| allelic polymorphism in arabian camel ribonuclease and the amino acid sequence of bactrian camel ribonuclease. | pancreatic ribonucleases from several species (whitetail deer, roe deer, guinea pig, and arabian camel) exhibit more than one amino acid at particular positions in their amino acid sequences. since these enzymes were isolated from pooled pancreas, the origin of this heterogeneity is not clear. the pancreatic ribonucleases from 11 individual arabian camels (camelus dromedarius) have been investigated with respect to the lysine-glutamine heterogeneity at position 103 (welling et al., 1975). six ri ... | 1976 | 962846 |
| [yolk sac development in two-humped camel embryogenesis]. | the early formed yolk sac is observed in the embryo of camelus bactrianus at the stage of 7 pairs of somites at the age of 22-24 days. the yolk placenta is formed at the stage of 17-22 pairs of somites at the age of 27-28 days. the yolk placenta of the camelus bactrianus is functioning for a long time: during the embryonic and prefetal periods. yolk hemopoiesis lasts from the middle of early embryonic period up to the second half of the late prefetal period. a continuous existance of the yolk sa ... | 1976 | 987767 |
| [wohlfahrtia magnifica (schiner, 1862) diptera: sacrophagidae) causing a vaginal myiasis in domesticated two-humped camels in the mongolian people's republic]. | wohlfahrtia magnifica (schiner, 1862) [diptera: sarcophagidae] was established as the causal agent of a vaginal myiasis in female camels in the mongolian democratic republic. changes of the genitals occur nearly the beginning of june, 4-6 weeks after foaling, a spontaneous recovery is seen at the beginning of october. clinical signs of the vaginal myiasis and morphology of the three stages of larvae are described in detail. | 1976 | 1020993 |
| [giant cells in the placenta of the bactrian camel in the fetal period of development]. | polyploid giant cells resulting from differentiation of normal cytotrophoblast cells were found in the composition of the placenta cytotrophoblast of the bactrian camel. in the placenta of the bactrian camel the transformation of cytotrophoblast cells into multinuclear giant cells is realized via endomitotic polyploidization and distinctly reflects active synthetic processes occurring in these cells related with the trophic function of the placenta. it may be supposed that giant cells of the pla ... | 1975 | 1191072 |
| the musculature of the hip and thigh of the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus, rafinesque, 1832). | the musculature of the hip and thigh of the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) is illustrated and described with emphasis on origins and insertions of individual muscles. published works on the myology of domestic bovidae (bos taurus; ovis aries; capra hircus), camelidae (camelus bactrianus; lama glama) and cervidae (cervus nannodes-canadensis) have been used for comparisons of individual muscles. the musculature of the hip and thigh of odocoileus is substantially similar to that of othe ... | 1975 | 1200389 |
| distributions of antibovine-pepsinogen-positive cells in glandular regions of forestomach in the bactrian camel, camelus bactrianus. | the present paper describes mucous cells in the forestomach glandular region which immunoreacted to antibovine pepsinogen serum in adult and young bactrian camels, camelus bactrianus (female, 25 years old; female, 6 months old; from hilar inner mongolia, people's republic of china, in august 1988). these immunoreactive cells in forestomach glandular regions also reacted to alcian blue (ph 1.0) and/or periodic acid-schiff. cross-reactivity of antibovine pepsinogen serum against extracts from the ... | 1992 | 1441885 |
| [experiences with ivermectin in exotic animals: scabies in camelids (camelus bactrianus, lama guanicoe, l. glama) and scabies and roundworms in bears (thalarctos maritimus and ursus arctos)]. | for the control of scabies in tylopodes (l. bactrianus, l. guanicoe, l. glama) and brown bears 0.2 mg/kg body weight (1 ml/50 kg body weight) of ivermectin subcutaneously injected proved to be remedy of choice. in kodiak-bears the oral application of ivomec-solution was effective against ascariasis, not, however, in polar bears. sufficient effect was reached only once, whereas equalan-paste proved to be highly effective. despite of strong hygienic measures continous follow-up treatment for the p ... | 1991 | 2025214 |
| ciliate protozoa in the forestomach of the bactrian camel in inner-mongolia, china. | ciliate composition in the forestomach was examined in four bactrian camels, camelus bactrianus, inhabiting mongol and steppes, then 7 genera containing 14 species with 5 formae were identified. one of these formae was a new forma, and described as entodinium okoppensis f. cameli n.f. six species containing one new forma were new records in the forestomach of camels. the percentage composition of genera varied with the individuals of host and the collection sites in the stomach but entodinium wa ... | 1990 | 2126306 |
| acute monensin toxicosis in stone sheep (ovis dalli stonei), blesbok (damaliscus dorcus phillipsi), and a bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | accidental monensin toxicosis developed in 5 stone sheep (ovis dalli stonei), 5 blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi), and a bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) at the st louis zoological park. eight animals died acutely and 1 was euthanatized because of chronic hind limb paresis. all affected animals had clinicopathologic evidence of severe muscle necrosis, serum electrolyte disturbances, and hemoconcentration. | 1990 | 2295548 |
| polymorphic plasma postalbumin (po) of llamas and alpacas identified as gc protein. | immunoblotting with antiserum specific to human gc protein was used to identify gc protein as the previously reported polymorphic plasma postalbumin (po) of llamas and alpacas. this is the first report of gc polymorphism in camelid species. one gc variant appeared to be identical in llamas, alpacas, dromedaries and bactrian camels. | 1989 | 2474262 |
| microsporum gypseum infection in a gray wolf (canis lupus) and a camel (camelus bactrianus) in a zoological garden. | | 1987 | 3657852 |
| mating-induced luteinizing hormone surge and ovulation in the female camel (camelus dromedarius). | blood samples were collected after mating from four female one-humped camels every 10 min for 9-12 h. luteinizing hormone (lh) was quantified in plasma by radioimmunoassay using antibovine lh. of the seven observed matings, five were followed by a release of lh, and three by an ovulation (indicated by a subsequent secretion of progesterone). lh levels at the time of mating ranged from 0.7 to 3 ng/ml. when an lh response occurred, the levels increased 1 h after mating and reached a maximum in 2-3 ... | 1986 | 3814695 |
| semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | bactrian camels (63 female female, 8 male male) were used in the breeding season to determine the factors that will induce ovulation. after insemination of semen samples into the vagina, the ovaries were checked for ovulation by rectal palpation. the results indicated that ovulation was induced by the seminal plasma, but not by the spermatozoa, and the incidence of ovulation after insemination was 87%. most of the females (66%) had ovulated by 36 h after insemination and the rest by 48 h, as aft ... | 1985 | 3900379 |
| hormone concentrations before and after semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | during the follicular phase of bactrian camels, basal concentrations of lh were 2.7 +/- 1.2 ng/ml. by 4 h after insemination peak values of 6.9 +/- 1.0 ng/ml occurred. in addition, a smaller lh peak (5.4 +/- 2.5 ng/ml) appeared 1 day before regression of the follicle began in unmated camels. during the follicular phase peripheral plasma progesterone values were low (0.36 +/- 0.28 ng/ml), but values increased to reach 1.73 +/- 0.74 ng/ml at 3 days and 2.4 +/- 0.86 ng/ml at 7 days after ovulation. ... | 1985 | 4045809 |
| chorioptes bovis (acarina: psoroptidae) in some camelids from dutch zoos. | the feet of three two-humped camels (camelus bactrianus), one lama (lama glama) and four alpacas (lama pacos) from zoos and a circus in the netherlands were examined for the mange-mite choroptes bovis. mites were found on two of the camels, the lama, and three of the alpacas. on one camel and one alpaca small mange lesions on the feet were present. this is the first report of chorioptes bovis and chorioptic mange in the two-humped camel. | 1985 | 4049716 |
| [blastocysts of the 2-humped camel (camelus bactrianus)]. | | 1971 | 5103258 |
| [age and functional changes in the ovaries and uterus of the two-humped camel]. | | 1970 | 5463171 |
| [age and functional changes in the bactrian camel thyroid gland]. | | 1970 | 5530126 |
| [unusual prolapse of the intestine through a rectal laceration in a bactrian camel]. | | 1968 | 5750846 |
| [unusual aspects of embryonic and pre-foetal periods of intrauterine development in the bactrian camel]. | | 1966 | 5997616 |
| [the neural plate of the bactrian camel]. | | 1966 | 5998116 |
| an assessment of the relationships among species of camelidae by satellite dna comparisons. | tandem satellite arrays and interspersed repetitive dna components of the new world camelids guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuña and the old world bactrian camel have been identified and compared. southern hybridizations, using camel restriction fragments as probes, indicated that satellite dnas in all camelids examined have been conserved since the last common ancestor about 5-10 my ago. the hybridization profiles, however, varied from totally identical (mspi-sat) to highly differentiated (psti- ... | 1994 | 7737889 |
| studies on the relationship between sway disease of bactrian camels and copper status in gansu province. | the clinical signs of camel sway disease in the hexi corridor of gansu province were defined. the contents of eight minerals in soils, in forage and in the blood and hair of bactrian camels from this region were determined. the related blood indices were also measured. the concentration of molybdenum in soils and forage was 4.8 +/- 0.02 and 4.8 +/- 0.25 micrograms/g (dry matter), respectively, the copper to molybdenum ratio in the forage being only 1.3. the concentration of copper in blood and h ... | 1994 | 7831754 |
| restriction site patterns in the ribosomal dna of camelidae. | the restriction map of rdna from south american camelids and the bactrian camel was analyzed by digestion of high-molecular-weight dna with endonucleases ecori,bamhi and the two combined followed by southern blot hybridization with probes for the 18s and 28s rdna sequences. we scored a total of 17 restriction sites, six of which were mapped conserved in all the species. the other eleven corresponded to spacer regions and revealed variations between these taxa. the study showed that the two group ... | 1994 | 7958935 |
| senile plaques in an aged two-humped (bactrian) camel (camelus bactrianus). | senile plaques with beta-protein as a major constituent are a conspicuous feature in the brains of aged humans, monkeys, dogs, and bears. we found cerebral senile plaques of the diffuse and primitive type, but not the classical type, in an aged female camel of more than 20 years old. the senile plaques and a few cortical capillaries were immunoreactive with anti-beta-protein serum. congophilic amyloid deposition was detected in a small number of the capillaries, but not in the senile plaques. we ... | 1995 | 8546033 |
| [cryptosporidia and other endoparasites in heifers imported into the czech republic]. | totally 887 heifers of holstein-friesian breed mostly in late pregnancy imported to the czech republic from france (597), germany (89), denmark (181) and holland (20) were examined coprologically from september 1993 to march 1995 in the parasitological laboratory of the national veterinary institute (nvi). prague. feces were sampled individually, rectally, always on days 1-3 following importation from heifers housed in particular quarantine sheds. in compliance with presently valid veterinary re ... | 1995 | 8659084 |
| the detection of subclinical mastitis in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) by somatic cell count and california mastitis test. | milk samples (n = 160) from 7 clinically healthy bactrian camels were cultured to detect subclinical udder infection. the samples were assessed by the californian mastitis test (cmt) and somatic cell count (scc). bacteria were recovered from 36 (22.5%) of the milk samples. staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns) were the main organisms found. infected quarters had significantly higher mean values for the scc (p < 0.01) and cmt (p < 0.001) than non-infected quarters. all ... | 1996 | 8693705 |
| characterization of camel leukocytes by flow cytometry and microscopic evaluation of granulocyte phagocytosis of fluorescent bacteria. | peripheral blood was obtained from four lactating camels (camelus bactrianus) and flow cytometry was used to characterize cell populations. the ability of the granulocytes to engulf fluorescent bacteria was studied in vitro using fluorescence microscopy. three clusters of blood cells (mononuclear cells, neutrophils and eosinophils) were identified by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. milk, on the other hand, was dominated by cell fragments and no distinct cluster formation was found. th ... | 1996 | 8701632 |
| ciliate protozoa in the forestomach of the dromedary camel, (camelus dromedarius), in egypt, with description of a new species. | the composition of ciliates obtained from the forestomachs of eleven dromedary (one-humped) camels in egypt was examined. as a result, eight genera containing 24 species with 11 forms were identified. of them, one species was concluded to be new, then described as dasytricha kabanii n. sp. this new species was clearly distinguished from d. ruminantium, the other species of the genus, by its lack of somatic cilia on the posterior one-fifth of the body surface. entodinium nanellum and epidinium ec ... | 1996 | 8898279 |
| respiratory burst activity of phagocytic cells isolated from the mammary glands and blood of camels (camelus bactrianus). | the oxidative burst activity of phagocytic cells isolated from camel blood and mammary glands was studied using a chemiluminescence (cl) assay. the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmnl) isolated from camel blood mounted a luminol-dependent cl response upon stimulation with opsonized zymosan or opsonized staphylococcus aureus. these responses showed an overall similarity to those described in other mammalian species. the leucocytes isolated from the mammary glands mounted cl responses similar to th ... | 1997 | 9084231 |
| [the dromedary: ancestry, history of domestication and medical treatment in early historic times]. | research on camel bones from archaeological excavations in north africa and the near east contradict the current opinion in textbooks that the dromedary and the bactrian camel are domesticated forms derived from a single species, the two-humped wild camel (c. ferus). the probable ancestor of the domestic one-humped camel is thomas' camel (c. thomasi). the wild dromedary was probably domesticated on the arabian peninsula, perhaps as early as the 4th millennium bc. from the 2nd millennium bc onwar ... | 1997 | 9451759 |
| genital myiasis (wohlfahrtiosis) in camel herds of mongolia. | genital infestations caused by wohlfahrtia magnifica (schiner, 1862) has been reported as being a common problem encountered in female camels in the gobi desert. thus, a field investigation to establish the prevalence of wohlfarthiosis in camel herds in the eastern gobi district was carried out between may and july 1994. the objectives of the study were to establish the relevance of genital myiasis, and to describe the disease patterns, clinical course and pathomorphological changes associated w ... | 1997 | 9477520 |
| the gross anatomy of the cranial cervical ganglion and its branches in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | ten specimens of the head and neck of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) were dissected to study the situation, arrangement and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion (ganglion cervicale craniale). the ganglion was a greyish fusiform structure, averaging 15-20 mm in length, 4-6 mm in width and 3 mm in thickness, located on the rostro-lateral surface of the longus capitis and covered by the mandibular gland. the branches of the cranial cervical ganglion included the internal carotid nerve ... | 1998 | 9541984 |
| experimental transmission of cryptosporidium oocyst isolates from mammals, birds and reptiles to captive snakes. | groups of four to five, 3-month-old rat snakes (elaphe obsoleta) were separately gastrically inoculated with 2.0 x 10(6) viable oocysts of cryptosporidium muris (mice and calves), c. muris-like (bactrian camels), c. wrairi (guinea pigs), c. baileyi (chickens), c. meleagridis (turkeys), cryptosporidium sp. (turtles, tortoises, chameleons and lizards) and c. serpentis from clinically (fatal case) and subclinically infected snakes. none of the snakes inoculated with oocysts originating from homothe ... | 1998 | 9601150 |
| gross anatomy of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve of the head and cranial neck region in the bactrian camel. | seven heads and necks of bactrian camels were dissected to investigate the origin, course, branches and distribution of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve in the cranial cervical region. the spinal root and external branch of the accessory nerve were not present, but there was a delicate communicating branch between the dorsal root of the first cervical nerve and the root of the vagus nerve. the sternocephalic muscle was innervated by the second cervical nerve while the brachiocephalic and trap ... | 1998 | 9638079 |
| the arterial supply of the metacarpophalangeal joint in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the arterial supply of the six metacarpophalangeal joints was studied in bactrian camels. the arterial branches supplying the metacarpophalangeal joints were derived from the metacarpal distal perforating, medial and lateral branches of the palmar metacarpal artery iii, medial and lateral branches of the palmar common digital artery iii and the abaxial palmar proper digital arteries iii and iv. these arterial branches were the proximal dorsoaxial distal metacarpal, distal dorsoaxial distal metac ... | 1998 | 9810632 |
| inclusion of cetaceans within the order artiodactyla based on phylogenetic analysis of pancreatic ribonuclease genes. | mammalian secretory ribonucleases (rnases 1) form a family of extensively studied homologous proteins that were already used for phylogenetic analyses at the protein sequence level previously. in this paper we report the determination of six ribonuclease gene sequences of artiodactyla and two of cetacea. these sequences have been used with ruminant homologues in phylogenetic analyses that supported a group including hippopotamus and toothed whales, a group of ruminant pancreatic and brain-type r ... | 1999 | 10093226 |
| phylogenetic analysis of cryptosporidium parasites based on the small-subunit rrna gene locus. | biological data support the hypothesis that there are multiple species in the genus cryptosporidium, but a recent analysis of the available genetic data suggested that there is insufficient evidence for species differentiation. in order to resolve the controversy in the taxonomy of this parasite genus, we characterized the small-subunit rrna genes of cryptosporidium parvum, cryptosporidium baileyi, cryptosporidium muris, and cryptosporidium serpentis and performed a phylogenetic analysis of the ... | 1999 | 10103253 |
| genetically engineered mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species. | encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. the audubon park zoo, (new orleans, louisiana, usa) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed emcv vaccine with mixed results. this paper reports an attempt at vaccination against emcv using a genetically engineered, live attenuated mengo virus (vmc0) at the audubon park zoo and miami metro zoo, (miami, florida, usa) from december 1996 to june 1997. seve ... | 1999 | 10231768 |
| morphological characterization of gland cells of the glandular sac area in the complex stomach of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the morphology of the gland cells in the glandular sac area of the bactrian camel and the composition of secretory substances were examined by histochemical methods. it was found that the gland cells of the glandular sac area were of the same type and size as those of the cardiac glands. the composition of secretory substances from the glandular sac area was the same as that of secretory substances from the cardiac glands. moreover, secretory substances from the gland cells of the glandular sac ... | 1999 | 10458024 |
| rapid communication: three unique restriction fragment length polymorphisms of ecori, pvuii, and scai digested mitochondrial dna of bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus ferus) in china. | | 1999 | 10462013 |
| the arterial supply of the cubital joint in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the arterial supply of the six cubital joints from bactrian camels was studied. there were 15 arterial branches supplying the joint. the branches that arose from the transverse cubital artery were the medial anterior, superior anterior, lateral anterior, middle anterior, inferior anterior, superior lateral, middle lateral, inferior lateral, superior posterior and superior lateral posterior cubital branches. the branches originating from the collateral ulnar artery were the medial, middle posteri ... | 2000 | 10703748 |
| the arterial supply of the carpal joint in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the arterial supply of the six carpal joints was studied in bactrian camels. the arterial branches supplying the carpal joints were the proximal medial dorsal, middle medial dorsal, distal medial dorsal, proximal lateral dorsal, distal lateral dorsal, proximal medial palmar, distal medial palmar, lateral palmar, proximal palmar and dorsal palmar carpi and the dorsal interosseous antebrachium branches. some small unnamed branches supplied the diverticulum and the antebrachiocarpal joint capsule. ... | 2000 | 10720094 |
| serum progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol concentrations during pregnancy of bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | serum progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol during pregnancy in the bactrian camel were measured by radioimmunoassay. serum progesterone concentrations increased by 15 d after artificial insemination (ai) and remained elevated throughout most of gestation, the mean concentrations (3.06 +/- 0.49 to 8.51 +/- 4.80 ng/ml) were similar to those reported for many species during the same stage of pregnancy. serum 17 beta-estradiol increased significantly from 11 m.o. of pregnancy with peak mean concentrat ... | 1998 | 10732150 |
| the arterial supply to the digits of the forelimb in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the arterial supply of the digits of the forelimb of the bactrian camel is described. the arteries supplying the digits were the palmar metacarpal and common palmar digital arteries iii. the palmar metacarpal artery iii was the continuation of the deep medial proximal metacarpal branch which was derived from the medial branch of the radial artery. it gave rise to a nutrient branch, medial branch, lateral branch and distal perforating palmar branch at the proximal end of the distal sixth of the c ... | 2000 | 10739015 |
| a histochemical study of the camel (camelus bactrianus) duodenal glands. | the complex carbohydrates in the camel duodenal glands were examined histochemically at light and electron microscopic levels. the duodenal glands of the camel were distributed in the submucosa 2 m caudal from the pylorus. these were branched tubuloalveolar glands. the terminal portion of each lobule was formed by only one type of mucous cell. the duodenal gland cells contained acidic and neutral carbohydrates. the mucous cells mainly contained sulfate and carboxyl carbohydrate with sialic acid, ... | 2000 | 10823735 |
| hump attachment structure of the two-humped camel (camelus bactrianus). | the hump attachment structure was morphologically examined in the two-humped camel (camelus bactrianus). the cranial hump is fixed by the trapezius and rhomboid muscles in the thoracic region. the strong collagen sheet in the basement of the hump is attached to the segmented bellies of the trapezius muscle, and the thoracic rhomboid muscle and the nuchal-supraspinous ligament support the attachment function of the trapezius muscle. the basement sheet possesses the line structure of collagen fibe ... | 2000 | 10852402 |
| anatomical subdivisions of the stomach of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | twenty stomachs of bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) were studied by gross dissection. based on the configuration of the stomach and the structure of the mucous membrane, the stomach was divided into three ventricles that differ from the arrangement described for ox and sheep. the first and second ventricles of the proventriculus of camel form one stomach rather than two different stomachs. these ventricles of the proventriculus do not correspond to the rumen and reticulum of ox and sheep. th ... | 2000 | 10906749 |
| on the morphology of the liver in the two-humped camel (camelus bactrianus). | the liver of a two-humped camel (camelus bactrianus) was examined by means of gross anatomy and histology. the liver appeared characteristically as an enlarged triangle in visceral aspect, and showed the following lobation: the left lateral and medial lobes, the right lobe, the caudate lobe and the quadrate lobe. these findings were similar to those for the one-humped camel. histologically, a distinct lobulation, a typical arrangement of the interlobular connective tissue, and the trias was conf ... | 2000 | 11008372 |
| [medical treatment of dystocia in zoo animals]. | kasuistics of zoo animals with dystocia (anoa, giraffe, snow goat, scimitar horned antelope, bactrian camel, tiger, diana monkey) treated with special pharmaceuticals (glukokortikoids, cienbuterol, denaverine, carbetocin) and distance injections by blow darts are introduced. these procedures are described as very effective and save methods of obstetrics especially in zoo animals. | 2000 | 11155524 |
| preliminary observations on the concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during gestation in bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus). | the concentrations of luteinizing hormone (lh) and follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) in the serum of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) throughout pregnancy were analysed by radioimmunoassay. the samples were withdrawn at intervals of half a month. the serum lh concentrations varied significantly between 2.2+/-0.9 and 20.3+/-18.8 ng/ml during the pregnancy, with the highest value on the day of artificial insemination, which indicated that a preovulatory lh peak appeared. thereafter, the lh ... | 2001 | 11243657 |
| immunohistochemical study of the distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the camel (camelus bactrianus). | the regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the camel, camelus bactrianus, were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. ten types of immunoreactive (ir) endocrine cells were identified in this study. among these cell types, only serotonin- and somatostatin-ir cells were detected in almost all regions of the gastrointestinal tract. most of the cell types showed peak density in the pyloric gland region. the others showed restricted d ... | 2001 | 11262631 |
| reproductive parameters of male dromedary and bactrian camels. | functional anatomy of male reproductive organs and reproductive physiology of dromedary and bactrian camels are quite similar except for some differences in the seasonal pattern of reproductive events: left testes bigger than right; scrotum not pendulous; vas deferens very convoluted with 2 mm diameter; prostate divided into 2 parts by septum, with many ducts; bulbourethral (cowper's) glands well developed and seminal vesicle absent; fibroelastic penis has "prescrotal" sigmoid flexure and the gl ... | 2001 | 11297071 |
| isolation and purification of the ovulation-inducing factor from seminal plasma in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the purpose of this study was to extract, identify and partially characterize a newly found ovulation-inducing factor, and thus gain our understanding of induced ovulation in biology. in our preliminary research, an ovulation-inducing factor (oif) was isolated and purified from seminal plasma of the bactrian camel by ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, hplc and reverse-phase hplc. the oif is a peptide with 74 residues and gnrh-like bioactivity, which is heat-stable in camel seminal pl ... | 2001 | 11414491 |
| characteristics of dorsal lingual papillae of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the morphology of dorsal lingual papillae of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) was studied by using light and scanning electron microscopy. filiform and lenticular papillae were considered as mechanical papillae but fungiform and vallate papillae were considered as gustatory papillae. filiform papillae were distributed mostly in the anterior two-thirds region of the tongue. each filiform papilla consisted of one primary papilla and a few smaller secondary papillae. lenticular papillae were ... | 2001 | 11447938 |
| isolation of ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma of bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) by deae-cellulose chromatography. | ovulation in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) depends upon the ovulation-inducing factor in the seminal plasma; however, little research has been conducted to isolate and identify the factor. the current study attempts to isolate and identify the bioactive fractions from the seminal plasma of bactrian camel. the seminal plasma was fractionated by diethylamino-ethylcellulose (deae)-cellulose chromatography and five protein fractions were obtained. the bioactive of each fraction was estimat ... | 2001 | 11555365 |
| the retinal ganglion cell layer and visual acuity of the camel. | we examined the retinal ganglion cell layer of the dromedary camel, camelus dromedarius. we have estimated that there are 8 million neurons in the ganglion cell layer of this large retina (mean area of 2,300 mm(-2)). however, only approximately 1 million are considered to be ganglion cells. the ganglion cells are arranged as two areas of high cell density, one in the temporal and one in the nasal retina. densities of ganglion cells between these two high density regions is much lower, often less ... | 2001 | 11799275 |
| assisted reproductive techniques for hybridization of camelids. | the camelid family comprises the old world camelids (or dromedary and bactrian camels) and the new world camelids (namely the llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas). although the species within each group can hybridize among themselves to produce fertile offspring, it is only recently that a hybrid between new and old world camelids has been reported. to create this hybrid, semen was collected from male camels by artificial vagina (av) and inseminated into female guanacos (n = 9) and llamas (n = ... | 2001 | 11999316 |
| [a survey of echinococcus granulosus infection in camelus bactrianus in north xinjiang]. | to determine the situation and characteristics of echinococcus granulosus infection in camels (camelus bacterianus) in our country. | 1998 | 12078240 |
| the arterial supply to the eye of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the arterial supply to the eye of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) was studied by gross dissection. the supply came from the external ophthalmic, external ethmoidal and malar and maxillary tubercular arteries, ophthalmic rete mirabile, and the rostral epidural rete mirabile. the external ophthalmic artery gave rise to branches to supply the dorsal oblique muscle, lacrimal gland, superior and inferior eyelids, and the lateral angle of the eye, and to take part in the formation of the rostr ... | 2002 | 12416864 |
| the concentrations of lh, fsh, oestradiol-17beta and progesterone in the blood plasma of the female bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) before and after intramuscular injection of seminal plasma. | the concentrations of lh, fsh, oestradiol-17beta and progesterone in the blood plasma of the female bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) before and after intramuscular injection of seminal plasma. | 2002 | 12416872 |
| observations on aggregated lymphoid nodules in the cardiac glandular areas of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | aggregated lymphoid nodules are an important part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (galt). they are mainly distributed in the ileum and appendix of animals and humans but their distribution in the cardiac glandular area has not been reported. a study of stomach histology in the bactrian camel has revealed that the nodules are distributed as a band-like region along the ventral wall of the stomach neck, at the beginning of the cranial enlargement and on the lesser curvature. the mucous folds ... | 2003 | 12902188 |
| observations on the full-term foetal membranes of three members of the camelidae (camelus dromedarius l., camelus bactrianus l. and lama glama l.). | | 1961 | 13772976 |
| studies on the haematology and trace element status of adult bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) in china. | reference values were established for some haematological and serum biochemical constituents in bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) in china. the contents of seven trace elements in the blood, hair, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, cerebrum, cerebellum, rib, ovary, pancreas and gluteal muscle of bactrian camels were also measured. some of these values are reported for the first time for bactrian camels in china. most haematological and serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle ... | 2003 | 14509454 |
| the nervous supply to the nasal cavity of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the bactrian camel is an important domestic animal in some of the desert and semi-desert areas of the world. however, there is no detailed report about the nervous supply to the nasal cavity of the bactrian camel. in the present study, seven heads of adult bactrian camels were collected and the nerve distribution in the nasal cavity was dissected grossly. the results demonstrated that the nerves supplying to the nasal cavity included the olfactory nerve, the ethmoidal nerve from the ophthalmic n ... | 2004 | 14989357 |
| the nerve supply to the orbit of the bactrian camel. | the bactrian camel is an important domestic animal in some desert and semi-desert areas of the world, but there is no detailed description of the nervous supply to the orbit in this animal. in this study, 10 heads of adult bactrian camels were collected and the nerves supplying the orbit were examined grossly. the results showed that the nerves supplying the orbit included the optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, the branches of ophthalmic nerve and the maxillary nerve ... | 2004 | 14989358 |
| separation and purification of ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | ovulation in the bactrian camel depends upon ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma. the present study was conducted to isolate and purify the bioactive fractions from the seminal plasma of these camels. the seminal plasma was fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and six fractions were obtained. the bioactive potential of each fraction was estimated from its effect on rat pituitary tissue cultured in vitro and by the effect of an intramuscular injection of the fraction into f ... | 2004 | 15074769 |
| foot-and-mouth disease in camelids: a review. | foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in south american camelids, in dromedaries and bactrians is reviewed. recent well-executed experimental studies in new world camels indicate that, although the llama and alpaca can be infected with fmd virus (fmdv) by direct contact, they are not very susceptible and do not pose a risk in transmitting fmd to susceptible animal species. they do not become fmdv carriers. reports on fmd in dromedaries are, however, conflicting. serological investigations in africa and t ... | 2004 | 15301761 |
| production of novel recombinant single-domain antibodies against tandem repeat region of muc1 mucin. | recently, the existence of "heavy-chain" antibody in camelidae has been described. however, as yet there is no data on the binding of this type of antibody to peptides. in addition, there was not any report of production of single-domain antibodies in two-humped camels (camelus bactrianus). in the present study, these questions are addressed. we showed the feasibility of immunizing old world camels, cloning the repertoire of the variable domain of their heavy-chain antibodies, panning and select ... | 2004 | 15312305 |
| production and characterization of a new antibody specific for the mutant egf receptor, egfrviii, in camelus bactrianus. | egfrviii is the type iii deletion mutant form of the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) with transforming activity. this tumor-specific antigen is ligand independent, contains a constitutively active tyrosine kinase domain and has been shown to be present in a number of human malignancies. in this study, we report the production and characterization of camel antibodies that are directed against the external domain of the egfrviii. antibodies developed in camels are smaller (i.e. igg2 and ig ... | 2004 | 15557755 |
| biophysical and biochemical characteristics of bactrian camel semen collected by artificial vagina. | seminal characteristics were investigated in bactrian camel in this study. semen samples from ten mature bactrian camel bulls were collected using a modified bovine artificial vagina. the biophysical parameters including volume, color, sperm concentration and fast forward progressive motility, percentage of live sperm and the biochemical parameters including osmolarity, ph, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, chloride, triglycerides, phospholipids, total protein, albumin and non-protein nitrogen conce ... | 2005 | 15589276 |
| production of a novel camel single-domain antibody specific for the type iii mutant egfr. | camelids have a unique immune system capable of producing single-domain heavy-chain antibodies. the antigen-specific domain of these heavy-chain iggs (vhh) are the smallest binding units produced by the immune system. in this study, we report the isolation and characterization of several binders against the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) viii retrieved from immune library of camels (camelus bactrianus and camelus dromedarius). the egfrviii is a ligand-independent, constitutively active, ... | 2004 | 15627895 |
| studies on rickets and osteomalacia in bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus). | epidemiological studies have indicated incidences of 32.9% and 27.8% for rickets and osteomalacia, respectively, in bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus), but there is an increased incidence under drought conditions, sometimes reaching 75%. we have found that concentrations of phosphorus and copper in forage and soil samples in a drought affected area were significantly lower than in a control area or normal reference values (p < 0.01) ; the mean ca:p ratio in the forages was 50:1. the phosphorus ... | 2005 | 15848787 |
| changes in chemical composition of alxa bactrian camel milk during lactation. | changes in chemical composition of alxa bactrian camels reared in inner mongolia (china) during lactation were investigated. colostrum and milk samples from 10 nomadic female camels in their first season of lactation were collected periodically from parturition until 90 d postpartum (pp). the average contents of gross composition were 14.23% protein, 4.44% lactose, 0.27% fat, 0.77% ash, and 20.16% total solids in colostrum at 2 h pp, and the respective mean values were 3.55, 4.24, 5.65, 0.87, an ... | 2005 | 16162513 |
| molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of inflammatory cytokines of camelidae (llama and camel). | we cloned, sequenced and analyzed the cdnas encoding camelidae inflammatory cytokines, including llama (lama glama) interleukin (il)-1alpha, il-1beta, il-6, tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and camel (camelus bactrianus) il-6 and tnf-alpha. the similarity levels of the deduced amino acid sequences of il-1alpha, il-1beta, il-6 and tnf-alpha from llama (camel) to those from other mammalian species, ranged from 60.7% to 87.7%, 52.8% to 75.3%, 41.4% to 98.6%, and 72.9% to 99.6%, respectively. phylo ... | 2005 | 16210805 |
| the production and characterization of novel heavy-chain antibodies against the tandem repeat region of muc1 mucin. | camelidae are known to produce immunoglobulins (igs) devoid of light chains and constant heavy-chain domains (ch1). antigen-specific fragments of these heavy-chain iggs (vhh) are of great interest in biotechnology applications. this paper describes the first example of successfully raised heavy-chain antibodies in camelus dromedarius (single-humped camel) and camelus bactrianus (two-humped camel) against a muc1 related peptide that is found to be an important epitope expressed in cancerous tissu ... | 2005 | 16302687 |
| heterogeneous nuclear-transferred-embryos reconstructed with camel (camelus bactrianus) skin fibroblasts and enucleated ovine oocytes and their development h-m. | this study reconstructed heterogeneous embryos using camel skin fibroblast cells as donor karyoplasts and ovine oocytes as recipient cytoplasts for investigating the developmental potential of the reconstructed embryos. serum-starved adult camel skin fibroblast cells were used as donor somatic cells. ovine oocytes matured in vitro were employed as recipient cytoplasts. the fusion of fibroblast cells into recipient cytoplasm was induced by electrofusion. the fused oocytes were activated by 5mm/ml ... | 2006 | 16513300 |
| heterogeneous nuclear transfer embryos reconstructed by bovine oocytes and camel (camelus bactrianus) skin fibroblasts and their subsequent development. | this study reconstructed heterogeneous embryos using camel skin fibroblast cells as donor karyoplasts and the bovine oocytes as recipient cytoplasts to investigate the reprogramming of camel somatic cell nuclei in bovine oocyte cytoplasm and the developmental potential of the reconstructed embryos. serum-starved skin fibroblast cells, obtained from adult camel, were electrically fused into enucleated bovine metaphase ii (mii) oocytes that were matured in vitro. the fused eggs were activated by i ... | 2006 | 16618206 |
| effectiveness of a tris-based extender (shotor diluent) for the preservation of bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) semen. | the development of a suitable semen extender is required to extend artificial breeding programs and to preserve the genetic potential of bactrian camel. experiments were conducted to provide the optimal osmolality and ph of tris-based extender and to compare that with available extenders for short-term preservation of bactrian camel semen at 4 degrees c during 24 h. in experiments i and ii, the effects of varying osmolalities (270, 300, 330, 360, and 390 mosm/kg) and phs (5.5, 6, 6.9, 7.5, 7.9, ... | 2006 | 16647050 |
| studies of thermostability in camelus bactrianus (bactrian camel) single-domain antibody specific for the mutant epidermal-growth-factor receptor expressed by pichia. | camelids have a unique immune system capable of producing heavy-chain antibodies lacking the light chains and ch1 (constant heavy-chain domain 1). it has been shown that, in contrast with conventional antibody fragments, the variable domains of these heavy-chain antibodies are functional at or after exposure to high temperatures. in the present study, the vhh (variable domain of heavy-chain antibody) camel antibody was subcloned into vector ppiczc and expressed in pichia pastoris. orb1-83 vhh an ... | 2007 | 16848761 |
| complete cdna sequences and phylogenetic analyses of the th1 and th2 cytokines of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the complementary dnas of the th1 (il-2, il-12p35, and ifn-gamma) and th2 (il-4, il-10 and il-13) cytokine genes of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. il-2, il-4, il-10, il-12p35, il-13, and ifn-gamma were found to have 465, 402, 537, 669, 411, and 501 bp length open reading frames with 154, 133, 178, 222, 136, and 166 amino acid encodings, respectively. the homology ranged from 58.8% to 100% between the nucleotide sequences of the camel cytokine genes ... | 2006 | 17019063 |
| lactoferrin and immunoglobulin contents in camel's milk (camelus bactrianus, camelus dromedarius, and hybrids) from kazakhstan. | lactoferrin (lf) and igg were estimated in camel's milk from kazakhstan, where 2 species of camels (camelus bactrianus, camelus dromedarius) and their hybrids cohabit. the concentrations of lf and igg were determined according to 3 variation factors: region (n = 4), season (n = 4), and species (n = 5; sample 4 was mixed milk and sample 5 was of unknown origin). the mean values in raw camel's milk were 0.229 +/- 0.135 mg/ml for lf concentration and 0.718 +/- 0.330 mg/ml for igg concentration. the ... | 2007 | 17183073 |
| use of hyposensitization injections to control seasonal pruritus in a bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | a 9-yr-old, female bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) developed severe pruritus in june 1993. during the next 8 yr, the camel exhibited annual episodes of pruritus and epiphora, generally beginning in june and subsiding in october of each year. these signs could usually be controlled with topical agents and fly repellents, although pruritus flare-ups were effectively controlled with intermittent injections of diphenhydramine and corticosteroids. there were no signs during the colder months. the ... | 2005 | 17315462 |
| flexibility along the neck of the ostrich (struthio camelus) and consequences for the reconstruction of dinosaurs with extreme neck length. | the gross morphology and the flexibility along the neck of the ostrich (struthio camelus) were examined using fresh tissue as well as neck skeletons. the results of the morphologic studies were compared with results from observations of living ostriches. the investigation was focused on differences in the morphology and the function between different sections of the neck. additionally, the function of major dorsal neck ligaments was examined, including measurements of force-strain-relations. com ... | 2007 | 17514722 |
| semen cryopreservation in bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) using shotor diluent: effects of cooling rates and glycerol concentrations. | experiments were conducted with a final goal of providing a suitable protocol for cryopreservation of bactrian camel semen. in experiment i, the effect of average cooling rate (slow cooling: 0.14 versus fast cooling: 0.55 degrees c/min) on the viability of chilled semen was evaluated. in experiment ii, the effect of different concentrations of glycerol (4, 6 and 8%) on the post-thaw viability of frozen sperm was investigated. in experiment iii, the efficiency of shotor diluent was compared with ... | 2007 | 17588650 |
| a complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (camelus bactrianus ferus): an evolutionary history of camelidae. | the family camelidae that evolved in north america during the eocene survived with two distinct tribes, camelini and lamini. to investigate the evolutionary relationship between them and to further understand the evolutionary history of this family, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (camelus bactrianus ferus), the only wild survivor of the old world camel. | 2007 | 17640355 |
| suspected panosteitis in a camel. | a 6-month-old male bactrian camel was examined because of a 3-week history of lameness of the left hind limb. | 2007 | 17669048 |
| cross-species chromosome painting among camel, cattle, pig and human: further insights into the putative cetartiodactyla ancestral karyotype. | the great karyotypic differences between camel, cattle and pig, three important domestic animals, have been a challenge for comparative cytogenetic studies based on conventional cytogenetic approaches. to construct a genome-wide comparative chromosome map among these artiodactyls, we made a set of chromosome painting probes from the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) by flow sorting and degenerate oligonucleotide primed-pcr. the painting probes were first used to characterize the karyotypes o ... | 2007 | 17671843 |
| mycobacterium pinnipedii: transmission from south american sea lion (otaria byronia) to bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus bactrianus) and malayan tapirs (tapirus indicus). | tuberculosis infections caused by mycobacterium (m.) pinnipedii in a south american sea lion, bactrian camel, and malayan tapirs kept in two zoological gardens spanning a time period of 5 years are reported. the zoos were linked by the transfer of one tapir. conventional bacteriological and molecular methods were applied to detect the pathogen. spoligotyping and miru/vntr-typing performed to assess the genetic similarity revealed identical molecular characteristics of the isolates from all anima ... | 2008 | 17913401 |
| synchronization of follicular wave emergence prior to superovulation in bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | this study was conducted to synchronize follicle wave emergence prior to superovulation using either gnrh or progestogen treatments, in bactrian camels. gnrh group camels (n=5) received 20 microg of the gnrh analogue buserelin on days -18 and -4 of the experiment (initiation of superovulation=day 0). camels in the progestogen group (n=5) received two consecutive treatments of progestogens, 7 days apart, on days -14 and -8 of the experiment. on each occasion, each female received three norgestome ... | 2008 | 18076977 |
| multilocus phylogenetic analysis of cryptosporidium andersoni (apicomplexa) isolated from a bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) in china. | this is the first report of cryptosporidiosis in a bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) in china. two cryptosporidium isolates derived from the same bactrian camel (3-year-old) in november 2005 and april 2006 were characterized using sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the small-subunit rrna (18s rrna), 70-kda heat shock protein (hsp70), actin and cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) genes. the sequences of the 18s rrna and cowp were identical to all other cryptosporidium andersoni isolat ... | 2008 | 18165930 |
| cytokine responses in camels (camelus bactrianus) vaccinated with brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine. | in the present study, we determined the levels of cytokines produced by camel (camelus bactrianus) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in response to live attenuated brucella abortus (b. abortus) s19 vaccine. seven camels were vaccinated with commercial b. abortus s19 vaccine, and their cytokine responses were determined using a real-time pcr assay. cytokine responses to b. abortus s19 were examined at 6 hr, 48 hr and 1, 2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination. serological tests were performed to ... | 2008 | 18319583 |
| infectivity, pathogenicity, and genetic characteristics of mammalian gastric cryptosporidium spp. in domestic ruminants. | farm ruminants were infected experimentally with four mammalian gastric cryptosporidium, namely cryptosporidium andersoni li03 originated from cattle and three isolates of cryptosporidium muris from brown rat (isolate rn66), bactrian camel (isolate cb03) and firstly characterized isolate from east african mole rat (isolate ts03). sequence characterizations of the small-subunit rrna gene showed that the li03 isolate was c. andersoni and the other three isolates belonged to c. muris, although the ... | 2008 | 18343038 |
| isolation of lactoferrin from milk of different species: calorimetric and antimicrobial studies. | lactoferrin (lf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein found in different biological fluids of mammals and in neutrophils. it has been proposed to be involved in many functions, including protection from pathogens. in this work, purification of lactoferrin using an ion-exchange chromatography (sp-sepharose) was attempted for the milk of the following animals: sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus), camel (camelus bactrianus), alpaca (lama pacos), elephant (elephas maximus) and grey seal (halichoerus ... | 2008 | 18387837 |
| morphology of rhinencephalon and hippocampal formation of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) with their adaptive features. | detailed description of the brain size, rhinencephalon and hippocampal formation of the bactrian camel is presented in our study. the brain weight of the bactrian camel is 626 g averagely, and the encephalization quotient (eq) value 1.3, indicating a high level of intelligence. the rhinencephalon is mature and well developed, accordant with the good olfactory sense. the hippocampus is relatively large, concomitant with the good ability of spatial memory. these anatomical features agree with the ... | 2009 | 18604593 |
| differences in the susceptibility of dromedary and bactrian camels to foot-and-mouth disease virus. | in this study, two sheep, eight dromedary camels and two bactrian camels were inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a sau 22/92. five naive dromedary camels and four sheep were kept in direct or indirect contact with the inoculated camels. the inoculated sheep, which served as positive controls, displayed typical moderate clinical signs of fmd and developed viraemia and high antibody titres. the presence of the virus was also detected in probang and mouth-swab samples for seve ... | 2009 | 18687160 |
| macroanatomy of coronary arteries in bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the aim of present study was to determine the origin, distribution and course of the coronary arteries in bactrian camels. ten hearts of adult healthy bactrian camels of different sex constituted the material. following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of 15% abs coloured with red carmine to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. the arterial vascularization of the heart in bactrian camels was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra an ... | 2009 | 19011985 |
| interspecies embryo transfer in camelids: the birth of the first bactrian camel calves (camelus bactrianus) from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | interspecies embryo transfer is a possible approach that can be used to conserve endangered species. it could provide a useful technique to preserve the iranian and wild bactrian camels, both of which are threatened with extinction. in the present study, one bactrian camel was superovulated using decreasing doses of fsh (60, 40, 30, 30, 20, 20 mg, b.i.d.; folltropin-v; bioniche, london, on, canada) for 6 days, followed by a single injection of fsh (20 mg, i.m.) on day 7. daily ovarian ultrasonog ... | 2009 | 19210924 |
| monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (camelus bactrianus ferus). | the evolutionary relationship between the domestic bactrian camel and the extant wild two-humped camel and the factual origin of the domestic bactrian camel remain elusive. we determined the sequence of mitochondrial cytb gene from 21 camel samples, including 18 domestic camels (three camelus bactrianus xinjiang, three camelus bactrianus sunite, three camelus bactrianus alashan, three camelus bactrianus red, three camelus bactrianus brown and three camelus bactrianus normal) and three wild camel ... | 2009 | 19292708 |
| bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) integrins alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta6 as fmdv receptors: molecular cloning, sequence analysis and comparison with other species. | integrins are heterodimeric adhesion receptors that participate in a variety of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein interactions. many integrins recognize rgd sequences displayed on extracellular matrix proteins and the exposed loops of viral capsid proteins. four members of the alphav integrin family of cellular receptors, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro, and integrins are belie ... | 2009 | 19443046 |