| preliminary studies on an unusual poxvirus of the western grey squirrel (sciurus griseus griseus) of north america. | particles of a poxvirus found in californian western grey squirrels have overall dimensions indistinguishable from those of the poxviruses of the genera orthopoxvirus and leporipoxvirus, but have surface structures somewhat reminiscent of virions of members of the genus parapoxvirus. extracts of tissues infected with the squirrel poxvirus cross-react in gel-diffusion tests with extracts of tissues infected with californian myxoma virus, but not with a similar preparation infected with a south am ... | 1975 | 181346 |
| parapoxvirus infections of reindeer and musk ox associated with unusual human infections. | this report concerns five cases of human infection resulting in lesions morphologically similar to human orf. parapoxvirus infection in reindeer was the probable source of infection in four cases. the fifth case involved musk ox. two of the cases involving reindeer are particularly interesting as transmission of infection occurred indirectly. viral particles were not seen by electron microscopy of human tissues, due probably to the late stage of the illness at the time of examination. however, e ... | 1978 | 216383 |
| physical characterization of a stomatitis papulosa virus genome: a cleavage map for the restriction endonucleases hindiii and ecori. | the genome of stomatitis papulosa virus (a parapoxvirus) was cleaved with the restriction endonucleases hindiii and ecori, each giving rise to 6 fragments respectively. double digestion with both enzymes resulted in 8 bands, two of which contained dna fragments in double molar concentrations as revealed by reciprocal digests of isolated dna fragments. the genome size, estimated by summation of the molecular weights of the fragments, is approximately 86 x 10(6) daltons, some 30 x 10(6) daltons sm ... | 1979 | 218532 |
| high c + g content in parapoxvirus dna. | the dnas of eight parapoxviruses (four stomatitis papulosa viruses isolated from infected calves, a pseudocowpox virus isolated from a teat lesion of an infected cow and three orf viruses, one isolated from an infected sheep and two isolated from human infections) were analysed in cscl gradients. the mole % of g+c was calculated from the buoyant density and found to be approx. 63% for all virus isolates examined. parapoxvirus dna thus has by far the highest g+c content of all poxvirus dnas so fa ... | 1979 | 225418 |
| in vitro recognition of an orf virus early promoter in a vaccinia virus extract. | dna fragments containing varying lengths of the 5' end of an orf virus early gene (orf3) and its associated promoter were introduced into sodium deoxycholate-solubilized vaccinia virus extracts capable of initiating transcription in vitro from vaccinia virus early promoters. after separation of the radiolabelled products of the reactions on a 5% polyacrylamide/7 m urea gel, discrete transcripts were detected the sizes of which were consistent with initiation of transcription from the orf virus e ... | 1992 | 1312824 |
| [parapox in a pigmy chimpanzee]. | parapoxvirus was found using electron microscopy in skin scrapings from a pygmy chimpanzee with a pustular skin disease. clinical findings are described and possible ways of transmission are discussed. it seems remarkable that this is the first time parapoxvirus has been diagnosed in a nonhuman primate. | 1992 | 1324536 |
| electron microscopic evidence of a papillomavirus and a parapoxvirus in the same lesion. | | 1991 | 1654662 |
| [milker's nodes: transmission by fomites and virological identification]. | we report a case of milker's nodules in a male who was not a professional cattle raiser with indirect and accidental transmission by fomites. a parapoxvirus was demonstrated from cutaneous lesions by electron microscopy with negative stain. | 1991 | 1659456 |
| differentiation of parapoxviruses by application of orf virus-specific monoclonal antibodies against cell surface proteins. | monoclonal antibodies were produced against orf virus-specified cell surface proteins in an attempt to develop reagents capable of differentiating between members of the parapoxviridae. two immunization protocols were used to induce an anti-orf response in balb/c mice, one of which resulted in virus replication in the recipient. the monoclonal antibodies produced were tested for crossreactivity with bovine papular stomatitis virus (bps) and milker's node virus (mnv) by indirect immunofluorescenc ... | 1991 | 1719690 |
| molecular analysis of contagious pustular dermatitis virus: a simplified method for viral dna extraction from scab material. | a new simplified method of dna extraction of contagious pustular dermatitis virus directly from scab material of natural and experimental infections is described. scabs are suspended in buffer solution and an enriched core suspension is obtained after treatment with detergent, quelants and centrifugation. dna is isolated after proteinase digestion and phenolchloroform extraction. viral dna and fragments with sizes ranging from 23-25 kb were observed by agarose gel electrophoresis. this dna was u ... | 1991 | 1816256 |
| parapoxvirus infections acquired after exposure to wildlife. | the histopathologic and electron microscopic findings in two patients with skin lesions that developed after exposure to deer and other wildlife were consistent with a parapoxviral infection. human infections that were morphologically similar to parapoxvirus infection have been previously described concerning exposure to cervids (deer and related animals). ours are the first reported cases in which viral particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy. | 1991 | 1846068 |
| sequence analysis of the inverted terminal repetition in the genome of the parapoxvirus, orf virus. | two bamhi fragments from the right-hand terminal region of the orf virus genome have been sequenced. the bulk of the inverted terminal repetition (itr) sequence is contained within these fragments and makes up 3388 bp of the 4425-bp sequence reported. the overall base composition of the larger sequence is 59.4% g + c and of the itr, 60.2% g + c. an extremely g/c-rich (83.2%) block of sequence was found spanning the itr/unique sequence junction. the bulk of the itr could be divided into three blo ... | 1990 | 2129563 |
| parapoxvirus papillomatosis in the muskoxen (ovibos moschatus): genetical differences between the virus causing new outbreak in a vaccinated herd, the vaccine virus and a local orf virus. | since 1981 a domesticated muskoxen herd had been successfully vaccinated against papillomatosis with homogenated, glutaraldehyde inactivated papilloma tissue. in the fall of 1985 a new clinical outbreak of disease occurred, affecting previously infected as well as vaccinated animals. the purification of parapox virions directly from papilloma tissue and orf scabs collected in a local sheep farm was followed by restriction endonuclease analysis of viral dna. the morphological identity of purified ... | 1990 | 2169188 |
| [recent information about the orf virus of small ruminants]. | new scientific findings in the field of immunobiology and diagnosis of parapoxvirus ovis (orf-virus) as the causal agent of a zoonosis are presented. the adaptation of orf-virus to cell lines and its in vitro multiplication without difficulties offer the possibility for extensive studies into the biology of parapoxviruses. the development of monoclonal antibodies (mab) against an attenuated orf-virus strain (d-1701) led to the elaboration of a simplified, cheap and highly sensitive "antigen dete ... | 1990 | 2219103 |
| a homologue of retroviral pseudoproteases in the parapoxvirus, orf virus. | the nucleotide sequence of a near-terminal region of orf virus dna was determined. examination of the sequence revealed an open reading frame encoding a peptide with significant amino acid homology to the pseudoprotease domains recently identified in a number of retroviruses including mouse mammary tumor virus, simian mason-pfizer virus, maedi-visna virus, and equine infectious anaemia virus. the orf virus pseudoprotease shares up to 28% amino acid homology with retroviral pseudoproteases and ap ... | 1989 | 2678731 |
| physical characterization of the genome of a cattle isolate of capripoxvirus. | hindiii, pstl, aval, and sali site maps have been determined for the genome of a cattle isolate of capripoxvirus, kc-1. the length of the genome was estimated, by summation of the lengths of individual hindiii fragments, to be 145.6 kb, and the genome was shown to possess terminally repeated regions 1.13-6.23 kb in length. the restriction site maps demonstrate that the genome of kc-1 does not possess a high degree of nucleotide sequence homology with the genomes of isolates of orthopoxvirus, par ... | 1987 | 2821685 |
| analysis of parapoxvirus genomes. | eight stomatitis papulosa (sp), four orf and two milker's nodes (mn) virus isolates were compared by restriction enzyme analysis. considerable genetic heterogeneity was found not only between isolates belonging to the three different taxonomic groups but also between members of the same group. this heterogeneity precludes classification of parapoxviruses simply by comparison of their dna cleavage patterns. restriction maps were therefore prepared for 12 parapoxvirus dnas. fragments from defined ... | 1985 | 2982348 |
| clustered cases of paravaccinia in milkers. | clustered cases of a disease in men and cows firstly diagnosed as cowpox has been described. clinical manifestation, epidemiology and laboratory diagnostics are presented. virological and serological investigations of the specimens taken from sick persons and animals proved paravaccinia virus (genus parapoxvirus) to be etiological agent of the illness. cowpox virus (genus orthopoxvirus) greatly differs from the latter by phenotypical markers. the disease in humans is called milkers' modules, in ... | 1986 | 3027164 |
| sealpox in captive grey seals (halichoerus grypus) and their handlers. | histopathologic, ultrastructural, and negative-staining studies indicated that nodular lesions on the flippers, head, and necks of recently weaned, captive grey seals (halichoerus grypus) were similar to sealpox lesions reported from several other species of seals. virions associated with the nodules were characteristic of the parapoxvirus subgroup of pox viruses. two of the three persons handling the seals developed nodular lesions similar to "milker's nodules," the characteristic lesion in per ... | 1987 | 3029439 |
| safety and efficacy of a combined parapox/bvd vaccine. | the combination of a bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease-attenuated vaccine strain with heat-inactivated parapoxvirus was tested with respect to safety and efficacy in mice, rabbits and fattening calves. the safety on this vaccine was guaranteed in mice and rabbits under laboratory conditions and in calves under field conditions. laboratory investigations demonstrated a strong anti-bvd antibody response in rabbits compared to antibody formation after vaccination with the monovalent bvd-vaccine ... | 1986 | 3030862 |
| orf. a case report with histologic, electron microscopic, and immunoperoxidase studies. | orf is an occupational skin disease acquired through contact with infected animals. in humans, orf is usually a self-limited disease that resolves spontaneously within four to 24 weeks. we report a case with multiple lesions of orf, acquired by contact with a wild sheep. the patient was temporarily immunosuppressed by a concomitant viral hepatitis. we reviewed the histologic and electron microscopic findings. also, we attempted to stain the parapoxvirus in the skin of the patient, using the immu ... | 1985 | 3883947 |
| [ecthyma of sheep and goats]. | contagious pustular dermatitis (cpd, contagious ecthyma, orf) is a highly contagious viral disease afflicting sheep and goats. the infectious agent is a parapoxvirus which is widespread and also contagious for humans (zoonosis). recently the disease in sheep and goats is marked by increased incidence and severe cases which cause many losses especially among lambs in fattening farms. the immunity of once infected animals is based on cellular defense mechanisms which are very unstable. the most su ... | 1985 | 3895568 |
| [sero- and immunodiagnosis in parapoxvirus infections in the human. milker's nodes, ecthyma contagiosum contact infection]. | the currently available methods for the serological and immunological diagnosis of human parapoxvirus infection (milker's nodule, farmyard pox) are demonstrated by the case of a man infected by contact with sheep carrying ecthyma contagiosum lesions. compared to virus identification by electron microscopy, cell culture and animal experiments, identification of viral antigen in skin biopsies is equally sensitive during the first 2 weeks of the disease, whereas it is far more sensitive afterwards. ... | 1985 | 3910614 |
| [human orf infection]. | ecthyma contagiosum is caused by a member of the parapoxvirus group, the so-called orf virus. the typical feature of the disease is described, and some of its peculiarities are illustrated by means of a case report. | 1985 | 4082696 |
| camel contagious ecthyma (pustular dermatitis). | in 1979, pustular dermatitis caused by a virus belonging to the family poxviridae , genus parapoxvirus , was observed among camels in some areas of mongolia . the morbidity in adults ranged from 10 to 80%, of 2 to 3-month-old suckling camels between 50-70% and it reached 100% in 1-year-old animals. in the beginning, pustules developed around the mouth followed by papular elevations and scab formation. the virus designated camel contagious ecthyma (cce) grew on the chorionallantoic membrane (cam) ... | 1984 | 6145344 |
| genetic and antigenic heterogeneity of different parapoxvirus strains. | six stomatitis papulosa and three orf virus strains were compared by serology and by dna restriction analysis. a neutralization kinetic study revealed extensive serological cross-reactivity between all strains, but did not allow their classification. restriction analysis of viral dnas revealed two distinct groups among the stomatitis papulosa strains while the orf virus strains formed a third, more heterogeneous group. the large heterogeneity of restriction patterns of parapoxvirus dnas as compa ... | 1980 | 6153643 |
| some enzymatic activities associated with purified parapoxvirions. | purified virions of milker's nodule virus, a parapoxvirus, were shown to contain an rna polymerase, a nucleotide phosphohydrolase, and a protein kinase associated with or encapsulated within the dna-containing core of the virus. in vitro, the activated viral rna polymerase transcribed only 7 to 8% of the genome, in the form of 8s to 14s polyadenylated rna molecules which were complementary to sequences present in milker's nodule virus dna but not vaccinia virus dna or dna prepared from the host ... | 1983 | 6188861 |
| nuclear changes in cells infected with parapoxviruses stomatitis papulosa and orf: an in vivo and in vitro ultrastructural study. | during ultrahistological investigations of naturally occurring cases of stomatitis papulosa in cattle and orf in sheep, nuclear changes consisting of aggregations of double membrane-containing tubular structures (outer diam. 100 to 130 nm, inner diam. 50 to 65 nm) and filamentous material were observed. these changes could be reproduced in vitro after infection of bovine (bel) and ovine (oel) embryonic lung cell cultures with stomatitis papulosa virus and orf virus isolates. nuclear tubules were ... | 1980 | 6245168 |
| parapoxvirus infection of the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris). | | 1981 | 6275598 |
| [generalized human parapoxvirus infection]. | | 1984 | 6330641 |
| [adaptation of ecthyma contagiosum virus to cell culture]. | series of attempts were made to adapt the phylaxia vaccinal strain (hungary) to various cell cultures in vitro. the work with twenty-one successive passages of the virus in a culture of lamb testis resulted in the production of an adapted strain that could produce a characteristic cytopathic effect at the 24th--48th hour of the infection, reaching a titer of 10(4.5) id/cm3. cytologic and electron-microscope investigations confirmed the fact that this cell strain belonged to the parapoxvirus genu ... | 1982 | 6892131 |
| interferon induction in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of man and farm animals by poxvirus vector candidates and some poxvirus constructs. | prototypes of three poxvirus genera--orthopoxvirus (opv), parapoxvirus (ppv), avipoxvirus (apv)--and newcastle disease virus (ndv) as a control, as well as three recombinant opv strains and one recombinant apv strain, were incubated in vitro with peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (pbml) of man, sheep and swine. antiviral activity was determined in pbml culture supernatants at different time intervals after virus cell interaction using a cytopathic effect inhibition bioassay. additionally, ... | 1995 | 7502485 |
| [recent developments in the diagnosis of parapoxviruses]. | neutralizing and non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against parapoxviruses (ppv) were generated by immunizing balb/c-mice with gradient-purified ppv orf d-1701 or purified envelopes. epitope specificity studies identified three distinct epitopes localized in the virus envelope. these antigenic sites allowed a differentiation between orf and stomatitis papulosa viruses. for a rapid diagnosis of parapoxviruses transmission-electron microscopy, immunofluorescence- or immunoperoxidase-staining, ... | 1994 | 7519370 |
| isolation of parapoxvirus from grey seals. | | 1995 | 7740722 |
| parapoxvirus of red deer: evidence for its inclusion as a new member in the genus parapoxvirus. | there are three accepted members of the parapoxvirus genus, orf virus (ov), papular stomatitis virus (psv), and pseudocowpox virus (pcv). ov is maintained in sheep and goats and psv and pcv in cattle. restriction endonuclease profiles of the dna derived from representatives of these established members of the genus were compared with profiles from a parapoxvirus recently isolated from red deer. in no case did the profile of this latter virus (dpv) resemble those generated from the other parapoxv ... | 1995 | 7747456 |
| isolation of a parapoxvirus from pox-like lesions in grey seals. | | 1994 | 7794344 |
| clinical and pathological description of a chronic form of bovine papular stomatitis. | this communication describes a hitherto unreported chronic form of bovine papular stomatitis in young cattle. diagnosis was based on the clinical disease, histological findings, electron microscopical characterization of the causative virus, and virus isolation. a description of the acute form of the disease is presented for comparison. | 1994 | 7836569 |
| photo quiz. orf. | | 1994 | 7986896 |
| parapox infection in grey seals (halichoerus grypus) in cornwall. | in the winter of 1991/92 there was an outbreak of parapox infection in grey seals (halichoerus grypus) around the coast of cornwall. pups were cared for at a seal rehabilitation centre and the infection occurred in most of them. the presence of parapox virus was confirmed by electron microscopy. the clinical and pathological findings, together with details of the morphology of the virus, are compared with those in previous outbreaks in north america. | 1994 | 8009786 |
| homologs of vascular endothelial growth factor are encoded by the poxvirus orf virus. | a gene encoding a polypeptide with homology to mammalian vascular endothelial growth factors (vegfs) has been discovered in the genome of orf virus (ov), a parapoxvirus that affects sheep and goats and, occasionally, humans. the gene is transcribed abundantly early in infection and is found immediately outside the inverted terminal repeat at the right end of the genome. in the nz2 strain of ov (ov nz2), the gene encodes a polypeptide with a molecular size of 14.7 kda, while in another strain, ov ... | 1994 | 8254780 |
| parapoxvirus in a cat. | | 1993 | 8383373 |
| isolation and antibody prevalence of a parapoxvirus in wild japanese serows (capricornis crispus). | an epizootic suspected to be caused by parapoxviruses occurred in winter, 1984-85, among wild japanese serows (capricornis crispus) with nodular or papular lesions in gifu prefecture, japan. virus isolations were attempted on 30 animals using bovine fetal testicle cell cultures. viral agents growing with cytopathic effects were isolated from six animals. the agents were identified as parapoxvirus from electron microscopic findings and physico-chemical characteristics. antibody prevalence to the ... | 1993 | 8394942 |
| an investigation into the health and welfare of red squirrels, sciurus vulgaris, involved in reintroduction studies. | the threats posed by parapoxvirus infection, metabolic bone disease and coccidiosis to the reintroduction of red squirrels into thetford chase were investigated by making blood biochemical, radiological and parasitological examinations on the squirrels before they were released and on resident squirrels. red squirrels found dead in thetford chase were examined post mortem by parasitological, electron microscopical and radiological techniques. parapoxvirus infection was the probable cause of deat ... | 1995 | 8578648 |
| [clinical findings and diagnosis of a severs parapoxvirus epidemic in finnish reindeer]. | during the winter of 1992/93 a parapox epidemic in reindeer occurred in the southern and central areas of finland which killed 400 animals and 2750 animals showed clinical symptoms. at least ten cases of human infections and disease were reported. in addition to the uncertain epidemiology, the diagnosis using conventional methods was difficult and time consuming. based upon published sequence data of the parapoxvirus (ppv) ovis prototype strain nz-2, two different polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ... | 1995 | 8585082 |
| isolation of a parapoxvirus from a grey seal (halichoerus grypus). | a grey seal (halichoerus grypus) developed cutaneous pocks which progressed to involve the skin extensively, necessitating euthanasia. macroscopically and histologically the lesions resembled previous descriptions of parapoxvirus infections of seals and virus particles were observed in preparations of a scab and a skin lesion. suspensions of the scab and skin lesion were prepared and inoculated on to monolayer cultures of grey seal kidney cells. after 25 days in culture and three passages, cytop ... | 1995 | 8644435 |
| corneal orf in a lamb. | | 1996 | 8650918 |
| serology of orthopoxvirus cameli infection in dromedary camels: analysis by elisa and western blotting. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed, together with a western blotting technique, for the detection of total and igg and igm antibodies to camelpox virus (orthopoxvirus cameli) in camel (camelus dromedarius) sera and for identifying the seroreactive antigens of the virus. a total of 520 camels from different regions in libya were tested. the overall seropositivity rate in the examined herds was 9.8%, and varied between herds from 0 to 30%. two viral antigenic determinants ( ... | 1996 | 8654047 |
| milker's nodule--a report of 15 cases in the county of north jutland. | | 1996 | 8721513 |
| parapoxvirus infection in red squirrels. | | 1996 | 8732196 |
| parapox virus infection of the grey squirrel. | | 1996 | 8761982 |
| effect of a paramunity inducer on reproductive performance of gilts. | optimal reproductive performance of gilts is an economically important characteristic which is influenced amongst others by the general health condition of the animal. in the present pilot study, we examined whether reproductive performance of gilts that were transported from a breeding to a commercial farm can be improved by paramunization, e.g. by enhancing the non-specific immunological response of the animal. three groups of gilts were submitted to various treatments as follows. the first gr ... | 1996 | 8940894 |
| gene homology between orf virus and smallpox variola virus. | about 47% identity was observed between the deduced amino acid sequences of a protein encoded by a gene of the parapoxvirus orf virus (ov) strain nz2 and a 6 kda protein of unknown function reported to be produced by an open reading frame expressed early after infection by the orthopoxvirus western reserve vaccinia virus (vac); the open reading frame is absent from vac strain copenhagen. examination of sequences reported for variola virus (var) strains bangladesh, india, congo- 1970, somalia- 19 ... | 1996 | 8972571 |
| cytokines and their inhibitors in orf virus infection. | the epitheliotropic parapoxvirus, orf virus, can repeatedly infect sheep skin. a specific immune response is generated as reinfections induce smaller lesions with quicker resolution times than primary lesions. cyclosporin-a treatment abrogates this partial immunity. cytokine mrnas detected in lesion biopsies include the transcripts for il-1 beta, il-3 gm-csf, tnf-alpha and, less reproducibly, ifn-gamma. cd4+ t-cells predominate in afferent lymph draining the site of infection, and are the major ... | 1996 | 8988872 |
| cyclosporin a abrogates the acquired immunity to cutaneous reinfection with the parapoxvirus orf virus. | the effect of cyclosporin a (csa) on host immunity to cutaneous reinfection with the parapoxvirus orf virus was studied in 6-month-old lambs. in control reinfected animals, clinical lesions and viral replication (measured by the presence of vesicular/pustular lesions and viral antigen) in regenerating epidermal cells were at a maximum on day 4 with resolution by day 9. lesion histology revealed recruitment of t cells, b cells and dermal dendritic cells (ddc) which increased and decreased in para ... | 1996 | 9014816 |
| a novel strategy for determining protective antigens of the parapoxvirus, orf virus. | we investigated the feasibility of using vaccinia virus (vac) recombinants containing large multigene fragments of orf virus dna to identify protective antigens of orf virus (ov). sixteen ov strain nz2 dna fragments with an average size of 11.4 kb were recombined into vac strain lister. each fragment was mapped relative to ov restriction endonuclease maps but was otherwise uncharacterized. together the recombinants represent 95% of the ov genome in an overlapping manner. immunofluorescence showe ... | 1997 | 9123861 |
| a homolog of interleukin-10 is encoded by the poxvirus orf virus. | a gene encoding a polypeptide with homology to interleukin-10 (il-10) has been discovered in the genome of orf virus (ov) strain nz2, a parapoxvirus that infects sheep, goats, and humans. the predicted polypeptide sequence shows high levels of amino acid identity to il-10 of sheep (80%), cattle (75%), humans (67%), and mice (64%), as well as il-10-like proteins of epstein-barr virus (63%) and equine herpesvirus (67%). the c-terminal region, comprising two-thirds of the ov protein, is identical t ... | 1997 | 9151886 |
| identification of three distinct antigenic sites in parapoxviruses. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated in balb/c mice immunized with gradient-purified particles, envelopes and cores of intracellular mature orf virus d-1701. three distinct antigenic sites were identified in this virus strain. their topographical relationships was determined by pairwise epitope specificity studies in competition elisas. one mab (class igm) neutralized virus infectivity. four micrograms/ml purified igm gave a 50% reduction of 100 pfu of orf virus d-1701. as shown by immuno ... | 1997 | 9170506 |
| pathology of interdigital glands in a wild japanese serow (capricornis crispus) infected with parapoxvirus. | the interdigital glands of a japanese serow infected with parapoxvirus had severe papular and nodular lesions that completely occupied the sac and duct of the gland. the lesions were characterized by acanthosis with hyperkeratosis. intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were detected in the vacuolated prickle cells. by electron microscopy, mature and immature viral particles were present in the cytoplasm. these glands act as scent glands, and lesions in this organ probably affected the ecological ada ... | 1997 | 9409527 |
| [serologic studies of domestic cats for potential human pathogenic virus infections from wild rodents]. | for several viral infections a reservoir in wild rodents has been demonstrated. some of the agents are known or suspected to be pathogenic for humans. because improvements in hygiene have reduced direct human contact with rodents, domestic cats could be acting as active transmitters of these viruses from rodents to man. we selected 4 such pathogens--ortho- and parapox-, hanta- and encephalomyocarditis viruses--which, in different ways, may lead to serious human illness: ortho- and parapoxvirus i ... | 1996 | 9409901 |
| molecular genetic analyses of parapoxviruses pathogenic for humans. | the current members of the genus parapoxvirus are orf virus (orfv), bovine papular stomatitis virus (bpsv), pseudocowpoxvirus (pcpv) and parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand (pvnz). bpsv and pcpv are maintained in cattle while orfv is maintained in sheep and goats, but all three are zoonoses. only the recently reported pvnz has yet to be recorded as infecting humans. tentative members of the genus are camel contagious ecthyma virus, chamois contagious ecthyma virus and sealpoxvirus. the separ ... | 1997 | 9413523 |
| parapoxvirus orf in kidney transplantation. | | 1998 | 9509488 |
| the orf virus ov20.0l gene product is involved in interferon resistance and inhibits an interferon-inducible, double-stranded rna-dependent kinase. | the parapoxvirus orf virus was resistant to type 1 (ifn-alpha) and type 2 (ifn-gamma) interferons in cultures of ovine cells. the recently identified orf virus ov20.0l gene exhibits 31% predicted amino acid identity to the vaccinia virus e3l interferon-resistance gene, and is referred to as the (putative) orf virus interferon-resistance gene (ovifnr). the objective of this study was to determine whether ovifnr was involved in interferon resistance. recombinant ovifnr as a thioredoxin fusion prot ... | 1998 | 9640243 |
| poxvirus interference with the host cytokine response. | poxviruses have evolved successfully to survive and replicate in a variety of species in the presence of an active host immune and inflammatory response. they manage this, at least in part, by the acquisition and modification of host immune and inflammatory response modulating genes. a proportion of these virulence genes encode homologues of host cytokines and cytokine receptors. these include soluble interferon, il-1 beta, and tnf-alpha receptor homologues, that block the host cytokines. other ... | 1998 | 9656450 |
| ovine diseases. orf. | orf virus is an epitheliotropic dna parapoxvirus with a worldwide distribution that induces acute pustular lesions in the skin of sheep, goats and man. genetic mapping and sequencing of the orf virus genome have revealed that orf virus has a typical poxvirus distribution of genes, with those essential for viral dna synthesis, replication and packaging located in the central region, and those involved in virulence concentrated in the terminal regions. the immune and inflammatory response to orf v ... | 1998 | 9689744 |
| effect of an inactivated parapoxvirus based immunomodulator (baypamun) on post weaning diarrhoea syndrome and wasting pig syndrome of piglets. | post weaning diarrhoea syndrome (pwds) and wasting pig syndrome (wps) are two entities of the pig industry induced by stress factors occurring at the early weaning and further complicated by opportunistic pathogens. in the present paper we examine--through one pilot and one final trial--whether prevention of these two syndromes can be achieved in the field by immunomodulation of the pig e.g., by improving its non-specific immunological response. in both trials two groups of early weaned piglets ... | 1998 | 9690600 |
| analysis of genomic rearrangement and subsequent gene deletion of the attenuated orf virus strain d1701. | the orf virus (ov) strain d1701 belongs to the genetically heterogenous parapoxvirus (ppv) genus of the family poxviridae. the attenuated ov d1701 has been licensed as a live vaccine against contagious ecthyma in sheep. detailed knowledge on the genetic structure and organization of this ppv vaccine strain is an important prerequisite to reveal possible genetic mechanisms of ppv attenuation. the present study demonstrates a genomic map of the approximately 158 kbp dna of ov d1701 established by ... | 1998 | 9784065 |
| a novel type of vascular endothelial growth factor, vegf-e (nz-7 vegf), preferentially utilizes kdr/flk-1 receptor and carries a potent mitotic activity without heparin-binding domain. | vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) mediates endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and vascular permeability via the endothelial cell receptors, kdr/flk-1 and flt-1. recently, a gene encoding a polypeptide with about 25% amino acid identity to mammalian vegf was identified in the genome of orf virus (ov), a parapoxvirus that affects sheep and goats and occasionally, humans, to generate lesions with angiogenesis. in this study, we examined the biological activities and receptor of o ... | 1998 | 9813035 |
| orf virus encodes a homolog of the vaccinia virus interferon-resistance gene e3l. | a homolog of the vaccinia virus (vac) interferon resistance gene e3l has been discovered in orf virus strain nz-2, a parapoxvirus that infects sheep, goats and humans. the gene is located 20 kb from the left terminus of the orf virus genome and is transcribed towards this terminus. rnase protection studies have been used to define the limits of the gene and northern analysis revealed that it is expressed early in infection. the predicted amino acid sequence of the orf virus protein shares 31% id ... | 1998 | 9857983 |
| a novel vascular endothelial growth factor encoded by orf virus, vegf-e, mediates angiogenesis via signalling through vegfr-2 (kdr) but not vegfr-1 (flt-1) receptor tyrosine kinases. | the different members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) family act as key regulators of endothelial cell function controlling vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, vascular permeability and endothelial cell survival. in this study, we have functionally characterized a novel member of the vegf family, designated vegf-e. vegf-e sequences are encoded by the parapoxvirus orf virus (ov). they carry the characteristic cysteine knot motif present in all mammalian vegfs, while forming a microhete ... | 1999 | 9889193 |
| the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against orf virus with other parapoxviruses and the identification of a 39 kda immunodominant protein. | a panel of 27 mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was raised against orf virus. sixteen of these mabs reacted with a protein with a molecular mass of 65 kda, 8 reacted with a protein with a molecular mass of 39 kda and three remain uncharacterised. reactivity of the mabs with a library of recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing various regions of the nz-2 orf virus genome identified the approximate positions of the genes encoding these 2 immunodominant orf virus proteins. the gene encoding the 39 ... | 1998 | 9930187 |
| use of protein ag in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening for antibodies against parapoxvirus in wild animals in japan. | using protein ag in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), we tried to detect antibodies against parapoxvirus in 9 species of wild animals in japan: the japanese badger (meles meles anakuma), japanese black bear (ursus thibetanus japonicus), japanese deer (cervus nippon centralis), japanese monkey (macaca fuscata), japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), japanese serow (capricornis crispus), japanese wild boar (sus scrofa leucomystax), masked palm civet (paguma larvata ... | 1999 | 10225841 |
| an epidemic of parapoxvirus infection among cattle: isolation and antibody survey. | a disease characterized by papules, nodules, vesicles and, rarely, pustules and ulcers on teats was seen among cattle on a farm in chiba prefecture, japan. a virus was isolated by inoculation of fetal bovine lung cell cultures from a vesicle on a teat of an infected cow. the virus was subsequently passaged in fetal bovine lung and muscle cells in which it produced complete cytopathic changes. the virus was identified by physicochemical examinations and electromicroscopic observation as a parapox ... | 1999 | 10458096 |
| parapoxviruses: potential alternative vectors for directing the immune response in permissive and non-permissive hosts. | parapoxvirus (ppv) represents a genus of the poxviridae, and particularly ppv ovis (orf virus, ov) seems to offer several potential advantages for the use of vector vaccine. therefore, we started to investigate the genome of the highly attenuated ov strain d1701, which was only poorly characterised until now. due to recombination of non-homologous sequences, part of the right hand end of the d1701 genome was duplicated and translocated to the opposite end of the genome. as a consequence gene del ... | 1999 | 10486932 |
| efficacy of a biological response modifier in preventing staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections after calving. | a change in the epidemiology of mastitis in recent years has emphasized the role of the udder immune system in the pathogenesis of staphylococcus aureus. therefore, if the bovine or udder immune capability could be enhanced, susceptibility to staph. aureus could be reduced and antibiotic efficacy could be increased. immune system defense mechanisms could be enhanced by vaccination and by biological response modifiers. within this latter group, a biological response modifier obtained from parapox ... | 1999 | 10531594 |
| isolation of parapoxvirus from a cow treated with interferon-gamma. | a virus was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes of a cow which was kept in an isolated pen after it was injected with recombinant bovine interferon-gamma. the virus was identified as a member of genus parapoxvirus in the family poxviridae on the basis of electron microscopic observations and serological tests. parapoxvirus has seldom been isolated other than from papular lesions, the characteristic sign of parapoxvirus infection. this is the first report of parapoxvirus isolation from the ... | 1999 | 10596799 |
| infection with parapoxvirus induces cd30-positive cutaneous infiltrates in humans. | expression of cd30 is a distinct feature of b- or t-cell activation, found in hodgkin's disease, large cell anaplastic lymphoma, lymphomatoid papulosis, as well as in certain viral infections such as human t-lymphotropic virus type i, hiv, hepatitis b and c virus, and epstein-barr virus. here, we report highly proliferative cd30-positive cutaneous infiltrates in 3 patients with milkers's nodules, adding parapoxvirus infection to the spectrum of cd30-positive benign lympho-proliferations. | 1999 | 10599944 |
| immunomodulation by virulence proteins of the parapoxvirus orf virus. | three orf virus putative virulence proteins are described that exhibit immunomodulatory functions. the ovifnr gene at the left terminus of the viral genome encodes an interferon resistance protein with homology to the e3l gene of vaccinia virus. ovifnr functions by preventing a dsrna-dependent kinase from inhibiting virus and cell protein synthesis as part of the interferon-induced anti-viral state within infected cells. the orf virus orthologue of the ovine interleukin-10 (vil-10) gene is locat ... | 1999 | 10614496 |
| orf virus encodes a novel secreted protein inhibitor of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2. | the parapoxvirus orf virus encodes a novel soluble protein inhibitor of ovine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) and interleukin-2 (il-2). the gm-csf- and il-2-inhibitory factor (gif) gene was expressed as an intermediate-late viral gene in orf virus-infected cells. gif formed homodimers and tetramers in solution, and it bound ovine gm-csf with a k(d) of 369 pm and ovine il-2 with a k(d) of 1.04 nm. gif did not bind human gm-csf or il-2 in spite of the fact that orf virus ... | 2000 | 10627542 |
| detection and diagnosis of parapoxvirus by the polymerase chain reaction. | the genus parapoxvirus includes four members, bovine papular stomatitis virus (bpsv), pseudocowpox virus (pcpv), orf virus (orfv) and parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand (pvnz). a set of primers for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was designed to detect viral dna from cells infected with each of the four parapoxviruses. the set of primers resulted in the amplification of appropriately sized products from cells infected with bpsv, pcpv, orfv and pvnz, respectively. the pcr method was applied ... | 2000 | 10680970 |
| simple preparation of parapoxvirus genome dna for endonuclease analysis. | we compared five methods for improved extraction of very-large parapoxvirus dna from infected cells: (i) alkaline-lysis procedure followed by phenol extraction; (ii) modified hirt procedure, which was a neutral lysis procedure followed by phenol extraction; (iii) hirt procedure; (iv) method used for extraction of vaccinia virus dna; and (v) standard procedure using virus purification with an ultracentrifuge and protease-sodium dodecyl sulfate-phenol treatment. the alkaline-lysis procedure was mo ... | 2000 | 10711601 |
| survey on antibody against parapoxvirus among cattle in japan. | a seroepidemiological survey was performed on antibody against parapoxvirus among cattle in japan using the agar gel immunodiffusion test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. a total 1,819 sera were collected from cattle in various parts of japan for the survey. the positive rates were in the range of 40 to 98%, and the reactors increased gradually in number with advancing age. these results indicate that parapoxvirus infection is already prevalent among cattle in japan. it remains to be eluci ... | 2000 | 10711602 |
| [human orf and erythema multiforme]. | orf is a disease of sheep due to a parapoxvirus. transmission in man is possible, and is generally benign, self-limited condition. although, rare complications have been mentioned. we report a case of orf with erythema multiforme in a young girl. | 2000 | 10844261 |
| poxvirus-induced immunostimulating effects on porcine leukocytes. | the prophylactic application of inactivated parapox ovis viruses (baypamun; bayer ag, leverkusen, germany) has been shown to reduce efficiently the outbreak of stress-mediated diseases in different species. however, little is known about the basic mechanism behind this observed stimulatory property. we therefore tested eight inactivated poxvirus strains belonging to three different genera (orthopoxvirus, avipoxvirus, and parapoxvirus) for their capacity to activate cells of the porcine innate an ... | 2000 | 10933702 |
| detection of poxvirus in cattle associated with human cases in the state of rio de janeiro: preliminary report. | this preliminary report describes human and cow cases of poxvirus that recently occurred in the state of rio de janeiro. the electron microscopic findings were consistent with parapoxviral and orthopoxviral infection. orthopoxvirus strains were isolated from human and cow cases. detailed viral characterization by means of genetical techniques is under investigation. based on these informations, poxviral diseases should be also considered an emerging viral zoonosis that can affect human beings. | 2000 | 10998211 |
| generation of recombinant parapoxviruses: non-essential genes suitable for insertion and expression of foreign genes. | orf virus (ov) is an epitheliotropic poxvirus and belongs to the genus parapoxvirus (ppv). ppv, especially ov, is regarded as a promising candidate for an expression vector. among available live vaccines only strain d1701 represents a highly attenuated ov strain with clearly reduced pathogenicity. therefore, we started to identify potentially non-essential genes or regions of d1701, which might be suitable for insertion and expression of foreign genes. the present contribution reviews some of th ... | 2000 | 11000469 |
| sequence and functional analysis of a homolog of interleukin-10 encoded by the parapoxvirus orf virus. | orf virus is a large dna virus and is the type species of the parapoxvirus genus of the family poxviridae. orf virus infects the epithelium of sheep and goats and is transmissible to humans. recently we discovered a gene in orf virus that encodes a polypeptide with remarkable homology to mammalian interleukin (il-10) and viral encoded il-10s of herpes viruses. the predicted polypeptide sequence shows high levels of amino acid identity to il-10 of sheep (80%), cattle (75%), humans (67%) and mice ... | 2000 | 11022792 |
| viral vascular endothelial growth factor plays a critical role in orf virus infection. | infection by the parapoxvirus orf virus causes proliferative skin lesions in which extensive capillary proliferation and dilation are prominent histological features. this infective phenotype may be linked to a unique virus-encoded factor, a distinctive new member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) family of molecules. we constructed a recombinant orf virus in which the vegf-like gene was disrupted and show that inactivation of this gene resulted in the loss of three vegf activitie ... | 2000 | 11044114 |
| an overview of poxviruses. | the poxvirus family is a diverse and interesting group of viruses that affect both humans and animals. poxviruses are epitheliotropic and therefore are of interest to the dermatologist. the genera of poxviruses known to affect humans are orthopoxvirus, parapoxvirus, molluscipoxvirus, and yatapoxvirus. the different poxviruses are reviewed, including their history, incidence, clinical presentation, and treatment. | 2001 | 11148468 |
| parapoxviruses are strongly inhibited in vitro by cidofovir. | three parapoxviruses which cause orf or related diseases in humans and animals and the orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus, were tested for their in vitro sensitivity to cidofovir. the 50% inhibitory concentration for the three parapoxviruses was between 0.21 and 0.27 microg/ml and for vaccinia was 1.32 microg/ml. the selectivity index varied from 198 to 264 for the parapoxviruses and was 42 for vaccinia virus. virus yield assays confirmed the ability of cidofovir to reduce ortho- and parapoxvirus rep ... | 2000 | 11164507 |
| zoonotic infections in red squirrels. | | 2001 | 11232934 |
| serological survey of parapoxvirus infection in wild ruminants in japan in 1996-9. | the prevalence of parapoxvirus infection was examined in free-ranging wild ruminants in japan, japanese serow (capricornis crispus) and japanese deer (cervus nippon centralis), in 1996-9. we collected a total of 151 serum samples from 101 japanese serows and 50 japanese deer and tested for antibodies against parapoxvirus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an agar gel immunodiffusion test. overall seroprevalences among japanese serows were 5/25 (20.0%) in 1996, 4/14 (28.6%) in 1997, 5/32 ... | 2001 | 11293676 |
| genetic heterogeneity among parapoxviruses isolated from sheep, cattle and japanese serows (capricornis crispus). | standard strains of four parapoxviruses and seven unclassified japanese strains isolated from sheep, cattle and wild japanese serows (capricornis crispus) were compared molecularly. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of viral dna, indirect immunofluorescence assays using monoclonal antibodies, partial nucleotide sequencing of the envelope gene, phylogenetic analysis and pcr-rflp were carried out. these analyses revealed that the parapoxviruses were divided into four groups ... | 2001 | 11297696 |
| selective induction of apoptosis in antigen-presenting cells in mice by parapoxvirus ovis. | viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to avoid host immune reactions. here we report a mechanism by which parapoxvirus ovis (ppvo) interferes with antigen presentation. ppvo (orf virus) causes orf, an acute skin disease of sheep and goats worldwide. importantly, ppvo can repeatedly infect its host in spite of a vigorous inflammatory and host immune response to the infection. we demonstrate in a mouse system that ppvo induces apoptosis in a significant number of antigen-presenting cells after ... | 2001 | 11312341 |
| expression of a vegf-like protein from parapoxvirus ovis in the yeasts saccharomyces cerevisiae and schizosaccharomyces pombe. | we report on the expression of a vegf-like protein encoded by parapoxvirus ovis in the yeasts saccharomyces cerevisiae and schizosaccharomyces pombe. we show that a lysine residue at amino acid position 2 (k2) is an important determinant for the stability of this protein in s. cerevisiae. replacement of k2 by an arginine results in stabilization of the protein. this observation suggests that this lysine may be a target for ubiquitinylation, which is a prerequisite for proteasome-mediated protein ... | 2001 | 11483012 |
| parapoxvirus infection in norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | | 2001 | 11601519 |
| detection of cellular cytokine mrna expression during orf virus infection in sheep: differential interferon-gamma mrna expression by cells in primary versus reinfection skin lesions. | in sheep infected with the parapoxvirus orf virus, primary infection orf skin lesions developed and resolved within 8 weeks. reinfection lesions were smaller and resolved within 3 weeks. the host response in the skin was characterized by an accumulation of neutrophils, dendritic cells, cd4+ t cells, cd8+ t cells, b cells and t19+ gammadelta t cells. the magnitude of this accumulation paralleled orf virus replication in the skin. in situ hybridization was used to detect cells expressing interfero ... | 2001 | 11730927 |
| parapoxvirus causes a deleterious disease in red squirrels associated with uk population declines. | the disease implications of novel pathogens need to be considered when investigating the ecological impact of species translocations on native fauna. traditional explanations based on competition or predation may often not be the whole story. evidence suggests that an emerging infectious disease, caused by a parapoxvirus, may be a significant component of the impact that the introduced grey squirrel has had on uk red squirrel populations. here we validate the potential role of parapoxvirus by pr ... | 2002 | 11886647 |
| parapoxviruses: from the lesion to the viral genome. | viruses of the genus parapoxvirus from the family poxviridae cause widespread but localized diseases of small and large ruminants. the economically most important disease is contagious pustular dermatitis or contagious ecthyma among sheep and goats, often simply called orf. the parapoxviruses (ppv) can be transmitted to man leading to localized lesions that are named pseudocowpox or milkers' node as being mostly restricted to the hands and fingers. in cattle two forms of ppv manifestation are co ... | 2002 | 11911596 |
| orf virus encodes a functional dutpase gene. | the present study is the first report on the functional activity of a parapoxvirus-encoded dutpase. the dutpase gene of the attenuated orf virus (orfv), strain d1701, was expressed as a bacterial thioredoxin fusion protein. in vitro assays showed that orfv dutpase was highly specific for dutp as substrate. the enzyme was active over a broad ph range (ph 6.0-9.0), with maximal enzymatic activity at ph 7.0 in the presence of mg(2+) cations. kinetic studies of the recombinant orfv dutpase revealed ... | 2002 | 11961258 |
| orf virus-encoded interleukin-10 stimulates the proliferation of murine mast cells and inhibits cytokine synthesis in murine peritoneal macrophages. | orf virus (orfv) is the type species of the parapoxvirus genus and produces cutaneous pustular lesions in sheep, goats and humans. the genome encodes a polypeptide with remarkable homology to interleukin-10 (il-10), particularly ovine il-10, and also to il-10-like proteins encoded by epstein-barr virus (ebv) and equine herpesvirus. il-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine that can exert either immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive effects on many cell types. we have expressed and purified c-terminal fla ... | 2002 | 11961259 |