| artiodactylan phylogeny: an immunogenetic study based on comparative determinant analysis. | the phylogenetic relationships of major artiodactylan taxa were investigated by means of comparative determinant analysis (cda). monospecific antisera against taurine cattle albumin, transferrin, c3 and igm were used to derive determinant formulas of their homologues in 21 species (plus 12 other mammals for outgroup comparison). fifteen accepted mutations could be demonstrated in artiodactyla, permitting recognition of nine immunologically defined species groups. results with phylogenetically re ... | 1990 | 1707286 |
| detection of antibodies to mycoplasmas in south american camelids. | indirect haemagglutination tests on sera from 757 south american camelids (alpacas, llamas and vicunas) carried out in the andean region of peru, revealed evidence of exposure mainly to mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides lc. the incidence of detectable antibodies to this mycoplasma in 554 alpacas was 5.0 per cent and in 141 llamas 15.6 per cent. antibody to mycoplasma capricolum and the f38 biotype was detected in 0.9 per cent and 0.2 per cent of alpacas, respectively. in a group of 62 vicu ... | 1991 | 1780576 |
| ag-nor staining and in situ hybridization of rdna in the chromosomes of the south american camelids. | the location and frequency of ag-stained nors and sites of rdna hybridization were studied in the chromosomes of the south american camelids. in the four camelids these regions occur distally on chromosomes 18, 21, and 27 and the smallest biarmed elements. quantitative analysis of nor distribution showed variations between both cells and species. in llama, guanaco and alpaca the nors number averaged 6 per cell, this being higher than in vicuña where the average was 3. relative frequencies of nor ... | 1989 | 2482825 |
| [strategies of adaptation of oxygen transport systems in mammals to life at high altitude]. | like many mammalian species, man responds to exposure to high altitude with an increasing hemoglobin concentration and a decreasing blood o2-affinity. the lama vicugna of the andes does not show this kind of adaptation to altitude. even at high altitude its hematocrit is unusually low and its o2-affinity is the highest known among mammals. additionally, it is characterized by a high capillary density of the muscles and a large relative heart weight. the consequences of these different strategies ... | 1989 | 2812030 |
| oxygen binding properties, capillary densities and heart weights in high altitude camelids. | the oxygen binding properties of the blood of the camelid species vicuna, llama, alpaca and dromedary camel were measured and evaluated with respect to interspecific differences. the highest blood oxygen affinity, not only among camelids but of all mammals investigated so far, was found in the vicuna (p50 = 17.6 torr compared to 20.3-21.6 torr in the other species). low hematocrits (23-34%) and small red blood cells (21-30 microns 3) are common features of all camelids, but the lowest values are ... | 1988 | 3220989 |
| dependence of o2 transfer conductance of red blood cells on cellular dimensions. | to estimate the significance of the dimensions of rbc on o2 transfer, the kinetics of o2 release from rbc into medium containing dithionite (40 mmol/l) was measured, by a stopped-flow technique, for nine different species with varying rbc size (man, llama, vicuna, alpaca, dromedary camel, pygmy goat, domestic hen, muscovy duck and turtle). the observed o2 transfer kinetics were found to be size-dependent, i.e. the o2 transfer conductance of the single rbc, gst, was lower, whereas the specific o2 ... | 1988 | 3364283 |
| dna composition in south american camelids. i. characterization and in situ hybridization of satellite dna fractions. | the dna composition and the in situ hybridization of satellite fractions were analysed in the new world camelids llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuña. in the four camelid forms, it was possible to identify a similar main band dna and five satellite fractions (i-v) with g + c base contents ranging from 32% to 66%. satellites ii-v from llama were in situ reannealed on chromosomes from the four camelid forms. the results obtained were: (a) the four satellites hybridized with regions of c-banding (cent ... | 1987 | 3505882 |
| oxygen transfer properties and dimensions of red blood cells in high-altitude camelids, dromedary camel and goat. | to estimate the advantage of the small red blood cells (rbc) of high-altitude camelids for o2 transfer, the kinetics of o2 uptake into and release from the rbc obtained from llama, vicuña and alpaca were investigated at 37 degrees c with a stopped-flow technique. o2 transfer conductance of rbc (g) was estimated from the rate of o2 saturation change and the corresponding o2 pressure difference between medium and hemoglobin. for comparison, o2 kinetics for the rbc of a low-altitude camelid (dromed ... | 1987 | 3571563 |
| interaction of allosteric effectors with alpha-globin chains and high altitude respiration of mammals. the primary structure of two tylopoda hemoglobins with high oxygen affinity: vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos). | polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography revealed one hemoglobin component for vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos). following chain separation by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose, the amino-acid sequences were elucidated for the alpha- and beta-chains of both hemoglobins using automatic edman degradation of the chains and the tryptic peptides. vicuna and alpaca have identical beta-chains showing no substitutions to llama (lama glama) either. in the al ... | 1986 | 3964445 |
| mycobacterium microti infection in a zoo-llama: lama vicugna (molina). | | 1970 | 5527701 |
| erythrokinetics in high-altitude-adapted animals (llama, alpaca, and vicuña). | | 1968 | 5635776 |
| [on the genus nematodirus ransom 1907 (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea)]. | n. roscidus railliet, 1911, from dama dama (italy); n. abnormalis may, 1920, from ovis aries, capra hircus and rupicapra rupicapra (france, italy, australia); n. lanceolatus ault, 1944, from ovis aries (iran); n. europaeus jansen, 1972, from capreolus caperolus and ovis musimon (first record) (france); n. davtiani alpinus biocca, balbo & costantini, 1974, from rupicapra rupicapra (italy); n. rupicaprae biocca, balbo & costantini, 1983, from rupicapra rupicapra (france); n. ibicis biocca, balbo & ... | 1983 | 6673643 |
| [biodiversity and similarity between the nematode parasite communities of domestic and wild ruminants]. | the analysis of the bibliografical information concerning to the nematode parasite communities of domestic and wild ruminants, permitted to obtein the following values of maximum diversity index, bovidae: 4.88 bits; cervidae: 4.33 bits and cameliae: 3.69 bits. the highest values of this index within each family of host wee 5.75 bits. 5.49 bits and 4.32 bits for ovis aries (bovidae), capreolus capreolus (cervidae), lama pacos and camelus dromedarius (camelidae), respectively. the families of para ... | 1993 | 7483967 |
| an assessment of the relationships among species of camelidae by satellite dna comparisons. | tandem satellite arrays and interspersed repetitive dna components of the new world camelids guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuña and the old world bactrian camel have been identified and compared. southern hybridizations, using camel restriction fragments as probes, indicated that satellite dnas in all camelids examined have been conserved since the last common ancestor about 5-10 my ago. the hybridization profiles, however, varied from totally identical (mspi-sat) to highly differentiated (psti- ... | 1994 | 7737889 |
| [cause of diseases and death in new world camelids]. | over a period of 25 years post mortem examination and in selected cases microbiological and/or parasitological investigations were carried out in 79 south american camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicuña). the principal findings (frequently identical with the cause of death) are retrospectively commented with regard to available anamnestic data and the literature. besides infectious and noninfectious diseases occurring in all mammalian species findings of lesser importance, but peculiar to came ... | 1995 | 8585067 |
| fasciola hepatica in semi-captive vicuñas (vicugna vicugna) in north west argentina. | | 1996 | 8843645 |
| presence of enamel on the incisors of the llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos). | attempts have been made to define the relationships among the south american camelids, the guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna, by comparing the morphology of their incisors. the alpaca has been reported to have an incisor morphology similar to the vicuna, lacking enamel on the lingual surface. the llama and guanaco are said to have enamel on both the labial and lingual surface of their incisor teeth. these comparisons have been based on gross morphological observations and not on histologic anal ... | 1997 | 9415451 |
| distribution of keratins, vimentin, and actin in the testis of two south american camelids: vicuna (vicugna vicugna) and llama (lama glama). an immunohistochemical study. | the purpose of the present study was to investigate the pattern of distribution of cytokeratins, vimentin and muscular actin in the testis of vicuna (vicugna vicugna) and llama (lama glama) two species of camelids native of the andean high plateau of south america. testicular biopsies of four vicunas and five llamas were used. animals were healthy breeders. the tissues were processed by standard immunohistochemistry with antipancytokeratinae1/ae3, antikeratin 18 (k 18), cam 5.2 (antikeratin 5, 1 ... | 1999 | 10096664 |
| recovery of trichuris tenuis chandler, 1930, from camelids (lama glama and vicugna vicugna) in argentina. | a survey of whipworms was conducted in llamas and vicuñas in northwestern argentina. fecal examinations of a group of 14 llamas (april 1995-march 1996) and 69 vicuñas (november 1996) indicated a high prevalence (usually >50%) of trichuris sp. in these hosts. prevalence was highest during july-november 1995 that also coincided with the highest mean fecal egg count. during postmortem examinations of 1 llama and 1 vicuña, specimens of trichuris tenuis were recovered from the cecum/large intestine o ... | 1999 | 10577735 |
| characterization of a sine species from vicuna and its distribution in animal species including the family camelidae. | twenty-six sequences of a short interspersed repetitive element (sine) with a size of approximately 150 base pairs (bp) were isolated from the genomic dna of vicugna vicugna (vicuna). rna polymerase iii split promoter sequence was observed in most of them, and many had direct repeats flanking to sines as well as a poly(a)-like structure. the sine sequences were designated as "vic-1" sequences. comparison of the vic-1 consensus sequence with sequences registered in the dna database (ddbj/ embl/ge ... | 2001 | 11309663 |
| genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca. | the origins of south america's domestic alpaca and llama remain controversial due to hybridization, near extirpation during the spanish conquest and difficulties in archaeological interpretation. traditionally, the ancestry of both forms is attributed to the guanaco, while the vicuña is assumed never to have been domesticated. recent research has, however, linked the alpaca to the vicuña, dating domestication to 6000-7000 years before present in the peruvian andes. here, we examine in detail the ... | 2001 | 11749713 |
| assisted reproductive techniques for hybridization of camelids. | the camelid family comprises the old world camelids (or dromedary and bactrian camels) and the new world camelids (namely the llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas). although the species within each group can hybridize among themselves to produce fertile offspring, it is only recently that a hybrid between new and old world camelids has been reported. to create this hybrid, semen was collected from male camels by artificial vagina (av) and inseminated into female guanacos (n = 9) and llamas (n = ... | 2001 | 11999316 |
| cataracts in new world camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos). | cataracts are the most frequently seen lens diseases in new world camelids. the causes of cataracts are unknown in many animals, but cataracts secondary to intraocular inflammation seem to be common. congenital or juvenile-onset cataracts, if another cause is not apparent, should be considered as possibly caused by heredity, and the affected animals should not be bred. persistent hyaloid vascular anomalies may also have an important role in cataract formation and could be heritable or caused by ... | 2002 | 12170638 |
| lamanema chavezi gen. n., sp. n. and nematodirus lamae sp. n. (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) from the alpaca, lama pacos, and the vicu na, vicugna vicugna, in peru. | | 1963 | 14084183 |
| first report of neospora caninum infection in adult alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama). | neospora caninum is a cyst-forming coccidian that mainly affects bovines, although neospora infection has also been described in other domestic and wild ruminant species. serum samples from 78 alpacas (vicugna pacos) and 73 llamas (lama glama) at a unique dilution of 1:50 tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) were further analyzed serologically by ifat and western blot in both ruminant species to avoid cross-reactions with closely related coccidian parasites and to confirm the exis ... | 2004 | 15357084 |
| neospora species-associated abortion in alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (llama glama). | | 2004 | 15623090 |
| effect of exogenous progesterone and ecg treatment on ovarian follicular dynamics in vicunas (vicugna vicugna). | the aim of the present study was two-fold. first, to evaluate the effect of exogenous progesterone on ovarian follicular dynamics in order to assess its ability to synchronize ovarian activity in the vicuna. secondly, to evaluate the ovarian response to the treatment with ecg through the observation of the structures developed in the ovaries. follicular dynamics was monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography in 12 adult, non-pregnant vicunas. plasma progesterone and estradiol-17beta concentr ... | 2005 | 15721666 |
| detection of specific antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpacas (lama pacos), llamas (lama glama) and vicunas (lama vicugna) from peru and germany. | sera of an experimentally neospora caninum infected llama and a non-infected control llama were used to establish an immunoblot, an elisa and an ifat to detect antibodies against n. caninum tachyzoites. subsequently, serum samples collected from a total of 871 south american camelids (sac: lama glama, lama pacos, lama vicugna) of two farms in peru and from 32 sac of a farm in central germany were examined for antibodies against n. caninum and toxoplasma gondii. based on the recognition of specif ... | 2005 | 15893073 |
| toxoplasma gondii infection in adult llamas (lama glama) and vicunas (vicugnavicugna) in the peruvian andean region. | the present study was designed to investigate toxoplasma gondii infection in adult llamas (lama glama) and vicunas (vicugna vicugna) in the peruvian andean region, for which to date no information has been available. serum samples from 43 llamas (l. glama) and 200 vicunas were tested by ifat detecting titres of 1:50 or higher in 55.8% (33.9-70.9%) and 5.5% (2.8-9.6%), respectively. ifat titres ranged from 1:50 to 1:6400. in order to avoid cross reactions with closely related coccidian parasites ... | 2005 | 15893075 |
| coccidiosis in british alpacas (vicugna pacos). | | 2007 | 17558030 |
| bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection of alpacas (vicugna pacos) in the uk. | three alpacas (vicugna pacos) aged two to 22 months with a history of illthrift and diarrhoea were examined postmortem, and tissues were collected for histology, including immunohistochemical labelling for pestivirus antigen, virus isolation and taqman reverse transcriptase-pcr assay. blood samples from two clinical cases and the remaining herd members were tested for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) antibody by serum neutralisation, antigen detection and pcr assay. the three affected alpacas ... | 2007 | 17652435 |
| cryopreservation of epididymal alpaca (vicugna pacos) sperm: a comparison of citrate-, tris- and lactose-based diluents and pellets and straws. | epididymal spermatozoa were harvested from male alpacas and frozen after extension and cooling to 4 degrees c in citrate-, tris- and lactose-based diluents (experiment 1) and as pellets in 0.25- and 0.5-ml straws on either dry ice or over liquid nitrogen vapour (experiment 2) to determine the effects diluents and packaging on their motility and acrosome integrity. in experiment 1, sperm motility was higher after cooling to 4 degrees c and after freeze-thawing (0 but not 3 h post-thaw) for sperma ... | 2007 | 17897581 |
| evaluation of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii infections in alpaca (vicugna pacos) and llama (lama glama) aborted foetuses from peru. | the aim of this study was to investigate the participation of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in abortion cases of peruvian llamas and alpacas. fifteen aborted foetuses were recovered from two main rearing areas of camelids in peru (central or south andean region). foetal histopathology was used to detect the presence of protozoal-associated lesions in target organs. n. caninum and t. gondii infections were confirmed by immunohistochemistry (ihc) combined with pcr and by pcr alone, respec ... | 2007 | 17931783 |
| parentage testing in alpacas (vicugna pacos) using semi-automated fluorescent multiplex pcrs with 10 microsatellite markers. | the aim of this study was to assess and apply a microsatellite multiplex system for parentage determination in alpacas. an approach for parentage testing based on 10 microsatellites was evaluated in a population of 329 unrelated alpacas from different geographical zones in perú. all microsatellite markers, which amplified in two multiplex reactions, were highly polymorphic with a mean of 14.5 alleles per locus (six to 28 alleles per locus) and an average expected heterozygosity (h(e)) of 0.8185 ... | 2008 | 18261186 |
| intracranial teratoma in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) in new zealand. | | 2008 | 18263921 |
| naturally occurring intestinal lesions in three alpacas (vicugna pacos) caused by attaching and effacing escherichia coli. | | 2008 | 18326846 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens in a population of zoo animals. | faecal prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens, including campylobacter, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, shigella, yersinia, as well as arcobacter, were examined in 317 faecal specimens from 44 animal species in belfast zoological gardens, during july-september 2006. thermophilic campylobacters including campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and campylobacter lari, were the most frequently isolated pathogens, where members of this genus were isolated from 11 animal species (1 ... | 2008 | 18331520 |
| an assessment of acute biomarker responses in the demersal catfish cathorops spixii after the vicuña oil spill in a harbour estuarine area in southern brazil. | the vicuña oil tanker exploded in paranaguá bay (south of brazil), during methanol unloading operations in front of paranaguá harbour, on november 15th, 2004, releasing a large amount of bunker oil and methanol. two weeks after the accident, the acute effects of the vicuña oil spill (vos) were evaluated in the demersal catfish cathorops spixii, comparing a contaminated (at the spill site) and a reference site inside the bay. data were compared to previous measurements, taken before the accident, ... | 2009 | 18478347 |
| demodex spp. infestation and suspected demodicosis of alpacas ( vicugna pacos ) in new zealand. | | 2008 | 18536775 |
| laryngeal abscessation due to mannheimia haemolytica in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria. | | 2008 | 18660524 |
| outbreak of sarcoptic mange in alpacas (vicugna pacos) and control with repeated subcutaneous ivermectin injections. | an outbreak of sarcoptic mange was investigated in an alpaca herd. clinical disease occurred 2 months after the introduction of four alpacas with dry seborrhoeic skin lesions, the cause of which was not investigated. initially a group of females was affected, despite repeated topical treatment with ivermectin at a dose of 0.5mg/kg bodyweight. one female died and post-mortem examination indicated sarcoptic mange as the cause of death. infection with sarcoptes scabiei was also demonstrated on micr ... | 2009 | 19019545 |
| cerebral injury from intracarotid injection in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a mixture of ketamine, xylazine, and butorphanol was inadvertently injected into the right carotid artery of a 1-year-old alpaca. injection was followed by a brief period of recumbency and seizure activity. the alpaca recovered, but was euthanatized 72 hr later because of development of progressive neurologic deficits. pathologic findings were confined to the right cerebrum, meninges, thalamus, and hippocampus. cerebrocortical edema with astrocytic reaction, perivascular hemorrhage and neutrophi ... | 2009 | 19139519 |
| lamanema chavezi (nematoda: molineidae): epidemiological data of the infection in south american camelids of northwest argentina. | faecal samples from llamas (n=708), vicuñas (n=171) and guanacos (n=4) were obtained between december 2004 and may 2009 in three provinces of northwest argentina (jujuy, salta and catamarca) to know the distribution, prevalence and intensity of lamanema chavezi infection in these south american camelid species (sacs). faeces were examined by a sedimentation-flotation technique using a cl(2)zn+clna solution (specific gravity=1.59). eggs of l. chavezi occurred in 30.3% of 89 llama herds and in 18. ... | 2009 | 19819627 |
| evaluation of a commercial bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccine in nonpregnant female alpacas (vicugna pacos). | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is an emerging pathogen in alpacas and many questions still persist regarding disease mechanisms and control strategies. the purpose of this study was to evaluate a commercial bvdv vaccine for safety and efficacy in alpacas. five nonpregnant alpacas were vaccinated with a modified-live bvdv vaccine and challenged 25 days post-immunization by nasal and ocular inoculation with a bvdv type 1b strain isolated from a confirmed bvdv persistently infected alpaca. two ... | 2010 | 19857453 |
| eimeria macusaniensis associated lesions in neonate alpacas dying from enterotoxemia. | histopathological analysis of 108 intestine samples (103 grossly affected ileum and 5 jejunum) taken from clostridium-induced neonatal alpaca (vicugna pacos) enterotoxemia mortalities collected in the departments of arequipa, puno and cusco of southern peru during the 2005-2008 birth seasons (january-march), revealed the presence of large numbers of both asexual and sexual stages of eimeria macusaniensis in 33/108 (30.55%) of the samples with moderate to severe necrotized and/or hemorrhagic ente ... | 2010 | 19926224 |
| fatal bluetongue virus infection in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) in california. | in october 2008, a 15-year-old female alpaca (vicugna pacos) housed at a breeding farm in northern california died after a brief illness characterized by sudden onset of weakness, recumbency, and respiratory distress. postmortem examination revealed severe hydrothorax and hydropericardium, marked pulmonary edema, and acute superficial myocardial hemorrhage affecting the left ventricle. bluetongue virus (btv) was detected in the spleen by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase ch ... | 2010 | 20093703 |
| acute renal failure and anuria associated with vitamin d intoxication in two alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria. | | 2010 | 20102501 |
| cutaneous tb caused by mycobacterium bovis in a veterinary surgeon following exposure to a tuberculous alpaca (vicugna pacos). | | 2010 | 20139381 |
| effect of glycerol concentration, equex stm supplementation and liquid storage prior to freezing on the motility and acrosome integrity of frozen-thawed epididymal alpaca (vicugna pacos) sperm. | two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of glycerol concentration and equex stm paste on the post-thaw motility and acrosome integrity of epididymal alpaca sperm. in experiment 1, epididymal sperm were harvested from male alpacas, diluted, and cooled to 4 degrees c in a lactose cooling extender, and pellet-frozen in a lactose cryodiluent containing final glycerol concentrations of 2, 3, or 4%. in experiment 2, epididymal sperm were diluted in biladyl, cooled to 4 degrees c, store ... | 2010 | 20416935 |
| the complete mitochondrial dna sequence of the guanaco (lama guanicoe): comparative analysis with the vicuña (vicugna vicugna) genome. | south american camelids comprise the guanaco (lama guanicoe) and the vicuña (vicugna vicugna), which are wild species, and the domestic llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos). this paper presents the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the guanaco and the mt coding sequence of the vicuña. the guanaco mtdna is 16,649 nt long and its composition and organization are similar to the mitochondrial genome of other mammals. excluding the control region, comparison of the complete guanaco an ... | 2010 | 20524143 |
| multiple congenital anomalies in an alpaca cria (vicugna pacos). | | 2010 | 20543169 |
| fleece variation in alpaca (vicugna pacos): a two-locus model for the suri/huacaya phenotype. | genetic improvement of fibre-producing animal species has often induced transition from double coated to single coated fleece, accompanied by dramatic changes in skin follicles and hair composition, likely implying variation at multiple loci. huacaya, the more common fleece phenotype in alpaca (vicugna pacos), is characterized by a thick dense coat growing perpendicularly from the body, whereas the alternative rare and more prized single-coated suri phenotype is distinguished by long silky fibre ... | 2010 | 20646304 |
| antibodies to pathogenic livestock viruses in a wild vicuña (vicugna vicugna) population in the argentinean andean altiplano. | serum samples from 128 wild vicuñas (vicugna vicugna) were tested for antibodies (ab) to rotavirus (rv), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv-1), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), bluetongue virus (btv), equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), and influenza a virus equine (eiv). samples were collected in cieneguillas province of jujuy, in northern argentina. feces from 44 vicuñas were also collected to investigate rv shedding. llamas (la ... | 2010 | 20688660 |
| the microanatomy of healthy skin from alpacas (vicugna pacos). | the microanatomy of healthy skin from 12 different body sites was investigated in 14 alpacas (vicugna pacos). the microanatomy of alpaca skin is typical of domestic animal skin in general, and closely resembles that from llamas. | 2010 | 20807926 |
| skin diseases in the alpaca (vicugna pacos): a literature review and retrospective analysis of 68 cases (cornell university 1997-2006). | this retrospective study describes 68 alpacas with skin diseases investigated from 1997 through 2006 at cornell university. during this time period, 40 of 715 (5.6%) alpacas presented to the university hospital had dermatological diseases. in addition, skin-biopsy specimens accounted for 86 of 353 (24.4%) of alpaca biopsy specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory, and of these 86 specimens, follow-up was available for 28 cases. the following diseases were most common: bacterial infections ... | 2011 | 20825592 |
| campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus abortion in alpacas (vicugna pacos). | | 2010 | 20862815 |
| ovarian function in south american camelids (alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos). | ultrasound technology and hormone assays have provided a better understanding of folliculogenesis and ovulation in south american camelids in the last two decades. females exhibit waves of ovarian follicular growth and are induced ovulators and therefore do not exhibit oestrous cycles in the manner of spontaneously ovulating species such as sheep and cattle. there is much variation in inter-wave interval among camelid species (alpaca/llama 10-22 days, vicuna 4-11 days), within species and within ... | 2010 | 20875933 |
| multiple follicular cysts in four alpacas (vicugna pacos). | follicular cysts are non-neoplastic skin lesions lined by follicular epithelium. the pathogenesis of these lesions is unclear. multiple follicular cysts occur sporadically in dogs, horses and humans and are common in sheep. here we report multiple follicular cysts in four aged alpacas (vicugna pacos). based on their histological features, they are most consistent with hybrid cysts. this is the first report of multiple follicular cysts in alpacas. | 2010 | 21129052 |
| neurological causes of diaphragmatic paralysis in 11 alpacas (vicugna pacos). | diaphragmatic paralysis is a relatively uncommon medical condition in animals not reported in alpacas. | 2011 | 21281346 |
| characterization of the microanatomy and histopathology of placentas from aborted, stillborn, and normally delivered alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama). | from 2002 to 2007, 101 camelid abortions and stillbirths were submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory at oregon state university (84 alpacas [vicugna pacos], 13 llamas [lama glama], 4 unknown). for most cases (n = 67), a cause was not determined by routine testing. eighty-five submissions included placenta for microscopic examination, of which 55 were from abortions to unknown causes (idiopathic). microscopic features of placentas from abortion/stillbirth were compared with those from ... | 2011 | 21551426 |
| cerebral hirano-like bodies in an alpaca (vicugna pacos): histologic and ultrastructural characterization. | a 14-year-old female alpaca (vicugna pacos) was presented with a 1-week history of lethargy and anorexia and a 2-day history of recumbency, trembling, and hypothermia. there were no significant gross findings on postmortem examination. hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of brain demonstrated the presence of intracytoplasmic crystalline eosinophilic rod-shaped inclusions, mainly in the hippocampal pyramidal cells. immunohistochemical staining for synuclein, tau protein, ubiquitin, and smooth ... | 2011 | 21555525 |
| diagnosis of tuberculosis in camelids: old problems, current solutions and future challenges. | in spite of great efforts for its control and eradication, tuberculosis remains one of the most important zoonosis worldwide. its causative agents, the members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, have a wide host range that complicates the epidemiology of this disease. among susceptible species to these pathogens, camelids from the new world (llama, alpaca and vicuña) and old world (bactrian camel and dromedary) are acquiring an increasing importance in several european countries because ... | 2011 | 21635699 |
| treatment of a periradicular lesion in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | this case report describes the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a cyst-like periradicular lesion in an alpaca. | 2011 | 21696124 |
| reference intervals for hematologic and coagulation tests in adult alpacas (vicugna pacos). | species-specific reference intervals are needed for interpretation of laboratory tests. reference interval studies of alpacas have been limited by low numbers and use of outdated methods. | 2011 | 22092869 |
| Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Melanocortin 1 Receptor gene are linked with lightness of fibre colour in Peruvian Alpaca (Vicugna pacos). | Melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) (MC1R) is a gene-controlling melanogenesis in mammals. However, it is not well characterized in alpacas and its association with colour is not known. The aim of this study was to look for polymorphisms in the MC1R gene in Peruvian Huacaya alpacas and to analyse the relationship between MC1R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the variations in the instrumental measurement of colour of alpaca fibre. Sixty alpaca fibre ... | 2011 | 22035014 |
| Experimental infection of South American camelids with bluetongue virus serotype 8. | Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non-contagious disease of wild and domestic ruminants. It is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Since 1998, BT has been emerging throughout Europe, threatening not only the naïve ruminant population. Historically, South American camelids (SAC) were considered to be resistant to BT disease. However, recent fatalities related to BTV in captive SAC have raised questions about their role in BTV epidemiology. Data on the sus ... | 2012 | 21862245 |
| Reference intervals for biochemical analytes in serum and heparinized plasma and serum protein fractions in adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos). | Species-specific reference intervals for laboratory tests are required for diagnosis and management of disease. Few reports of reference intervals for biochemical analytes and protein fractions are available for alpacas. | 2011 | 22092930 |
| recovery of arcobacter spp. from nonlivestock species. | the genus arcobacter encompasses campylobacter-like organisms that grow in air at 25 degrees c. arcobacter has been detected or isolated from clinically healthy livestock as well as aborted fetuses and has been presumptively identified as either campylobacter or leptospira, based on its growth in selective semisolid media. because reports from nonlivestock species are limited, this study examined nine presumptive isolates of arcobacter spp. from an alpaca (vicugna pacos), black rhinoceros (dicer ... | 2011 | 22950328 |
| case report: abortion and disseminated infection by coccidioides posadasii in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) fetus in southern california. | coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease affecting humans and other mammals caused by the soil-dwelling fungi coccidioides immitis and c. posadasii. abortion due to coccidioides spp. infection is rare in domestic animals and transplacental transmission is considered uncommon in women. this report describes a case of placental-fetal infection and abortion in an alpaca with disseminated c. posadasii infection. pcr amplification and dna sequencing were used to confirm the etiology, c. posadasii, in f ... | 2013 | 24432245 |
| phylogenetic and structural analysis of the pluripotency factor sex-determining region y box2 gene of camelus dromedarius (csox2). | although the sequencing information of sox2 cdna for many mammalian is available, the sox2 cdna of camelus dromedaries has not yet been characterized. the objective of this study was to sequence and characterize sox2 cdna from the brain of c. dromedarius (also known as arabian camel). a full coding sequence of the sox2 gene from the brain of c. dromedarius was amplified by reverse transcription pcrjmc and then sequenced using the 3730xl series platform sequencer (applied biosystem) for the first ... | 2016 | 27486314 |
| methane emission by camelids. | methane emissions from ruminant livestock have been intensively studied in order to reduce contribution to the greenhouse effect. ruminants were found to produce more enteric methane than other mammalian herbivores. as camelids share some features of their digestive anatomy and physiology with ruminants, it has been proposed that they produce similar amounts of methane per unit of body mass. this is of special relevance for countrywide greenhouse gas budgets of countries that harbor large popula ... | 2014 | 24718604 |
| pastoralism in northern peru during pre-hispanic times: insights from the mochica period (100-800 ad) based on stable isotopic analysis of domestic camelids. | llama (lama glama) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) are the only large domesticated animals indigenous to the americas. pastoralism occupies a fundamental economic, social and religious role in andean life. today, camelid livestock are confined to the ecozone of the puna (above 3,500 masl), while their presence on the pacific coast during pre-hispanic times is attested by archaeological skeletal remains. this study aims to document herding practices on the northern peruvian coast during the early inte ... | 2014 | 24498136 |
| health impact evaluation of alternative management systems in vicuña (vicugna vicugna mensalis) populations in peru. | to determine the impact of farming over vicuña population in peru, serum samples were collected from 207 vicuñas (126 captive vicuñas and 81 free-ranging vicuñas) and 614 domestic south american camelids (571 alpacas and 43 llamas), in ten andean communities at the salinas y aguada blanca reserve, province of arequipa, southern peru. samples were tested for the presence of leptospirosis, foot and mouth disease (fmd), bovine viral diarrhea (bvd), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), brucellosis, bl ... | 2014 | 24492977 |
| bovine leukemia virus infection in a juvenile alpaca with multicentric lymphoma. | a 13-month-old alpaca (vicugna pacos) was presented for mandibular masses and weight loss. histopathology of biopsy tissue was consistent with lymphoma. the alpaca was euthanized and necropsy revealed lymphoma masses in multiple organs. immunohistochemistry for t- and b-cell typing was inconclusive. serology and in-situ polymerase chain reaction hybridization were positive for bovine leukemia virus. | 2012 | 22942445 |
| experimental acute infection of alpacas with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subgenotype b alters peripheral blood and galt leukocyte subsets. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a pathogen in cattle and alpacas ( vicugna pacos), causing acute and persistent bvdv infections. we characterized the effect of acute bvdv infection on the immune system of alpacas by determining lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (galt) as well as serum interferon levels. alpacas were experimentally infected with bvdv-1b (strain co-06). peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated at 0, 3, 6, and 9 d postinfection ... | 2017 | 28166712 |
| antigenic variability in bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) isolates from alpaca (vicugna pacos), llama (lama glama) and bovines in chile. | llamas and alpacas are domesticated south american camelids (sacs) important to ancestral population in the altiplano region, and to different communities where they have been introduced worldwide. these ungulates have shown to be susceptible to several livestock viral pathogens such as members of the pestivirus genus and mainly to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). seventeen chilean bvdv isolates were analyzed by serum cross neutralization with samples obtained from five llama, six alpacas, th ... | 2014 | 24388627 |
| [cowpox virus infection in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) - clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnostic findings and pathological changes]. | orthopoxvirus infections appear to be rare in south american camelids, because only a few cases have been reported in the literature. based on a generalized infection with cowpox virus in an alpaca, the clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnostic findings and the pathological changes are described. the case history showed a long treatment because of chronic skin lesions. the main clinical symptom was miliary papules over the entire skin. furthermore, a bilateral mucopurulent conjunctivitis occurred ... | 2014 | 24920091 |
| presence and molecular characterisation of giardia and cryptosporidium in alpacas (vicugna pacos) from peru. | the presence of giardia and cryptosporidium was investigated in 274 faecal samples of alpacas (vicugna pacos) from 12 herds from peru by immunofluorescence microscopy and pcr amplification and sequencing of fragments of the ssu-rrna and β-giardin genes from giardia spp., as well as the ssu-rrna gene from cryptosporidium spp. a total of 137 samples (50.0%) were positive for giardia spp., and 12 samples (4.4%) for cryptosporidium spp. in ten samples (3.6%), co-infection by both pathogens was found ... | 2012 | 22341616 |
| multiplexed next-generation sequencing and de novo assembly to obtain near full-length hiv-1 genome from plasma virus. | analysing the hiv-1 near full-length genome (hiv-nflg) facilitates new understanding into the diversity of virus population dynamics at individual or population level. in this study we developed a simple but high-throughput next generation sequencing (ngs) protocol for hiv-nflg using clinical specimens and validated the method against an external quality control (eqc) panel. clinical specimens (n=105) were obtained from three cohorts from two highly conserved hiv-1c epidemics (india and ethiopia ... | 2016 | 27448822 |
| normal bacterial conjunctival flora in the huacaya alpaca (vicugna pacos). | to describe the bacterial flora of the normal conjunctiva of huacaya alpacas (vicugna pacos) and to determine the effect of age and gender on this flora. | 2016 | 25581469 |
| detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by is900-based pcr assays from an alpaca (vicugna pacos) kept in a german zoological garden. | an alpaca (vicugna pacos) bred and kept in a german zoological garden exhibited clinical signs consistent with paratuberculosis. the presence of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) was confirmed in feces and in the ileocecal lymph node (iln) by is900-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays and culture. a bacterial burden of 7.6 x 10(6) map/g in feces and 4.4 x 10(7) map/g in lymph node tissue was determined by real-time pcr. for further characterization, a conventional pcr was d ... | 2013 | 23505723 |
| evaluation of the performance of cellular and serological diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) herd naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis. | tuberculosis (tb) in llamas and alpacas has gained importance in recent years since they are imported into the european union mainly for serving as pets and for production of natural fibre. the intradermal tuberculin test has been widely used for diagnosis of tb in these species showing lack of sensitivity (se) although little information has been previously reported evaluating the effect on its performance of different ppd inoculation sites and time of readings. moreover, different cost-effecti ... | 2013 | 23809774 |
| pathology of haemonchus contortus in new world camelids in the southeastern united states: a retrospective review. | most small ruminant farms in tropical climates are plagued by haemonchus contortus, a hematophagous, abomasal parasite. heavy burdens of this parasite can cause anemia, hypoproteinemia, weight loss, and mortality in susceptible animals. haemonchus contortus is becoming a major health concern in new world camelids as well, namely llamas (llama glama) and alpacas (vicugna pacos), yet little research has been conducted regarding its prevalence or pathology in these species. herein, we present a ret ... | 2016 | 26965230 |
| characterization of fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from llama and alpaca. | fusobacterium necrophorum, a gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium, is an opportunistic animal and human pathogen that causes a variety of infections termed necrobacillosis. there are 2 subspecies of f. necrophorum (subsp. necrophorum and subsp. funduliforme) that differ morphologically and biochemically and in virulence. leukotoxin, a secreted protein, is considered to be the major virulence factor. in camelids, f. necrophorum causes a variety of infections, generally involving the lips, tongue, p ... | 2013 | 23780933 |
| outbreak of diarrhea among preweaning alpacas (vicugna pacos) in the southern peruvian highland. | infections, particularly diarrheal infections, are a major cause of neonatal death in south american camelids. the aim of this study was to identify the pathogens that could have caused the recent diarrhea outbreak among the alpacas in silli, cusco, located in the southern peruvian highland. | 2016 | 27031459 |
| enteritis in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) associated with a potentially novel adenovirus. | adenovirus-associated enteritis was diagnosed by histopathology of small intestine in a 2-year-old alpaca (vicugna pacos). electron microscopy confirmed intracytoplasmic and intranuclear adenoviral particles within enterocytes. nucleic acid was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue sections, and a pan-adenovirus nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was employed to target a partial sequence of the polymerase gene. the pcr product (321 bp) was cloned and sequenced. comparison of the nucl ... | 2012 | 22786976 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii from alpaca (vicugna pacos) and sheep (ovis aries). | alpacas are important to the economy of several countries. little is known of toxoplasma gondii infection in alpacas worldwide. in the present study, t. gondii was isolated and genetically characterized from alpacas for the first time. alpacas (n = 16) and rams (n = 12) pastured on a farm in virginia, usa, were examined at necropsy. antibodies to t. gondii were determined by the modified agglutination test (mat, 1:25) and found in 6 of 16 alpacas with titers of 1:100 (2 alpaca), 1:400 (2 alpacas ... | 2014 | 25096055 |
| disseminated blastomyces dermatitidis, genetic group 2, infection in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a 7-year-old, female huacaya alpaca presented with a 3-week history of left-sided head tilt and mild ataxia. despite aggressive supportive therapy with empirical antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, thiamine, and anthelminthic therapy, neurologic signs progressed to a right-sided head tilt, positional nystagmus, and episodes of severe ataxia and obtundation. on necropsy, discrete expansile to poorly delineated infiltrative masses with tan, creamy to grumous exudate were observed in the right petrous t ... | 2014 | 24621845 |
| liolaemus lizards (squamata: liolaemidae) as hosts for the nymph of amblyomma parvitarsum (acari: ixodidae), with notes on rickettsia infection. | adults of amblyomma parvitarsum are common ectoparasites of south american camelids of the genera lama and vicugna, occuring in highlands of argentina, bolivia, chile, peru and also in argentinean patagonia. whereas larval stages of this tick are known to feed on small lizards, host records for the nymphal instar have remained unreported. supported by morphological and molecular analyses, herein we report a. parvitarsum nymphs parasitizing two liolaemus species (reptilia: squamata) in the andean ... | 2016 | 27406395 |
| diaphragmatic hernia in a two-year-old alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a 2-yr-old male intact alpaca (vicugna pacos) was admitted for a 4-day history of anorexia and colic. five months prior, the alpaca had undergone surgical removal of a duodenal trichophytobezoar and had recovered uneventfully. the alpaca died under anesthesia, and diaphragmatic herniation of the third gastric compartment (c3) was diagnosed at necropsy. a defect was identified in the left dorsal hemidiaphragm accompanied by herniation of 80% of c3 and the aboral portion of the second gastric comp ... | 2011 | 22950329 |
| molecular analysis of an 11,700-year-old rodent midden from the atacama desert, chile. | dna was extracted from an 11,700-year-old rodent midden from the atacama desert, chile and the chloroplast and animal mitochondrial dna (mtdna) gene sequences were analysed to investigate the floral environment surrounding the midden, and the identity of the midden agent. the plant sequences, together with the macroscopic identifications, suggest the presence of 13 plant families and three orders that no longer exist today at the midden locality, and thus point to a much more diverse and humid c ... | 2002 | 11975707 |
| porcine map3k5 analysis: molecular cloning, characterization, tissue expression pattern, and copy number variations associated with residual feed intake. | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (map3k5) is essential for apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and immune responses, and is a candidate marker for residual feed intake (rfi) in pig. we cloned the full-length cdna sequence of porcine map3k5 by rapid-amplification of cdna ends. the 5451-bp gene contains a 5'-untranslated region (utr) (718 bp), a coding region (3738 bp), and a 3'-utr (995 bp), and encodes a peptide of 1245 amino acids, which shares 97, 99, 97, 93, 91, and 84% ... | 2016 | 27525933 |
| bilateral iliac arterial thrombosis in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria. | a 3-month-old male alpaca was presented for acute onset of non-weight-bearing left hind limb lameness. antemortem diagnostics revealed a mass to the right of the urinary bladder and no blood flow in the left femoral artery. necropsy revealed bilateral iliac arterial thrombi and an abscess near the urinary bladder. | 2012 | 23450866 |
| anthelmintic resistance in a herd of alpacas (vicugna pacos). | a herd of alpacas was examined because of a history of severe endoparasitism, anemia, hypoproteinemia, and weight loss. resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes to albendazole, fenbendazole, and doramectin was documented. this report suggests that anthelmintic resistance may be an emerging problem in south american camelids in north america. | 2012 | 23729829 |
| the vγ9vδ2 t cell antigen receptor and butyrophilin-3 a1: models of interaction, the possibility of co-evolution, and the case of dendritic epidermal t cells. | most circulating human gamma delta t cells are vγ9vδ2 t cells. their hallmark is the expression of t cell antigen receptors (tcr) whose γ-chains show a vγ9-jp (vγ2-jγ1.2) rearrangement and are paired with vδ2-containing δ-chains, a dominant tcr configuration, which until recently seemed to occur in primates only. vγ9vδ2 t cells respond to phosphoantigens (pag) such as (e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (hmbpp), which is produced by many pathogens and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (ipp), ... | 2014 | 25566259 |
| genotypic characterization of chilean llama (lama glama) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) pestivirus isolates. | llamas and alpacas are domesticated south american camelids (sacs) important to ancestral population in the altiplano region, and to different communities worldwide where they have been introduced. these ungulates have shown to be susceptible to several livestock viral pathogens such as members of the pestivirus genus, in particular bovine viral diarrhea (bvdv), but there is little data available on pestivirus infections in sacs. in this study we aimed to detect and identify pestivirus genotypes ... | 2014 | 24388633 |
| south american camelid illegal traffic detection by means of molecular markers. | south american camelids comprise the wild species guanaco and vicuña and their respective domestic relatives llama and alpaca. the aim of the present study was to determine by dna analysis to which of these species belong a herd of camelids confiscated from a llama breeder but alleged to be alpacas by the prosecution, and to evaluate the usefulness of mitochondrial and autosomal dna markers to solve judicial cases involving camelid taxa. cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase i mitochondrial genes ... | 2011 | 21982877 |
| progesterone, pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, relaxin and oestrone sulphate concentrations in saliva, milk and urine of female alpacas (vicugna pacos) and their application in pregnancy diagnosis. | the pregnancy-associated hormones, progesterone (p4), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (pdg), relaxin (rln) and oestrone sulphate (e1s) in plasma, saliva, milk and urine of alpacas were measured in order to assess their potential use for pregnancy diagnosis. samples were obtained from 36 female alpacas before mating and at different stages throughout pregnancy (confirmed by ultrasonography). the hormone concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays. milk samples were also tested using a com ... | 2012 | 22859412 |
| genomic data from extinct north american camelops revise camel evolutionary history. | recent advances in paleogenomic technologies have enabled an increasingly detailed understanding of the evolutionary relationships of now-extinct mammalian taxa. however, a number of enigmatic quaternary species have never been characterized with molecular data, often because available fossils are rare or are found in environments that are not optimal for dna preservation. here, we analyze paleogenomic data extracted from bones attributed to the late pleistocene western camel, camelops cf. heste ... | 2015 | 26037535 |
| cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to cladophialophora bantiana in a huacaya alpaca (vicugnapacos). | cerebral phaeohyphomycosis, caused by cladophialophora bantiana, was diagnosed in a huacaya alpaca (vicugna pacos). an 8-year-old, intact male huacaya alpaca from a farm in indiana was found dead at pasture and submitted to the animal disease diagnostic laboratory at purdue university for necropsy examination. gross lesions were limited to the cerebrum, which had a 2×2.5×5cm, well-demarcated, firm, mottled, pale grey to brown-red mass with a granular texture, centered on the left and right cingu ... | 2011 | 21511274 |