| t-lymphocyte response to cytochrome c. i. demonstration of a t-cell heteroclitic proliferative response and identification of a topographic antigenic determinant on pigeon cytochrome c whose immune recognition requires two complementing major histocompatibility complex-linked immune response genes. | the t-lymphocyte proliferative response to pigeon cytochrome c was studied in the mouse. h-2a and h-2k strains were responders to this antigen whereas h-2b, h-2d, h-2f, h-2ja, h-2p, h-2q, h-2r, h-2s, and h-2u strains were low or nonresponders. genetic mapping demonstrated that two major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-linked ir genes control the response, one in i-a, the other in i-e/i-c. the major antigenic determinant recognized in this response was localized by cross-stimulations with specie ... | 1979 | 92520 |
| heterogeneity of amino acid sequence in hippopotamus cytochrome c. | the amino acid sequences of chymotryptic and tryptic peptides of hippopotamus amphibius cytochrome c were determined by a recent modification of the manual edman sequential degradation procedure. they were ordered by comparison with the structure of the hog protein. the hippopotamus protein differs in three positions: serine, alanine, and glutamine replace alanine, glutamic acid, and lysine in positions 43, 92, and 100, respectively. since the artiodactyl suborders diverged in the mid-eocene som ... | 1978 | 214435 |
| [quantitative characteristics of the systems of truncal auditory and visual brain formations in artiodactyla and perissodactyla]. | on the ground of cytoarchitectonic investigation and planimetric measurements a volumetric comparison between the systems of truncal formations of auditory and optical analysers were made in the representatives of artiodactyla (deer, elk, gazelle, sheep, wild boar, hippopotamus) and perissodactyla orders (horse). the data obtained demonstrated a great quantitative predominance of the system of optical formation in comparison with that of auditory, which correlates to the leading role of the opti ... | 1977 | 409378 |
| the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the vicinity of lake sibaya, with a note on other areas of tongaland (natal, south africa). | the epidemiology of human and bovine schistosomiasis in the lake sibaya area of tongaland, south africa, an undeveloped rural environment, is discussed. the mean prevalence of schistosoma haematobium infection is 72%, but s. mansoni is absent; possible reasons for this are given and the different types of water habitat are shown to play different roles in transmission. fear of crocodiles and hippopotami is important because villagers are compelled to use for domestic purposes, the smaller, shall ... | 1979 | 539856 |
| nutritional studies on east african herbivores. 2. losses of nitrogen in the faeces. | 1. a series of nitrogen-balance trials was done using groups of four animals of various species of wild and domesticated ruminants using pelleted diets (arman & hopcraft, 1975). 2. various herbivores were given grass or grass hays, legumes, herbs and shrubs. food and faecal samples were analysed for n. 3. with the pelleted diets, the n content of the faecal dry matter (dm) was low for eland (taurotragus oryx pallas), high for sheep and cattle (bos taurus and bos indicus) and intermediate for the ... | 1975 | 1115763 |
| toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living african mammals. | twelve species of free-living african mammals from kenya, tanzania, uganda and zambia were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii using the indirect hemagglutination test. of 157 animals sampled, 20 (13%) were seropositive. t. gondii antibodies were detected in burchell's zebra, (equus burchelli), hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius), african elephant (loxodonta africana), defassa waterbuck (kobus defassa), lion (panthera leo), and rock hyrax (procavia capensis), the highest titers were fou ... | 1975 | 1195497 |
| echinococcosis (hydatodosis) in wild animals of the kruger national park. | echinococcosis has been diagnosed in the following wild species in the kruger national park : lion, panthera leo, spotted hyena, crocuta crocuta, cape hunting dog, lycaon pictus, burchell's zebra, equus burchelli antiquorum, buffalo, syncerus caffer, hippopotamus, hippopotamus amphibius, and impala, aepyceros melampus. infestation rates in the herbivores vary from 60% in zebra to less than 1% in impala. species like elephant, loxodonta africana, and blue wildebeest, connochaetes taurinus, do not ... | 1975 | 1219111 |
| anthrax in wildlife in the luangwa valley, zambia. | an abnormally high mortality among hippos (hippopotamus amphibius) in the luangwa river valley between june and november 1987 and estimated to number more than 4000 deaths was attributed to anthrax. several other species, particularly cape buffalo (syncerus caffer) and elephant (loxodonta africana), appear to have been affected. a smaller outbreak of anthrax in hippos occurred between august and september 1988, approximately 100 km up-river. a field study was arranged in august 1989 to assess th ... | 1991 | 1907048 |
| host cellular components adhering to the tegument of schistosomes from cattle, buffalo, hippopotamus and lechwe. | the teguments of adult schistosoma mattheei from cattle and buffalo, s. hippopotami from hippopotamus and s. margrebowiei from lechwe were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy for cells possibly engaged in immunological action. leukocytes were observed on the teguments of the schistosomes from all 4 host species. although certain of these cells seemed to be fused to the surface membrane of the worms, they did not display pseudopodia. the tegument of certain schistosomes from buffalo ... | 1990 | 2216347 |
| epidemiology of leishmaniases in kenya. natural host preference of wild caught phlebotomine sandflies in baringo district, kenya. | host preference of wild caught phlebotomine sandflies was studied in marigat, baringo district, kenya, an endemic focus for both leishmania donovani laveran & mensel and l. major yakimov & schokhov using precipitin test of blood meals. sandflies of the phlebotomus rondani & berte and sergentomyia franc & parrot genera were encountered blood fed and resting in nine different habitats which were investigated. analysis of their blood meals revealed a distinct host preference between the phlebotomus ... | 1990 | 2390954 |
| the distribution of wearout over evolved reliability structures. | a multiple-integral equation, termed the wearout equation, describes the distribution of wearout (or aging) over evolved reliability structures, such as organisms and self-replicating machines, and thus statistically governs virtually all aging properties of the systems. the equation is applied to the computation of ab initio ("from the beginning") life tables for four natural populations of ungulates--wild boar, dall sheep, african buffalo, and hippopotamus--which represent a broad range of sur ... | 1989 | 2779258 |
| the distribution of lysine vasopressin (lysipressin) in placental mammals: a reinvestigation of the hippopotamidae (hippopotamus amphibius) and tayassuidae (tayassu angulatus) families. | the neurohypophyseal hormones of the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) and collared peccary (tayassu angulatus) were isolated by molecular sieving and preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc). oxytocin and arginine vasopressin have been identified by their amino acid compositions and their retention times in hplc. lysipressin (lysine vasopressin) was not detected in posterior pituitaries of two hippopotami and nine peccaries (less than 2% of arginine vasopressin in molar ratios ... | 1988 | 3192070 |
| the tegument of schistosoma hippopotami from hippopotamus amphibius in the kruger national park. | schistosoma hippopotami were collected from the right heart chambers and pulmonary arteries of hippopotamus amphibius culled in the kruger national park. the schistosomes were subjected to scanning electron microscopy as well as optical microscopy. the results indicate that s. hippopotami is not conspecific to s. mansoni as suggested in the literature. on account of the morphology of certain tegumental structures of both male and female parasites, it is suggested that s. hippopotami is adapted t ... | 1988 | 3194115 |
| [the topography of the organs of the thoracic cavity of the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius linné 1758)]. | with the aid of a juvenile hippopotamus amphibius (l. 1758), the thorax and its organs has been examined under the macroscopic anatomic aspect. the description of the topography was the main subject. the present findings have been compared with the situation found in related domesticated mammalians (pig, ruminants). several significant differences from those and similarities to other species were noticed. the appearance of the lung does not agree with the one of the severe divided lung in pigs a ... | 1988 | 3224797 |
| [2 new cases of rhinoentomophthoromycosis diagnosed in the central african republic (review of the literature)]. | after a historical account and review of the published literature on rhinoentomophthoromycosis, we report two recently recognized cases in central african republic. the first case was a 32 year-old "peuhl" woman with typical facial deformation that gave her a "hippopotamus-woman" aspect. the second case was a 53 year-old man with lesions that were less typical and limited to one half of the face only. in both cases, hypodermic nodules were palpable and it is likely that inoculation occurred by s ... | 1987 | 3329986 |
| a set of test life tables for theoretical gerontology. | prediction of life tables, which provide the most empirical information available about the statistical properties of aging, provides a rigorous test for any theory of aging as manifested at the organismic level of biological organization. for this purpose, a set of test tables for the wild boar (sus scrofa), domestic sheep (ovis aries), dall sheep (ovis dalli dalli), african buffalo (syncerus cafer), and hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) is reconstructed from primary data taken from the lit ... | 1988 | 3346518 |
| comparative anatomy of the foramen ovale in the suina. | the structure of the foramen ovale from six species of suina was studied using the scanning electron microscope. in each species, the foramen ovale, when viewed from the terminal part of the caudal vena cava had the appearance of a short tunnel. in the domestic pig (sus scrofa), the wart hog (phacochoerus aethiopicus) and the bush pig (potamochoerus porcus) a fold of tissue projected from the caudal edge of the foramen ovale into the lumen of the left atrium. it constituted a large proportion of ... | 1988 | 3377202 |
| notes on placentation in the suina. | we examined the gross and microscopic anatomy of placental tissues and umbilical cords from six species representing the three living families of the suina. these species included, of the suidae, the wart hog (phacochoerus aethiopicus), the giant forest hog (hylochoerus meinertzhageni), the domestic pig (sus scrofa), and the banded pig of malaysia (sus scrofa vittatus); of the tayassuidae, the white-lipped peccary (tayassu pecari); of the hippopotamidae, the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) ... | 1985 | 3991477 |
| investigations of allerton-type herpes virus infection in east african game animals and cattle. | neutralization tests with a strain (ba) of allerton-type herpes virus, derived from a buffalo (syncerus caffer) were carried out on 924 sera from 17 species of e. african game animals and on cattle sera from tanzania (2001), kenya (792) and uganda (410).buffalo populations throughout e. africa showed a very high rate of infection, with all animals over 2 years of age serologically positive. antibody was present in some giraffe, waterbuck and hippopotamus sera and, less frequently, in impala, ela ... | 1971 | 4326248 |
| the isolation of trypanosoma brucei from hippopotamus amphibius in the luangwa valley, zambia. | | 1972 | 4671461 |
| neutralising antibodies to wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever virus in african wildlife. | a total of 2,722 sera collected between 1963 and 1983, from 43 different species of wildlife in 11 african countries was examined for neutralising antibodies against the wildebeest-derived strain of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) virus. antibodies were demonstrated in 10 species of bovidae which included eight species from the sub-family hippotraginae and one species each from bovinae and antilopinae. neutralising antibodies were also recorded in hippopotamus. it is suggested that the high prev ... | 1984 | 6099787 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to bovid herpesvirus 2 in african wildlife. | a total of 3,470 sera, collected between 1963 and 1980 from 45 different species of wildlife in nine african countries, was examined for virus neutralizing (vn) antibodies to bovid herpesvirus 2. antibodies were demonstrated in 20 species including 15 bovidae, two suidae, hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius), giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) and a green monkey (cercopithecus aethiops); 11 of these species had not been previously recorded as sero-positive. although the significance of neutralizi ... | 1982 | 6296471 |
| phylogenetical and ontogenetical studies on the molecular weight heterogeneity of bovine serum transferrin. | antitransferrin (tf) rabbit serum was highly specific: it reacted with tfs of ruminants, such as european breeds and zebu breeds of cattle, bali cattle, banteng, swamp and river types of water buffalo, anoa, goat, sheep, deer, antelope, camel, and giraffe, but did not react with serum of other non-ruminant species, such as pig, wild boar, hippopotamus, horse, rabbit, rat, chicken, etc. electrophoresis of tf and immunoglobulin g (igg) complexes was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyac ... | 1984 | 6529442 |
| [new data on the dipetalonema lineage (filarioidea, nematoda)]. | the evolutionary line of dipetalonema can apparently be divided into four groups: i: australian species; ii: paleoendemic south american species; iii: the tetrapetalonema group; iv: the acanthocheilonema group. loxodontofilaria at present insufficiently known to be classified and several species belonging to the acanthocheilonema group are the object of the present study. descriptions are given of loxodontofilaria asiatica n. sp., parasite of elephas indicus in burma, cercopithifilaria degraaffi ... | 1982 | 6891995 |
| effects of some african game animal sera on trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t.b. brucei clones. | the effects of different african game sera on trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t.b. brucei clones have been studied in vitro and in vivo, for the first time, using a modified version of the blood incubation infectivity test (biit). trypanosomes were incubated in vitro with serum samples from a number of different game animal species and their subsequent infectivity for proven susceptible rats then examined after one hour and 8 hours of serum incubation. sera from eland, waterbuck and, to a les ... | 1982 | 7051497 |
| schistosoma weinland, 1858 from hippopotamus amphibius linnaeus, 1758 in the kruger national park. | adults of schistosoma edwardiense thurston, 1964, were recovered from hippopotamus amphibius in the kruger national park. small round to oval schistosoma margrebowiei-like eggs, presumed to be those of s. edwardiense, were found fairly frequently in the faeces of infected hippopotami together with a few schistosoma haematobium-like eggs the identity of which remains uncertain. biomphalaria sp., exposed to the droppings of infected hippopotami, shed cercariae thought to be those of s. edwardiense ... | 1981 | 7345384 |
| non-specific esterase isoenzymes of adult schistosomes from the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius). | extracts of adult schistosomes collected from hippopotamus amphibius in the kruger national park gave alpha naphthyl acetate isoenzyme patterns after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that did not correspond with those of either schistosoma mansoni or s. rodhaini. | 1981 | 7345393 |
| studies on glossina pallidipes, g. fuscipes fuscipes and g. brevipalpis in terms of the epidemiology and epizootiology of trypanosomiases in south-eastern uganda. | glossina pallidipes, g. f. fuscipes and g. brevipalpis in stages i and ii of hunger were caught from bukunya and buyundo villages in south-east uganda during the period december 1969 to february 1971, and the origins of their blood meals identified. g. pallidipes fed mainly on bovids in the two villages; bushbuck was the most favoured host (44.9% of all blood feeds) though in buyundo buffalo provided a significant alternative (20.8%). g. f. fuscipes frequently fed on bovids (75.6%), particularly ... | 1980 | 7436606 |
| pancreatic ribonucleases of mammals with ruminant-like digestion. amino-acid sequences of hippopotamus and sloth ribonucleases. | high levels of pancreatic ribonucleases are found in ruminants, species that have a ruminant-like digestion and several species with coecal digestion. pancreatic ribonucleases from several independently evolved species with ruminant-like digestion were investigated to test a hypothesis that glycosylation of ribonucleases may have some function in species with coecal digestion and that glycosylation of the enzyme may not be advantageous for ruminants. ribonucleases from the hippopotamus, two-toed ... | 1980 | 7439154 |
| trials of traps and attractants for stomoxys spp. (diptera: muscidae). | five blue and black cloth traps designed for tsetse were tested for their ability to catch stomoxys spp. in kenya. significantly greatest catches were obtained with vavoua traps, which then were used to compare odor baits at nairobi park. acetone, lactic acid, and animal urine (cow, buffalo, waterbuck, camel) or dung (rhinoceros, elephant, hippopotamus) did not increase catches. however, 1-octen-3-ol dispensed at 0.2-2.0 mg/h increased catches up to 3.7-fold. vavoua traps were highly specific fo ... | 1995 | 7616518 |
| subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy, polyneuritis and ganglionitis in aged wild and exotic mammalians. | subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy was present in the intradural dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets of 19 aged individuals of the following wild and exotic mammalian species: woodrat, raccoon, mink, lynx, reindeer, red deer, musk ox, scimitar-horned oryx, arabian oryx, hybrid waterbuck, persian onager, przewalski's wild horse, malayan sun bear, asian elephant, east african river hippopotamus, vervet monkey and rhesus monkey. it was characterized by mild to severe multifocal ballooning of myelin ... | 1993 | 8408784 |
| phylogenetic position of cetaceans relative to artiodactyls: reanalysis of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. | by a maximum likelihood analysis of mitochondrial dna sequences, we examine graur and higgins' hypothesis of the ruminantia/cetacea clade with suiformes as an outgroup. graur and higgins analyzed these sequences by the neighbor-joining and parsimony methods, as well as by the maximum likelihood method under the assumption that the substitution rate is the same for all sites. the ruminantia/suiformes clade assumed by the traditional taxonomy was rejected strongly by this analysis and the ruminant ... | 1996 | 8676745 |
| its2 ribosomal rna indicates schistosoma hippopotami is a distinct species. | the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal rna, its2, was sequenced from a single specimen of s. hippopotami collected from a pulmonary artery of the hippopotamus, hippopotamus amphibius in south africa. the nucleotide sequence was aligned with those of s. mansoni, s. rodhaini, s. haematobium, s. intercalatum, s. curassoni, s. bovis and s. japonicum. both maximum parsimony and genetic distance analyses were performed on these data sets. using s. japonicum as outgroup to the african ... | 1995 | 8719965 |
| the role of cattle as hosts of glossina longipennis at galana ranch, south-eastern kenya. | glossina longipennis were recorded visiting and engorging on cattle in an enclosure and on a single ox in a crush using transparent electrocuting nets in an incomplete ring. of the total flies caught, 3-6% of males and 5-6% of females in the total catches were engorged (a feeding success rate of up to 16.6% and 12.6%, respectively, depending on assumptions made about the proportion which had an opportunity to feed). direct observation of tsetse from an observation pit showed 57% landing on the f ... | 1996 | 8994134 |
| stephanofilaria boomkeri n. sp., as a cause of severe skin disease in pigs in zaire. | a new stephanofilaria, s. boomkeri n. sp., is described as the cause of skin lesions in pigs in zaire. it is the first species described in suids. the reservoirs might be wild african suids. the six valid species of the genus stephanofilaria form two main groups. in one group, female worms lay sheathed microfilariae; members of this group are exclusively african and are represented by the parasite of rhinoceros, s. dinnicki, and hippopotamus, s. thelazioides. their morphology is primitive. in th ... | 1996 | 9033910 |
| encephalomyocarditis virus infections in an australian zoo. | fatal encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infections in a ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta), a squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus), three mandrills (mandrillus sphinx), a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), a pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis), and two goodfellows tree kangaroos (dendrolagus goodfellowi) occurred at taronga zoo. this is the first description of emcv in a zoological collection outside of the united states. regardless of species, the most common clinical presentation was sudden deat ... | 1997 | 9279403 |
| fourier-transform raman spectra of ivory. iii: identification of mammalian specimens. | the ft-raman spectra of six mammalian ivories, other than elephant and mammoth, are presented and spectral differences formulated into a protocol for the identification of animal species from the ivory samples. in this study, sperm whale, walrus, wart hog, narwhal, hippopotamus and domestic pig are considered. the results, which are obtained non-destructively from a variety of specimens, suggest that ft-raman spectroscopy provides a potentially useful method for the identification of mammalian i ... | 1997 | 9477579 |
| host preferences of tsetse (diptera: glossinidae) based on bloodmeal identifications. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to identify the origin of vertebrate blood in the guts of 29 245 wild-caught flies of eleven glossina species from various ecological zones of africa. depending on the quality of the bloodmeal samples, 62.8% of the samples were identified and could be assigned to a host-group (e.g. ruminant), family (e.g. bovidae) or species (e.g. bos spp.). a total of 13 145 samples (44.9%) was identifiable up to the species level. with a few exceptions ... | 1998 | 9622371 |
| a sine species from hippopotamus and its distribution among animal species. | thirty sequences of a short interspersed repetitive element (sine) were isolated from genomic dna of hippopotamus amphibius (hippopotamus). rna polymerase iii split promoter sequence was observed in all of the 30 sequences; and poly(a)-like structure at 3'-end, as well as direct repeat flanking to the repetitive sequence in many of the 30 sequences. a comparison of the consensus sequence of the 30 sequences with sequences in a dna database (ddbj/genbank/embl) revealed 93% homology to the consens ... | 1998 | 9657853 |
| evolution of the trappin multigene family in the suidae. | trappins are a group of secretory proteins containing a wap motif with an anchoring domain. previous studies showed that their genes, especially those of pig, have undergone rapid evolution, which produced trappins with a broad spectrum of actions. to understand the evolution of such a rapidly evolving multigene family, we isolated trappin genes of the artiodactyla, including pig, wart hog, collared peccary, hippopotamus, and cow, by means of polymerase chain reaction (pcr). two genes newly isol ... | 1998 | 9722657 |
| analyses of mitochondrial genomes strongly support a hippopotamus-whale clade. | although the sister-group relationship between cetacea and artiodactyla is widely accepted, the actual artiodactyl group which is closest to cetacea has not been conclusively identified. in the present study, we have sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the hippopotamus, hippopotamus amphibius, and included it in phylogenetic analyses together with 15 other placental mammals. these analyses separated the hippopotamus from the other suiform included, the pig, and identified the hippopot ... | 1998 | 9881471 |
| evolutionary applications of mirs and sines. | it is believed that short interspersed elements (sines) are irreversibly inserted into genomes. we use this concept to try to deduce the evolution of whales using sequence and hybridization studies. the observation that microsatellites are associated with sines lead us to screen sequences surrounding cetacean microsatellites for artiodactyl-derived sines. two sequences that were thought to be cetacean sines and the bovine sine were aligned for comparison to sequences flanking microsatellites fro ... | 1999 | 10050283 |
| inclusion of cetaceans within the order artiodactyla based on phylogenetic analysis of pancreatic ribonuclease genes. | mammalian secretory ribonucleases (rnases 1) form a family of extensively studied homologous proteins that were already used for phylogenetic analyses at the protein sequence level previously. in this paper we report the determination of six ribonuclease gene sequences of artiodactyla and two of cetacea. these sequences have been used with ruminant homologues in phylogenetic analyses that supported a group including hippopotamus and toothed whales, a group of ruminant pancreatic and brain-type r ... | 1999 | 10093226 |
| genetic relationships among hippopotamus, whales, and bovine based on sine insertion analysis. | | 1999 | 10337630 |
| duinefontein 2: an acheulean site in the western cape province of south africa. | excavations at duinefontein (dft) 2 near cape town, south africa have recovered numerous stone artefacts and animal bones on an ancient surface sealed within iron-stained eolian sands. u-series analysis of an overlying calcrete places the sands before 150 ka ago, while the large mammal taxa imply an age between 400 and 200 ka ago. the artefacts include a classic acheulean handaxe and probable biface shaping flakes that support this age estimate. the principal mammalian species are long-horned bu ... | 1999 | 10444350 |
| effects of cross-inoculation from elk and feeding pine needles on the protozoan fauna of pregnant cows: occurrence of parentodinium africanum in domestic u.s. cattle (bos taurus). | consumption of pine needles tends to cause abortion in domestic cattle but not in elk. the present study was undertaken to determine whether this difference was associated with the rumen microbial population. after emptying the rumen, pregnant cattle were inoculated with either elk or cattle rumen contents. for those cows fed the pine needle diet, there was no difference in abortion rate between those inoculated with rumen contents from either elk or cattle. protozoal concentrations and number o ... | 1999 | 10568037 |
| [sea horse, silkworm, ram, hippopotamus, dolphin: the hippocampus or ammon's horn bestiary]. | | 1999 | 10649640 |
| the mitochondrial genome of the sperm whale and a new molecular reference for estimating eutherian divergence dates. | extant cetaceans are systematically divided into two suborders: mysticeti (baleen whales) and odontoceti (toothed whales). in this study, we have sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of an odontocete, the sperm whale (physeter macrocephalus), and included it in phylogenetic analyses together with the previously sequenced complete mtdnas of two mysticetes (the fin and blue whales) and a number of other mammals, including five artiodactyls (the hippopotamus, cow, sheep, alpaca, and pig ... | 2000 | 10835487 |
| early human occupation of western europe: paleomagnetic dates for two paleolithic sites in spain. | the lacustrine deposits infilling the intramontane guadix-baza basin, in the betic range of southern spain, have yielded abundant well-preserved lithic artifacts. in addition, the lake beds contain a wide range of micromammals including mimomys savini and allophaiomys burgondiae and large mammals such as mammuthus and hippopotamus together with the african saber-toothed felid megantereon. the association of the lithic artifacts along with the fossil assemblages, themselves of prime significance ... | 2000 | 10973485 |
| for whales and seals the ocean is not blue: a visual pigment loss in marine mammals. | most terrestrial mammals have colour vision based on two spectrally different visual pigments located in two types of retinal cone photoreceptors, i.e. they are cone dichromats with long-to-middle-wave-sensitive (commonly green) l-cones and short-wave-sensitive (commonly blue) s-cones. with visual pigment-specific antibodies, we here demonstrate an absence of s-cones in the retinae of all whales and seals studied. the sample includes seven species of toothed whales (odontoceti) and five species ... | 2001 | 11328346 |
| the ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden. | malarious patients experience asymptomatic parasitemia; acute febrile illness (with cerebral damage, anemia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia); chronic debilitation (anemia, malnutrition, nervous system-related sequelae); and complications of pregnancy (anemia, low birth weight, increased infant mortality). these manifestations in patients, communities, and countries reflect intrinsic (human, parasite, mosquito) and extrinsic (environmental, social, behavioral, political, and economic conditio ... | 2001 | 11425172 |
| hepatic and renal concentrations of copper and other trace elements in hippopotami (hippopotamus amphibius l) living in and adjacent to the kafue and luangwa rivers in zambia. | hepatic and renal concentrations of the elements arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium and zinc were studied in samples collected from hippopotami from the kafue river in the kafue national park and the luangwa river in the southern luangwa national park in zambia. there were no significant differences between trace element concentrations in the tissues of the hippopotami taken in the kafue river and the luangwa river. the concentrations of copper and o ... | 2002 | 12356167 |
| molecular evolution of the mammalian alpha 2b adrenergic receptor. | the alpha 2b adrenergic receptor (a2ab) is a heptahelical g protein-coupled receptor for catecholamines. we compared the almost complete coding region (about 1,175 bp) of the a2ab gene from 48 mammalian species, including eight newly determined sequences, representing all the 18 eutherian and two marsupial orders. comparison of the encoded proteins reveals that residues thought to be involved in agonist binding are highly conserved, as are the regions playing a role in g protein-coupling. the th ... | 2002 | 12446807 |
| [muscoid dipterans as helminth eggs mechanical vectors at the zoological garden, brazil]. | to assess muscoid dipterae species who are able to carry helminth eggs and larvae and to evaluate the potential contamination of trapped dipterae. | 2002 | 12471387 |
| stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of pleistocene homo sapiens from middle awash, ethiopia. | clarifying the geographic, environmental and behavioural contexts in which the emergence of anatomically modern homo sapiens occurred has proved difficult, particularly because africa lacked adequate geochronological, palaeontological and archaeological evidence. the discovery of anatomically modern homo sapiens fossils at herto, ethiopia, changes this. here we report on stratigraphically associated late middle pleistocene artefacts and fossils from fluvial and lake margin sandstones of the uppe ... | 2003 | 12802333 |
| a newly-identified lineage of schistosoma. | because of their role in causing schistosomiasis, flukes of the genus schistosoma are the best known of all digeneans. the genus has traditionally been divided into four familiar species groups. here we report on three poorly known species of schistosoma, one of which, schistosoma hippopotami, is known from the hippopotamus, one of which is provisionally identified as schistosoma edwardiense, another hippo parasite, and a third that has not previously been described. all were collected from fres ... | 2003 | 12906881 |
| blood parasites of hippopotamus in uganda. | | 1960 | 13703709 |
| schistosomes from hippopotamus amphibius l. ii. the morphology of schistosoma edwardiense sp. nov. | | 1964 | 14124284 |
| serological evidence for the susceptibility of the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius linnaeus) to natural infection with rinderpest virus. | | 1964 | 14210780 |
| the role of the hippopotamus in the epizootiology of african swine fever (a survey of the incidence of african swine fever virus in hippopotami in queen elizabeth national park uganda). | | 1965 | 14286145 |
| a chronology for late prehistoric madagascar. | a database has been assembled with 278 age determinations for madagascar. materials 14c dated include pretreated sediments and plant macrofossils from cores and excavations throughout the island, and bones, teeth, or eggshells of most of the extinct megafaunal taxa, including the giant lemurs, hippopotami, and ratites. additional measurements come from uranium-series dates on speleothems and thermoluminescence dating of pottery. changes documented include late pleistocene climatic events and, in ... | 2004 | 15288523 |
| episodic molecular evolution of pituitary growth hormone in cetartiodactyla. | the sequence of growth hormone (gh) is generally strongly conserved in mammals, but episodes of rapid change occurred during the evolution of primates and artiodactyls, when the rate of gh evolution apparently increased substantially. as a result the sequences of higher primate and ruminant ghs differ markedly from sequences of other mammalian ghs. in order to increase knowledge of gh evolution in cetartiodactyla (artiodactyla plus cetacea) we have cloned and characterized gh genes from camel (c ... | 2004 | 15461431 |
| identification, evolution, and regulation of expression of guinea pig trappin with an unusually long transglutaminase substrate domain. | trappins are found in human, bovine, hippopotamus, and members of the pig family, but not in rat and mouse. to clarify the evolution of the trappin genes and the functional significance of their products, we isolated the trappin gene in guinea pig, a species belonging to a rodent family distinct from rat and mouse. guinea pig trappin was confirmed to encode the same domain structure as trappin, consisting of a signal sequence, an extra large transglutaminase substrate domain, and a whey acidic p ... | 2005 | 15778505 |
| pesticide residues in adipose tissue from hippopotami (hippopotamus amphibius l) living in and adjacent to the luangwa river in zambia. | the concentration of organochlorines (ocs) such as organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in adipose tissue collected from 14 male hippopotami at mfuwe in the southern part of the luangwa national park, zambia. the samples contained low levels of ocs, and the concentrations of ocs were comparable to or lower than reported for wild herbivores studied in other parts of the world. | 2005 | 16137136 |
| some coprophilous fungi from kenya. | the occurrence of coprophilous fungi on samples of antelope, buffalo, zebra and hippopotamus dung collected from the marula estates in kenya was recorded. a hundred and seventy three fungal isolates representative of 40 genera and 59 species were identified. among these species, 23 were ascomycetes (39%), 30 deuteromycetes (50.8%), 5 zygomycetes (8.5%) and 1 basidiomycete (1.7%). ascobolus immersus, coprotus niveus, iodophanus carneus, lasiobolus lasioboloides, podospora anserina, p. australis a ... | 1998 | 16284849 |
| polymorphism of the growth hormone gene of red deer (cervus elaphus). | in mammals, pituitary growth hormone (gh) is usually encoded by a single gene, but in some caprine ruminants there are two gh genes, and higher primates have a cluster of at least 5 gh-like genes. we have previously shown that in several artiodactyls (chevrotain, giraffe, and hippopotamus) there are two gh gene sequences, differing by 5-21 nucleotides (nt), but whether these arise from two distinct gene loci is unclear. we report here that in the red deer (cervus elaphus) also there are two main ... | 2006 | 16356499 |
| new filarial nematode from japanese serows (naemorhedus crispus: bovidae) close to parasites from elephants. | a new onchocercid species, loxodontofilaria caprini n. sp. (filarioidea: nematoda), found in subcutaneous tissues of 37 (33%) of 112 serows (noemorhedus crispus) examined in japan, is described. the female worm had the characteristics of loxodontofilaria, e.g., the large body size, well-developed esophagus with a shallow buccal cavity, and the long tail with three caudal lappets. the male worm of the new species, which was first described in the genus, had unequal length of spicules, 10 pairs of ... | 2006 | 17007210 |
| [a text-book case of tropical facial elephantiasis]. | tropical facial elephantiasis is a nosological entity which can arise from various underlying causes: von recklinghausen neurofibromatosis, lymphatic and cutaneodermal filarioses, deep mycosis. | 2007 | 17289097 |
| the role of community-based surveillance in health outcomes measurement. | summary | 2006 | 17299561 |
| forelimb myology of the pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis). | based on morphological analyses, hippos have traditionally been classified as suiformes, along with pigs and peccaries. however, molecular data indicate hippos and cetaceans are sister taxa (see review in uhen, 2007, this issue). this study analyzes soft tissue characters of the pygmy hippo forelimb to elucidate the functional anatomy and evolutionary relationships of hippos within artiodactyla. two specimens from the national zoological park in washington, d.c. were dissected, revealing several ... | 2007 | 17516432 |
| evolution of suiform aromatases: ancestral duplication with conservation of tissue-specific expression in the collared peccary (pecari tayassu). | aromatase cytochrome p450 (p450arom), the enzyme that catalyzes estrogen synthesis, is required for successful reproduction and is encoded by a single copy gene (cyp19) in most mammals. however, pigs and their distant suiform relatives the peccaries experienced cyp19 duplication. here, the evolutionary origin of cyp19 duplication, and the evolution of the gene paralogs, was explored further in collared peccaries (pecari tayassu). exons iv and v, and the intervening intron, representing duplicate ... | 2007 | 17912474 |
| the morphology of the inner ear from the domestic pig (sus scrofa). | the morphology of the hair cells of the inner ear end organs from the domestic pig (sus scrofa) have been studied using a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (sem and tem), revealing hair cells from the cochlea and vestibule using a novel surgical and technical approach. this is the first time that the inner ear hair cells from s. scrofa have been studied, thus providing useful anatomical information on the morphology of the hair cells from the cochlea, saccule and utric ... | 2007 | 18045329 |
| structure of ivory. | profiles with all orientations have been used to visualize the 3d structure of ivory from tusks of elephant, mammoth, walrus, hippopotamus, pig (bush, boar, and warthog), sperm whale, killer whale, and narwhal. polished, forming, fractured, aged, and stained surfaces were prepared for microscopy using epi-illumination. tusks have a minor peripheral component, the cementum, a soft derivative of the enamel layer, and a main core of dentine=ivory. the dentine is composed of a matrix of particles 5- ... | 2008 | 18157860 |
| more efficient mastication allows increasing intake without compromising digestibility or necessitating a larger gut: comparative feeding trials in banteng (bos javanicus) and pygmy hippopotamus (hexaprotodon liberiensis). | the digestion of plant material in mammalian herbivores basically depends on the chemical and structural composition of the diet, the mean particle size to which the forage is processed, and the ingesta retention time. these different factors can be influenced by the animal, and they can presumably compensate for each other. the pygmy hippopotamus, a non-ruminating foregut fermenter, has longer mean retention times than ruminants; however hippos do not achieve higher (fibre) digestibilities on c ... | 2009 | 19135544 |
| identification of toxigenic microcystis strains after incidents of wild animal mortalities in the kruger national park, south africa. | the eutrophic process potentially caused by a high urine and faecal load resulting from an unusually high hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibious) density in the nhlanganzwane dam, kruger national park, south africa, triggered a chain of events characterised by an increase in the growth of primary producers (microcystis aeruginosa). this increase in m. aeruginosa biomass was followed by bio-intoxication incidents in wild animals. in this study, we determine if a m. aeruginosa bloom with a total mi ... | 2009 | 19232725 |
| hippopotamus and whale phylogeny. | thewissen et al. describe new fossils from india that apparently support a phylogeny that places cetacea (that is, whales, dolphins, porpoises) as the sister group to the extinct family raoellidae, and hippopotamidae as more closely related to pigs and peccaries (that is, suina) than to cetaceans. however, our reanalysis of a modified version of the data set they used differs in retaining molecular characters and demonstrates that hippopotamidae is the closest extant family to cetacea and that r ... | 2009 | 19295550 |
| cross-species chromosome painting in cetartiodactyla: reconstructing the karyotype evolution in key phylogenetic lineages. | recent molecular and morphological studies place artiodactyla and cetacea into the order cetartiodactyla. within the cetartiodactyla such families as bovidae, cervidae, and suidae are well studied by comparative chromosome painting, but many taxa that are crucial for understanding cetartiodactyl phylogeny remain poorly studied. here we present the genome-wide comparative maps of five cetartiodactyl species obtained by chromosome painting with human and dromedary paint probes from four taxa: ceta ... | 2009 | 19350402 |
| distribution and extinction of ungulates during the holocene of the southern levant. | the southern levant (israel, palestinian authority and jordan) has been continuously and extensively populated by succeeding phases of human cultures for the past 15,000 years. the long human impact on the ancient landscape has had great ecological consequences, and has caused continuous and accelerating damage to the natural environment. the rich zooarchaeological data gathered at the area provide a unique opportunity to reconstruct spatial and temporal changes in wild species distribution, and ... | 2009 | 19401760 |
| light and scanning electron microscopic study on the tongue and lingual papillae of the common hippopotamus, hippopotamus amphibius amphibius. | we observed the three-dimensional structures of the external surface and connective tissue cores ctcs, after exfoliation of the epithelium of the lingual papillae (filiform, fungiform, and foliate papillae) of the common hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius amphibius) using scanning electron microscopy and conventional light microscopy. following unique features were found; typical vallate papillae with a circumferential furrow were not observable. instead, numerous large fungiform papillae were ... | 2009 | 19548302 |
| positive skin and serologic test results of diagnostic assays for bovine tuberculosis and subsequent isolation of mycobacterium interjectum in a pygmy hippopotamus (hexaprotodon liberiensis). | a 20-yr-old male pygmy hippopotamus (hexaprotodon liberiensis), weighing 250 kg, arrived at zoological society london whipsnade zoo (united kingdom) from a captive collection in portugal. a quarantine health check was performed including a comparative intradermal tuberculosis (idtb) test. assessment of the comparative idtb test at 72 hr revealed a strong positive reaction at the bovine site. serum was tested with a rapid immunochromatographic assay (tb stat-pak) and was positive for tuberculosis ... | 2009 | 19746870 |
| assessment of microcystis bloom toxicity associated with wildlife mortality in the kruger national park, south africa. | based on previous necropsy results, microcystis blooms in constructed water impoundments in the kruger national park (knp) have been identified as a cause of wildlife mortality. in response to wildlife mortality during 2007, water samples, containing algal bloom material, were collected during february 2007 and july 2007 from four dams (nhlanganzwani, mpanamana, makhohlola, and sunset) in the southeastern part of the knp as part of the follow-up investigation. the toxicity of the microcystis blo ... | 2010 | 20090022 |
| differentiation of mis 9 and mis 11 in the continental record: vegetational, faunal, aminostratigraphic and sea-level evidence from coastal sites in essex, uk. | multidisciplinary investigations of the vegetational, faunal and sea-level history inferred from the infills of buried channels on the coast of eastern essex have a direct bearing on the differentiation of mis 11 and mis 9 in continental records. new data are presented from cudmore grove, an important site on mersea island that can be linked to the terrace sequence of the river thames. the vegetational history has been reconstructed from a pollen sequence covering much of the interglacial repres ... | 2009 | 20119485 |
| collection and preservation of pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis) semen. | knowledge about the reproduction of the endangered pygmy hippopotamus is almost non-existent. this study takes the first step toward changing this by devising a protocol for the collection, evaluation, and short-term preservation of semen of this endangered species. semen was collected successfully from seven bulls by electroejaculation, using a specially designed rectal probe. mean +/- sem values of native sperm parameters from combined best fractions were: motility-80.0 +/- 4.1%, concentration ... | 2010 | 20416932 |
| identification and phylogenetic analysis of novel cytochrome p450 1a genes from ungulate species. | as part of an ongoing effort to understand the biological response of wild and domestic ungulates to different environmental pollutants such as dioxin-like compounds, cdnas encoding for cyp1a1 and cyp1a2 were cloned and characterized. four novel cyp1a cdna fragments from the livers of four wild ungulates (elephant, hippopotamus, tapir and deer) were identified. three fragments from hippopotamus, tapir and deer were classified as cyp1a2, and the other fragment from elephant was designated as cyp1 ... | 2010 | 20448415 |
| the insular cortex: a comparative perspective. | the human insular cortex is involved in a variety of viscerosensory, visceromotor, and interoceptive functions, and plays a role in complex processes such as emotions, music, and language. across mammals, the insula has considerable morphologic variability. we review the structure and connectivity of the insula in laboratory animals (mouse, domestic cat, macaque monkey), and we present original data on the morphology and cytoarchitecture of insular cortex in less common species including a large ... | 2010 | 20512368 |
| cooling and freezing of epididymal sperm in the common hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius). | knowledge concerning reproduction in common hippopotamus is scarce and in particular very little is known about male reproductive physiology and sperm cryopreservation. testes were obtained from nine castrated bulls and sperm extracted from the epididymides of eight of these individuals. mean ± sem values of reproductive parameters were: testicular weight (including epididymis and tunicas)--275.9 ± 54.1 g, total sperm motility--88.1 ± 4.2%, total cells extracted--11.0 ± 3.6 × 10(9), intact acros ... | 2010 | 20615541 |
| first description of the immature stages and redescription of the adults of cosmiomma hippopotamensis (acari: ixodidae) with notes on its bionomics. | cosmiomma hippopotamensis (denny, 1843) is one of the most unusual, beautiful, and rare tick species known to the world. all stages of this species possess a unique morphology, on the one hand making them easy to identify, while on the other they exhibit similarities to certain species of amblyomma koch, 1844, dermacentor koch, 1844, and hyalomma koch, 1844. adults of c. hippopotamensis have been collected on only two occasions from their hosts, namely hippopotamus amphibius l. and diceros bicor ... | 0 | 23926768 |
| mammalian bone palaeohistology: a survey and new data with emphasis on island forms. | the interest in mammalian palaeohistology has increased dramatically in the last two decades. starting in 1849 via descriptive approaches, it has been demonstrated that bone tissue and vascularisation types correlate with several biological variables such as ontogenetic stage, growth rate, and ecology. mammalian bone displays a large variety of bone tissues and vascularisation patterns reaching from lamellar or parallel-fibred to fibrolamellar or woven-fibred bone, depending on taxon and individ ... | 2015 | 26528418 |
| direct dating and physico-chemical analyses cast doubts on the coexistence of humans and dwarf hippos in cyprus. | in the mediterranean, the island dwarf megafaunas became extinct around the end of the pleistocene, during a period of rapid and global climate change. in cyprus, this coincided with the first human presence on the island, as attested by the rock shelter of akrotiri-aetokremnos where an epipaleolithic anthropogenic layer (stratum 2) was found overlying a massive accumulation of pygmy hippopotamus (phanourios minor (desmarest, 1822)) [boekschoten and sondaar, 1972] bones (stratum 4). the relation ... | 2015 | 26284623 |
| a phylogenomic analysis of the role and timing of molecular adaptation in the aquatic transition of cetartiodactyl mammals. | recent studies have reported multiple cases of molecular adaptation in cetaceans related to their aquatic abilities. however, none of these has included the hippopotamus, precluding an understanding of whether molecular adaptations in cetaceans occurred before or after they split from their semi-aquatic sister taxa. here, we obtained new transcriptomes from the hippopotamus and humpback whale, and analysed these together with available data from eight other cetaceans. we identified more than 11 ... | 2015 | 26473040 |
| fetal and early post-natal mineralization of the tympanic bulla in fin whales may reveal a hitherto undiscovered evolutionary trait. | the evolution of the cetacean skeleton followed a path that differentiated this group from other terrestrial mammals about 50 million years ago [1], and debate is still going on about the relationships between cetacea and artiodactyla [2], [3], [4]. some skeletal traits of the basilosaurids (the more advanced forms of archaeocetes), such as the expansion of the peribullary air sinuses, dental modification and vertebral size uniformity [5] are maintained and further emphasized also in contemporar ... | 2012 | 22615912 |
| genome sequence of a bacillus anthracis outbreak strain from zambia, 2011. | in august 2011, an anthrax outbreak occurred among hippopotamus amphibius hippopotamuses and humans in zambia. here, we report the draft genome sequence of the bacillus anthracis outbreak strain czc5, isolated from tissues of h. amphibius hippopotamuses that had died in the outbreak area. | 2014 | 24604644 |
| human-animal anthrax outbreak in the luangwa valley of zambia in 2011. | there has been a reduction of incidences of anthrax in the developed countries but it is still a public health problem in the developing countries where communities live in interface areas with wildlife. an outbreak of anthrax in hippopotamus amphibious was observed in zambia. following the death of hippopotamuses, suspected human cases were reported. the objective of this study was to isolate and confirm bacillus anthracis and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility for the management of ... | 2012 | 22472314 |
| a retrospective analysis of mortality in captive pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis) from 1912 to 2014. | the pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis) is an iucn red list endangered species (cites appendix ii) that has been housed in zoological collections since 1912. as wild populations continue to decline throughout the species' range, successful ex situ breeding and management, including an understanding of morbidity and mortality, are of utmost importance. this study is the first comprehensive review of mortality data from the captive population since 1982 and significantly expands on previou ... | 2016 | 27862246 |
| tularaemia seroprevalence of captured and wild animals in germany: the fox (vulpes vulpes) as a biological indicator. | a total of 2475 animals from germany, both captive and wild, were tested for antibodies against francisella tularensis to obtain more knowledge about the presence of this pathogen in germany. an indirect and a competitive elisa served as screening methods, positive and inconclusive samples were confirmed by western blot. of the zoo animals sampled between 1992 and 2007 (n = 1122), three (0·3%) were seropositive. the seroconversion of a hippopotamus in berlin zoo was documented. from 1353 serum s ... | 2013 | 22800496 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in zoo and domestic animals in jiangxi province, china. | toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of warm-blooded animals throughout the world. in the present study, antibodies to t. gondii were determined using a commercial indirect hemagglutination (iha) test in wild animals in a zoo. three of 11 giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis) (27%), 1 of 5 wolves (canis lupus laniger) (20%), 1 of 6 hippopotamuses (hippopotamus amphibious) (17%), and 2 of 9 tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) (22%) were found to be positive. no a ... | 2017 | 28224883 |
| excretion patterns of fluid and different sized particle passage markers in banteng (bos javanicus) and pygmy hippopotamus (hexaprotodon liberiensis): two functionally different foregut fermenters. | processing of ingesta particles plays a crucial role in the digestive physiology of herbivores. in the ruminant forestomach different sized particles are stratified into a small and a large particle fraction and only the latter is regurgitated and remasticated to smaller, easier-to-digest particles. in contrast, it has been suggested that in non-ruminating foregut fermenters, such as hippopotamuses, larger particles should be selectively excreted since they tend to be digested at a slower rate a ... | 2008 | 18378479 |
| an analysis of von economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans, artiodactyls, and perissodactyls. | von economo neurons (vens) are specialized projection neurons with a characteristic spindle-shaped soma and thick basal and apical dendrites. vens have been described in restricted cortical regions, with their most frequent appearance in layers iii and v of the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and frontopolar cortex of humans, great apes, macaque monkeys, elephants, and some cetaceans. recently, a ubiquitous distribution of vens was reported in various cortical areas in the pygmy hipp ... | 2015 | 24852852 |
| metal and metalloid levels and bio-accumulation characteristics in soil, sediment, land plants and hippopotami (hippopotamus amphibius l) from the south luangwa national park, zambia. | hippopotami (hippopotamus amphibius l) are large semi-aquatic mammals that can be exposed to metals and metalloid from both terrestrial and aquatic environments. therefore, knowledge of metal and metalloid accumulation characteristics in hippopotami living in the national park is important from ecotoxicological point of view. levels of toxic metals (cd, pb and hg) and metalloid (as) in hippopotami liver from the south luangwa national park in zambia were far lower compared to the established val ... | 2012 | 22521811 |
| eco-epidemiological and pathological features of wildlife mortality events related to cyanobacterial bio-intoxication in the kruger national park, south africa. | over the past decade, several clustered, multispecies, wildlife mortality events occurred in the vicinity of two man-made earthen dams in the southern and south central regions of the kruger national park, south africa. on field investigation, heavy cyanobacterial blooms were visible in these impoundments and analysis of water samples showed the dominance of microcystis spp. (probably microcystis aeruginosa). macroscopic lesions seen at necropsy and histopathological lesions were compatible with ... | 2016 | 28155293 |