| elaeophorosis in sika deer in texas. | elaeophora schneideri was found in sika deer (cervus nippon) from several areas in texas. the parasite produced unilateral tumorous masses on the head and/or feet. this is the first report of e. schneideri in texas. | 1978 | 147351 |
| foot-and-mouth disease in british deer: transmission of virus to cattle, sheep and deer. | after exposure for two hours to cattle with foot-and-mouth disease, each of the five species of deer found in the british countryside became infected. clinical disease was typical and severe in the roe and muntjac deer, with some animals dying, less severe in the sika deer and usually subclinical in the fallow and red deer. each species transmitted disease to its own species and to cattle and sheep. the amounts of virus present in the blood, and in oesophageal/pharyngeal samples and excreted as ... | 1975 | 167503 |
| in vivo erythrocyte sickling in the japanese sika deer (cervus nippon): methodology. | the japanese sika deep (cervus nippon) proved to be a suitable animal model for the study of acute phases of in vivo erythrocyte sickling. ophthalmologic studies can be conducted during or after 1 to 6 hours of effective in vivo sickling. intravenous administration of 1.75 to 3.5% sodium bicarbonate solution at a rate of 500 to 1,000 ml per hour produced a transient state of alkalosis and in vivo erythrocyte sickling in the sika deer. the percentage of sickled erythrocytes increased as the blood ... | 1975 | 238437 |
| observations on diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis in a deer herd. | paratuberculosis was diagnosed in a herd of 62 fallow deer (dama dama) and 38 sika deer (cervus nipon) maintained in an animal park in ohio. a comparison was made of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, results of in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation tests, and isolation of mycobacterium paratuberculosis on fecal culture in 19 deer. | 1979 | 521371 |
| the gross and histopathologic lesions of maignant catarrhal fever in three captive sika deer (cervus nippon) in southern ontario. | the gross and histopathologic lesions of three captive sika deer (cervus nippon) with malignant catarrhal fever are described. lesions included those of the head and eye form and the more commonly described peracute form. one deer had been exposed to a wildebeeste (connochaetes gnou) and the other two to domestic sheep. | 1977 | 557117 |
| [sarcosporidiosis of the myocardium in hoofed game]. | in a histological examination of the hearts of 290 head of hoofed game sarcosporidiosis was found in 34 p. c. of the investigated cases. in the european deer it was found in 11.1 p. c., in the sika deer in 3.9 p. c., in the virginia deer in 12.5 p. c. (eight investigated animals, of which one was positive), in fallow deer in 10.8 p. c., in roe-deer in 78.7 p. c., in moufflon in 28.2 p. c. and in chamois in 75 p. c. (four animals, three of which were positive). pathological changes of the myocard ... | 1976 | 820041 |
| ophthalmic manifestations of induced sickling of erythrocytes in japanese sika deer (cervus nippon). | nine female japanese sika deer (cervus nippon) were used in a total of 25 experiments in which sickling was chemically induced. during these experiments, color fundic and color fluorescein photographs were taken. fundic changes included retinal vascular attenuation, blood column pallor, and decreased tapetal reflectivity. these changes were most likely directly associated with a decreased hematocrit and a generalized shocklike condition. three deer had a congested appearance in retinal blood ves ... | 1975 | 1147329 |
| serum biochemical and electrophoretic values from four deer species and from pronghorn antelope. | serums from 4 species of deer and 1 species of antelope were analyzed for various components in order to define an animal disease model for sickle cell disease in people. animal species included black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), sika deer (cervus nippon nippon), fallow deer (dama dama), and pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana). the mean serum values for total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and electrolytes w ... | 1975 | 1190586 |
| mycobacterium bovis infection in a herd of japanese shika deer (cervus nippon). | | 1992 | 1391199 |
| structure of the complement-activating proteoglycan from the pilose antler of cervus nippon temminck. | an anti-complementary polysaccharide, dwa-2, isolated from an unossified pilose antler of c. nippon temminck by digestion with pronase, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography, consisted mainly of galnac, glca, idoa, and sulfate in the molar ratios 1.0:0.6:0.3:0.8, and small proportions of man, gal, glcnac, and protein (4.5%). methylation analysis, nmr spectroscopy, and degradation with enzymes indicated that dwa-2 contained chondroitin sulfate a-, b-, and c-like moieties. dwa-2 showed poten ... | 1992 | 1394305 |
| purification and partial characterization of anti-inflammatory peptide from pilose antler of cervus nippon temminck. | an anti-inflammatory compound was purified and isolated from pilose antler of cervus nippon temminck by dialysis, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography techniques. hplc and n-terminal amion acid analysis identified the compound as a homogeneous peptide. the peptide is composed of 68 amino acids and its molecular weight as determined by amino analysis, is about 7200. | 1992 | 1442050 |
| parasites and condition of coexisting populations of white-tailed and exotic deer in south-central texas. | we examined the parasites and physical condition of coexisting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), axis deer (axis axis), fallow deer (dama dama), and sika deer (cervus nippon) on the yo ranch (kerr county, texas, usa) during december 1982 to january 1984. white-tailed deer harbored 12 species of parasites. exotic deer were infected with nine species of parasites. all parasites recovered from exotic deer and white-tailed deer have been reported from white-tailed deer. exotic deer had hig ... | 1992 | 1512889 |
| mycobacterium bovis infection in a captive herd of sika deer. | infection with mycobacterium bovis was diagnosed in a small privately owned herd of sika deer. after postmortem examination of a deer with progressive pulmonary disease, diagnosis of infection with m bovis was confirmed by bacteriologic culture. the 2 remaining deer in this herd were euthanatized, necropsied, and confirmed to be infected with m bovis. three cats in contact with the deer were also euthanatized and necropsied. one of these cats had lesions suggestive of mycobacterial infection in ... | 1992 | 1612999 |
| annual changes of testis size, seminiferous tubules and plasma testosterone concentration of wild sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis heude, 1884) in hokkaido. | testis size, seminiferous tubules and plasma testosterone concentrations showed conspicuous annual changes in sika deer of hokkaido, japan. the onset of the spermatogenic process occurred in july or august. spermatogenic activity had already reached its height in late october, at the beginning of the rutting season, and had begun to decline in late december. spermatogenesis had stopped in february or march. plasma testosterone concentrations showed very high levels in late october and early nove ... | 1992 | 1643176 |
| transferrin polymorphism and genetic differentiation in cervus elaphus l. (european red deer) populations. | a study of transferrin in 11 different european populations of cervus elaphus as well as in one cervus elephus x cervus nippon hybrid population has revealed a polymorphism of this protein. genetic analysis suggests that it is controlled by one gene locus with three codominant alleles. the allele frequencies allow a clear discrimination not only between the hybrid population and pure red deer but also between different continental red deer populations. comparison of the genotypic structures with ... | 1991 | 1757275 |
| passage and digestibility of lucerne (medicago sativa) hay in japanese sika deer (cervus nippon) and sheep under restricted feeding. | the mean retention time (mrt) of stained hay through the whole digestive tract and its digestibility were measured in japanese sika deer (cervus nippon) and were compared with those in sheep when lucerne (medicago sativa) hay was fed at 10, 20 and 30 g/kg body-weight. the recoveries in faeces of plastic particles with five specific gravities were also measured in deer. mrt for deer was significantly shorter than that for sheep at 10 and 20 g/kg feeding levels. the digestibilities of dry matter, ... | 1991 | 1772867 |
| serological survey for lyme disease in sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). | seventy-six wild sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) from areas endemic for borrelia burgdorferi during 1988 to 1989 had the igg antibody to the bacteria in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the percentage of seropositive deer was 25.0% to strain ho14 and 22.4% to strain hp3, respectively. specific igg antibody titers were high in summer but low in winter. in summer, seropositive deer were 75.0%. similar results were obtained in serum specimens obtained monthly from 4 farmed deer. it was sugges ... | 1991 | 1808467 |
| the biochemical systematics of red and sika deer (genus cervus) in ireland. | twenty enzyme loci were investigated using starch gel electrophoresis in managed populations of red deer (cervus elaphus) and sika deer (c. nippon) from ireland. the red deer, which originated from several european countries, were polymorphic (%p) at 25% of the loci examined and exhibited a mean heterozygosity (h) of 0.025. the sika, originally from japan, were introduced to ireland in very limited numbers. here, %p was 5% and h was 0.006. mean genetic distance (d) between these taxa was 0.160. ... | 1991 | 1816170 |
| comparative studies of babesia spp. from white-tailed and sika deer. | babesia odocoilei from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in texas (usa) and b. capreoli isolated from sika deer (cervus nippon) in ireland were compared morphologically and antigenically. babesia odocoilei and b. capreoli paired pyriforms resembled each other closely when in sika deer, but b. odocoilei pyriforms in white-tailed deer were slightly different. babesia odocoilei in white-tailed deer also differed from b. odocoilei and b. capreoli in sika deer in the frequency of its develop ... | 1991 | 2023332 |
| intestinal carriage of yersinia pseudotuberculosis by wild birds and mammals in japan. | fecal specimens were obtained from wild birds and mammals in the eastern part of shimane prefecture, japan, an area where serotype 1b, 2b, 3, and 4b strains of yersinia pseudotuberculosis were found to be prevalent in humans. each of 869 animals, including 259 wild birds and 610 wild mammals, was screened for yersiniae. a total of 37 strains of y. pseudotuberculosis were isolated from 34 (5.6%) mammals, including 23 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), eight deer (cervus nippon), two hares ( ... | 1991 | 2059038 |
| genetic analysis of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase polymorphism in the genus cervus. | a study of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in cervus dama, cervus elaphus, cervus nippon and cervus elaphus x cervus nippon hybrids has revealed a polymorphism of this enzyme system in cervus elaphus as well as in the hybrid population. genetic analysis suggests that this enzyme system is controlled by one gene locus with two codominant alleles. the allele frequencies allow a clear discrimination between the hybrid population and the red deer population, whereas the fallow deer are fixed for th ... | 1990 | 2090010 |
| two novel molecular isoforms of band 4.2 in japanese sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis, heude) erythrocytes. | two molecular isoforms of band 4.2 were identified in erythrocyte membranes from 25 japanese sika deer (ceryus nippon yesoensis, heude) based on specific immunorecognition with anti-human band 4.2. these two variants, designated 4.2/78 and 4.2/76, had respective relative molecular weights (mr) of 78,000 and 76,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels and showed similar profiles after limited proteolysis, exhibiting identity in primary structure. 25 adult sika deer could ... | 1990 | 2294961 |
| lymphoproliferation in captive wild ruminants affected with malignant catarrhal fever: 25 cases (1977-1985). | the severity of lymphoproliferative disease associated with malignant catarrhal fever was extremely variable among 25 animals at the san diego wild animal park. severe lymphoproliferative disease was seen in 3 of 10 formosan sika deer (cervus nippon taiouanus), 3 of 6 indian axis deer (cervus a axis), 3 of 6 barasingha deer (cervus d duvauceli), and 1 of 3 nilgai (boselaphus tragocamelus). two sika deer and 2 barasingha deer had lesions morphologically indistinguishable from lymphosarcoma. our f ... | 1990 | 2329087 |
| [polymorphism of erythrocyte antigens of spotted reindeer in primorski krai and prospects for its use in selection]. | first attempt to study polymorphism of erythrocyte antigens of spotted reindeer cervus (cervus) nippon temminck, 1838 blood was made. with the aid of a set of monospecific antisera against blood groups of cattle and pigs, natural antisera of spotted reindeer, iso- and heteroimmune antisera against factors of erythrocytes of spotted reindeer, antigenic picture of blood in cattle of five primorsk region farms was revealed. indeces of genetic similarity between populations studied have been calcula ... | 1990 | 2344955 |
| comparison of genomes of malignant catarrhal fever-associated herpesviruses by restriction endonuclease analysis. | the restriction endonuclease dna cleavage patterns of eight isolates of malignant catarrhal fever-associated herpesviruses were examined using the restriction endonucleases hindiii and ecori. the eight viruses could be assigned to two distinct groups. virus isolates from a blue wildebeest, a sika deer and an ibex had restriction endonuclease dna cleavage patterns that were in general similar to each other. the restriction pattern of these three viruses was distinct from the other five. of these ... | 1989 | 2558629 |
| [legal regulations and practical application of studies of slaughtered game animals and their meat]. | meat regulations also involve game inspection. the previous publications on the one hand dealt with the regulations and their practice concerning game intended for slaughter, especially the control of fences and the gaining of meat. on the other hand regulations concerning game hunted for food (deer: red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, roe deer; horned ungulates: european mouflon, chamois; wild boar; european hare; european rabbit; game such as badger and raccoon) and regulations to be observed by ... | 1989 | 2617520 |
| [legal foundation and practical execution of slaughtering and meat examination of game animals]. | meat regulations also involve game inspection. on the one hand the previous publications dealt with the regulations and their practice concerning game intended for slaughter, especially the control of fences and the gaining of meat. on the other hand regulations concerning game hunted for food (deer: red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, roe deer; horned ungulates: european mufflon, chamois; wild boar; european hare; european rabbit; game such as badger and raccoon) and regulations to be observed by ... | 1989 | 2763282 |
| comparative anatomy of the accessory ciliary ganglion in mammals. | the orbits of 13 mammalian species (pig, sika deer, domestic sheep, horse, cat, fox, racoon dog, marten, rat, rabbit, crab-eating macaque, japanese macaque and man) were stained with silver nitrate and dissected under a dissecting microscope with special attention to the presence and location of the accessory ciliary ganglion. some preparations were stained with thionin and examined as whole-mounts in a transmission microscope. the accessory ciliary ganglion was present in all 13 species, althou ... | 1989 | 2802184 |
| tuberculosis in imported red deer (cervus elaphus). | an outbreak of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium bovis in farmed red deer imported from an eastern european country is described. twenty-six of the 106 deer examined at autopsy were found to be infected and 19 had visible lesions of tuberculosis. single comparative intradermal tuberculin tests on 51 deer showed that the test had a specificity of 61.3 per cent and a sensitivity of 80 per cent relative to subsequent biological and cultural tests on tissues taken at autopsy. three hundred and seven ... | 1988 | 3043888 |
| polymorphism and genetic control of erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the genus cervus. | a study of 11 enzyme systems in blood samples of cervus dama, c. elaphus, c. nippon and hybrids c. elaphus x nippon has revealed an erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polymorphism in the hybrid populations. genetic analysis suggests that this enzyme is controlled by one gene locus with two codominant alleles, one specific for pure japanese sika deer, the other for pure red deer as well as for fallow deer, while both alleles have been found in the red x sika hybrids. | 1988 | 3207221 |
| [legal fundamentals and practical accomplishments of abattoir and meat research in mammalian game animals]. | meat regulations also involve game inspection. the previous publication mainly dealt with the regulations and their practice concerning game intended for slaughter. the following publication deals with game hunted for food (deer: red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, roe deer; horned ungulates: european mufflon, chamois; wild boar; european hare; european rabbit) and also game such as the badger and the raccoon. | 1988 | 3222786 |
| [analysis of synaptonemal complexes in spermatocytes of the hybrid f1 between red deer and sika deer]. | | 1988 | 3273670 |
| dexamethasone-induced recrudescence of malignant catarrhal fever and associated lymphosarcoma and granulomatous disease in a formosan sika deer (cervus nippon taiouanus). | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) was diagnosed in a 2-week-old formosan sika deer. the fawn had been previously exposed to a clinically normal neonatal wildebeest calf from which alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 was isolated. alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 was isolated from buffy coat leukocytes and nasal and ocular secretions of the fawn during the acute illness. the fawn clinically recovered after 3 weeks. virus was not recovered from blood at this time. dexamethasone, given 4 months after clinical recover ... | 1985 | 3839641 |
| mammalian cytogenetics. vii. the chromosomes of cervus canadensis, elaphurus davidianus, cervus nippon (temminck) and pudu pudu. | | 1972 | 4668511 |
| [proceedings: 62. oxygen transport and phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates of the ruminant blood. i. shika deer (cervus nippon nippon) (author's transl)]. | | 1973 | 4799263 |
| on spiculopteragia yamashitai n. sp. and rinadia japonica n. sp. (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) from the yeso island deer cervus nippon yesoensis (heude). | | 1966 | 5299364 |
| karyotypes in five species of deer (alces alces l., capreolus capreolus l., cervus elaphus l., cervus nippon nippon temm. and dama dama l.). | | 1968 | 5721324 |
| parasites, diseases, and health status of sympatric populations of sika deer and white-tailed deer in maryland and virginia. | in july 1981, investigations on parasites, diseases, and herd health status were conducted on sympatric populations of sika deer (cervus nippon) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from blackwater national wildlife refuge (maryland) and chincoteague national wildlife refuge (virginia) on the delmarva peninsula. five adult deer of each species were collected from each location and subjected to thorough necropsy examinations and laboratory tests. white-tailed deer at both locations harb ... | 1983 | 6644934 |
| serologic evidence of jamestown canyon and keystone virus infection in vertebrates of the delmarva peninsula. | serological data accumulated during the past decade indicated that a variety of feral and domestic animals of the delaware-maryland-virginia (delmarva) peninsula were infected with jamestown canyon (jc) and/or keystone (key) viruses (bunyaviridae, california serogroup). neutralizing (n) antibody to jc virus was most prevalent in white-tailed deer, sika deer, cottontail rabbits and horses. key virus n antibody was detected most frequently in gray squirrels and domestic goats. n antibody indicativ ... | 1982 | 7149110 |
| histological difference between retrograde corpora lutea of pregnancy and those of estrus in sika deer, cervus nippon. | histological characteristics of retrograde corpora lutea (rcl) were examined for 105 pairs of ovaries of adult female sika deer, cervus nippon. animals were captured in various seasons at mt. goyo, iwate prefecture, the northern part of japan. no histological differences were recognizable between rcl of pregnancy and retrograde accessory corpora lutea (racl), so far as examined by means of hematoxylin-eosin and weigert's resorcin-fuchsin staining. they were both irregularly shaped and had well d ... | 1994 | 7521218 |
| a comparative study of the histopathologic features of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, fallow deer (dama dama), sika deer (cervus nippon), and red deer and elk (cervus elaphus). | sections of tuberculous lesions from 23 elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus), 12 fallow deer (dama dama), 10 sika deer (cervus nippon), and 30 cattle were examined and compared. lesions were scored for caseous necrosis, mineralization, neutrophils, macrophages, giant cells, and acid-fast bacilli. some differences in lesion morphology between the species were noted. elk/red deer lesions had marked variation and often differed from bovine lesions in several characteri ... | 1995 | 7604487 |
| mitochondrial dna polymorphism in subspecies of the japanese sika deer, cervus nippon. | variations in the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) of sika deer (cervus nippon) from seven localities in japan were examined to assess the degree of genetic differentiation among subspecies. the entire mtdna of c. n. centralis, which is about 16,600 base pairs in length, was cloned into plasmids. using various clones as hybridization probes, we constructed restriction maps of mtdna for 59 deer and identified six different mtdna genotypes. the genotypes observed in the subspecies centralis from honshu i ... | 1995 | 7608513 |
| mitochondrial trna(thr) and trna(pro) sequences from three deer species: odocoileus hemionus, cervus elaphus, and cervus nippon. | | 1993 | 7688119 |
| detection of lyme disease spirochetes in the skin of naturally infected wild sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) by pcr. | we demonstrated the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in the skin tissues of naturally infected wild sika deer, using pcr. the risk of transmission of b. burgdorferi sensu lato is recognized in sika deer. | 1995 | 7747979 |
| the establishment of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus cervus). | japanese sika deer (cervus nippon nippon) were introduced to scotland around 80 years (20 generations) ago. the sika phenotype is expanding its range and hybridizing extensively with native red deer (cervus elaphus) leading to the establishment of a hybrid zone. this zone is currently moving and cannot be considered to be at equilibrium. cervid genotypes and mitochondrial haplotypes were mapped across the sika phenotype range, using diagnostic protein isozymes, microsatellite nuclear dna markers ... | 1994 | 7834107 |
| complement-mediated killing of borrelia garinii--bactericidal activity of wild deer serum. | the susceptibility of borrelia garinii to fresh wild deer sera was determined by incubating strain sika2 at 10% serum concentration for 1 hr at 37 c in an in vitro bactericidal assay. each serum showed bactericidal effects at various levels. the effect was dependent on the concentration of antibody to the spirochetes. complement was essential in the bactericidal assay because the inactivated deer serum showed greatly decreased activity. our results suggest that b. garinii is sensitive to deer se ... | 1994 | 7854216 |
| [anti-inflammatory effects of pilose antler peptide]. | pilose antler peptide (pap:mw:7200; amino acid residue:68) isolated from the antlers of cervus nippon temminck 10 and 20 mg.kg-1 i.p. produced inhibitions towards acute and chronic inflammations in a dose-dependent manner. pap reduced ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents in adrenal glands and decreased the serum hydrocortisone level of rats. the reduction of ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents were unaffected by the pretreatment of dexamethasone. pap also showed an anti-inflammatory action ... | 1994 | 7976389 |
| the nerve cell bodies found in the ovine omasal laminae. | a histological study was made on the omasum of sheep, cows, sika deer, and japanese serows in order to confirm the existence of the submucosal nerve cell bodies in the omasal laminae. in the present study, seventeen submucosal nerve cell bodies were found in seven sections from four out of twenty-two sheep. | 1994 | 8204748 |
| reproduction of female sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis heude, 1884) in ashoro district, hokkaido. | the authors studied some reproductive characteristics of wild female sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis heude, 1884) in ashoro district, hokkaido. large numbers of females attained sexual maturation at the age of yearling, and the pregnancy rate of yearlings and older was 96.4% (n = 28). these high levels of fertility should be considered the standard for high quality populations of sika deer. the estrus cycle began in late october. twinning was exceptional. sex ratio of fetuses was statisticall ... | 1993 | 8286539 |
| serological evidence of coxiella burnetii infection in wild animals in japan. | one hundred and thirty-four (26%) of 511 sera from 11 wild animal species in eight prefectures in japan had antibody titers to coxiella burnetii by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. high prevalences were observed in japanese black bears (ursus thibetanus) (78%), hokkaido deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) (69%), japanese hares (lepus brachyurus) (63%), japanese deer (cervus nippon centralis) (56%), and to some extent in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) (28%). a low prevalence (13%) was observe ... | 1993 | 8355353 |
| rumen ciliates of ezo deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) with the morphological comparison with those of cattle. | the composition of rumen ciliate protozoa was surveyed in 13 ezo deer, cervus nippon yesoensis, inhabiting hokkaido, japan. as a result, two species of the genus entodinium, e. simplex and e. dubardi, were detected. each ezo deer had only a single species of protozoa, e. simplex or e. dubardi. since e. simplex in ezo deer had a wide variation in body size and shape, its measurements were compared with those of e. simplex, e. nanellum and e. exiguum obtained from holstein-friesian cattle feeding ... | 1993 | 8461433 |
| molecular phylogeny based on the kappa-casein and cytochrome b sequences in the mammalian suborder ruminantia. | nucleotide sequences for the kappa-casein precursor proteins have been determined from the genomic dnas or hair roots of the ruminantia. the coding regions, exons 2, 3, and 4, were amplified separately via the three kinds of pcrs and then directly sequenced. the primers were designed from the sequence of bovine kappa-casein gene; they were applicable for the amplification of the kappa-casein genes from the 13 species in the ruminantia except exon 2 of the lesser mouse deer. these results permitt ... | 1995 | 8587130 |
| assessment of genetic variations within populations of sika deer in japan by analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd). | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) was exploited as a genetic marker to assess the level of genetic variation in populations of sika deer, cervus nippon, in japan. dna samples were collected from three local populations in japan, namely, kinkazan, goyozan and ashoro populations. four arbitrary primers, when used individually, amplified an average of five rapd fragments in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the number of polymorphic bands was scored to calculate band-sharing coefficients w ... | 1995 | 8590835 |
| ultrastructure of hepatocytes in copper-deficient sika deer (cervus nippon temminck). | the livers of 13 sika deer (cervus nippon temminck) aged 4 to 9 years and suffering from copper deficiency (enzootic ataxia) were examined histologically, histochemically and by electron microscopy. in addition, the serum and liver copper concentrations, measured in three animals, were found to be low. histologically, the hepatocytes exhibited cloudy swelling, and numerous haemosiderin deposits were seen in the hepatocytes and kupffer cells. staining with p-dimethyl amino-benzylidene-rhodamine r ... | 1996 | 8762586 |
| gestational age determination, variation of conception date, and external fetal development of sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis heude, 1884) in eastern hokkaido. | the authors determined gestational age from fetal weight, examined the range in conception dates, and classified the external fetal development process in sika deer of eastern hokkaido. gestational age (t) can be estimated from fetal weight (w) with the equation: t = (3 square root of w + 2.730)/0.091. conception date can then be calculated back from date of kill of pregnant female, using gestational age. though estimated conception dates ranged from 7 october to 17 january, most of them were co ... | 1996 | 8811617 |
| the horizontal cells of artiodactyl retinae: a comparison with cajal's descriptions. | the morphology of horizontal cells in ox, sheep, and pig retinae as observed after lucifer yellow injections are described and compared with the descriptions of golgi-stained cells by ramón y cajal (1893). horizontal cells in the retinae of less domesticated species, wild pig, fallow and sika deer, mouflon, and aurochs were also examined. all these retinae have two types of horizontal cell; their morphologies are in common, although with some familial differences. their basic appearance is as ca ... | 1996 | 8870229 |
| borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in an endemic environment: wild sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) with infected ticks and antibodies. | ticks and blood samples were collected from wild sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) during a hunting season (august to october) of 1991 at a selected location in hokkaido, japan. ixodes persulcatus (adult and nymph) and i. ovatus (adult) were the common ticks on sika deer. spirochetes were detected in the midgut of the ticks by the indirect peroxidase-conjugated antibody staining method and by dark-field microscopy after cultivation. by the reactive pattern of monoclonal antibodies, isolates we ... | 1996 | 8871523 |
| histopathology of enzootic ataxia in sika deer (cervus nippon temminck). | thirteen sika deer (cervus nippon temminck) showing ataxia on a stock farm in the north eastern district of china were examined histopathologically. the principal pathological changes were spongy vacuolation and myelin deficiency in the white matter of the spinal cord and brain stem, fibrosis and rupture of the elastic lamina of the spinal arterioles, and mesothelial hyperplasia in the spinal arachnoid. other findings included defective formation of the elastic laminae of the aorta, and the bloo ... | 1996 | 8898282 |
| metazoan parasites of sika deer from east hokkaido, japan and ecological analyses of their abomasal nematodes. | metazoan parasites of 50 sika deer (cervus nippon yezoensis) collected in march 1991 in the ashoro district in east hokkaido, japan, were evaluated. ten species of helminths and three species of ectoparasites were obtained. estimated abundance of males of two species of abomasal nematodes, spiculopteragia houdemeri and rinadia andreevae, were positively correlated with each other, and were overdispersed; s. houdemeri followed poisson's and r. andreevae followed a negative binomial distribution. ... | 1997 | 9131559 |
| descriptive epidemiology of captive cervid herds in michigan, usa. | a study was designed to determine the species composition, disease period prevalence, and utilization of preventive practices in captive cervid herds in michigan. this is the first description of cervid farming in the united states. data for the 12 months preceding the study were collected by means of a mail questionnaire conducted from march 3 through june 28, 1993. completed questionnaires were returned by 228 of 362 (63%) farms. study respondents reported ownership of a total of 4972 (80.9%) ... | 1997 | 9208449 |
| studies on the parietal region of the cervid skull. iii. on the occurrence of an interparietal in cervus. | the occurrence of an os interparietal was studied in two transparent preparations of fetal red deer (cervus elaphus) heads and in 14 dried skulls of fetal to early postnatal individuals from four cervus species (c. elaphus, c. nippon, c. duvauceli and c. eldi). in 14 of the 16 specimens, an interparietal was present as either a paired or single bone. in only a neonate red deer and a 5-week-old sika deer this skull element was missing. we therefore conclude that an os interparietal, developing fr ... | 1998 | 9652148 |
| sexing of carcass remains of the sika deer (cervus nippon) using pcr amplification of the sry gene. | in order to determine the sex of carcass remains of the sika deer (cervus nippon), we improved a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique for amplification of the sika deer sry, a male-specific dna region on the mammalian y chromosome. from the nucleotide sequence of the sry region obtained here, pcr primers, mt1 and mt2, capable of amplifying a shorter sry region were newly designed, and a microsatellite locus was used as a positive control. using these primers, 96 of 109 sex-unknown fawns (88 ... | 1998 | 9673942 |
| genetic variation and population structure of the japanese sika deer (cervus nippon) in hokkaido island, based on mitochondrial d-loop sequences. | mitochondrial dna (mtdna) d-loop region sequences (602 bp) from 141 samples of the sika deer cervus nippon collected from hokkaido island of japan were investigated to elucidate population genetic structure. all animals possessed seven repeat units (38 or 39 bp each) in the sequences. comparison of the 602-bp sequences showed four sites of transitional mutations (a<-->g or c<-->t). based on combination of the substitutions, six d-loop haplotypes (a-f types) were identified in the hokkaido popula ... | 1998 | 9691488 |
| the differential expression of ngfs-like substance from fresh pilose antler of cervus nippon temminck. | extracts of cartilage from antlers of non-mature deer, e.g. cervus nippon temminck, have been used as chinese traditional medicines and restoratives. since bioactivities attributed to the antler extracts resembled growth factor activities, the objective of our study was to compare the biological activities of different deer antler extracts with those of known growth factors. extracts of the deer antlers were found to stimulate the growth of nerve fibers and to induce morphologic changes during d ... | 1997 | 9731418 |
| bovine microsatellite loci are highly conserved in red deer (cervus elaphus), sika deer (cervus nippon) and soay sheep (ovis aries). | we tested 174 bovine microsatellite primer pairs for use in a primitive breed of sheep and two species of deer. of 173 markers, 127 (73.4%) gave a product in soay sheep (ovis aries) of which 54 (42.5%) were polymorphic. one hundred and twenty-nine of 174 (74.1%) markers gave a product in red deer (cervus elaphus) of which 72 (55.8%) were polymorphic. in sika deer (cervus nippon) 126 of 171 (73.7%) microsatellite primers gave a product with 47 (37.3%) polymorphic. the proportion of bovine microsa ... | 1998 | 9745670 |
| gastric mucormycosis in a sika deer (cervus nippon) associated with proliferation of clostridium perfringens. | seven sika deer (cervus nippon) died in a park where 30 deer were kept. one adult female deer died suddenly was necropsied. severe hemorrhages were noted beneath the serous membranes of the forestomach and abomasum. hyphal proliferation with neutrophil infiltration was observed in the mucous membranes of the stomaches, and the hyphae showed characteristics of order mucorales. catarrhal enteritis with hemorrhages was also observed. a large number of clostridium perfringens was isolated from the c ... | 1998 | 9764416 |
| hybridization between wapiti (cervus elephus manitobensis) and sika deer (cervus nippon): a comparison of two artificial insemination techniques. | the present study compared pregnancy rates of sika deer (cervus nippon) hinds artificially inseminated with frozen-thawed wapiti (cervus elephus manitobensis) semen by laparoscopic intrauterine or transvaginal/cervical artificial insemination (ai) techniques. estrous cycles of 59 sika hinds were synchronized with one-half of a norgestomet ear implant. fourteen days after implant insertion, norgestomet ear implants were removed and hinds received 50 iu of pg-600 intramuscularly, a combination of ... | 1998 | 9809601 |
| serosurvey for antibodies to malignant catarrhal fever-associated viruses in free-living and captive cervids in germany. | a total of 486 serum samples collected from several species of both free-living and captive cervids in germany was examined for antibodies against malignant catarrhal fever (mcf)-associated viruses (mcfv) by a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ci-elisa). eleven (2%) of these samples were positive for antibodies against mcfv. among 157 serum samples collected from 16 different species of captive deer including four (7%) of 54 fallow deer and one (7%) of 14 sika deer (cervu ... | 1998 | 9813848 |
| phylogeny of wapiti, red deer, sika deer, and other north american cervids as determined from mitochondrial dna. | red deer (cervus elaphus) are divided into three subspecific groups; the first group includes seven subspecies from europe and northern africa, the second group includes seven subspecies from central asia, and the third group includes nine subspecies from eastern asia, siberia, and north america. recognition of the north american wapiti as a species has been denied on the basis of morphological similarity with red deer and the circumpolar distribution of c. elaphus. sika deer (c. nippon), which ... | 1998 | 9878235 |
| hybridization between sika deer (cervus nippon) and axis deer (axis axis). | we report an incidence of hybridization from natural mating between sika deer (cervus nippon) and axis deer (axis axis). a female exhibiting physical characteristics intermediate between the two species was born on a tennessee deer farm sometime in 1995. gel electrophoresis of three blood proteins (tf, hbb, and sod) from the putative hybrid, the putative sika deer sire and three axis deer hinds from the herd (not necessarily including the dam) initially verified that hybridization had occurred. ... | 1999 | 9987933 |
| comparative hypocholesterolemic effects of five animal oils in cholesterol-fed rats. | the hypocholesterolemic efficacy of various animal oils was compared in rats given a cholesterol-enriched diet. after acclimatization for one week, male f344 ducrj rats (8 weeks of age) that had been fed with a conventional diet were assigned to diets containing 5% of oil from emu (dromaius), japanese sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis, heude), sardine, beef tallow, or lard with 0.5% cholesterol for 6 weeks. after this feeding period, the concentrations of serum total cholesterol and of very-low ... | 1999 | 10052143 |
| a mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b phylogeny of sika deer (cervus nippon) and report of tandem repeats in the control region. | sika deer (cervus nippon temminck) are endemic to mainland and insular asia. numerous subspecies have been named, but they are not quantitatively well defined. portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (450 bp) and control region (512 bp) were sequenced from 28 individuals belonging to five sika subspecies and two cervus elaphus subspecies. phylogenetic trees constructed using these sequences clearly demonstrated that sika are monophyletic with respect to c. elaphus. a survey of variation ... | 1999 | 10222160 |
| introgression through rare hybridization: a genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus cervus) in argyll, scotland. | in this article we describe the structure of a hybrid zone in argyll, scotland, between native red deer (cervus elaphus) and introduced japanese sika deer (cervus nippon), on the basis of a genetic analysis using 11 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial dna. in contrast to the findings of a previous study of the same population, we conclude that the deer fall into two distinct genetic classes, corresponding to either a sika-like or red-like phenotype. introgression is rare at any one locus, b ... | 1999 | 10224266 |
| use of protein ag in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening for antibodies against parapoxvirus in wild animals in japan. | using protein ag in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), we tried to detect antibodies against parapoxvirus in 9 species of wild animals in japan: the japanese badger (meles meles anakuma), japanese black bear (ursus thibetanus japonicus), japanese deer (cervus nippon centralis), japanese monkey (macaca fuscata), japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), japanese serow (capricornis crispus), japanese wild boar (sus scrofa leucomystax), masked palm civet (paguma larvata ... | 1999 | 10225841 |
| rumen ciliates of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), axis deer (axis axis), sika deer (cervus nippon) and fallow deer (dama dama) from texas. | samples of rumen contents from 33 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 31 axis deer (axis axis), 26 sika deer (cervus nippon), and 25 fallow deer (dama dama) were collected from four study areas in central texas. the geometric mean concentration of total protozoa was 50.2 x 10(4) per ml, with no differences between species (p > 0.36). white-tailed deer had a higher percentage of entodinium and lower percentage of diplodiniinae (p < 0.01) than the other deer species, which were not differe ... | 1999 | 10361734 |
| ticks and antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi from mammals at cape hatteras, nc and assateague island, md and va. | results of a survey for ixodid ticks and/or serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi from 14 species of small to large mammals from eastern coastal areas of the united states are presented. most samples were obtained from july 1987 through june 1989 (excluding december-march) at 3 locales: assateague is. national seashore, worcester co., md., and accomack co., va. (approximately 38 degrees 05' n 75 degrees 10' w), and cape hatteras national seashore, dare co., nc (approximately 35 degrees 30' n ... | 1999 | 10534951 |
| a molecular cytogenetic analysis of the tribe bovini (artiodactyla: bovidae: bovinae) with an emphasis on sex chromosome morphology and nor distribution. | q-band comparisons were made among representative species of the four genera of the tribe bovini (bos, bison, bubalus, syncerus) as well as to selected outgroup taxa representing the remaining two tribes of the subfamily bovinae (nilgai, boselaphini; eland, tragelphini), the bovidae subfamily caprinae (domestic sheep) and the family cervidae (sika deer and white-tailed deer). extensive autosomal arm homologies were noted, but relatively few derivative character states were shared. focus was then ... | 1999 | 10560971 |
| two genetically distinct lineages of the sika deer, cervus nippon, in japanese islands: comparison of mitochondrial d-loop region sequences. | to investigate genetic diversity among populations of the sika deer, cervus nippon, nucleotide sequences (705-824 bases) of the mitochondrial d-loop regions were determined in animals from 13 localities in the japanese islands. phylogenetic trees constructed by the sequences indicated that the japanese sika deer is separated into two distinct lineages: the northern japan group (the hokkaido island and most of the honshu mainland) and the southern japan group (a part of the southern honshu mainla ... | 1999 | 10620409 |
| phylogenetic relationships among european red deer, wapiti, and sika deer inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences. | we determined the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bp) of one subspecies of the european red deer (cervus elaphus in europe), three subspecies of the wapiti (c. elaphus in asia and north america), and six subspecies of the sika deer (c. nippon in japan). our phylogenetic analysis revealed the monophyly of the european red deer, that of the wapiti, and that of the sika deer. the wapiti, however, was shown to be more closely related to the sika deer than to the european red deer. th ... | 2000 | 10764539 |
| an occurrence of salmonella typhimurium infection in sika deer (cervus nippon). | seven sika deer (cervus nippon) in a herd of 30 deer in a park died. upon examination of three dead deer, salmonella typhimurium was isolated from the organs and intestinal contents. histopathological examination revealed catarrhal enteritis and focal necroses in the liver. immunohistochemically, salmonella antigen of o4 was detected in the enteric lesions. the case was diagnosed as s. typhimurium infection in the sika deer. because of the importance of salmonella in public health, fecal and soi ... | 2000 | 10770606 |
| status and origin of haemonchinae (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) in deer: a survey conducted in france from 1985 to 1998. | during our investigations on helminthofauna in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in france (1985-1998) we isolated nematodes not only of the genus haemonchus cobb, 1898 but also of the genus ashworthius le roux 1930, both of which belong to the same subfamily of haemonchinae. the prevalence of ashworthius was 22% (65/294) in roe deer and 40% (10/25) in red deer. h. contortus was not found in red deer, whereas its prevalence was only 3% (9/294) in roe deer. these data c ... | 2000 | 10935910 |
| bovine virus diarrhea virus in free-living deer from denmark. | free-living deer are suggested as a possible source of infection of cattle with bovine virus diarrhea (bvd) virus. to examine this hypothesis blood samples from 476 free-living deer were collected during two different periods and tested for bvd virus and antibody in denmark. in 1995-96, 207 animals were tested. these included 149 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 29 fallow deer (dama dama), 20 red deer (cervus elaphus) and one sika deer (cervus sika). for the remaining eight animals no species inf ... | 2000 | 10941751 |
| [extraction and sequencing of trace dna from cornu cervi pantotrichum]. | the trace dna extraction method was used to extract dna from the blood, hair, cornu cervi pantotrichum, hairy antler of the sika deer, cervus nippon, and penis of bulbalus bublis and asinus vulgaris. a 307 bp fragment of mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene was amplified with primers l14841 and h15149 for these extractions. the purified pcr products were sequenced by the dideoxy method. dna sequence obtained from the cornu cervi pantotrichum is the same as that obtained from the fresh blood and h ... | 1997 | 11038922 |
| intestinal spirochetosis in wild sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) infected with brachyspira species. | seven adult free-ranging sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) were examined by histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy for intestinal spirochetal infection. histologically epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia and edema of the lamina propria mucosa with macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration were observed in the cecum and colon in 6 of the 7 deer. numerous argyrophilic spirochetes were present in the crypts and some had invaded epithelial and goblet cells and caused degeneration. ... | 2000 | 11039589 |
| farm and slaughter survey of bovine tuberculosis in captive deer in switzerland. | in 1998, a survey was conducted by postal questionnaire to gather basic knowledge about the management, health and productivity of captive deer in switzerland. in addition, lymph nodes were collected from slaughtered deer from 124 of the 262 holdings surveyed, and tested for mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium tuberculosis. the total farmed deer population was 8389 animals kept on 485 holdings; 87 per cent were fallow deer, 8 per cent red deer, 4 per cent sika deer, and there were small number ... | 2000 | 11140930 |
| complement-mediated killing of borrelia burgdorferi by nonimmune sera from sika deer. | various species of cervid deer are the preferred hosts for adult, black-legged ticks (ixodes scapularis and ixodes pacificus) in the united states. although frequently exposed to the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi), these animals, for the most part, are incompetent as transmission reservoirs. we examined the borreliacidal activity of normal and b. burgdorferi-immune sera from sika deer (cervus nippon) maintained in a laboratory setting and compared it to that of similar sera from re ... | 2000 | 11191897 |
| experimental transmission of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever from sheep to japanese deer (cervus nippon) and cattle. | the assumption that sheep carry ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2), the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), is widely accepted, albeit ovhv-2 has not been isolated. we attempted experimental contact transmission of mcf from japanese sheep persistently infected with ovhv-2 to japanese deer (cervus nippon) and cattle. in experiment 1, a deer was kept in close quarters with an infected ewe. in experiment 2, a second deer was kept with the same ewe. in experiment 3, two ... | 2001 | 11230931 |
| successful in vitro production of embryos in the red deer (cervus elaphus) and the sika deer (cervus nippon). | the aim of our study was to define the conditions for ivm and ivf of oocytes in 2 common deer species as models for endangered related subspecies. immature oocytes were recovered during the breeding season from postmortem ovaries (red deer) or by repeated laparoscopic follicular aspiration (sika deer). oocytes were cultured for 24 h in ivm medium supplemented with egf or fsh and follicular fluid. stag semen was collected by electroejaculation (both species) or by epididymal flushing (red deer) a ... | 2001 | 11233790 |
| indices for nutritional condition and thresholds for winter survival in sika deer in hokkaido, japan. | we derived fat indices for sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) in eastern hokkaido, japan, and estimated the probability of over-winter survival with a logistic regression model using fat indices. kidney fat mass (kfm) appears to be an adequate index of wide range of physical conditions before the onset of severe nutritional stress. when kfm values fell below 20 g, femur (fmf) and mandible cavity fat (mcf) indices declined sharply. fmf and mcf were useful indices for detecting malnourished deer. ... | 2000 | 11236274 |
| serological survey of parapoxvirus infection in wild ruminants in japan in 1996-9. | the prevalence of parapoxvirus infection was examined in free-ranging wild ruminants in japan, japanese serow (capricornis crispus) and japanese deer (cervus nippon centralis), in 1996-9. we collected a total of 151 serum samples from 101 japanese serows and 50 japanese deer and tested for antibodies against parapoxvirus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an agar gel immunodiffusion test. overall seroprevalences among japanese serows were 5/25 (20.0%) in 1996, 4/14 (28.6%) in 1997, 5/32 ... | 2001 | 11293676 |
| bottlenecks, drift and differentiation: the population structure and demographic history of sika deer (cervus nippon) in the japanese archipelago. | we assessed genetic differentiation and diversity in 14 populations of sika deer (cervus nippon) from japan and four populations of sika deer introduced to the uk, using nine microsatellite loci. we observed extreme levels of differentiation and significant differences in diversity between populations. our results do not support morphological subspecies designations, but are consistent with previous mitochondrial dna analyses which suggest the existence of two genetically distinct lineages of si ... | 2001 | 11412360 |
| assessment of in vitro fertility of deer spermatozoa by heterologous ivf with zona-free bovine oocytes. | we have previously shown that the in vitro development of deer embryos differed according to the ivf conditions. the aim of the study was to use heterologous ivf with zona-free matured bovine oocytes to assess the in vitro fertility of 3 samples of deer semen (2 ejaculates from sika deer (cervus nippon) and 1 pool of epididymal spermatozoa from red deer (cervus elaphus)). the frozen/thawed semen samples were selected on percoll gradient and resuspended in tyrode modified medium supplemented with ... | 2001 | 11480618 |
| cytochrome b gene for species identification of the conservation animals. | a partial dna sequence of cytochrome b gene was used to identify the remains of endangered animals and species endemic to taiwan. the conservation of animals species included in this study were: the formosan gem-faced civets, leopard cats, tigers, clouded leopards, lion, formosan muntjacs, formosan sika deers, formosan sambars, formosan serows, water buffalo, formosan pangolins and formosan macaques. the control species used included domestic cats, domestic dogs, domestic sheeps, domestic cattle ... | 2001 | 11587860 |
| the structure of the masseter muscle in the giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis). | in the giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis), the masseter muscle was divided into several layers. the superficial and more medial (second) tendinous sheets of the masseter muscle fused with each other at the dorso-caudal part and a fleshy portion was located between these tendinous sheets. in the rostral part, the most superficial tendinous sheet turned around as a compact tendon and attached to the facial crest (crista facialis). the turned tendinous sheet, however, never fused with the second tend ... | 2001 | 11688743 |
| [the resource conservation and utilization of wild sika deer in china]. | there had once been six subspecies of sika deer (cervus nippon) in china, but now only three subspecies in wild, i.e. northeast china, sichuan and south china subspecies, and all the three subspecies lie in the endangered status. most of population are very small, and their distribution ranges have already been broken up into many isolated patches, furthermore, their habitats have been deteriorating. so it is very necessary to enhance the protecting of wild sika deer. some endangered and small p ... | 2001 | 11715188 |
| cytogenetic comparison between vietnamese sika deer and cattle: r-banded karyotypes and fish mapping. | r-banded chromosomes of vietnamese sika (vs) deer (cervus nippon pseudaxis, 2n = 66), a threatened subspecies of sika deer endemic to vietnam, are presented for the first time and were compared with bovine r-banded chromosomes to define a standard karyotype. nineteen vs deer autosomes (cnp) were identified on the basis of the banding pattern relative to bovine chromosomes (bta), while hypotheses for the remaining thirteen were proposed from comparisons with the published deer genetic map, bta 1, ... | 2001 | 11778690 |
| a phylogenetic comparison of red deer and wapiti using mitochondrial dna. | a phylogeny was constructed for red deer/wapiti (cervus elaphus) subspecies using sequence data from the control region of mitochondrial dna (mtdna). the tree was rooted using cervus nippon (sika deer), cervus albirostris (thorold's white-lipped deer), and several odocoileinae species. a division between the mtdna haplotypes of red deer (european) and wapiti (asian/north american) corresponds to subspecies found on opposite sides of the himalayan mountains and gobi, which suggests wapiti should ... | 2002 | 11884159 |
| establishment of a spinated type of diplodinium rangiferi by transfaunation of the rumen ciliates of japanese sika deer (cervus nippon centralis) to the rumen of two japanese shorthorn calves (bos taurus taurus). | one liter of rumen fluid containing 4.7 x 10(4) ciliates/ml, representing four genera including nine species of ciliates from a japanese sika deer was inoculated into two unfaunated japanese shorthorn calves. two weeks after inoculation, all species originally present in the inoculum were subsequently detected in the rumen fluid of one or both calves. ciliate densities ranged from 10(5)-10(6) cells/ml over the remainder of the 33-wk experiment. the inoculum contained diplodinium rangiferi. which ... | 2002 | 11908897 |
| fecal progesterone analysis by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (tr-fia) for monitoring of luteal function in the sika doe (cervus nippon centralis). | fecal progesterone content was measured by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (tr-fia) in the sika doe (cervus nippon). the total recovery rate of fecal progesterone by twice extraction with diethylether was about 60%. the displacement curve of tr-fia with serial doses of fecal extract (0.156-5.0 mg feces) was closely parallel to that of the reference standard. fecal progesterone content was correlated with that of plasma (r=0.829, n=16), but the values were 100-fold higher in feces than in plasma. ... | 2002 | 12185308 |
| tick infestation of sika deer (cervus nippon) in the western part of yamaguchi prefecture, japan. | ticks were collected from 94 sika deer (cervus nippon) hunted in the western part of yamaguchi prefecture, japan from august to november 1999, and march to july 2000. haemaphysalis longicornis and h. yeni were the dominant species from april to august, while h. flava and h. megaspinosa were dominant in october, november and march. this is the first report of h. yeni in the mainland of japan. small numbers of h. kitaokai, amblyomma testudinarium and ixodes ovatus were also recorded. | 2002 | 12185317 |