| further characterization of raccoonpox virus. | a poxvirus isolated from the respiratory tract of raccoons in a forest and swamp area near aberdeen, maryland, was characterized by biological, serological, and biophysical methods. the virus was shown to be related to the vaccinia-variola subgroup by serological and biophysical methods, but measurably different from the other viruses of this group by biological methods. it causes flaccid paralysis in 1-day-old suckling mice and does not grow well on cam after two or three passages. | 1975 | 813616 |
| further analyses of the orthopoxviruses volepox virus and raccoon poxvirus. | volepox virus (vpx) from skin lesions on a vole and a piñon mouse caught in california and raccoon poxvirus (rcn) from raccoons trapped in maryland were examined to begin elucidating their relationship to other orthopoxviruses, most of which are not known to be indigenous to the americas. vpx and rcn produced pinpoint, nonhemorrhagic pocks on chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes. in cell cultures both viruses produced 1-mm diameter, irregular plaques, a-type inclusions (atis), and despite prod ... | 1992 | 1529541 |
| sequences of the raccoon poxvirus hemagglutinin protein. | primers based on sequences flanking the vaccinia virus (vv) strain ihd hemagglutinin protein (ha) open reading frame (orf) enabled amplification of ha dna segments from the genome of raccoon poxvirus (rcn) and vv strain wr. the amplified segments produced unequal cross-hybridization signal intensities against each other, indicating sequence differences between the ha of rcn (in hindiii-g) and that of vv-wr (in hindiii-a). about 1.5 kb of sequences in the ha region were then determined from clone ... | 1992 | 1529542 |
| prerequisites for oral immunization of free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) with a recombinant rabies virus vaccine: study site ecology and bait system development. | a model baiting system suitable for the delivery of an oral rabies vaccine to free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) was developed and tested on barrier islands in south carolina (usa). features of barrier island physiography and ecology were studied relative to selective bait deployment and site biosecurity. capture-mark-recapture data were obtained from 228 raccoons. raccoon density estimates, using a modified census assessment technique, were one raccoon per 1.8 to 2.7 ha. mean (+/- se) and ra ... | 1992 | 1548804 |
| oral vaccination of skunks with raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing the rabies glycoprotein or the nucleoprotein. | twenty nine skunks (mephitis mephitis) were vaccinated orally with raccoon poxvirus (rcn) recombinants: 10 with a recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rcnrg), 10 with rcnrg mixed with a recombinant expressing the rabies virus nucleoprotein (rcnrn) and nine with rcn alone. rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in six of the 20 skunks; five skunks (three given rcnrg, two given a mixture of recombinants) survived a rabies challenge that was lethal for nine skunks vacci ... | 1991 | 1758034 |
| raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing the rabies virus nucleoprotein protect mice against lethal rabies virus infection. | raccoon poxvirus (rcn) recombinants expressing the rabies virus internal structural nucleoprotein (rcn-n) protected a/wysnj mice against a lethal challenge with street rabies virus (srv). maximum survival was achieved following vaccination by tail scratch and footpad (fp) srv challenge. rcn-n-vaccinated mice inoculated in the fp with srv were resistant to infection for at least 54 weeks postvaccination. protection was also elicited by rcn recombinants expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rc ... | 1991 | 2033678 |
| transcription of orthopoxvirus telomeres at late times during infection. | the telomeres of orthopoxvirus dnas consists largely of short repeated sequences organized into at least two separate sets. although the sequence composition of the orthopoxvirus telomeres is highly conserved, these regions do not appear to encode any proteins. at late times during infection, the telomeres of vaccinia virus are transcribed. a promoter in the region between the two sets of repeats directs transcription towards the hairpin-loop end of the viral dna. this promoter resembles the pro ... | 1990 | 2309453 |
| tandemly repeated sequences are present at the ends of the dna of raccoonpox virus. | the dna of raccoonpox virus (rcn) has been characterized by restriction enzyme analysis. dna hybridization studies showed that all hindiii fragments of the 215-kbp rcn dna share some nucleotide sequence similarity with fragments of the dna of cowpox virus (cpv). this information was used to construct a hindiii restriction map of the rcn dna. the nucleotide sequence of the 2.2-kbp sal 1 end fragment of the rcn dna has been determined from a cloned copy of the hindiii o fragment. of this 2.2-kb re ... | 1987 | 2823468 |
| orthopoxvirus dna: a comparison of restriction profiles and maps. | characteristic dna endonuclease digest fragment electropherograms and restriction site maps permitted differentiation and genome structure analysis of 38 orthopoxviruses that included isolates of monkeypox virus from humans and animals, monkeypox white variants, variola, vaccinia, ectromelia, tatera (gerbil) and raccoon poxviruses, and cowpox and camelpox viruses. hindiii cleavage sites mapped on the 38 virus genome dnas plus smai, bgli, saci, kpni, xhoi, and sali maps for variola (harvey) and m ... | 1985 | 2998003 |
| successful oral rabies vaccination of raccoons with raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing rabies virus glycoprotein. | two infectious raccoon poxvirus (rcn) recombinants for expressing rabies virus surface spike glycoprotein (g) were produced by homologous recombination between raccoon poxvirus dna and chimeric plasmids previously used for production of vaccinia virus recombinants. expression of g protein was controlled by vaccinia virus promoter p7.5 (early/late class) or by p11 (late class). immunoprecipitation of infected cell extracts indicated that both of the rcn recombinants directed faithful expression o ... | 1988 | 3291388 |
| isolation of cowpox virus a-type inclusions and characterization of their major protein component. | a-type inclusions (ati)2 are large well-defined structures that appear in the cytoplasm during the late stages of the multiplication cycles of many poxviruses. the atis produced by the cprc1 strain of cowpox virus in strain 143 human osteosarcoma cells have been isolated and characterized. these inclusions which can be recovered in large amounts (about 20 mg per 10(9) cells), appear to consist entirely of a single protein species that has a molecular weight of 160,000. it is a late protein, stab ... | 1986 | 3456179 |
| nucleotide sequence of the thymidine kinase gene of raccoon poxvirus. | using primers directed against the thymidine kinase gene of vaccinia virus, pcr products were generated from nucleic acids extracted from raccoon poxvirus-infected vero cells. the pcr products were consistent in size with the expected products from vaccinia virus. nucleotide sequence determination revealed that the raccoon pox thymidine kinase gene and flanking regions were 84.3% homologous to the corresponding sequences of vaccinia virus. at the amino acid level, an open reading frame coding fo ... | 1995 | 7483292 |
| pcr strategy for identification and differentiation of small pox and other orthopoxviruses. | rapid identification and differentiation of orthopoxviruses by pcr were achieved with primers based on genome sequences encoding the hemagglutinin (ha) protein, an infected-cell membrane antigen that distinguishes orthopoxviruses from other poxvirus genera. the initial identification step used a primer pair of consensus sequences for amplifying an ha dna fragment from the three known north american orthopoxviruses (raccoonpox, skunkpox, and volepox viruses), and a second pair for amplifying virt ... | 1995 | 7559950 |
| identification of the feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1) genes encoding glycoproteins g, d, i and e: expression of fhv-1 glycoprotein d in vaccinia and raccoon poxviruses. | the genome of feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1), the major cause of viral upper respiratory disease in cats, contains several genes encoding homologues of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) glycoproteins. restriction mapping studies have indicated that the group d genome of fhv-1 contains a unique short region that is 9.0 kb long. the nucleotide sequence of a 6.2 kb portion of this region was determined. analyses of this sequence have identified five open reading frames capable of encoding homo ... | 1994 | 8207390 |
| raccoon poxvirus rabies virus glycoprotein recombinant vaccine in sheep. | twenty sheep were divided into groups and inoculated by various routes with recombinant raccoon poxvirus expressing the cvs rabies virus glycoprotein (rrcnv-g) or with raccoon poxvirus (rcnv). the apparent innocuous pathologic responses to each virus coupled with development of high levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in animals vaccinated with rrcnv-g intradermally or intramuscularly suggested that the recombinant is effective and that rcnv would be a suitable substrate for further d ... | 1993 | 8240013 |
| rabies virus antinucleoprotein antibody protects against rabies virus challenge in vivo and inhibits rabies virus replication in vitro. | we previously reported that a/wysnj mice vaccinated via a tail scratch with a recombinant raccoon poxvirus (rcn) expressing the rabies virus internal structural nucleoprotein (n) (rcn-n) were protected against a street rabies virus (d. l. lodmell, j. w. sumner, j.j. esposito, w.j. bellini, and l. c. ewalt, j. virol. 65:3400-3405, 1991). to improve our understanding of the mechanism(s) of this protection, we investigated whether sera of a/wysnj mice that had been vaccinated with rcn-n but not cha ... | 1993 | 8371354 |
| a protein phosphatase related to the vaccinia virus vh1 is encoded in the genomes of several orthopoxviruses and a baculovirus. | the vaccinia virus vh1 gene product is a dual specificity protein phosphatase with activity against both phosphoserine- and phosphotyrosine-containing substrates. we investigated the potential presence of vh1 analogs in other viruses. hybridization and sequence data indicated that a phosphatase related to the vh1 phosphatase is highly conserved in the genomes of smallpox variola virus and other orthopoxviruses. the open reading frames from the raccoonpox virus and the smallpox variola virus bang ... | 1993 | 8387208 |
| raccoon poxvirus feline panleukopenia virus vp2 recombinant protects cats against fpv challenge. | an infectious raccoon poxvirus (rcnv) was used to express the feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) open reading frame vp2. the recombinant, rcnv/fpv, was constructed by homologous recombination with a chimeric plasmid for inserting the expression cassette into the thymidine kinase (tk) locus of rcnv. expression of the vp2 dna was regulated by the vaccinia virus late promoter p11. southern blot and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analyses confirmed the cassette was in the tk gene of the rcnv genome. ... | 1996 | 8615030 |
| protection of cats from infectious peritonitis by vaccination with a recombinant raccoon poxvirus expressing the nucleocapsid gene of feline infectious peritonitis virus. | feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) is a coronavirus that induces an often fatal, systemic infection in cats. various vaccines designed to prevent fipv infection have been shown to exacerbate the disease, probably due to immune enhancement mediated by virus-specific immunoglobulins against the outer envelope (s) protein. an effective vaccine would be one that induces cell-mediated immunity without disease enhancing antibodies. in this report, we describe the use of a recombinant raccoon p ... | 1995 | 8830483 |
| gene for a-type inclusion body protein is useful for a polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate orthopoxviruses. | orthopoxvirus species were identified and differentiated by polymerase chain reaction amplification of genome dna using a single primer-pair based on sequences coding for the major protein component of the cowpox virus acidophilic-type inclusion body (ati). dna available for 6 of 8 old world (cowpox, variola, monkeypox, camelpox, ectromelia and vaccinia viruses) and 3 new world (skunkpox, volepox, and raccoonpox) resulted in amplicons that ranged in size from 510 to 1673 base pairs depending on ... | 1997 | 9079767 |
| the t1/35kda family of poxvirus-secreted proteins bind chemokines and modulate leukocyte influx into virus-infected tissues. | immunomodulatory proteins encoded by the larger dna viruses interact with a wide spectrum of immune effector molecules that regulate the antiviral response in the infected host. here we show that certain poxviruses, including myxoma virus. shope fibroma virus, rabbitpox virus, vaccinia virus (strain lister), cowpox virus, and raccoonpox virus, express a new family of secreted proteins which interact with members of both the cc and cxc superfamilies of chemokines. however, swinepox virus and vacc ... | 1997 | 9123853 |
| raccoon poxvirus live recombinant feline panleukopenia virus vp2 and rabies virus glycoprotein bivalent vaccine. | a raccoon poxvirus (rcnv) recombinant for immunizing against feline panleukopenia and rabies was developed by homologous recombination with a chimeric plasmid for insertional inactivation of the rcnv thymidine kinase gene. the recombinant, rcn-fpv/vp2-rabg, coexpressed the feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) vp2 protein and the rabies virus spike glycoprotein (rabg) under oppositely oriented vaccinia virus p11 promoters. cats vaccinated subcutaneously with the recombinant showed relatively high neu ... | 1997 | 9302762 |
| adventures with poxviruses of vertebrates. | because they were the largest of all viruses and could be visualised with a light microscope, the poxviruses were the first viruses to be intensively studied in the laboratory. it was clear from an early date that they caused important diseases of humans and their domestic animals, such as smallpox, cowpox, camelpox, sheeppox, fowlpox and goatpox. this essay recounts some of the early history of their recognition and classification and then expands on aspects of research on poxviruses in which t ... | 2000 | 10717311 |
| cowpox virus and other members of the orthopoxvirus genus interfere with the regulation of nf-kappab activation. | nf-kappab comprises a family of transcription factors that regulate key immune processes. in this study, the effects of orthopoxvirus infection upon the activation of nf-kappab were examined. during the early phase of infection, cowpox virus can inhibit the induction of nf-kappab-regulated gene expression by interfering with the process of ikappabalpha degradation. although either okadaic acid or tumor necrosis factor (tnf) treatment of infected cells can induce ikappabalpha phosphorylation, fur ... | 2001 | 11543670 |
| identification of the orthopoxvirus p4c gene, which encodes a structural protein that directs intracellular mature virus particles into a-type inclusions. | the orthopoxvirus gene p4c has been identified in the genome of the vaccinia virus strain western reserve. this gene encodes the 58-kda structural protein p4c present on the surfaces of the intracellular mature virus (imv) particles. the gene is disrupted in the genome of cowpox virus brighton red (br), demonstrating that although the p4c protein may be advantageous for virus replication in vivo, it is not essential for virus replication in vitro. complementation and recombination analyses with ... | 2002 | 12388681 |
| recombinant raccoon pox vaccine protects mice against lethal plague. | using a raccoon poxvirus (rcn) expression system, we have developed new recombinant vaccines that can protect mice against lethal plague infection. we tested the effects of a translation enhancer (emcv-ires) in combination with a secretory (tpa) signal or secretory (tpa) and membrane anchoring (chv-gg) signals on in vitro antigen expression of f1 antigen in tissue culture and the induction of antibody responses and protection against yersinia pestis challenge in mice. the rcn vector successfully ... | 2003 | 12559803 |
| real-time pcr assay to detect smallpox virus. | we developed a highly sensitive and specific assay for the rapid detection of smallpox virus dna on both the smart cycler and lightcycler platforms. the assay is based on taqman chemistry with the orthopoxvirus hemagglutinin gene used as the target sequence. with genomic dna purified from variola virus bangladesh 1975, the limit of detection was estimated to be approximately 25 copies on both machines. the assay was evaluated in a blinded study with 322 coded samples that included genomic dna fr ... | 2003 | 12904397 |
| raccoon poxvirus as a mucosal vaccine vector for domestic cats. | in the present study, we evaluated both the immunogenicity and safety of recombinant raccoon poxvirus (rcn) as a mucosal vaccine vector for domestic cats. rcn is an orthopoxvirus that was isolated from healthy raccoons and has been used experimentally as a vaccine vector for rabies and other antigens in a variety of species, including raccoons, skunks, foxes, bobcats, rabbits, domestic cats, piglets, sheep and non-human primates. we evaluated the antibody response induced by a recombinant rcn va ... | 2003 | 15203914 |
| limited infection upon human exposure to a recombinant raccoon pox vaccine vector. | a laboratory accident resulted in human exposure to a recombinant raccoon poxvirus (rcn) developed as a vaccine vector for antigens of yersinia pestis for protection of wild rodents (and other animals) against plague. within 9 days, the patient developed a small blister that healed within 4 weeks. raccoon poxvirus was cultured from the lesion, and the patient developed antibody to plague antigen (f1) and rcn. this is the first documented case of human exposure to rcn. | 2004 | 15246608 |
| protection of black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus) against plague after voluntary consumption of baits containing recombinant raccoon poxvirus vaccine. | prairie dogs (cynomys spp.) are highly susceptible to yersinia pestis and significant reservoirs of plague for humans in the western united states. a recombinant raccoon poxvirus, expressing the f1 antigen of y. pestis, was incorporated into a palatable bait and offered to 18 black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus) for voluntary consumption; 18 negative control animals received placebo baits. antibody titers against y. pestis f1 antigen increased significantly (p < 0.01) in vaccinees, a ... | 2004 | 15322054 |
| raccoonpox in a canadian cat. | poxvirus infections affecting the skin of cats are extremely rare in north america, in contrast to europe where cowpox virus is well recognized as an accidental pathogen in cats that hunt small rodents. the virus or viruses responsible for the anecdotal cases in north america have never been characterized. this paper reports a case of raccoonpox infection in a canadian cat. biopsy of the initial ulcerative lesion on the forepaw revealed ballooning degeneration of surface and follicular keratinoc ... | 2006 | 17083577 |
| potential effect of prior raccoonpox virus infection in raccoons on vaccinia-based rabies immunization. | the usda, wildlife services cooperative oral rabies vaccination (orv) program uses a live vaccinia virus-vectored (genus orthopoxvirus) vaccine, raboral v-rg (v-rg), to vaccinate specific wildlife species against rabies virus in several regions of the u.s. several naturally occurring orthopoxviruses have been found in north america, including one isolated from asymptomatic raccoons (procyon lotor). the effect of naturally occurring antibodies to orthopoxviruses on successful v-rg vaccination in ... | 2008 | 18834520 |
| immunization of black-tailed prairie dog against plague through consumption of vaccine-laden baits. | prairie dogs (cynomys spp.) are highly susceptible to yersinia pestis and, along with other wild rodents, are significant reservoirs of plague for other wildlife and humans in the western united states. a recombinant raccoon poxvirus, expressing the f1 antigen of y. pestis, was incorporated into a palatable bait and offered to three groups (n = 18, 19, and 20) of black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus) for voluntary consumption, either one, two, or three times, at roughly 3-wk intervals ... | 2008 | 18957649 |
| further development of raccoon poxvirus-vectored vaccines against plague (yersinia pestis). | in previous studies, we demonstrated protection against plague in mice and prairie dogs using a raccoon pox (rcn) virus-vectored vaccine that expressed the f1 capsular antigen of yersinia pestis. in order to improve vaccine efficacy, we have now constructed additional rcn-plague vaccines containing two different forms of the lcrv (v) gene, including full-length (vfull) and a truncated form (v307). mouse challenge studies with y. pestis strain co92 showed that vaccination with a combination of rc ... | 2009 | 19879228 |
| consumption of baits containing raccoon pox-based plague vaccines protects black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus). | baits containing recombinant raccoon poxvirus (rcn) expressing plague antigens (fraction 1 [f1] and a truncated form of the v protein-v307) were offered for voluntary consumption several times over the course of several months to a group of 16 black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus). for comparison, another group of prairie dogs (n = 12) was injected subcutaneously (sc) (prime and boost) with 40 microg of f1-v fusion protein absorbed to alum, a vaccine-adjuvant combination demonstrated ... | 2010 | 20158332 |
| potent oncolytic activity of raccoonpox virus in the absence of natural pathogenicity. | a number of oncolytic virus (ov) candidates currently in clinical trials are human viruses that have been engineered to be safer for patient administration by limiting normal cell targeting and replication. the newest ovs include viruses that cause no disease in humans, yet still have natural tumor tropism. raccoonpox virus (rcnv) is a member of the orthopoxvirus genus of poxviridae and closely related to vaccinia virus, yet has no known pathogenicity in any mammalian species. a screen of cells ... | 2010 | 20160706 |
| congregation of orthopoxvirus virions in cytoplasmic a-type inclusions is mediated by interactions of a bridging protein (a26p) with a matrix protein (atip) and a virion membrane-associated protein (a27p). | some orthopoxviruses, e.g., the cowpox, ectromelia, and raccoonpox viruses, form large, discrete cytoplasmic inclusions within which mature virions (mvs) are embedded by a process called occlusion. these inclusions, which may protect occluded mvs in the environment, are composed of aggregates of the a-type inclusion protein (atip), which is truncated in orthopoxviruses such as vaccinia virus (vacv) and variola virus that fail to form inclusions. in addition to an intact atip, occlusion requires ... | 2010 | 20484506 |
| characterization of recombinant raccoonpox vaccine vectors in chickens. | raccoonpox virus (rcn) has been used as a recombinant vector against several mammalian pathogens but has not been tested in birds. the replication of rcn in chick embryo fibroblasts (cefs) and chickens was studied with the use of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 hemagglutinin (ha) as a model antigen and luciferase (luc) as a reporter gene. although rcn replicated to low levels in cefs, it efficiently expressed recombinant proteins and, in vivo, elicited anti-ha immunoglobulin yolk (i ... | 2010 | 21313834 |
| detection of north american orthopoxviruses by real time-pcr. | the prevalence of north american orthopoxviruses in nature is unknown and may be more difficult to ascertain due to wide spread use of vaccinia virus recombinant vaccines in the wild. a real time pcr assay was developed to allow for highly sensitive and specific detection of north american orthopoxvirus dna in animal tissues and bodily fluids. this method is based on the amplification of a 156 bp sequence within a myristylated protein, highly conserved within the north american orthopoxviruses b ... | 2011 | 21689420 |
| effects of route and coadministration of recombinant raccoon poxviruses on immune responses and protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza in mice. | we previously demonstrated that recombinant raccoonpox (rcn) virus could serve as a vector for an influenza vaccine. rcn constructs expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) from h5n1 viruses were immunogenic in chickens. in the current study, we generated several recombinant rcn constructs expressing influenza (h5n1) antigens and a molecular adjuvant (heat-labile enterotoxin b from e. coli: rcn-ltb), demonstrated their expression in vitro, and evaluated their ability to protect mice against h5n1 virus ... | 2012 | 22921740 |
| mucosal administration of raccoonpox virus expressing highly pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza neuraminidase is highly protective against h5n1 and seasonal influenza virus challenge. | we previously generated recombinant poxviruses expressing influenza antigens and studied their efficacy as potential highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) vaccines in mice. while both modified vaccinia ankara (mva) and raccoon poxvirus (rcn) expressing hemagglutinin (ha) provided strong protection when administered by parenteral routes, only rcn-neuraminidase (na) showed promise as a mucosal vaccine. in the present study we evaluated the efficacy of rcn-na constructs by both intradermal (id) ... | 2015 | 26271828 |
| infectivity of attenuated poxvirus vaccine vectors and immunogenicity of a raccoonpox vectored rabies vaccine in the brazilian free-tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis). | bats (order chiroptera) are an abundant group of mammals with tremendous ecological value as insectivores and plant dispersers, but their role as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases has received more attention in the last decade. with the goal of managing disease in free-ranging bats, we tested modified vaccinia ankara (mva) and raccoon poxvirus (rcn) as potential vaccine vectors in the brazilian free-tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis), using biophotonic in vivo imaging and immunogenicity studies. a ... | 2016 | 27650872 |
| raccoonpoxvirus safety in immunocompromised and pregnant mouse models. | numerous poxviruses infect humans and animal hosts, and a poxvirus vaccine with an improved safety profile is needed as the current vaccinia virus vaccine is contraindicated in individuals that have a history of eczema or heart disease, or are immunocompromised or pregnant. in addition, poxviruses make excellent vaccine vectors for other infectious diseases and cancer. raccoonpoxvirus is a naturally occurring attenuated north american poxvirus, and thus it is of interest as a vaccine vector plat ... | 2014 | 24837508 |
| poxvirus safety analysis in the pregnant mouse model, vaccinia, and raccoonpox viruses. | poxviruses cause many diseases in humans and animals worldwide, and there is a need for vaccines with improved safety and good efficacy. in addition, poxvirus vectors are widely used as recombinant vaccines for various infectious diseases and as recombinant and oncolytic vaccines for cancer. one concern with poxvirus vaccine vectors is that some poxviruses can infect a developing fetus and cause fetal loss or congenital disease. this can be an issue both for patients receiving a vaccine and for ... | 2017 | 28374246 |
| the genomes of three north american orthopoxviruses. | the complete genomes of a skunkpox, volepox, and raccoonpox virus were sequenced and annotated. phylogenetic analysis of these genomes indicates that although these viruses are all orthopoxviruses, they form a distinct clade to the other known species. this supports the ancient divergence of the north american orthopoxviruses from other members of the orthopoxviruses. only two open reading frames appear to be unique to this group of viruses, but a relatively small number of insertions/deletions ... | 2017 | 27613417 |
| endemic orthopoxvirus circulating in procyonids in mexico. | limited serosurveillance studies suggested that orthopoxviruses (opxv) are widespread in the us (e.g., raccoonpox virus, skunkpox virus, volepox virus) and brazil (vaccinia virus); however, their animal reservoir(s) remain unconfirmed. mexican mammal diversity includes several species related to those in which evidence for opxv infections has been found (oryzomys, peromyscus, microtus, and procyonidae). the presence of these groups of mammals in mexico and the evidence of their possible involvem ... | 2016 | 27224209 |
| genome sequence and comparative virulence of raccoonpox virus: the first north american poxvirus sequence. | we report here the complete genome sequence of raccoonpox virus (rcnv), a naturally occurring north american poxvirus. this is the first such north american sequence to the best of our knowledge, and the data showed that rcnv forms a new phylogenetic branch between orthopoxviruses and yoka poxvirus. rcnv shared overall similarity in genome organization with orthopoxviruses, and the proteins in the central conserved region shared approximately 90 % amino acid identity with orthopoxviruses. rcnv ... | 2015 | 26023150 |
| apparent field safety of a raccoon poxvirus-vectored plague vaccine in free-ranging prairie dogs (cynomys spp.), colorado, usa. | prairie dogs (cynomys spp.) suffer high rates of mortality from plague. an oral sylvatic plague vaccine using the raccoon poxvirus vector (designated rcn-f1/v307) has been developed for prairie dogs. this vaccine is incorporated into palatable bait along with rhodamine b as a biomarker. we conducted trials in august and september 2012 to demonstrate uptake and apparent safety of the rcn-f1/v307 vaccine in two prairie dog species under field conditions. free-ranging prairie dogs and other associa ... | 2015 | 25588006 |
| a recombinant raccoon poxvirus vaccine expressing both yersinia pestis f1 and truncated v antigens protects animals against lethal plague. | in previous studies, we demonstrated in mice and prairie dogs that simultaneous administration of two recombinant raccoon poxviruses (rrcn) expressing yersinia pestis antigens (f1 and v307-a truncated version of the v protein) provided superior protection against plague challenge compared to individual single antigen constructs. to reduce costs of vaccine production and facilitate implementation of a sylvatic plague vaccine (spv) control program for prairie dogs, a dual antigen construct is more ... | 2014 | 26344891 |
| vaccinia virus outperforms a panel of other poxviruses as a potent oncolytic agent for the control of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. | head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (hnscc) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. existing therapies for advanced tumors have high failure rates and can have severe consequences in terms of pain, disfigurement, and poor speech and swallowing function. new treatment strategies are needed to improve outcomes for patients suffering with this disease and oncolytic viruses represent a promising approach. | 2014 | 23942307 |
| burrow dusting or oral vaccination prevents plague-associated prairie dog colony collapse. | plague impacts prairie dogs (cynomys spp.), the endangered black-footed ferret (mustela nigripes) and other sensitive wildlife species. we compared efficacy of prophylactic treatments (burrow dusting with deltamethrin or oral vaccination with recombinant "sylvatic plague vaccine" [rcn-f1/v307]) to placebo treatment in black-tailed prairie dog (c. ludovicianus) colonies. between 2013 and 2015, we measured prairie dog apparent survival, burrow activity and flea abundance on triplicate plots ("bloc ... | 2017 | 28643090 |
| responses of juvenile black-tailed prairie dogs ( cynomys ludovicianus ) to a commercially produced oral plague vaccine delivered at two doses. | we confirmed safety and immunogenicity of mass-produced vaccine baits carrying an experimental, commercial-source plague vaccine (rcn-f1/v307) expressing yersinia pestis v and f1 antigens. forty-five juvenile black-tailed prairie dogs ( cynomys ludovicianus ) were randomly divided into three treatment groups (n=15 animals/group). animals in the first group received one standard-dose vaccine bait (5×10(7) plaque-forming units [pfu]; std). the second group received a lower-dose bait (1×10(7) pfu; ... | 2017 | 28463626 |
| protection of bats (eptesicus fuscus) against rabies following topical or oronasal exposure to a recombinant raccoon poxvirus vaccine. | rabies is an ancient neglected tropical disease that causes tens of thousands of human deaths and millions of cattle deaths annually. in order to develop a new vaccine for potential use in bats, a reservoir of rabies infection for humans and animals alike, an in silico antigen designer tool was used to create a mosaic glycoprotein (mog) gene using available sequences from the rabies phylogroup i glycoprotein. this sequence, which represents strains more likely to occur in bats, was cloned into r ... | 2017 | 28976983 |