 | 230667 |
| occurrence of atypical fowlpox in poultry farms in kenya. | atypical fowlpox occurred in several poultry farms in kenya. on two occasions layers had their eyes closed and egg production dropped. fowlpox virus was isolated from lesions on the inner surfaces of the closed eyelids. other chickens had lesions covered by yellow caseous necrotic material in the mouth, around the epiglottis, and in the trachea and choanae. typical proliferative cutaneous lesions were observed in birds of all ages in other flocks examined. fowlpox virus was recovered from both c ... | 1979 | 230810 |
| [avian pox in the pigeon (columba araucana, lesson) from southern chile]. | | 1979 | 231359 |
| avian pox virus. an ultrastructural study on a cherrug falcon. brief report. | the ultrastructure and maturation of avian pox particles is described in the rare case of a naturally infected hawk (falco cherrug). as in other cells infected by fowlpox virus two types of inclusion bodies are encountered in the cytoplasm: firstly assemblies of fluffy filamentous material apparently giving rise to immature virions. they are thought to present virus factories (inclusion body b). secondly mature virus particles budded into extensive groupings (bollinger bodies, inclusion body a) ... | 1979 | 231949 |
| [effectiveness of a new "paramunity" inducer (pind-avi) for human beings and animals]. | attenuated and by treatment with gamma rays inactivated avian pox viruses (pind-avi) stimulate in man and animals selectively the t-lymphocytes. in this way pind-avi helps to repair a reduced reactivity of lymphocytes damaged by cytostatic chemotherapy: the lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin could be normalized. in immunodeficient patients pind-avi showed very good effects in the treatment of herpes virus infections. | 1979 | 232054 |
| [nonspecific prophylaxis and therapy of pseudomonas aeruginosa wound-infections with paramunization using a mouse-model (author's transl)]. | the effectiveness of paramunization as a antigen nonspecific method to activate mechanisms against wound-infections due to pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied using a model of direct infection of mice with a "mice-pathogenic" ps. aeruginosa strain on artificially set wounds. active paramunization by means of a biological inducer "pind-avi" (m-hp 438) significantly reduced the mortality rate between treated and placebo animals. the best results were obtained by parenteral prophylactic application. ... | 1979 | 232340 |
| an alteration in the kinetic properties of a cholesterogenic enzyme in fowlpox virus infection. | | 1975 | 237362 |
| recombinant fowlpox viruses expressing the glycoprotein b homolog and the pp38 gene of marek's disease virus. | two marek's disease virus (mdv) genes, one homologous to the glycoprotein b gene of herpes simplex virus and encoding the b antigen complex and the other encoding a 38-kda phosphorylated protein (pp38), were inserted into the fowlpox virus (fpv) genome under the control of poxvirus promoters. randomly selected nonessential regions of fpv were used for insertion, and the vaccinia virus 7.5 kda polypeptide gene promoter or a poxvirus synthetic promoter was used for expression of mdv genes. gene ex ... | 1992 | 1310754 |
| protection against marek's disease by a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the glycoprotein b of marek's disease virus. | fowlpox virus (fpv) recombinants expressing the glycoprotein b and the phosphorylated protein (pp38) of the ga strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) were assayed for their ability to protect chickens against challenge with virulent mdv. the recombinant fpv expressing the glycoprotein b gene elicited neutralizing antibodies against mdv, significantly reduced the level of cell-associated viremia, and, similar to the conventional herpesvirus of turkeys, protected chickens against challenge with the ... | 1992 | 1310755 |
| potential use of non-replicating vectors as recombinant vaccines. | avipoxviruses, members of the poxvirus family, are naturally restricted in that productive replication takes place only in avian species. recent work has described the construction of avipox recombinants using fowlpox and canarypox viruses. preparation of recombinant fowlpox viruses which express immunogens from avian pathogens and successful vaccination of poultry have been reported. recombinant fowlpox and canarypox viruses which express immunogens from mammalian pathogens have also been descr ... | 1992 | 1311489 |
| acute inflammatory response to cowpox virus infection of the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. | the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane was used to study the acute inflammatory response in the absence of contributions from the immune system. in preliminary experiments, lesions of wild-type cowpox virus strain brighton (cpv-br) and a 38k gene deletion mutant of cpv-br (cpv-br.d1) were compared with vaccinia virus (strains wr and copenhagen), fowlpox virus, laryngotracheitis virus, and infectious tenosynovitis virus, and were ranked for degree of induced inflammation. the maximal and minim ... | 1992 | 1312273 |
| detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus infected cells with cloned dna probes. | a genomic library of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) dna bamh1 fragments was prepared and two cloned fragments were evaluated for their potential as probes for the detection of iltv infected cells. the virus was purified by a modified sucrose density gradient procedure for the isolation of pure iltv dna. a genomic library was constructed using bamh1-digested iltv dna and pgem7 as a vector. a 1.1 kb cloned bamh1 fragment of iltv dna was tested in a slot or dot blot assay for the detecti ... | 1992 | 1316798 |
| evolution of thymidine and thymidylate kinases: the possibility of independent capture of tk genes by different groups of viruses. | phylogenetic analysis of viral and cellular thymidine and thymidylate kinases was performed using computer-assisted methods. multiple alignments and tentative phylogenetic trees were generated for the two families of these enzymes, which include a) thymidine kinases (tk) of mammals, poxviruses, african swine fever virus, e. coli, and bacteriophage t4; and b) thymidylate kinases (thyk) of yeast and poxviruses and distantly related herpesvirus proteins with both enzymatic activities. analysis of t ... | 1992 | 1317076 |
| recent advances in avian virology. | selected, recent research on the following avian diseases, and their causative viruses, has been reviewed: chicken anaemia, infectious bursal disease, turkey rhinotracheitis, avian nephritis, fowlpox, influenza, infectious bronchitis and turkey enteritis. | 1992 | 1319788 |
| oral fowlpox vaccination in chickens. | chickens were given various fowlpox vaccines on food pellets--a commercial vaccine (strain m), and the same strain after a single passage on chorio-allantoic membrane or in chicken embryo fibroblasts. all three oral vaccines induced antibodies at levels similar to those induced by commercial strain m administered to the wingweb. the oral vaccine derived from chorio-allantoic membrane gave protection similar to that obtained with vaccine administered by the wingweb, but this required a thousandfo ... | 1992 | 1325725 |
| gene translocations in poxviruses: the fowlpox virus thymidine kinase gene is flanked by 15 bp direct repeats and occupies the locus which in vaccinia virus is occupied by the ribonucleotide reductase large subunit gene. | by sequencing a fragment of 7351 bp the fowlpox virus thymidine kinase gene has been found to map to a position within the equivalent of the vaccinia hindiii i fragment. the deduced gene arrangement in fowlpox virus is i3, x, tk, i5, i6, i7, i8, g1, indicating that the homologue of the vaccinia i4 gene has been replaced by two genes x and tk. the non-essential tk gene has therefore replaced another non-essential gene, i4 (the ribonucleotide reductase large subunit) in this region. the x/tk inser ... | 1992 | 1326827 |
| comparison of the locations of homologous fowlpox and vaccinia virus genes reveals major genome reorganization. | we have derived a restriction enzyme map for the fowlpox virus fp9 strain. sites for bamhi, pvuii, psti and ncoi have been mapped mainly by southern blotting. the size of the genome derived from the restriction maps (254 kb) corresponds to the figure of 260 +/- 8 kb determined from analysis of genomic dna by pulsed-field electrophoresis. the map can be compared with a previously published map for a different strain of fowlpox virus using the psti digest which is common to both studies. some 65 k ... | 1992 | 1328478 |
| quantitative assessment of poxvirus promoters in fowlpox and vaccinia virus recombinants. | a comparison was undertaken of poxvirus promoters in vaccinia and fowlpox virus (fpv) recombinants using the level of beta-galactosidase expressed from the lacz gene as a measure of promoter function. in this study a comparison was made of the vaccinia virus promoters, p 7.5 and p l11, the major late promoter of cowpox virus, p cpx (expressing the abundant inclusion body protein), and the fpv promoters, p e/l and p l. in vaccinia virus recombinants the fpv p e/l promoter expressed one-third to o ... | 1992 | 1329341 |
| identification and functional analysis of the fowlpox virus homolog of the vaccinia virus p37k major envelope antigen gene. | a fowlpox virus (fpv) gene with homology to the vaccinia virus p37k major envelope antigen gene was identified and sequenced. the predicted product has a molecular weight of 43,018 da (p43k). the fpv p43k gene has 37.5% identity with its vaccinia counterpart and higher homology with a molluscum contagiosum virus gene (42.6% identity). based on upstream sequences, p43k appears to be regulated as a late gene. recombinant fpv were generated in which a large portion of p43k was replaced by the esche ... | 1992 | 1333124 |
| immune dysfunction following infection with chicken anemia agent and infectious bursal disease virus. ii. alterations of in vitro lymphoproliferation and in vivo immune responses. | to determine the functional impact of alterations in lymphocyte concentrations and ratios following infection with chicken anemia agent (caa) alone or in combination with infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) on the immune system of young chickens, in vitro lymphoproliferation assays and in vivo responses to vaccination with several common viral agents were assessed at various time intervals post-inoculation (pi). concanavalin a (con a), phytohemagglutinin (pha) and pokeweed mitogen (pwm) stimu ... | 1992 | 1333677 |
| effect of route of administration on the efficacy of a recombinant fowlpox virus against h5n2 avian influenza. | a recombinant fowlpox vaccine virus containing the h5 hemagglutinin gene of avian influenza virus was administered to susceptible chickens via wing-web puncture, eye drop, instillation into the nares, and drinking water. even though there was a negligible hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) serologic response, all 10 chickens vaccinated by wing-web puncture remained without obvious signs of disease and survived challenge with a highly pathogenic strain of h5n2 avian influenza virus. all unvaccinate ... | 1992 | 1336657 |
| construction of chimeric vaccinia viruses by molecular cloning and packaging. | foreign dna was inserted into unique restriction endonuclease cleavage sites (sma i or not i) of the 200,000-base-pair vaccinia virus genome by direct molecular cloning. the modified vaccinia virus dna was packaged in fowlpox virus-infected avian cells, and chimeric vaccinia virus was isolated from mammalian cells not supporting the growth of the fowlpox helper virus. in contrast to the classical "in vivo" recombination technique, chimeric viruses with inserts in both possible orientations and f ... | 1992 | 1438247 |
| construction of a pigeonpox virus recombinant: expression of the newcastle disease virus (ndv) fusion glycoprotein and protection of chickens against ndv challenge. | a pigeonpox transfer plasmid was constructed by cloning a 2.5 kb dna fragment containing the viral thymidine kinase (tk) gene in the psp65 plasmid. the vaccinia virus p11k promoter followed by the ndv fusion (f) gene was inserted in the tk gene. the f gene was transferred to the viral genome by homologous recombination in pigeonpox virus infected cef cells, transfected with the recombinant plasmid. recombinant viruses were selected with budr and screened for their ability to induce fusion betwee ... | 1991 | 1646592 |
| size and frequency characteristics of alpha beta and gamma delta t cells in the spleens of normal and cyclophosphamide-suppressed virus-infected chickens. | the characteristics of avian lymphocytes expressing surface cd8 (ct8) and t cell receptor (tcr) glycoproteins have been monitored by two-color flow microfluorimetry. exposure of 1-month-old birds to a lethal influenza a virus, which is known to be lympholytic, significantly decreased the frequency of both the alpha beta tcr2+ct8+ and gamma delta tcr1+ct8- subsets in spleen. however, all categories of t cells showed evidence of greater mean cell size, indicating that they are responding. inoculat ... | 1991 | 1647883 |
| comparative studies on the antigenicity of extra- and intracellular viruses of fowl pox. | the intra- and extracellular virus of three strains of fowl pox virus, when precipitated in succession with different saturation of ammonium sulphate revealed three antigens in gel diffusion test in the precipitates obtained at 25%, 50% and 75% of saturation. further analysis of each positive antigen by dot elisa revealed that the extracellular virus of fs-8 and hp 1 strains possessed excess antigenic protein at 50% saturation compared to their intracellular viruses. while no difference between ... | 1991 | 1647933 |
| protection of chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n2) by recombinant fowlpox viruses. | two recombinant fowlpox viruses containing the avian influenza h5 hemaglutinin (ha) gene were evaluated for their ability to protect chickens against challenge with a highly pathogenic isolate of avian influenza virus (h5n2). susceptible chickens were vaccinated with the parent fowlpox vaccine virus or recombinant viruses either by wing-web puncture or comb scarification. following challenge 4 weeks later with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, all birds vaccinated by the wing-web method w ... | 1991 | 1649592 |
| efficacy of nucleoprotein and haemagglutinin antigens expressed in fowlpox virus as vaccine for influenza in chickens. | fowlpox virus (fpv) recombinants expressing influenza virus h5 haemagglutinin (ha), nucleoprotein (np) or co-expressing both of these antigens were tested for vaccine efficacy in chickens. immunization with the recombinant fpv-ha was highly efficacious but provided no cross protection between subtypes. bursectomy established that immunity against the h5 subtype was antibody-mediated despite the presence of very low levels of antibody in the vaccinated birds. immunization with the recombinant fpv ... | 1991 | 1651609 |
| fowlpox virus: pathogenicity and vaccination of day-old chickens via the aerosol route. | day-old chickens were given a single fowlpox virus vaccination (strain hp201) either via the aerosol or wing-web route. both methods induced protective immunity against a wing-web or intravenous challenge with virulent fowlpox virus at 47 days old, although high titred virus preparations were required for successful aerosol vaccination. however, no clinical signs of infection were observed as a result of aerosol vaccination even if invasive strains of escherichia coli were administered simultane ... | 1991 | 1652784 |
| structural analysis of unstable intermediate and stable forms of recombinant fowlpox virus. | the stability and structure of the products of recombination in a fowlpox virus (fpv) system using the thymidine kinase (tk) gene as the insertion site were examined. a 4.6 kb chimeric dna fragment from the puv1 expression vector, containing the bacterial lacz gene and the vaccinia virus p7.5 promoter, was ligated into the xbai site of the fpv tk gene. the resulting vector, pftklaczb, was transfected into chicken embryo fibroblast cultures infected with fpv at an m.o.i. of 0.1. recombinants were ... | 1991 | 1658207 |
| a recombinant fowlpox virus that expresses the vp2 antigen of infectious bursal disease virus induces protection against mortality caused by the virus. | the coding sequences of vp2 from a virulent strain, 52/70, of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) were excised from a cdna clone and inserted into a fowlpox plasmid insertion vector. the resulting plasmid, pibd 1, was used to construct a recombinant fowlpox virus, fpibd 1, which expressed vp 2 as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein. chickens vaccinated with fpibd 1 at 1 and 14 days of age, were challenged at 28 days with either ibdv strain 52/70 or the highly virulent strain cs 89. these chic ... | 1991 | 1659797 |
| avian poxvirus infections. | | 1991 | 1660865 |
| antibody response to newcastle disease virus (ndv) of recombinant fowlpox virus (fpv) expressing a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of ndv into chickens in the presence of antibody to ndv or fpv. | antibody response of recombinant fowlpox virus (fpv) was studied in chickens inoculated with the virus in the presence or absence of antibodies against newcastle disease virus (ndv) or fpv. in the case of ndv, high hemagglutination-inhibition titers to ndv were obtained when the antibody was present. no immune response to ndv was observed in the chickens previously vaccinated with fpv. | 1991 | 1664717 |
| formation of lentivirus particles by mammalian cells infected with recombinant fowlpox virus. | recombinant fowlpox viruses (fpv) containing the env or gag-pol genes of simian immunodeficiency virus from macaques (sivmac) were constructed. the env, gag, and pol-encoded polypeptides were efficiently expressed and processed in avian cells productively infected with fpv as well as in mammalian cells, in which fpv infection is abortive. in addition, the recombinant fpv expressing the gag-pol genes directed the formation of defective, lentivirus-like particles which were released into the cultu ... | 1991 | 1667477 |
| establishment and characterization of a thymidine kinase deficient avian fibroblast cell line derived from a japanese quail cell line, qt35. | an avian thymidine kinase deficient (tk-) fibroblast cell line (qttk-) was established from a japanese quail cell line, qt35, and characterized the biological properties. qttk- could grow in the presence of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (budr, 100 micrograms/ml) and not in the growth medium with hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine. compared to qt35 cells, the 3h-thymidine incorporation of the qttk- cells and the tk activity of the cell extract significantly decreased to 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. in ... | 1991 | 1832032 |
| an improved dot-blot method for virus detection in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures. | a simplified dot-blot procedure is described for the detection of fowlpox virus (fpv) in infected monolayers of chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef) cultured in 96-well microtiter plates. the relative resistance of dna to hot naoh, which hydrolyzes other macromolecules including rna and protein, was exploited to solubilize virus infected cells and denature intracellular dna in a simple, quick manner. moreover, there was no need to purify virus or isolate viral dna from cellular dna prior to dot blot ... | 1991 | 1849916 |
| expression of avian influenza virus hemagglutinin by recombinant fowlpox virus. | a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus (fpv) was genetically engineered to produce avian influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha). this was accomplished by inserting a cdna copy of the avian influenza virus ha gene, which was regulated by a vaccinia virus promoter, into the fpv thymidine kinase (tk) gene. two types of recombinant viruses, differing only in the orientation of the ha gene relative to an adjacent foreign gene (lacz), were created. following preliminary identification of fpv recombinants based ... | 1991 | 1851414 |
| isolation of poxvirus from debilitating cutaneous lesions on four immature grackles (quiscalus sp.). | poxvirus was isolated from nodules on four immature grackles (quiscalus sp.) collected in two residential areas of victoria, texas. all of the birds were emaciated and had nodules on the eyelids, bill, legs, toes, and areas of the skin on the wings, neck, and ventral abdomen. these pox nodules were extensive and probably interfered with both sight and flight. the preliminary diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation, histopathology, and electron microscopy. poxvirus was isolated on the chorioal ... | 1991 | 1851418 |
| expression of bovine leukaemia virus envelope gene by recombinant vaccinia viruses. | recombinant vaccinia viruses (vv) containing the envelope gene of bovine leukaemia virus (blv) were constructed. three virus constructs were designed: vv-blv1 which contained the open reading frame for envelope glycoprotein gp51 alone, under control of vvp7.5 promoter; vv-blv2 and vv-blv3 contained the entire gene (gp51 + gp30) coding sequence downstream of vp7.5 and the fowlpox virus early/late promoter (pfe/l) respectively. all three vv recombinants expressed envelope glycoproteins as determin ... | 1990 | 1963249 |
| proteolytic maturation of vaccinia virus core proteins: identification of a conserved motif at the n termini of the 4b and 25k virion proteins. | three structural proteins (4a, 4b and 25k) located within the virion core of vaccinia virus are cleavage products of precursor polypeptides (p4a, p4b and p25k) synthesized late in viral infection. pulse-chase labelling experiments revealed that cleavage of the core proteins lags considerably behind precursor synthesis and that processing requires continuous protein synthesis. the n-terminal sequences of 4b and 25k, but not 4a, were determined by microsequencing core proteins isolated from purifi ... | 1991 | 1993877 |
| the primary structure of the thymidine kinase gene of fish lymphocystis disease virus. | the dna nucleotide sequence of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of fish lymphocystis disease virus (fldv) which has been localized between the coordinates 0.678 to 0.688 of the viral genome was determined. the analysis of the dna nucleotide sequence located between the recognition sites of hindiii (0.669 map unit; nucleotide position 1) and acci (nucleotide position 2032) revealed the presence of an open reading frame of 954 bp on the lower strand of this region between nucleotide positions 1868 ( ... | 1991 | 2024501 |
| quaternary structure of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase. | thymidine kinase enzymes isolated from a variety of sources are generally considered to have a native molecular weight of 80-90 kda composed of two 40-45 kda subunits. although these parameters may accurately describe the atypical deoxypyrimidine kinases expressed by members of the herpesviridae, the nucleotide sequences of thymidine kinase genes isolated from human, mouse, chicken and variety of poxviruses (vaccinia virus, monkeypox virus, variola virus, fowlpox virus and capripoxvirus) predict ... | 1990 | 2114104 |
| construction of fowlpox virus vectors with intergenic insertions: expression of the beta-galactosidase gene and the measles virus fusion gene. | a dna fragment from fowlpox virus cloned on a plasmid vector was modified to contain foreign dna inserts within an intergenic region. in a first step, a 32-base-pair intergenic region from the fowlpox virus genome corresponding to the position of the thymidine kinase locus in the vaccinia virus genome was enlarged to 55 base pairs by site-directed mutagenesis. a unique restriction endonuclease site introduced upstream of the intergenic region was then used to insert various foreign dna fragments ... | 1990 | 2153222 |
| insertion of the fusion gene from newcastle disease virus into a non-essential region in the terminal repeats of fowlpox virus and demonstration of protective immunity induced by the recombinant. | in this paper we report on the identification of non-essential genes in the terminal repeats of the avipox-virus fowlpox virus and the use of these as insertion sites in a vector system. foreign genes inserted into these sites are shown to be present in two copies in the resultant recombinant virus. to test the potential use of this vector as a live vaccine the fusion gene of newcastle disease virus has been inserted into a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus and inoculated into chickens. the experi ... | 1990 | 2155997 |
| newcastle disease virus fusion protein expressed in a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection in chickens. | a cdna copy of the rna encoding the fusion (f) protein of newcastle disease virus (ndv) strain texas, a velogenic strain of ndv, was obtained and the sequence was determined. the 1,792-base-pair sequence encodes a protein of 553 amino acids which has essential features previously established for the f protein of virulent ndv strains. these include the presence of three strongly hydrophobic regions and pairs of dibasic amino acids in the pentapeptide arg-arg-gln-arg-arg preceding the putative cle ... | 1990 | 2157037 |
| mapping of a major early/late gene of fowlpox virus. | identification, cloning and mapping of a major gene expressed during the early and late stages of infection with fowlpox virus is described. the gene is located within a 17.3 kb psti fragment of the fowlpox virus genome and has an open reading frame of 501 bp. analysis of the 5'-ends of mrna transcribed from this gene showed that the start sites of both early and late transcripts map to the sequence taaat near the translation start site (atg). this is the first poxvirus early/late gene described ... | 1990 | 2157318 |
| regulation of foreign gene in fowlpox virus by a vaccinia virus promoter. | a vaccinia virus promoter was evaluated for regulation of a foreign gene in fowlpox virus by a transient expression assay. fowlpox virus-infected quail cells, transfected with plasmid dna containing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene ligated to a vaccinia virus promoter, expressed cat activity. no cat activity was detected either in uninfected cells or fowlpox virus-infected cells. these results indicated that a heterologous vaccinia virus promoter can regulate expression of a foreign ... | 1990 | 2157394 |
| transient expression assay for qualitative assessment of gene expression by fowlpox virus. | a transient expression assay for fowlpox virus (fpv) was developed to assess the feasibility of using heterologous promoters in fpv and to qualitatively determine relative promoter strength. a transient expression system for fpv has not been reported, and various methods used for transient expression in vaccinia-virus-infected cells produced negative results when used with fpv. here a successful method for transient expression of e. coli beta-galactosidase in fpv-infected chick embryo fibroblast ... | 1990 | 2161157 |
| comparative analysis of vaccinia virus promoter activity in fowlpox and vaccinia virus recombinants. | a quantitative and qualitative comparison of vaccinia virus (vv) promoter activity in fowlpox virus (fpv) and vv recombinants was performed. the vv pl11 late promoter was used to express beta-galactosidase from the e. coli lacz gene in fpv (fpv-lacz) and vv (vv-lacz) recombinants. time courses of fpv-lacz beta-galactosidase expression in chicken embryo skin (ces) cells demonstrated temporal regulation of the pl11 promoter with maximum enzyme activity nine- and four-fold lower than those obtained ... | 1990 | 2161593 |
| detection of fowlpox virus dna by in situ hybridization using a biotinylated probe. | in situ hybridization was applied to detect fowlpox virus (fpv) dna in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of the skin from infected chickens by using a biotinylated probe and a streptavidin-alkalinephosphatase conjugate. the immunohistochemical examination was applied to compare the distribution of the fpv dna to that of related antigenic protein in serial sections. in the infected epithelial cells, fpv dna was detected in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and in the rest of cytoplasm. likewis ... | 1990 | 2164391 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of a 10.5 kbp hindiii fragment of fowlpox virus: relatedness to the central portion of the vaccinia virus hindiii d region. | the nucleotide sequence of a 10465 bp hindiii genomic fragment from fowlpox virus (fpv) is presented. analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed 10 potential major open reading frames (orfs). five of these orfs are predicted to encode polypeptides with significant homology to hypothetical polypeptides derived from nucleotide sequence analysis of the vaccinia virus (vv) hindiii d region. interestingly, these homologous orfs do not occur in the same tandem arrangement in the fpv genome as they d ... | 1990 | 2165135 |
| activity of a fowlpox virus late gene promoter in vaccinia and fowlpox virus recombinants. | characterization of a late promoter of fowlpox virus (fpv) and a study of its activity in fpv and vaccinia virus (vv) was carried out. the 5'-mrna start site of the fpv late gene mapped to a taaat sequence near the translation start site (atg). a cloned dna fragment of fpv genome (pfl1) comprising of the 5'-end of the late gene was used to express the lacz gene of e. coli in fpv and vv recombinants. a comparative analysis of beta-galactosidase (bg) expression from the lacz gene under the control ... | 1990 | 2165765 |
| a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of newcastle disease virus (ndv) protects chickens against challenge by ndv. | the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene from the beaudette c strain of newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been expressed in a recombinant fowlpox virus vector. the hn gene, under the control of the vaccinia p7.5 promoter, was inserted into a nonessential gene in the terminal inverted repeats of fowlpox virus. expression was demonstrated in tissue culture, a protein of the correct size for fully glycosylated hn protein being recognized by an hn-specific monoclonal antibody on western blots. when ... | 1990 | 2167557 |
| a fowlpox virus vaccine vector with insertion sites in the terminal repeats: demonstration of its efficacy using the fusion gene of newcastle disease virus. | in this paper we report the development and testing of a fowlpox virus vector system. insertion sites in non-essential regions within the terminal inverted repeats of the virus have been characterised. foreign genes inserted into these sites are shown to be present in two copies in the resultant recombinant virus. to test the potential use of this vector as a live vaccine the fusion gene of newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been inserted into a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus, and inoculated int ... | 1990 | 2169678 |
| immune response of chicks to oral vaccination with combined extra- and intracellular fowl pox viruses. | the immune response of chicks to oral vaccination with hp1-strain of fowl pox virus was studied using intracellular virus alone or a combination of intra and extracellular viruses. the first and second vaccinations were done at four days and 25 days of age, respectively. in both groups the birds showed 50% protection against challenge virus at 32 days of age while no immunity was recorded at 95 days of age. the serum igg concentration in both the vaccinated groups was comparable and it was signi ... | 1990 | 2171176 |
| a poxvirus bidirectional promoter element with early/late and late functions. | a novel bidirectional promoter element of fowlpox virus (fpv) was characterized by transcription analysis, transient expression assays, and recombinant virus construction. this promoter element contained an early/late and a late function in opposite orientation, all within 42 bp of the dna sequence. the 42-bp sequence was sufficient to express two reporter genes simultaneously in a temporally regulated manner. both early and late mrna from the early/late promoter originated at the same taaat mot ... | 1990 | 2171202 |
| restriction endonuclease mapping of the fowlpox virus genome. | the genome of fowlpox virus (webster's mild vaccine strain) is composed of a single, double-stranded dna molecule with covalently linked terminal hairpins and approximately 300 kb in length. sites for cleavage by restriction endonucleases pstl, sal/l, smal, and notl have been identified with partial maps for ecori and bamhi. differences in pstl restriction fragment profiles for two separately prepared viruses (fpv-m and fpv-m3), both derived from the vaccine strain, indicate the presence of a no ... | 1990 | 2171203 |
| protection of chickens with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene. | a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein of newcastle disease virus (ndv) strain texas was generated. immunoprecipitation with chicken anti-ndv serum confirmed authentic expression of the hn protein. protection of chickens from infection with ndv was observed when birds were immunized with the recombinant hn fowlpox virus by the intramuscular route after one or two inoculations. vaccination by the ocular route with a mixture of fowlpox recombinants expr ... | 1990 | 2173266 |
| vaccination of 1-day-old chicks with fowlpox virus by the aerosol, drinking water, or cutaneous routes. | administration of 10(4) mean cell-culture infectious dose (ccid50) per ml of a plaque-purified derivative of a commercial fowlpox virus (fpv) vaccine to 1-day-old chicks by aerosol or drinking water gave inconsistent serological responses and little evidence of protective immunity. in contrast, cutaneous vaccination with the same preparation protected against challenge with virulent fpv at 4 weeks of age. administration of the vaccine at a concentration of 10(6) ccid50 per ml by the drinking-wat ... | 1990 | 2173536 |
| fowlpox virus recombinant encoding the measles virus fusion protein: protection of mice against fatal measles encephalitis. | a recombinant fowlpox virus engineered to encode the measles virus fusion protein was shown to protect mice against a challenge measles infection. a vaccine dose of about 10(6) p.f.u. was needed to protect nearly 100% of the animals. mice failed to develop a significant level of antibodies directed against measles virus suggesting that other components of the immune system may be involved. | 1990 | 2174596 |
| recombinant fowlpox viruses inducing protective immunity against newcastle disease and fowlpox viruses. | the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of newcastle disease virus was inserted into a non-essential region of the fowlpox virus genome and expressed under control of the vaccinia virus 7.5 kda polypeptide gene promoter. immunization with the recombinant fowlpox virus elicited protective immunity in chickens against both virulent newcastle disease and fowlpox virus infection. | 1990 | 2174598 |
| analysis of the fowlpox virus genome region corresponding to the vaccinia virus d6 to a1 region: location of, and variation in, non-essential genes in poxviruses. | the dna sequence of the fowlpox virus genome corresponding to the vaccinia virus d6 to a1 region has been determined. translation of this sequence reveals fowlpoxvirus gene homologues corresponding to the d6, d7, d9, d10, d11, d12, d13 and a1 genes of vaccinia virus. in contrast, no gene homologue for the non-essential vaccinia virus d8 gene was present in fowlpox virus. instead, a gene transcribed from the opposite strand to the vaccinia virus d8 gene showing no homology to any previously seque ... | 1990 | 2177083 |
| a 39,000 mr immunodominant protein of fowlpox virus contains multiple copies of a 12 amino acid repeat sequence. | the nucleotide sequence of an unusual fowlpox virus gene which maps immediately upstream from the fowlpox virus 4b gene has been determined. the 34,000 mr protein predicted to be encoded by the gene contains 11 copies of a 12 amino acid serine-rich repeat sequence. the seven amino-terminal copies of the repeat sequence are perfectly conserved but variation exists in the four carboxy-terminal copies. three peptides were synthesized which contained either one copy of the repeat sequence, two copie ... | 1990 | 2177084 |
| poxvirus recombinant vaccines. | the poxvirus family, subfamily chordopoxviridae, contains six genera. the basic criteria distinguishing membership in a genus is cross-neutralization and host-range predilection. members of the genus orthopoxvirus (vaccinia) and of the genus avipoxvirus (fowlpox) have been genetically engineered to express genes from heterologous pathogens, thus providing a means of assessing these recombinant viruses as live recombinant vaccines. vaccinia virus recombinants which have a broad host range can be ... | 1990 | 2198832 |
| sequence and evolutionary relationships of african swine fever virus thymidine kinase. | the thymidine kinase gene of african swine fever virus was mapped in a 1.4-kb ecori-psti fragment located in the left half of the eco ri k fragment of african swine fever virus dna by using degenerate oligonucleotide probes derived from regions of the thymidine kinase sequence conserved in several poxviruses, man, mouse, and chicken. the nucleotide sequence of this region revealed an open reading frame of 196 codons, whose translated amino acid sequence showed significant similarity to the thymi ... | 1990 | 2389555 |
| survey of vaccines and spf flocks for contamination with chick anaemia agent. | | 1989 | 2538021 |
| immunogenicity of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | the serological response and protective immunity elicited in the chicken by the pathogenic ap3as strain and the moderately pathogenic 80083 strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum and variants of strain 80083 attenuated by repeated passage in mycoplasma broth were investigated. strain 80083 elicited a substantial serum antibody response after administration either in drinking water or by conjunctival sac instillation to 7-week-old spf chickens. no vaccinated chickens developed air sac lesions when ch ... | 1989 | 2540737 |
| analysis of the fowlpoxvirus gene encoding the 4b core polypeptide and demonstration that it possesses efficient promoter sequences. | the gene encoding the fowlpox virus 4b core polypeptide has been identified by analogy with the vaccinia 4b gene. it has been cloned, and its nucleotide sequence determined. the gene, which is 1971 nucleotides long, can encode a protein of 75,200 da (75.2k polypeptide), slightly longer than its vaccinia counterpart with which it shares 52% identity. sequences upstream of the fowlpox virus 4b gene correspond to the consensus sequence determined for vaccinia late promoters, suggesting that late pr ... | 1989 | 2541544 |
| tandem repeated sequences within the terminal region of the fowlpox virus genome. | a 6.2 kb bamhi terminal fragment from fowlpox virus has been cloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. the fragment was cloned by s1 digestion of viral dna and therefore does not contain the covalently closed terminal loop. the cloned sequences comprise a short (230 bp) unique region at the terminal end, which is adjacent to a 3.87 bp long, at-rich region consisting of sets of short tandemly repeated units, 32 and 56 bp long. the remainder of the fragment is composed of a 2.18 kb unique ... | 1989 | 2543736 |
| immune response of chicks vaccinated with fowl pox virus vaccines by the feather follicle method. | | 1989 | 2546306 |
| pathologic changes in chickens caused by intravenous inoculation with fowlpox virus. | twenty chickens were inoculated intravenously with fowlpox (fp) virus, and clinical and pathological examinations were carried out chronologically. upon gross examination, miliary nodules scattered in the kidneys were observed from 10 to 18 days postinoculation (pi), as were papules on the skin and diphtheritic lesions on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. microscopically, characteristic fp lesions, composed of swelling and proliferation of cells with formation of bollinger bodi ... | 1989 | 2546531 |
| pathogenicity and immunogenicity of mynah pox virus in chickens and bobwhite quail. | an avian pox virus was isolated from cutaneous proliferative lesions removed from greater hill mynahs (gracula religiosa) imported from malaysia. cutaneous inoculation of specific pathogen-free chickens and bobwhite quail with the mynah pox virus resulted in severe proliferative cutaneous lesions similar to those seen in the naturally infected mynah birds. microscopically, the reaction in the chickens and quail at sites of virus inoculation was characterized by marked epithelial hyperplasia with ... | 1989 | 2547209 |
| genetic and antigenic differences between fowlpox and quailpox viruses. | the genomes of a fowlpox and quailpox virus isolate were compared by restriction enzyme analysis using bamhi, ecori, and hindiii endonucleases. the genetic profiles of the two virus species were very distinct with fragments lacking similar electrophoretic mobilities. in contrast, the patterns of three quailpox virus isolates were very similar with a high proportion of co-migrating fragments. when the immunogenic proteins of two quailpox, three fowlpox, a juncopox, and a pigeonpox virus isolate w ... | 1989 | 2548462 |
| structural proteins of two different plaque-size phenotypes of fowlpox virus. | structural polypeptides of two plaque-purified variant isolates of fowlpox virus differing in plaque morphology and size were examined by coomassie blue-staining and immunoblot analysis of purified virions. a total of 30 structural polypeptides were observed, ranging in molecular weight from 14,100 to 122,600. a late polypeptide of 36,400 molecular weight was quite prominent in the small-plaque clone but absent in the large-plaque clone. two other polypeptides, of 33,700 and 34,800 molecular wei ... | 1989 | 2549937 |
| avian pox: infection and immunity with quail, psittacine, fowl, and pigeon pox viruses. | quail, chickens, and turkeys vaccinated with pigeon and fowl pox viruses were not protected against challenge of their immunity with quail pox virus and they developed severe cutaneous lesions of pox. when quail and chickens were vaccinated with quail pox virus and given pigeon and fowl pox challenge viruses, no protection was present. thus, quail pox virus had no immunologic relationship to pigeon and fowl pox viruses. psittacine pox virus applied as a vaccine in quail and chickens also failed ... | 1985 | 2579373 |
| the nucleotide sequence around the capripoxvirus thymidine kinase gene reveals a gene shared specifically with leporipoxvirus. | we have extended previous comparisons of genetic organization between poxvirus genera by sequencing a 2.5k genomic fragment from isolate ks-1 (kenya sheep-1) of the genus capripoxvirus. the fragment is located in the central region of the capripoxvirus genome and contains three complete and two incomplete open reading frames (orfs). one of the complete orfs is a gene for thymidine kinase (tk). this gene, with one of the other two complete orfs and both the incomplete orfs, are homologous to four ... | 1989 | 2732700 |