| cellular proteases increased in paramyxovirus (sendai virus) carrier cells possibly responsible for enhanced formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen. | cowpox virus (cpv) growth and its s-ag (cell surface antigen) formation in hvj (sendai virus) carrier cells pre-treated with actinomycin d or puromycin were not affected as much as those in parent cells. these suggest the different cellular functions of carrier cells. the activity of carrier cell extracts causing a characteristic degradation of cpv reacted with them in vitro disappeared after the pre-incubation of extracts with hemoglobin or casein. measurements of cellular protease activities ... | 1977 | 15532 |
| the conquest of smallpox. | smallpox has been a dreaded disease for thousands of years. recurrent epidemics traversed the known world leaving a trail of death, disfigurement, and disability unparalleled by the other great plagues. fear of smallpox provoked the first important attempts to prevent epidemic disease by a primitive form of immunization called variolation. in 1796, edward jenner developed the first effective vaccine against an infectious disease by using cowpox virus to prevent subsequent infection with smallpox ... | 1976 | 63281 |
| laboratory characteristics of poxviruses isolated from captive elephants in germany. | proxviruses isolated from captive elephants in germany have been characterized. although related to vaccinia and even more closely to cowpox virus, the separate identity of elephantpox virus was established by both biological and serological methods. elephantpox virus produces a-type inclusions in infected cells, as did cowpox, but had a lower ceiling temperature, was more heat resistant and affected rabbits differently. cross neutralization tests on absorbed sera indicated that elephantpox, cow ... | 1977 | 72786 |
| effect of double infection of cowpox virus-infected cells with paramyxovirus (sendai virus) on formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen. | the formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen (cpv s-ag) was significantly enhanced by double infection with hvj (sendai virus). simultaneous double infection, superinfection with hvj and superinfection with cpv of cells persistently infected with hvj similarly enhanced the formation of cpv s-ag, while pre-infection with hvj was ineffective. to be effective, cells must be infected at a m.o.i. of greater than or equal to 1.0 and hvj gene functions had to be expressed. the hvj-infect ... | 1978 | 88002 |
| comparative studies on ls antigens induced by vaccinia and cowpox viruses. | the constituents of ls antigen from cells infected with vaccinia virus and with cowpox virus were compared by immunoprecipitation and sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). antiserum to the ls antigen from cells infected with vaccinia virus reacted with at least five polypeptides in cells infected with either virus. four of these polypeptides were similar sizes in cells infected with the two viruses. however, one major polypeptide with a mol. wt. of about 100 000 (100 k) detected in ... | 1979 | 94351 |
| factors involved in the expression of cowpox virus-specific antigen in sendai virus carrier cells. | formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen (cpvs-ag) hvj (sendai virus) carrier cells compared to that in parent cells. temperature shifts from 32 to 35 to 37 degrees c for these carrier cultures reduced this enhancing activity, making them equivalent to parent cells. the eclips phase and one-step growth of cpv in the carrier cells were shorter than in normal cells. extracts of carrier cells exhibited a stimulating activity causing the temporary rise and subsequent lowering of cpv i ... | 1976 | 185330 |
| an antigenically atypical strain of variola virus. | the kuwait-5-67 strain of variola virus, although indistinguishable from variola virus in its other properties, behaved atypically in immuno-diffusion tests with antivaccinia serum. the precipitation line pattern produced was similar to that of cowpox virus but lacked one of the main precipitation bands given by all other strains of variola, alastrim and vaccinia viruses tested. trypsin treatment of cowpox virus preparations revealed the missing precipitation line but did not do so with the kuwa ... | 1976 | 187725 |
| outbreak of pox disease among carnivora (felidae) and edentata. | an outbreak of pox disease in carnivora of the family felidae occurred in the moscow zoo. two forms of the disease were found: (1) fatal, fulminant pulmonary without skin lesions and (2) dermal with rash. the severity of the dermal form varied from subclinical to lethal. the pulmonary form was characterized by pneumonia and exudative pleuritis, and large concentrations of virus were observed in the lungs and exudate. in addition to carnivora of the family felidae, two giant anteaters had a sever ... | 1977 | 191538 |
| susceptibility of bovine macrophage and tracheal-ring cultures to bovine viruses. | cultures of macrophages initiated from peripheral blood monocytes and organ cultures of tracheal rings were tested for their susceptibility to bovine viruses. with several notable exceptions, viruses cytopathogenic for bovine embryonic lung cultures were cytopathogenic for macrophages. although cowpox virus replicated in macrophages, pseudocowpox did not, and although pseudorabies virus replicated within macrophages, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and dn-599 herpesviruses did not. bluetongue ... | 1977 | 201195 |
| pox infection in white rats. | 2 pox outbreaks among white rats in a breeding colony are described. the infection occurred in 3 different forms: pulmonary, dermal and mixed. apparently healthy animals appeared to be virus carriers. the virus isolated belonged to the genus orthopoxvirus of poxviridae family, and was very close to cowpox virus. it differed from reference strains of cowpox virus in having a lower ceiling temperature and a higher pathogenicity for white rats. | 1978 | 203770 |
| identification and study of a poxvirus isolated from wild rodents in turkmenia. | a new poxvirus was isolated in 1974 from the kidney of a wild big gerbil (rhombomys opimus) caught in turkmenia, where these gerbils are wide-spread. the virus resembles cowpox virus and is markedly different from the virus of infectious ectromelia, the best-known poxvirus of rodents. the new virus is apparently identical to other poxvirus isolates made from white rats and felidae in the moscow zoo. experimental inoculation of the natural hosts--big gerbils and yellow susliks (citellus fulvus)-- ... | 1978 | 204271 |
| studies on the polypeptides of poxvirus. ii. comparison of virus-induced polypeptides in cells infected with vaccinia, cowpox and shope fibroma viruses. | virus-induced polypeptides in cells infected with vaccinia, cowpox and shope fibroma viruses were examined by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. at least 42 vaccinia virus-induced polypeptides were identified among the polypeptides of cells pulse-labeled with [35s]-methionine and/or of fractionated cells labeled with [14c]-leucine for 24 hr. they consisted of 15 polypeptides (early polypeptides) which were synthesized even in the presence of cytosine-1-beta-d-ara ... | 1978 | 219843 |
| field and experimental studies of poxvirus infections in rodents. | data are presented from serological and virological investigations of natural and experimental infections, in rodents, with different poxviruses. the demonstration of poxvirus antibodies (virus neutralizing antibodies, antihaemagglutinins, and precipitins) in the kidneys and/or lungs of rodents from europe and africa, and the isolation of poxviruses from them, all indicate that rodents may be poxvirus carriers. isolates from rodents differed in their properties. some, from turkmenistan rodents o ... | 1979 | 225049 |
| comparison of cowpox-like viruses isolated from european zoos. brief report. | poxviruses isolated from captive carnivores in russia (moscow virus) and elephants in germany (elephant virus) were very closely-related to cowpox virus. immunological analysis with absorbed sera separated elephant virus but not cowpox and moscow virus, whereas polypeptide analysis separated cowpox but not elephant and moscow virus. a combination of biological tests separated all three. the epidemiological implications are briefly reviewed. | 1979 | 229799 |
| serologically cross-reactive polypeptides in vaccinia, cowpox and shope fibroma viruses. | an immunoprecipitation method coupled with sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) was used to identify the serologically cross-reactive polypeptides in orthopoxvirus (vaccinia and cowpox viruses) and leporipoxvirus (shope fibroma virus). two early and four late polypeptides in cells infected with vaccinia or cowpox virus were specifically immunoprecipitated with antiserum against shope fibroma virus. two early and two late polypeptides in cells infected with shope fibroma virus cross- ... | 1979 | 230296 |
| cowpox virus infection in unusual hosts. | | 1979 | 462730 |
| restriction endonuclease analysis of red cowpox virus and its white pock variant. | the dna of red cowpox virus strain brighton or its white pock variant was analysed by cleavage with restriction endonucleases hindiii, xhoi, psti or kpni. physical maps were constructed and the genomes compared with that of vaccinia virus strain die. the size of the red cowpox genome is 23 to 29 megadaltons greater than that of vaccinia and results from the presence of additional, near terminal sequences. an internal region of about 75 megadaltons appears to be highly conserved between the two v ... | 1979 | 521806 |
| in situ assay of poxvirus-induced and virion-contained deoxyribonucleases in dna polyacrylamide gels. | cowpox virus and vaccinia virus wr specific dnases were identified by an in situ assay using dna-containing acrylamide gels. a dnase present in the isolated virions of strain cowpox and vaccinia wr was identified. its properties as determined by the in situ assay resembled those of the well-characterized dnase v1. the assay was also used to follow the time course of 'acid' dnase induction by cowpox virus in primary chick embryo fibroblasts. | 1978 | 621135 |
| [analgesic effects of neurotropin in mice, and a comparison with analgesic effect of other drugs in sart-stressmice]. | analgesic effects of a neuroleptica "neurotropin" (nsp) were studied in mice while the analgesic effects of other agents were studied in sart-stress mice (specific stress caused by alterating rhythm in temperature) and the results compared with those in normal mice. nsp is an extract containing many conjugated polysaccarides isolated from the skin or tissues of rabbits which had been inoculated with the living cowpox virus. (a) nsp given alone to normal mice resulted in slight analgesic effects ... | 1976 | 1033108 |
| [effect of neurotropin on sart stress (stress caused by alteration of rhythms in environmental temperature) in mice and rats]. | we reported previously that by altering the rhythm of environmental temperature (art) the physiological mechanism was changed to an abnormal state which we termed specific art-stress (sart-stress). in the present report, the effects of neurotropin and other tranquilizers on this sart-stress state were investigated. neurotropin is an extract containing many conjugated polysaccarides isolated from the skin or tissues of rabbits which had been inoculated with the living cowpox virus. neurotropin pr ... | 1975 | 1169195 |
| laboratory characteristics of british and dutch strains of cowpox virus. | | 1975 | 1236713 |
| [search for unique segments of the ectromelia virus genome by cross blot hybridization with dna from other orthopoxviruses]. | in order to identify ectromelia virus (emv) genome regions which may contain genes responsible for the specific pathogenicity of this virus, blot cross-hybridization of emv dna with those of other orthopoxviruses was performed. two hybridization schemes were employed: one of them included hybridization of labelled cloned fragments of emv with digests of other viral dnas, the other, reciprocal, consisted in hybridization of labelled total dnas of various orthopoxviruses with digests of the region ... | 1992 | 1298880 |
| acute inflammatory response to cowpox virus infection of the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. | the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane was used to study the acute inflammatory response in the absence of contributions from the immune system. in preliminary experiments, lesions of wild-type cowpox virus strain brighton (cpv-br) and a 38k gene deletion mutant of cpv-br (cpv-br.d1) were compared with vaccinia virus (strains wr and copenhagen), fowlpox virus, laryngotracheitis virus, and infectious tenosynovitis virus, and were ranked for degree of induced inflammation. the maximal and minim ... | 1992 | 1312273 |
| characterization of orthopoxviruses isolated from feline infections in britain. | the biological properties and genomes of orthopoxviruses isolated from cats in britain were compared with strains of cowpox virus isolated from cows and their handlers. all the isolates tested produced haemorrhagic pocks and a-type inclusions on the cam, but did not produce pocks above 40 degrees c. thus the feline isolates behaved as typical strains of cowpox virus. differences were found in the heat resistance of the virions and in the character of the a-type inclusion which did not correlate ... | 1992 | 1322655 |
| quantitative assessment of poxvirus promoters in fowlpox and vaccinia virus recombinants. | a comparison was undertaken of poxvirus promoters in vaccinia and fowlpox virus (fpv) recombinants using the level of beta-galactosidase expressed from the lacz gene as a measure of promoter function. in this study a comparison was made of the vaccinia virus promoters, p 7.5 and p l11, the major late promoter of cowpox virus, p cpx (expressing the abundant inclusion body protein), and the fpv promoters, p e/l and p l. in vaccinia virus recombinants the fpv p e/l promoter expressed one-third to o ... | 1992 | 1329341 |
| viral inhibition of inflammation: cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. | cowpox virus effectively inhibits inflammatory responses against viral infection in the chick embryo. this study demonstrates that one of the viral genes necessary for this inhibition, the crma gene (a cytokine response modifier gene), encodes a serpin that is a specific inhibitor of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. this serpin can prevent the proteolytic activation of interleukin-1 beta, thereby suppressing an interleukin-1 beta response to infection. however, the modification of this ... | 1992 | 1339309 |
| vaccinia and cowpox viruses encode a novel secreted interleukin-1-binding protein. | supernatants from vaccinia virus (vv)-infected cv-1 cells were examined and found to contain a 33 kd protein capable of binding murine interleukin-1 beta (mil-1 beta). a vv open reading frame (orf) that exhibits 30% amino acid identity to the type ii il-1 receptor was expressed in cv-1-ebna cells and shown specifically to bind mil-1 beta. a similar orf from cowpox virus was expressed and also specifically bound mil-1 beta. a recombinant vv was constructed in which this orf was disrupted (vb15rko ... | 1992 | 1339315 |
| experimental infection of domestic cats by cowpox virus. | infection of young domestic cats by cowpox virus isolated from sick rodents (family muridae) revealed their high susceptibility to the virus; a severe disease with 100% lethality developed after oral inoculation as well as upon skin scarification. the disease in dermally infected animals was accompanied by eruptions on the site of inoculation. high concentration of the virus was detected in lungs of animals infected by either of inoculation routes. the data testify the possible participation of ... | 1992 | 1360762 |
| cowpox virus. | | 1992 | 1390541 |
| site-specific rna cleavage generates the 3' end of a poxvirus late mrna. | the cowpox virus late mrnas encoding the major protein of the a-type inclusions have 3' ends corresponding to a single site in the dna template. the dna sequence of the alu i-xba i fragment at this position encodes an rna cis-acting signal, designated the ax element, which directs this rna 3' end formation. in cells infected with vaccinia virus the ax element functions independently of either the nature of the promoter element or the rna polymerase responsible for generating the primary rna. at ... | 1992 | 1465436 |
| further analyses of the orthopoxviruses volepox virus and raccoon poxvirus. | volepox virus (vpx) from skin lesions on a vole and a piñon mouse caught in california and raccoon poxvirus (rcn) from raccoons trapped in maryland were examined to begin elucidating their relationship to other orthopoxviruses, most of which are not known to be indigenous to the americas. vpx and rcn produced pinpoint, nonhemorrhagic pocks on chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes. in cell cultures both viruses produced 1-mm diameter, irregular plaques, a-type inclusions (atis), and despite prod ... | 1992 | 1529541 |
| the predicted amino acid sequence of the spheroidin protein from amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus: lack of homology between major occlusion body proteins of different poxviruses. | entomopoxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of insect cells and characteristically produce occlusion bodies which serve to protect the virion from the environment; the major component of these bodies is a protein called spheroidin. we have previously identified and sequenced the gene encoding the major occlusion body protein of eastern spruce budworm (choristoneura biennis) entomopoxvirus (cbepv) and found it to encode a 47k polypeptide which aggregates due to the formation of intermolecular dis ... | 1992 | 1545219 |
| restricted replication of ectromelia virus in cell culture correlates with mutations in virus-encoded host range gene. | ectromelia virus (strain moscow) was shown to replicate poorly or not at all in cell lines derived from the rabbit or hamster. the failure of ectromelia virus to replicate in cell lines derived from the hamster suggested that the virus lacked a functional cho host range (hr) gene required for multiplication in these cells. a dna fragment which hybridized to the cho hr gene was cloned from the ectromelia virus genome and shown by sequence analysis to be deleted of 506 bp within the ectromelia vir ... | 1992 | 1546448 |
| an orthopoxvirus serpinlike gene controls the ability of infected cells to fuse. | most orthopoxviruses encode a functional hemagglutinin (ha), which is nonessential for virus growth in cell culture. however, inactivation of the ha gene leads to the formation of polykaryocytes (syncytia) by fusion of infected cells at neutral ph. fusion is not observed when a functional ha gene is present. deletion of open reading frames (orfs) k2, k3, and k4 within the hindiii k fragment of the ha-positive (ha+) vaccinia virus strain wr also led to fusion of cells upon infection at neutral ph ... | 1992 | 1548753 |
| [infections with original cowpox virus and cowpox-like agents in humans and animals: a literature review]. | in an evaluation of literature the biological, physical-chemical and antigenic characteristics of cowpoxviruses and cowpox-like agents are presented, the according diseases following a natural and experimental infection are described and their epizootiological and epidemiological aspects discussed. | 1992 | 1642077 |
| recombinant vaccinia virus expression of the bovine leukaemia virus envelope gene and protection of immunized sheep against infection. | the bovine leukaemia virus (blv) envelope gene encoding extracellular glycoprotein gp51 and transmembrane glycoprotein gp30 was cloned into the ha locus of vaccinia virus (copenhagen strain), downstream of the vaccinia virus early-late promoter, h6, or a triple promoter element consisting of the promoter for the vaccinia virus h6 gene, the promoter for the cowpox virus a-type inclusion (ati) gene and the promoter for the vaccinia virus ha gene. inoculation of rabbits or sheep with the recombinan ... | 1991 | 1645899 |
| [lethal animal pox virus infection in an atopic patient simulating variola vera]. | an 18-year-old patient requiring steroid treatment for severe bronchial asthma and with atopic dermatitis acquired a cowpox-like virus infection clinically similar to smallpox from a domestic cat as carrier. in spite of intensive care, with controlled pressure breathing and the last available vaccinia hyperimmunoglobulin, the patient died of pulmonary embolism although viral spread had ceased some days before. | 1991 | 1651909 |
| cowpox-virus-like infection associated with rat bite. | | 1991 | 1672197 |
| structural and functional analysis of orthopoxvirus epitopes with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. | neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced in balb/c mice immunized with live modified vaccinia virus ankara or infected with sublethal doses of the neurovirulent vaccinia virus strain munich 1. the immunization scheme proved to be important for obtaining mabs of different specificity. the mabs could be classified into three epitope groups (1 a, 1 b and 2). immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that the epitopes were localized on the virus surface. in immunoblotting, mabs were ... | 1990 | 1700065 |
| frame-shift mutations within the vaccinia virus a-type inclusion protein gene. | the genetic basis for the failure of vaccinia virus (strain wr) to form a full-length 150 kilodalton (kda) a-type inclusion protein was determined by sequencing a 4.1-kb pair segment of dna and analyzing its transcription products. open reading frames predicted to encode slightly overlapping 84.5- and 27.1-kda proteins homologous to contiguous n-terminal segments of the a-type inclusion protein of cowpox virus were found. a putative deletion of two adjacent nucleotides occurring within several c ... | 1992 | 1733111 |
| vaccinia virus homologues of the shope fibroma virus inverted terminal repeat proteins and a discontinuous orf related to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. | nucleotide sequencing data from a region extending 35 kb inward from the right inverted terminal repeat (itr) of the vaccinia virus (vv) genome established the presence of vv homologues of the shope fibroma virus (sfv) itr proteins. the nucleotide sequences, comprising a total of 8.6 kb, and the amino acid translations for nine predicted open reading frames (orfs) (designated salf4l, salf 19r, salf21r, b4r, b8r, b9r, b10r, and b14r) are presented. eight of the nine vv genes and all the sfv orfs ... | 1991 | 1846491 |
| poxvirus pathogenesis. | poxviruses are a highly successful family of pathogens, with variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, being the most notable member. poxviruses are unique among animal viruses in several respects. first, owing to the cytoplasmic site of virus replication, the virus encodes many enzymes required either for macromolecular precursor pool regulation or for biosynthetic processes. second, these viruses have a very complex morphogenesis, which involves the de novo synthesis of virus-specific me ... | 1991 | 1851533 |
| inhibitors of the lipoxygenase pathway specifically block orthopoxvirus replication. | inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (etya), bw755c, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid were found to specifically interfere with the replication of cowpox virus (an orthopoxvirus) both in vivo and in vitro. further studies in vitro showed that the drugs etya and bw755c were effective in inhibiting the replication of two additional orthopoxviruses, ectromelia and vaccinia viruses, but not human parainfluenza virus-3. in etya-treated and cowpox virus-infected cell ... | 1991 | 1898625 |
| what is human catpox/cowpox infection? | | 1991 | 1955221 |
| isolation and characterization of mutants of vaccinia virus with a modified 94-kda inclusion protein. | we have characterized one of the most highly expressed genes of vaccinia virus, wr strain, in the wild type and in several spontaneous mutants isolated from persistently infected cells. this gene encodes the 94-kda inclusion protein, which is the vaccinia virus counterpart of the 160-kda a-type inclusion (ati) protein of cowpox virus. the homology index between both genes is greater than 95%. a deletion of two consecutive adenylate residues is responsible for a frameshift mutation and premature ... | 1991 | 1962448 |
| vaccinia virus directs the synthesis of early mrnas containing 5' poly(a) sequences. | mrnas transcribed from late promoters of several poxvirus genes contain 5' poly(a) sequences that are not complementary to the viral dna. in contrast, early mrnas containing 5' poly(a) sequences have not previously been identified. modifications to the sequence of the promoter of an early gene of cowpox virus enable this promoter to direct the synthesis of rnas containing 5' poly(a) sequences. when the sequence 3'-attta-5', which is present at the rna start-sites of several late promoters, is po ... | 1990 | 1968253 |
| fatal cowpox-like virus infection transmitted by cat. | | 1990 | 1976903 |
| homotypic and heterotypic protection against influenza virus infection in mice by recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the haemagglutinin or nucleoprotein of influenza virus. | recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the influenza virus haemagglutinin (ha) or nucleoprotein (np) genes from a/sw/hong kong/1/74 (h1n1) under the control of a hybrid promoter containing the p7.5 early promoter element and promoter of the gene encoding the major protein of cowpox virus a type inclusion body was constructed to investigate protective immunity against homologous and heterologous viruses in mice. these recombinant vaccinia viruses produced authentic influenza virus ha and np in inf ... | 1991 | 2005435 |
| inflammatory responses and the generation of chemoattractant activity in cowpox virus-infected tissues. | histological examination of the lesions produced on the chick chorioallantois infected with cowpox virus shows extensive haemorrhage but there are few inflammatory cells. however, infection with a deletion mutant, white cowpox virus, results in little haemorrhage but there is massive polymophonuclear cell infiltration. extracts from tissues infected with the parental, red cowpox virus contained little or no chemoattractant activity detectable in micropore filter assays. however, white cowpox vir ... | 1990 | 2155178 |
| wallace p. rowe lecture. poxviruses of laboratory animals. | currently the subfamily chordopoxvirinae, the poxviruses of vertebrates, is subdivided into eight genera, containing some 20-30 species; an inexact figure because the birdpox viruses have not yet been properly investigated taxonomically. i have discussed seven species belonging to three genera, all of which have caused infection and usually disease in mammals commonly used in the laboratory. the list could have been extended had i included chickens and swine as laboratory animals, for that would ... | 1990 | 2170745 |
| fine structure mapping and phenotypic analysis of five temperature-sensitive mutations in the second largest subunit of vaccinia virus dna-dependent rna polymerase. | we have used plasmid clones spanning the region encoding the 132-kda subunit of the cowpox virus rna polymerase (cpv rpo 132) to marker rescue each of five vaccinia virus (vv) temperature sensitive (ts) mutants, ts 27, ts 29, ts 32, ts 47, and ts 62, which together constitute a single complementation group. the experiments fine-map the vaccinia mutations to a 1.3-kb region containing the 3' end of the cpv rpo 132 gene. phenotypic characterization shows that all five mutants are affected to varyi ... | 1990 | 2294648 |
| transcription of orthopoxvirus telomeres at late times during infection. | the telomeres of orthopoxvirus dnas consists largely of short repeated sequences organized into at least two separate sets. although the sequence composition of the orthopoxvirus telomeres is highly conserved, these regions do not appear to encode any proteins. at late times during infection, the telomeres of vaccinia virus are transcribed. a promoter in the region between the two sets of repeats directs transcription towards the hairpin-loop end of the viral dna. this promoter resembles the pro ... | 1990 | 2309453 |
| virus-specific early antigen expressed in the nucleus of cowpox virus-infected cells. | two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were obtained from balb/c mice immunized with cowpox virus (cpv)-infected cells cultured in the presence of cytosine-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-hcl (ara c). in the immunofluorescence test, the specific antigen reacting with these mabs was restricted almost entirely to the nucleus in cpv-infected cells in the presence of ara c at any time. on the other hand, in cpv-infected cells in the absence of ara c, the antigen was first detectable within the nucleus 2 h after ... | 1990 | 2406369 |
| cross-reactivity among cowpox, ectromelia and vaccinia viruses with monoclonal antibodies recognizing distinct antigenic determinants in a-type inclusion bodies. | several monoclonal antibodies recognizing distinct antigenic determinants in a-type inclusion bodies (atib) induced by cowpox virus (cpv) were obtained to examine the cross-reactivity among various strains of poxviridae, comprising cpv, ectromelia virus (ev), vaccinia virus (vv) and shope fibroma virus (sfv). the monoclonal antibodies were classified into at least 3 groups on the basis of the results of an immunofluorescence test and immunoblotting; i. e., strain-specific, cpv and ev-specific an ... | 1986 | 2430550 |
| epitope mosaic on the surface proteins of orthopoxviruses. | epitopes on the surface components of orthopoxviruses were analyzed with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against monkeypox and vaccinia viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), western blotting (wb), radioimmunoprecipitation (rip), and competitive binding inhibition assay (cbia). when compared by elisa, three vaccinia virus strains exhibited a similar reactivity to 99 tested mabs despite their remote passage history. all five isolates of monkeypox virus closely resembled one another, i ... | 1988 | 2450423 |
| [tenth anniversary of smallpox eradication: results of epidemiological and virological surveillance and studies in the post-eradication period]. | in accordance with recommendations of the global commission on the certification of smallpox eradication for the 10-year period after the eradication of this infection, all suspected cases of smallpox have been thoroughly checked up, and in none of them the diagnosis of smallpox has been confirmed. the study of monkeypox in humans has revealed that this zoonosis is spread over a wider area than supposed earlier and covers 7 countries of equatorial africa, occurring most frequently in zaire. in a ... | 1989 | 2552712 |
| two early vaccinia virus genes encode polypeptides related to protein kinases. | vaccinia virus particles contain a protein kinase with an mr of 62k calculated from sedimentation rate. we have sequenced the sali g restriction fragment of the vaccinia virus genome near to the right inverted terminal repeat and have identified two genes which share 36% amino acid identity with each other and are related to the family of protein kinase genes. one gene, designated b1r, encodes a 34.2k protein which shares 27% identity with a protein kinase encoded by the herpes simplex virus typ ... | 1989 | 2607336 |
| structure and cell surface maturation of the attachment glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus in a cell line deficient in o glycosylation. | the synthesis of the extensively o-glycosylated attachment protein, g, of human respiratory syncytial virus and its expression on the cell surface were examined in a mutant chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell line, ldld, which has a defect in protein o glycosylation. these cells, used in conjunction with an inhibitor of n-linked oligosaccharide synthesis, can be used to establish conditions in which no carbohydrate addition occurs or in which either n-linked or o-linked carbohydrate addition occurs ... | 1989 | 2677404 |
| [isolation of cowpox virus from the red-tailed jird]. | | 1989 | 2728413 |
| inhibition of an inflammatory response is mediated by a 38-kda protein of cowpox virus. | the brighton red (br) strain of cowpox virus induces a flat, bright red pock on the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of the 12-day-old chick embryo. in contrast, mutants with a deleted 38k gene (which is located 31 to 32 kb from the right-hand end of the virus genome) induced a raised, white, and opaque pock. during the first 24-hr p.i., both cpv-br and the 38k deletion mutants replicated similarly in the cam of the chick embryo, as indicated by immunocytochemical detection of similar amounts of v ... | 1989 | 2773318 |
| vaccinia virus encodes a family of genes with homology to serine proteinase inhibitors. | nucleotide sequencing of a region of the vaccinia virus genome proximal to the right inverted terminal repeat (itr) identified two open reading frames (orfs) encoding proteins of 39k and 40k with amino acid homology to each other, to another vaccinia virus gene near the opposite end of the virus genome and to the superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins). serpins have now been found in poxviruses from the genera orthopox (cowpox and vaccinia viruses), leporipox (myxoma virus) and avi ... | 1989 | 2778436 |
| vaccinia virus encodes two proteins that are structurally related to members of the plasma serine protease inhibitor superfamily. | nucleotide sequencing adjacent to the right inverted terminal repetition of the vaccinia virus genome revealed two genes encoding polypeptides that are structurally related to members of the plasma serine protease inhibitor superfamily (spi). inclusion in the superfamily is based on extensive amino acid sequence similarities as well as a consensus sequence adjacent to the active-site region near the carboxyl ends of the proteins. the genes designated spi-1 and spi-2 are located 10,000 and 17,000 ... | 1989 | 2783466 |
| transcription of a poxvirus early gene is regulated both by a short promoter element and by a transcriptional termination signal controlling transcriptional interference. | the promoter region of an early gene (38k gene) of cowpox virus has been characterized by deletion and linker scanning mutational analyses. modified versions of this promoter region were placed into the genome of vaccinia virus, and their transcriptional efficiencies were assessed by quantifying rnas transcribed from these sequences. these analyses showed that the sequences in the region between 33 and 4 base pairs upstream of the transcriptional start site affect the efficiency of transcription ... | 1989 | 2795715 |
| a comparison of the genome organization of capripoxvirus with that of the orthopoxviruses. | comprehensive comparisons of genome organizations for poxviruses of different genera have not previously been reported. here we have made such a comparison by cross-hybridizing genome fragments from capripoxvirus ks-1 and vaccinia virus wr (vv). this showed that a 100- to 115-kilobase (kb) centrally placed section is essentially colinear in organization in the two viruses and that a small region has translocated between the ends of one or other of the genomes during their divergence. no cross-hy ... | 1989 | 2795717 |
| development of heat-stable recombinant rinderpest vaccine. | recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) containing the full-length cdna of rinderpest virus (rv)-haemagglutinin (h) gene was constructed. the h gene was inserted into the attenuated vaccine strain of vaccinia virus (vv), le 16 m0, with two different promoters, namely cowpox virus a-type inclusion body (ati) promoter or vv 7.5 kilodalton (p7.5) promoter. these rvvs produced the same sized fully glycosylated rv-h protein in rk 13 cells as that of the authentic rv-h. their heat stability in the lyophylize ... | 1989 | 2818208 |
| tandemly repeated sequences are present at the ends of the dna of raccoonpox virus. | the dna of raccoonpox virus (rcn) has been characterized by restriction enzyme analysis. dna hybridization studies showed that all hindiii fragments of the 215-kbp rcn dna share some nucleotide sequence similarity with fragments of the dna of cowpox virus (cpv). this information was used to construct a hindiii restriction map of the rcn dna. the nucleotide sequence of the 2.2-kbp sal 1 end fragment of the rcn dna has been determined from a cloned copy of the hindiii o fragment. of this 2.2-kb re ... | 1987 | 2823468 |
| cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the major protein of the a-type inclusion body of cowpox virus. | we have mapped and determined the nucleotide sequence of the cowpox virus (cpv) gene coding for the protein of a-type inclusion bodies (ati). the ati gene was mapped to the central part of the largest hindiii restriction fragment of the cpv genome. vaccinia virus (vv) also contained a similar sequence at the equivalent position in its genome, which even under stringent conditions hybridized with the cpv ati gene. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the upstream region of the coding frame ... | 1988 | 2826668 |
| messenger rnas of a strongly-expressed late gene of cowpox virus contain 5'-terminal poly(a) sequences. | we have identified and characterized one of the most strongly-expressed genes of cowpox virus (cpv). this is the gene encoding the major protein component of the a-type inclusion bodies produced by this virus. this gene (designated the 160k gene) is transcribed late during the infection. analyses of its mrnas showed that these late rnas, unlike all other characterized late mrnas of poxviruses, are uniform in length. however, the most remarkable feature of the mrnas of the 160k gene is the struct ... | 1987 | 2828037 |
| a cowpox virus gene required for multiplication in chinese hamster ovary cells. | cowpox virus, in contrast to vaccinia virus, can multiply in chinese hamster ovary cells. to study the genetic basis for this difference in host range, recombinants between vaccinia and cowpox viruses were isolated and their dna restriction patterns were examined. the ability to multiply in chinese hamster ovary cells could be correlated with the conservation of cowpox virus sequences mapping at the left end of the genome. this was further demonstrated by marker rescue of the host range phenotyp ... | 1988 | 2831390 |
| sequence analysis of an 11.2 kilobase, near-terminal, bamhi fragment of fowlpox virus. | the nucleotide sequence of an 11.2 kilobase fragment of the fowlpox virus genome is presented. the fragment comes from near one end of the genome and contains part of the terminal inverted repeat. twenty open reading frames (orfs) are predicted from the sequence and are classified into 13 major and seven minor orfs. the 100 base pairs immediately upstream of each orf are up to 83% at-rich, with some motifs similar to those seen in vaccinia virus early gene promoters. the tttttnt element which ha ... | 1988 | 2836548 |
| virulence genes of poxviruses and reoviruses. | identification of viral genes that specify virulence, however defined, is of critical importance for the design of viral vaccines. in particular, the targeted development not only of avirulent vaccine strains but also of viruses to be used as carriers for foreign genes depends on the inactivation or deletion of genes that harm the host. this paper illustrates approaches to identifying viral pathogenesis genes in two model systems involving cowpox virus and reovirus, respectively. | 1988 | 2838983 |
| a poxvirus-derived vector that directs high levels of expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells. | high levels of expression of cloned genes have been obtained in mammalian cells by using poxvirus-derived insertion/expression vectors. these vectors employ the cis-acting element (cae i) that directs the transcription of one of the most strongly expressed genes of cowpox virus. this gene (the 160k gene) encodes the 160-kda protein that is the major component of the a-type cytoplasmic inclusions. its counterpart in vaccinia virus (vv) is the 94k gene contained in the hindiii a fragment of the vi ... | 1988 | 2849105 |
| transmission of cowpox virus infection from domestic cat to man. | | 1985 | 2861449 |
| the second-largest subunit of the poxvirus rna polymerase is similar to the corresponding subunits of procaryotic and eucaryotic rna polymerases. | we have characterized the poxvirus gene encoding the second-largest subunit of the viral dna-dependent rna polymerase. this gene, designated rpo132, is located in the hindiii a fragment of the dna of the brighton red strain of cowpox virus. a similar gene is located in the corresponding position in the hindiii a fragment of the dna of the western reserve strain of vaccinia virus. the rpo132 gene is transcribed throughout the viral multiplication cycle. it has two transcriptional start sites; one ... | 1989 | 2915377 |
| studies on poxvirus infection in cats. | the development of clinical disease and the pathogenesis of cowpox were studied in domestic cats inoculated by a variety of routes. intradermal titration in two cats demonstrated that as little as five pfu of cowpox virus caused a primary skin lesion. intradermal inoculation of greater than or equal to 10(5) pfu cowpox virus resulted in severe systemic disease. large amounts of virus (greater than or equal to 10(3) pfu/g) were isolated from skin lesions and the turbinates of cats killed at eight ... | 1989 | 2923548 |
| specific transcription of orthopox virus dna by hela cell rna polymerase ii. | a hela cell extract was used to transcribe dna isolated from cowpox virus. truncated templates generate accurately initiated run-off transcripts of discrete sizes and whose sensitivity to inhibition by alpha-amanitin indicates synthesis by cell rna polymerase ii. a mapped restriction fragment of wild-type cowpox dna contains specific sites of initiation which are not detected in the geographically equivalent fragment from a cowpox mutant having a defined sequence rearrangement in this region. | 1985 | 2996941 |
| clustered cases of paravaccinia in milkers. | clustered cases of a disease in men and cows firstly diagnosed as cowpox has been described. clinical manifestation, epidemiology and laboratory diagnostics are presented. virological and serological investigations of the specimens taken from sick persons and animals proved paravaccinia virus (genus parapoxvirus) to be etiological agent of the illness. cowpox virus (genus orthopoxvirus) greatly differs from the latter by phenotypical markers. the disease in humans is called milkers' modules, in ... | 1986 | 3027164 |
| [laboratory-confirmed case of human infection with ratpox (cowpox)]. | the present work describes a case of human disease resulting from the bite of a white rat and caused by a biological variant of cowpox virus. the isolates obtained from the sick man and the white rats which had been the source of this infection proved to be identical and did not differ from the biological variants of cowpox virus, isolated earlier from white rats and carnivorous animals of the family felidae. thus, the possibility of ratpox (cowpox) transmission from sick rodents to man was esta ... | 1988 | 3176779 |
| high-level synthesis of biologically active reovirus protein sigma 1 in a mammalian expression vector system. | the reovirus cell-attachment protein, which modulates tissue tropism and the nature of the antiviral immune response, is protein sigma 1. this protein is present in reovirus particles in the form of 12 tetramers anchored in the projections or spikes. it is formed in infected cells in very small amounts only. in order to produce larger amounts of it that are necessary for studying its properties in detail, we have cloned it into a mammalian expression vector system that consists of the very stron ... | 1988 | 3201754 |
| non-essential genes in the vaccinia virus hindiii k fragment: a gene related to serine protease inhibitors and a gene related to the 37k vaccinia virus major envelope antigen. | the complete nucleotide sequence of a cloned copy of the hindiii k fragment of the wr strain of vaccinia virus has been determined. eight open reading frames (orfs) have been identified, on the basis of size and codon usage. the predicted amino acid sequences of the putative genes have been compared to the protein identification resource and to published vaccinia virus sequences. one gene, predicted to encode a 42.2k protein, is highly related to the family of serine protease inhibitors. it show ... | 1988 | 3264331 |
| structural and functional studies of a 39,000-mr immunodominant protein of vaccinia virus. | little is known about the nature of poxvirus proteins involved in the host immune response. screening a lambda gt11 expression library of genomic rabbit poxvirus dna with hyperimmune rabbit anti-vaccinia virus serum and selection of monospecific antibodies identified a highly antigenic viral protein of about 39,000 molecular weight (39k protein). the same-size protein of vaccinia virus was also identified with a monoclonal antibody (mab b6) obtained from hybridomas generated after fusion of hype ... | 1987 | 3316708 |
| [cowpox virus infection in a young girl]. | an genuine cowpox virus was isolated in a 6-year-old girl with a circumscribed skin lesion between the thumb and forefinger. in the beginning, the lesion was a proliferating skin change, which later became ulcerative with central hemorrhagic necrosis (umbilicated pock). electron microscopy as well as histological, biological (cell and host range) and serological methods were used to characterize the virus. cats and rodents are discussed as potential virus carriers. voluntary vaccination against ... | 1987 | 3453696 |
| isolation of cowpox virus a-type inclusions and characterization of their major protein component. | a-type inclusions (ati)2 are large well-defined structures that appear in the cytoplasm during the late stages of the multiplication cycles of many poxviruses. the atis produced by the cprc1 strain of cowpox virus in strain 143 human osteosarcoma cells have been isolated and characterized. these inclusions which can be recovered in large amounts (about 20 mg per 10(9) cells), appear to consist entirely of a single protein species that has a molecular weight of 160,000. it is a late protein, stab ... | 1986 | 3456179 |
| polypeptide analysis with monoclonal antibodies of a type inclusion bodies induced by cowpox virus. | the antigen in a type inclusion bodies (atib) induced by cowpox virus (cpv) was examined by immunofluorescent staining with monoclonal antibodies and polypeptide analysis. in the immunofluorescence (if) test, these monoclonal antibodies reacted only with cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in cells infected with cpv. the fluorescence became detectable in the cells 6-9 hours after infection with cpv. no fluorescence was detectable in cells infected with cpv in the presence of cytosine-i-beta-d-arabinofu ... | 1986 | 3521545 |
| hemorrhage in lesions caused by cowpox virus is induced by a viral protein that is related to plasma protein inhibitors of serine proteases. | several recombinant cowpox viruses were constructed and used to identify a viral gene that controls the production of hemorrhage in lesions caused by the brighton red strain of cowpox virus (cpv-br). this gene is located in the kpnd fragment of cpv-br dna, between 31 and 32 kilobases from the end of the genome. this position corresponds well with that predicted from analyses of the dna structures of spontaneously generated deletion mutants. the gene responsible for hemorrhage encodes a 38-kda pr ... | 1986 | 3532120 |
| the assay, purification and properties of vaccinia virus-induced uncoating protein. | vaccinia virus cores prepared in vitro can be uncoated by incubation with extracts of cells infected with vaccinia virus, as determined by the conversion of the genome to dnase susceptibility. this uncoating activity had all the characteristics of the corresponding in vivo activity and of the agent responsible for non-genetic reactivation. thus, it was not induced by heat-inactivated virus, nor was it produced in the presence of inhibitors of rna or protein synthesis. the uncoating protein induc ... | 1987 | 3572355 |
| genomic characterization of a poxvirus isolated from a child. | a poxvirus was isolated from a six-year-old girl. the comparative analyses of the genome of this isolate (h-cp-lsax) which were carried out using the restriction endonucleases bamhi, hindiii, kpni, mlui, ncoi, saci, and smai revealed that this isolate is a member of the genus orthopoxvirus. since the girl had never been vaccinated against smallpox, and had close contact to domestic animals, including cats, rabbits and guinea pigs, the genome of h-cp-lsax virus was genetically analysed in compari ... | 1987 | 3614092 |
| the existence of an envelope on extracellular cowpox virus and its antigenic relationship to the vaccinia envelope. | virus released from cowpox infected cells was demonstrated by electron-microscopy to be surrounded by an envelope not present on mature intracellular virus. enveloped cowpox had an isopycnic density of 1.23 g/ml, was infectious and neutralized by antibodies specific for the envelope antigens of vaccinia virus but not neutralized by antibodies specific for intracellular naked vaccinia virus. only 1 per cent of the total intracellular virus yield was released as enveloped virus. the major cowpox g ... | 1986 | 3729722 |
| [identification of a cowpox virus, isolated from a child]. | | 1986 | 3776379 |
| monoclonal antibodies to cowpox virus: polypeptide analysis of several major antigens. | monoclonal antibodies directed against major antigens induced by cowpox virus (cpv) were produced. the specificities of these antibodies were established by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and several serological analyses, and from the cross-reactivities of these antibodies with cells infected with various other poxviruses, ectromelia virus (ev), vaccinia virus and shope fibroma virus. the antibodies defined included ones reacting with each of the known major antigens of poxviruses, i.e. the ... | 1987 | 3806058 |
| laboratory studies on cowpox virus. | | 1985 | 4031443 |
| three cases of cowpox infection of domestic cats. | since october 1982 three cases of cowpox infection of the cat have been presented at a veterinary practice. the disease began as a focal dermatitis on the face or paws which spread after several days to the rest of the body. two weeks after appearing the pocks scabbed over and fell off leaving hairless skin. there were few systemic signs and therapy did not appear to influence the course of the disease. diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of pox virions or inclusion bodies in skin biops ... | 1985 | 4095874 |
| replication of cowpox virus in chick embryonic cells in vivo and in vitro. | | 1972 | 4116744 |
| the effect of trypsin on the formation of virus-specific surface antigen in cowpox virus-infected cells. | | 1973 | 4202786 |
| effect of poxvirus infection on host cell deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. | deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) synthesis was studied in poxvirus-infected cells by measuring (14)c-thymidine incorporation into viral and host cell dna. a complete separation of the two species of dna was achieved by combining the previously used "dounce method" with a separation method based on different reannealing properties of viral and vertebrate dna. shortly after infection of hela cells with poxviruses, a burst of viral dna synthesis occurred in the cytoplasm, but a rapid inhibition of host- ... | 1968 | 4301310 |
| demonstration of a pseudo-cowpox virus in new zealand. | | 1968 | 4301644 |
| a comparison of the antigens present on the surface of virus released artificially from chick cells infected with vaccinia virus, and cowpox virus and its white pock mutant. | antisera prepared against vaccinia and cowpox viruses were absorbed with purified suspensions of vaccinia virus, red cowpox and white cowpox viruses. they were then tested for their ability to neutralize the viruses, and to precipitate the virus soluble antigens.the results showed that some virus specific antigens were not virus surface components and that some components were present on the surface of all three viruses. however, certain components were detected on the surface of vaccinia virus ... | 1972 | 4624399 |
| relationship between virus multiplication and culture cells synchronized by excess thymidine treatment. iv. autoradiographic studies of cellular and viral dna syntheses in fl cells infected with cowpox virus using 3 h-deoxycytidine. | | 1972 | 4643691 |
| inhibition of cowpox virus infection in mice by interferon therapy. | | 1972 | 4664108 |
| virus multiplication in culture cells synchronized by excess thymidine treatment. 3. effect of viral dna synthesis of cowpox virus upon the mitotic phase of fl cells. | | 1971 | 4945375 |