| observations on social organization and behaviour of african and asiatic wild asses (equus africanus and e. hemionus). | the social organization of equss africanus (african wild ass) was observed during the breeding season, that of e. hemionus (asiatic wild ass) for a very brief period outside the breeding season. territoriality could be observed in both species and the systems were found to be basically identical to that of grevy's zebra. territories are very large, measuring on the order of 200 km2 in e. africanus and probably even more in e. hemionus. members of both species live in unstable groups of variable ... | 1977 | 930444 |
| chromosomal and molecular evolution in asiatic wild asses. | chromosomal studies of tibetan wild ass, equus kiang holdereri are reported for the first time. a robertsonian polymorphism resulting in diploid numbers of 2n = 51 and 2n = 52 was identified. this polymorphism involves the same elements that participate in the polymorphic robertsonian rearrangement producing diploid numbers of 54-56 in e. hemionus kulan and e. hemionus onager. comparison of mitochondrial dna restriction fragment patterns among three unrelated kiang individuals and between kiangs ... | 1990 | 2090563 |
| equine herpesvirus type 1 abortion in an onager and suspected herpesvirus myelitis in a zebra. | | 1985 | 3001004 |
| interspecies variation in milk composition among horses, zebras and asses (perissodactyla: equidae). | milk samples of four species of wild equids (onager, equus hemionus onager; mountain zebra, e. zebra hartmannae; plains zebra, e. burchelli; przewalski horse, e. caballus przewalskii) and two domesticated equids (ass, e. asinus; pony, e. caballus) were analysed. at mid to late lactation the milks of all species were very similar, containing on average 10-12% total solids, 1-2% fat, 1.6-1.8% true protein, 6-7% 'lactose', 0.3-0.5% ash, 0.08-0.12% calcium, 0.04-0.07% phosphorus and a calculated ene ... | 1988 | 3385068 |
| molecular cytogenetics of the equidae. ii. purification and cytological localization of a (g + c)-rich satellite dna from equus hemionus onager and cross-species hybridization to e. asinus chromosomes. | a (g + c)-rich satellite dna component (p = 1.716 g/ml) has been fractionated from the total dna of the iranian subspecies of the asiatic wild ass, equus hemionus onager, by successive dactinomycin-cscl and netropsin sulfate-cscl isopycnic gradients. complementary 3h-rna (crna) transcribed from the satellite dna hybridized predominantly to the centromeric and telomeric constitutive heterochromatic regions of onager chromosomes. these studies have suggested that satellite dna's with similar seque ... | 1983 | 6851669 |
| subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy, polyneuritis and ganglionitis in aged wild and exotic mammalians. | subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy was present in the intradural dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets of 19 aged individuals of the following wild and exotic mammalian species: woodrat, raccoon, mink, lynx, reindeer, red deer, musk ox, scimitar-horned oryx, arabian oryx, hybrid waterbuck, persian onager, przewalski's wild horse, malayan sun bear, asian elephant, east african river hippopotamus, vervet monkey and rhesus monkey. it was characterized by mild to severe multifocal ballooning of myelin ... | 1993 | 8408784 |
| chromosomal rearrangements in a somali wild ass pedigree, equus africanus somaliensis (perissodactyla, equidae). | chromosome analyses were conducted on 15 animals in a pedigree of somali wild ass, equus africanus somaliensis. g- and c-banded karyotypes are presented for the first time on this endangered species. the diploid number ranged from 62 to 64. numerical chromosomal variation was the result of a centric fission which was accompanied by a heterochromatic deletion. the fission polymorphism involved acrocentric elements 19 and 21 as determined by g-banding. these autosomes are homologous to those invol ... | 1998 | 9678344 |
| systemic infection by equid herpesvirus-1 in a grevy's zebra stallion (equus grevyi) with particular reference to genital pathology. | a severe multi-systemic form of equid herpesvirus-1 infection is described in an adult zebra stallion. there was multifocal necrotizing rhinitis, marked hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema, with viral antigen expression in degenerating epithelial cells, local endothelial cells and intravascular leucocytes of the nasal mucosa and lung. specific localization of ehv-1 infection was seen in the testes and epididymides, including infection of leydig cells and germinal epithelium, which would have facili ... | 1998 | 9839210 |
| [histomorphometric study of bone microstructure of primates and domestic animal with the goal of species identification with reference to the effects of domestication]. | functional bone microstructure of long limb bones is a function of species-specific biomechanical properties such as locomotion and weight. histomorphometry and statistics were used to identify various primate species (hylobates moloch, pongo satyrus borneensis, pan tr. troglodytes, gorilla g. gorilla, homo sapiens), equid species (equus caballus, equus asinus, equus mulus, equus hemionus kulan, equus ferus przewalskii) and also extinct horses e.g. iron age, medieval and neolithic forms on the m ... | 2003 | 12872544 |
| human influence on distribution and extinctions of the late pleistocene eurasian megafauna. | late pleistocene extinctions are of interest to paleontological and anthropological research. in north america and australia, human occupation occurred during a short period of time and overexploitation may have led to the extinction of mammalian megafauna. in northern eurasia megafaunal extinctions are believed to have occurred over a relatively longer period of time, perhaps as a result of changing environmental conditions, but the picture is much less clear. to consider megafaunal extinction ... | 2008 | 18199470 |
| satellite telemetry of large mammals in mongolia: what expectations should we have for collar function? | the rapid pace of the development of satellite wildlife tracking tools has left little time for thorough testing of new equipment and identifying possible sources of technical failures. in the gobi and eastern steppe region of mongolia we deployed 98 satellite collars, collecting animal locations using the doppler based argos (n = 29) or the global positioning system (gps; n = 69), on 45 asiatic wild asses (equus hemionus), 34 mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa), 15 przewalski's horses (e. f ... | 2010 | 22003358 |
| [the sequence of hemoglobins from an asiatic wild ass and a mountain zebra]. | the hemoglobins from an asiatic wild ass (equus hemionus kulan) and a mountain zebra (equus zebra) were analysed and the complete primary structure of the alpha and beta chains are described. the wild ass globin was separated in two alpha chains (alpha i and alpha ii) and one beta-chain by means of chromatography on cm-cellulose in 8m urea buffer at ph 6.5. the wild ass globin shows polymorphism in the alpha-chain like the horse hemoglobin. under the same chromatographic conditions only one alph ... | 1982 | 7061044 |
| [comparative study of light and electron microscopic aspects of myocardial lesions induced in the rat by oils with several amounts of gamma-linolenic acid (author's transl)]. | four different oils : onager oil, mixture of onager oil (20 p. cent) and middle class triglyceride, sunflower oil and soybean oil were given to the rat during three different periods of time : 1) during 3 months after weaning ; 2) during 6 months after weaning ; 3) from the 9th to 15th months. three types of myocardial lesions were found : interstitial inflammatory reaction, foci of cellular necrosis and fibrosis. the semi-quantitative study of these lesions did not find important differences fr ... | 1982 | 6278382 |
| [the serum esterases of horses. common and specific components of the onager genus]. | | 1972 | 4628308 |
| mitochondrial dna evolution in the genus equus. | employing mitochondrial dna (mtdna) restriction-endonuclease maps as the basis of comparison, we have investigated the evolutionary affinities of the seven species generally recognized as the genus equus. individual species' cleavage maps contained an average of 60 cleavage sites for 16 enzymes, of which 29 were invariant for all species. based on an average divergence rate of 2%/myr, the variation between species supports a divergence of extant lineages from a common ancestor approximately 3.9 ... | 1986 | 2832696 |
| characterization of a novel variant of amino acid transport system asc in erythrocytes from przewalski's horse (equus przewalskii). | in thoroughbred horses, red blood cell amino acid transport activity is na(+)-independent and controlled by three codominant genetic alleles (h, l, s), coding for high-affinity system asc1 (l-alanine apparent km for influx at 37 degrees c congruent to 0.35 mm), low-affinity system asc2 (l-alanine km congruent to 14 mm), and transport deficiency, respectively. the present study investigated amino acid transport mechanisms in red cells from four wild species: przewalski's horse (equus przewalskii) ... | 1992 | 1473044 |
| arterial ph and blood lactate levels of anesthetized mongolian khulan ( equus hemionus hemionus) in the mongolian gobi correlate with induction time. | research and conservation of wide-ranging wild equids in most cases necessitate capture and handling of individuals. for free-roaming mongolian khulan ( equus hemionus hemionus), also known as the khulan, capture involves a strenuous, high-speed chase, and physiologic responses have yet to be elucidated. we analyzed sequential arterial blood gas (abg) samples as a proxy for respiratory and metabolic status of khulan during capture-related anesthesia. we recorded precise chase and induction times ... | 2016 | 27243152 |
| common and species-specific esterases of equidae--iv. horse of przewalski, onager and zebra hartmannae. | 1. among several species of equidae only e. przewalskii possesses a serum esterase identical with that of e. caballus. 2. the esterases of hemionidae differ slightly from that of domestic horse by electrophoretic migration and by antigenic structure. 3. zebras (grevyi, burchelli) appear devoid of this component but z. hartmannae possesses an esterase of high enzymatic activity, differing notably from that of horse by electrophoretic and antigenic properties. | 1978 | 318381 |
| differentiation of meat samples from domestic horses (equus caballus) and asiatic wild asses (equus hemionus) using a species-specific restriction site in the mitochondrial cytochrome b region. | recent studies suggest that asiatic wild asses (equus hemionus) are being increasingly poached in a commercial fashion. part of the meat is believed to reach the meat markets in the capital ulaanbaatar. to test this hypothesis, we collected 500 meat samples between february and may 2006. to differentiate between domestic horse (equus caballus) and wild ass meat, we developed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) assay based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). we amplified and seq ... | 2006 | 22059088 |
| glucocorticoid response to changes in enclosure size and human proximity in the persian onager (equus hemionus onager). | this study investigated glucocorticoid (gc) responses to season and changes in enclosure size and human proximity in the persian onager (equus hemionus onager). enzyme immunoassays were validated to measure gc metabolites in urine and feces (fgcm). fecal samples were collected from 10 female onagers while in a large pasture, after transport to smaller yards (in greater proximity to people), and 2 months thereafter. urine samples were collected for 1 year while females were in smaller yards to ex ... | 2011 | 21682659 |
| connectivity of the asiatic wild ass population in the mongolian gobi. | long-distance migrations of wildlife have been identified as important biological phenomena, but their conservation remains a major challenge. the mongolian gobi is one of the last refuges for the asiatic wild ass (equus hemionus) and other threatened migratory mammals. using historic and current distribution ranges, population genetics, and telemetry data we assessed the connectivity of the wild ass population in the context of natural and anthropogenic landscape features and the existing netwo ... | 2011 | 21461051 |
| pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine cushing's disease) in an onager (equus hemionus onager). | pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (ppid), also known as equine cushing's disease, is most often diagnosed in older horses and ponies. to the authors' knowledge, there have been no reports of its diagnosis in captive nondomestic equids. a 13-yr old onager (equus hemionus onager) at the zoological society of london (zsl) whipsnade zoo showed clinical signs suggestive of ppid, including hirsutism, fat redistribution, weight loss, laminitis, and chronic infections. a dexamethasone suppression te ... | 2009 | 20063825 |
| phylogeny of horse chromosome 5q in the genus equus and centromere repositioning. | horses, asses and zebras belong to the genus equus and are the only extant species of the family equidae in the order perissodactyla. in a previous work we demonstrated that a key factor in the rapid karyotypic evolution of this genus was evolutionary centromere repositioning, that is, the shift of the centromeric function to a new position without alteration of the order of markers along the chromosome. in search of previously undiscovered evolutionarily new centromeres, we traced the phylogeny ... | 2009 | 20016166 |
| karyotypic relationships in asiatic asses (kulan and kiang) as defined using horse chromosome arm-specific and region-specific probes. | cross-species chromosome painting has been applied to most of the species making up the numerically small family equidae. however, comparative mapping data were still lacking in asiatic asses kulan (equus hemionus kulan) and kiang (e. kiang). the set of horse arm-specific probes generated by laser microdissection was hybridized onto kulan (e. hemionus kulan) and kiang (e. kiang) chromosomes in order to establish a genome-wide chromosomal correspondence between these asiatic asses and the horse. ... | 2009 | 19731053 |
| latherin: a surfactant protein of horse sweat and saliva. | horses are unusual in producing protein-rich sweat for thermoregulation, a major component of which is latherin, a highly surface-active, non-glycosylated protein. the amino acid sequence of latherin, determined from cdna analysis, is highly conserved across four geographically dispersed equid species (horse, zebra, onager, ass), and is similar to a family of proteins only found previously in the oral cavity and associated tissues of mammals. latherin produces a significant reduction in water su ... | 2009 | 19478940 |
| molecular phylogeny of equine herpesvirus 1 isolates from onager, zebra and thomson's gazelle. | viruses related to equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) were isolated from an aborted fetus of an onager (equus hemionus) in 1984, an aborted fetus of grevy's zebra (equus grevyi) in 1984 and a thomson's gazelle (gazella thomsoni) with nonsuppurative encephalitis in 1996, all in the usa. the mother of the onager fetus and the gazelle were kept near plains zebras (equus burchelli). in phylogenetic trees based on the nucleotide sequences of the genes for glycoproteins b (gb), i (gi), and e (ge), and ... | 2008 | 19002555 |
| new hosts for equine herpesvirus 9. | equine herpesvirus 9 was detected in a polar bear with progressive encephalitis; the source was traced to 2 members of a potential equid reservoir species, grevy's zebras. the virus was also found in an aborted persian onager. thus, the natural host range is extended to 6 species in 3 mammalian orders. | 2008 | 18826828 |
| multidirectional cross-species painting illuminates the history of karyotypic evolution in perissodactyla. | the order perissodactyla, the group of odd-toed ungulates, includes three extant families: equidae, tapiridae, and rhinocerotidae. the extremely rapid karyotypic diversification in perissodactyls has so far prevented the establishment of genome-wide homology maps between these three families by traditional cytogenetic approaches. here we report the first genome-wide comparative chromosome maps of african rhinoceroses, four tapir species, four equine species, and humans. these maps were establish ... | 2008 | 18293107 |
| genetic relatedness and pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from onager, zebra and gazelle. | equine herpesvirus 1 was isolated from an onager in 1985, a zebra in 1986 and a thomson's gazelle in 1996 in usa. the genetic relatedness and pathogenicity of these three viruses were investigated based on the nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein g (gg) gene, experimental infection in hamsters, and comparison with horse isolates. the gg gene sequences of ehv-1 from onager and zebra were identical. the gg gene sequences of the gazelle isolate showed 99.5% identity to those of onager and zebra ... | 2007 | 17051419 |
| the impact of increased environmental stochasticity due to climate change on the dynamics of asiatic wild ass. | theory proposes that increased environmental stochasticity negatively impacts population viability. thus, in addition to the directional changes predicted for weather parameters under global climate change (gcc), the increase in variance of these parameters may also have a negative effect on biodiversity. as a case study, we assessed the impact of interannual variance in precipitation on the viability of an asiatic wild ass (equus hemionus) population reintroduced in makhtesh ramon nature reserv ... | 2006 | 17002758 |
| geographic distribution of an extinct equid (equus hydruntinus: mammalia, equidae) revealed by morphological and genetical analyses of fossils. | equus hydruntinus inhabited europe and the middle east for more than 300 000 years. for a long time, palaeontological data failed to place e. hydruntinus into the equid phylogenetic tree, confronted with the fact that it shares primitive equus characters with both zebras and asses, and derived characters with asses and hemiones. however, the study of a recently discovered skull points to a relationship with hemiones. extraction of dna from ancient samples from crimea (e. hydruntinus) and iran (e ... | 2006 | 16780426 |
| [the use of endobiotic ciliates from old collections in transmission electron microscopic investigations]. | the opportunity of the use of formalin-fixed endobiotic ciliates from old collections in transmission electron microscopic investigations (tem) has been studied. ciliates from the following species were examined: ditoxum funinucleum gassovsky, 1919 from the hindgut of equus hemionus kulan groves et mazak, 1967 preserved in a collection during 19 years, blepharoprosthium pireum bundle, 1895 and cochliatoxum periachtum gassovsky, 1919 from the hindgut of the yakut horse equus caballus l. stored du ... | 2006 | 16755727 |
| tnf-alpha snp haplotype frequencies in equidae. | tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. in all vertebrate species the genes encoding tnf-alpha are located within the major histocompatability complex. in the horse tnf-alpha has been ascribed a role in a variety of important disease processes. previously two single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) have been reported within the 5' un-translated region of the equine tnf-alpha gene. we ... | 2006 | 16671944 |
| identification and characterization of tandem repeats in exon iii of dopamine receptor d4 (drd4) genes from different mammalian species. | in this study we have identified and characterized dopamine receptor d4 (drd4) exon iii tandem repeats in 33 public available nucleotide sequences from different mammalian species. we found that the tandem repeat in canids could be described in a novel and simple way, namely, as a structure composed of 15- and 12- bp modules. tandem repeats composed of 18-bp modules were found in sequences from the horse, zebra, onager, and donkey, asiatic bear, polar bear, common raccoon, dolphin, harbor porpoi ... | 2005 | 16332176 |
| polymorphisms of the equine major histocompatibility complex class ii dra locus. | the full extent of the polymorphism of ela-dra in equidae is not yet known. given the apparent differences in dra polymorphisms between equidae and other species, the aims of this study were to more fully characterize ela-dra, determine the extent of gene polymorphism and establish the allele-frequency distribution. an allele reference panel for the second exon of ela-dra was established by sequence-based typing of 69 equine dna samples consisting of various breeds of domestic horse (equus cabal ... | 2004 | 15245372 |
| homologous fission event(s) implicated for chromosomal polymorphisms among five species in the genus equus. | the genus equus is unusual in that five of the ten extant species have documented centric fission (robertsonian translocation) polymorphisms within their populations, namely e. hemionus onager, e. hemionus kulan, e. kiang, e. africanus somaliensis, and e. quagga burchelli. here we report evidence that the polymorphism involves the same homologous chromosome segments in each species, and that these chromosome segments have homology to human chromosome 4 (hsa4). bacterial artificial chromosome clo ... | 2003 | 14970706 |
| variation in skin surface lipid composition among the equidae. | skin surface lipids from equus caballus, e. przewalskii, e. asinus, e. grevyi, e. hemionus onager and a mule (e. asinus/e. caballus) were analyzed in detail. in all species the surface lipid mixtures consisted of giant-ring lactones, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and minor amounts of wax diesters. in e. caballus, the lactone hydroxyacids were entirely branched chained, while in e. asinus and e. grevyi they were almost exclusively straight chained. in e. przewalskii, the onager and the mule the ... | 1983 | 6883996 |
| full genome sequences of zebra-borne equine herpesvirus type 1 isolated from zebra, onager and thomson's gazelle. | a strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) was isolated from zebra. this strain, called "zebra-borne ehv-1", was also isolated from an onager and a gazelle in zoological gardens in u.s.a. the full genome sequences of the 3 strains were determined. they shared 99% identities with each other, while they shared 98% and 95% identities with the horse derived ehv-1 and equine herpesvirus type 9, respectively. sequence data indicated that the ehv-1 isolated from a polar bear in germany is one of the ... | 2014 | 24920546 |
| retrospective serological investigation of bovine tuberculosis in two gemsbok (oryx gazelle gazelle) and an onager (equus hemionus onager). | in 1997 a 26-yr-old gemsbok (oryx gazelle gazelle) died of bovine tuberculosis in a zoo. three remaining gemsbok were administered the comparative tuberculin skin test repeatedly over a period of 5 mo. two animals showed inconclusive results on the second test. all three gemsbok were euthanatized. mycobacterium bovis was isolated from one of those with an inconclusive skin test result, whereas mycobacterium fortuitum was detected in the other gemsbok. eight years later, an onager (equus hemionus ... | 2013 | 24450065 |
| gasterophilus (diptera, gasterophilidae) infestation of equids in the kalamaili nature reserve, china. | we investigated infections with gasterophilus spp. in three equids within the kalamaili nature reserve (northern china). we conducted necropsies on 6 przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii) and 6 mongolian wild asses (equus hemionus) and administered ivermectin to 10 overwintering domestic horses to expel parasites during winter periods. all 22 equids studied (100%) were infested with gasterophilus spp. and a total of 17,225 larvae were collected. these included six species: g. haemorrhoid ... | 2016 | 27593434 |
| mitochondrial dna analyses revealed low genetic diversity in the endangered indian wild ass equus hemionus khur. | the indian wild ass equus hemionus khur, belonging to ass-like equid branch, inhabits the dry and arid desert of the little rann of kutch, gujarat. the e. h. khur is the sole survivor of asiatic wild ass species/subspecies in south asia. to provide first ever insights into the genetic diversity, phylogeny, and demography of the endangered indian wild ass, we sampled 52 free-ranging individuals from the little rann of kutch by using a non-invasive methodology. the sequencing of 230 bp in cytochro ... | 2016 | 27169569 |
| estrous cycle synchronization in the persian onager (equus hemionus onager). | the endangered persian onager (equus hemionus onager) has experienced significant population declines over the past century due to poaching, habitat destruction, and resource competition. remaining animals in zoos and the wild are regionally isolated. artificial insemination (ai) may be particularly useful as a means of aiding in global genetic management of these isolated populations. the first successful ai in onagers was performed in 2009 utilizing urinary hormone analyses and regular transre ... | 2016 | 26849100 |
| sequential stable isotope analysis reveals differences in multi-year dietary history of three sympatric equid species in sw mongolia. | 1. competition among sympatric wild herbivores is reduced by different physiological, morphological, and behavioral traits resulting in different dietary niches. wild equids are a rather uniform group of large herbivores which have dramatically declined in numbers and range. correlative evidence suggests that pasture competition with livestock is one of the key factors for this decline, and the situation may be aggravated in areas where different equid species overlap. 2. the dzungarian gobi is ... | 2017 | 28717255 |
| the incidence and species composition of gasterophilus (diptera, gasterophilidae) causing equine myiasis in northern xinjiang, china. | a survey was conducted on the detection of the larval gasterophilus species in 90 equines via necropsy or after administering oral ivermectin in xinjian, china, from 2008 to 2013. all 90 (100%) equines were infested by larval gasterophilus, and 3723second instar larvae (l2) and 63,778 third instar larvae (l3) were collected from faecal samples and the digestive tract, a ratio of l2:l3=1:17. over 84.45% of the animals contained ≤1500 larvae and 7.78% had >2000 larvae. the highest totals of l2 and ... | 2016 | 26827858 |
| human activity dampens the benefits of group size on vigilance in khulan (equus hemionus) in western china. | animals receive anti-predator benefits from social behavior. as part of a group, individuals spend less time being vigilant, and vigilance decreases with increasing group size. this phenomenon, called "the many-eyes effect", together with the "encounter dilution effect", is considered among the most important factors determining individual vigilance behavior. however, in addition to group size, other social and environmental factors also influence the degree of vigilance, including disturbance f ... | 2016 | 26756993 |
| space-use patterns of the asiatic wild ass (equus hemionus): complementary insights from displacement, recursion movement and habitat selection analyses. | the way in which animals move and use the landscape is influenced by the spatial distribution of resources, and is of importance when considering species conservation. we aimed at exploring how landscape-related factors affect a large herbivore's space-use patterns by using a combined approach, integrating movement (displacement and recursions) and habitat selection analyses. we studied the endangered asiatic wild ass (equus hemionus) in the negev desert, israel, using gps monitoring and direct ... | 2015 | 26630393 |
| the effect of fluphenazine decanoate on glucocorticoid production, reproductive cyclicity, and the behavioral stress response in the persian onager (equus hemionus onager). | artificial insemination, performed to maximize genetic diversity in populations of zoo-housed animals, requires intensive management and has been associated with low success rates in fractious species. in these species, stressors, such as frequent handling, may impact fertility. long-acting neuroleptic pharmaceuticals (lans) can attenuate the stress response to handling, but may also disrupt ovulation in some species, compromising their use for artificial insemination. therefore, the goal of thi ... | 2015 | 26491959 |
| reassessing the evolutionary history of ass-like equids: insights from patterns of genetic variation in contemporary extant populations. | all extant equid species are grouped in a single genus - equus. among those, ass-like equids have remained particularly unstudied and their phylogenetic relations were poorly understood, most probably because they inhabit extreme environments in remote geographic areas. to gain further insights into the evolutionary history of ass-like equids, we have used a non-invasive sampling approach to collect representative fecal samples of extant african and asiatic ass-like equid populations across thei ... | 2015 | 25681678 |
| population genetic structure of gasterophilus pecorum in the kalamaili nature reserve, xinjiang, based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (coi) gene sequence. | gasterophilosis is a significant threat to equids in the desert steppe of xinjiang, china, where gasterophilus pecorum (fabricius) (diptera: gasterophilidae) is the dominant botfly species. a population analysis was conducted on 195 individual g. pecorum larvae from three host species, przewalski's horse, the domestic horse and the asiatic wild ass. the distribution of haplotypes of the maternally inherited mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) gene was analysed to assess the populati ... | 2014 | 25171609 |
| onagers, a potential pasture parasite management tool in zoological collections. | | 2004 | 14765901 |
| similar but different: dynamic social network analysis highlights fundamental differences between the fission-fusion societies of two equid species, the onager and grevy's zebra. | understanding why animal societies take on the form that they do has benefited from insights gained by applying social network analysis to patterns of individual associations. such analyses typically aggregate data over long time periods even though most selective forces that shape sociality have strong temporal elements. by explicitly incorporating the temporal signal in social interaction data we re-examine the network dynamics of the social systems of the evolutionarily closely-related grevy' ... | 2015 | 26488598 |
| detomidine and butorphanol for standing sedation in a range of zoo-kept ungulate species. | general anesthesia poses risks for larger zoo species, like cardiorespiratory depression, myopathy, and hyperthermia. in ruminants, ruminal bloat and regurgitation of rumen contents with potential aspiration pneumonia are added risks. thus, the use of sedation to perform minor procedures is justified in zoo animals. a combination of detomidine and butorphanol has been routinely used in domestic animals. this drug combination, administered by remote intramuscular injection, can also be applied fo ... | 2017 | 28920785 |
| cryopreservation of onager (equus hemionus onager) epididymal spermatozoa. | genetic diversity is a primary component of adaptive evolution, and its loss or reduction can decrease the long-term survival probability of populations. utilization of cryopreserved semen may be considered a perfect tool to improve genetic diversity, reduce inbreeding, and avoid animal translocation for breeding. the present study aimed at finding a reliable epididymal sperm freezing protocol for the critically endangered onager (equus hemionus onager). six testicles from three animals were pro ... | 2015 | 26352955 |
| stochastic modelling of shifts in allele frequencies reveals a strongly polygynous mating system in the re-introduced asiatic wild ass. | small populations are prone to loss of genetic variation and hence to a reduction in their evolutionary potential. therefore, studying the mating system of small populations and its potential effects on genetic drift and genetic diversity is of high importance for their viability assessments. the traditional method for studying genetic mating systems is paternity analysis. yet, as small populations are often rare and elusive, the genetic data required for paternity analysis are frequently unavai ... | 2015 | 25728575 |
| metatranscriptomics reveals that the death of a mongolian wild ass was caused by clostridium botulinum in inner mongolia, china. | clostridium botulinum is an important pathogen that causes botulism in humans and animals worldwide. c. botulinum group iii strains, which produce a single toxin of type c or d or a chimeric toxin of type c/d or d/c, are responsible for botulism in a wide range of animal species including cattle and birds. we used unbiased high-throughput rna sequencing (i.e., metatranscriptomics) to identify a strain of group iii c. botulinum from a deceased mongolian wild ass (equus hemionus). the strain was c ... | 2020 | 32065061 |
| fundamental studies of the reproductive biology of the endangered persian onager (equus hemionus onager) result in first wild equid offspring from artificial insemination. | we studied the persian onager (equus hemionus onager), an endangered equid subspecies. the objective was to characterize endocrine patterns and ovarian follicular dynamics of females as well as seminal traits and sperm sensitivity to cryopreservation in males as a prerequisite to testing the feasibility of artificial insemination (ai). urinary progesterone and estrogen metabolite profiles were determined by enzyme immunoassay in 11 females. serial ultrasonography of ovarian activity was performe ... | 2013 | 23863403 |
| fragmentation of the habitat of wild ungulates by anthropogenic barriers in mongolia. | habitat loss and habitat fragmentation caused by anthropogenic activities are the main factors that constrain long-distance movement of ungulates. mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) and asiatic wild asses (equus hemionus) in mongolia are facing habitat fragmentation and loss. to better understand how their movements respond to potential anthropogenic and natural barriers, we tracked 24 mongolian gazelles and 12 wild asses near the ulaanbaatar-beijing railroad and the fenced international bo ... | 2013 | 23437291 |
| a factorial design experiment as a pilot study for noninvasive genetic sampling. | noninvasive genetic sampling has increasingly been used in ecological and conservation studies during the last decade. a major part of the noninvasive genetic literature is dedicated to the search for optimal protocols, by comparing different methods of collection, preservation and extraction of dna from noninvasive materials. however, the lack of quantitative comparisons among these studies and the possibility that different methods are optimal for different systems make it difficult to decide ... | 2012 | 22883720 |
| the danger of having all your eggs in one basket--winter crash of the re-introduced przewalski's horses in the mongolian gobi. | large mammals re-introduced into harsh and unpredictable environments are vulnerable to stochastic effects, particularly in times of global climate change. the mongolian gobi is home to several rare large ungulates such as re-introduced przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii) and asiatic wild asses (equus hemionus), but also to a millennium-old semi-nomadic livestock herding culture.the gobi is prone to large inter-annual environmental fluctuations, but the winter 2009/2010 was particularl ... | 2011 | 22216089 |
| first stable isotope analysis of asiatic wild ass tail hair from the mongolian gobi. | stable isotope analysis has become a powerful tool to study feeding ecology, water use or movement pattern in contemporary, historic and ancient species. certain hair and teeth grow continuously, and when sampled longitudinally can provide temporally explicit information on dietary regime and movement pattern. in an initial trial, we analysed a tail sample of an asiatic wild ass (equus hemionus) from the mongolian gobi. we found seasonal variations in h, c and n isotope patterns, likely being th ... | 2017 | 26339116 |
| chromosomal polymorphism in equus hemionus. | the first cytogenetic studies of the turkmenian kulan, equus hemionus kulan, are reported, and a polymorphism in diploid chromosome number is described. chromosome fusion is apparently involved in the alterations of the karyotype of e. hemionus kulan (2n = 55, 54) when compared to the karyotype of the onager, e. hemionus onager (2n = 56). additionally, the rearrangement involved has been identified in animals unrelated through captive breeding; inheritance of the fusion chromosomes has also been ... | 2003 | 149653 |
| globalization of the cashmere market and the decline of large mammals in central asia. | as drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. we suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in central asia. this penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase lives ... | 2013 | 23866036 |
| network metrics reveal differences in social organization between two fission-fusion species, grevy's zebra and onager. | for species in which group membership frequently changes, it has been a challenge to characterize variation in individual interactions and social structure. quantifying this variation is necessary to test hypotheses about ecological determinants of social patterns and to make predictions about how group dynamics affect the development of cooperative relationships and transmission processes. network models have recently become popular for analyzing individual contacts within a population context. ... | 2007 | 16964497 |
| histological variability in the limb bones of the asiatic wild ass and its significance for life history inferences. | the study of bone growth marks (bgms) and other histological traits of bone tissue provides insights into the life history of present and past organisms. important life history traits like longevity or age at maturity, which could be inferred from the analysis of these features, form the basis for estimations of demographic parameters that are essential in ecological and evolutionary studies of vertebrates. here, we study the intraskeletal histological variability in an ontogenetic series of asi ... | 2016 | 27761353 |
| comparison of various extenders for freeze-preservation of semen from selective captive wild ungulates. | semen collected by electroejaculation from selected captive wild ungulates was used to evaluate the cryoprotective ability of 4 semen diluents. three species of ungulates were used: blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi), dorcas gazelle (gazella dorcas), and onager (equus hemionus onager). fresh semen was immediately evaluated for the percentage of motility and the progressive motility, and an aliquot was fixed for evaluation of the acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa. the remaining volume of ejac ... | 1981 | 7327998 |
| low genetic diversity of the endangered indian wild ass equus hemionus khur, as revealed by microsatellite analyses. | | 2017 | 28674219 |
| zebra-borne neurotropic equid herpesvirus 1 meningoencephalitis in a thomson's gazelle ( eudorcas thomsonii). | we describe the histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of a case of meningoencephalitis in a thomson's gazelle ( eudorcas thomsonii) naturally infected with zebra-borne equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and the implications for the molecular detection of zebra-borne ehv-1. a 4-y-old female thomson's gazelle was submitted for postmortem examination; no gross abnormalities were noted except for meningeal congestion. microscopic evaluation demonstrated multifocal nonsuppurative meni ... | 2017 | 28425387 |
| taming the late quaternary phylogeography of the eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern dna. | taxonomic over-splitting of extinct or endangered taxa, due to an incomplete knowledge of both skeletal morphological variability and the geographical ranges of past populations, continues to confuse the link between isolated extant populations and their ancestors. this is particularly problematic with the genus equus. to more reliably determine the evolution and phylogeographic history of the endangered asiatic wild ass, we studied the genetic diversity and inter-relationships of both extinct a ... | 2017 | 28422966 |
| donkey genome and insight into the imprinting of fast karyotype evolution. | the donkey, like the horse, is a promising model for exploring karyotypic instability. we report the de novo whole-genome assemblies of the donkey and the asiatic wild ass. our results reflect the distinct characteristics of donkeys, including more effective energy metabolism and better immunity than horses. the donkey shows a steady demographic trajectory. we detected abundant satellite sequences in some inactive centromere regions but not in neocentromere regions, while ribosomal rnas frequent ... | 2015 | 26373886 |
| bearing the brunt: mongolian khulan (equus hemionus hemionus) are exposed to multiple influenza a strains. | the majority of influenza a virus strains are hosted in nature by avian species in the orders of anseriformes and charadriformes. a minority of strains have been able to cross species boundaries and establish themselves in novel non-avian hosts. influenza viruses of horses, donkeys, and mules represent such successful events of avian to mammal influenza virus adaptation. mongolia has over 3 million domestic horses and is home to two wild equids, the asiatic wild ass or khulan (equus hemionus hem ... | 2020 | 32122608 |
| hidden treasure of the gobi: understanding how water limits range use of khulan in the mongolian gobi. | most large herbivores in arid landscapes need to drink which constrains their movements and makes them vulnerable to disturbance. asiatic wild ass or khulan (equus hemionus) were widespread and abundant throughout the arid landscapes of central asia and mongolia, but have undergone dramatic population declines and range constrictions; denying khulan access to water is believed to have played a major role. mongolia's south gobi region now houses the world largest remaining khulan population, but ... | 2020 | 32076090 |
| through the eye of a gobi khulan - application of camera collars for ecological research of far-ranging species in remote and highly variable ecosystems. | the mongolian gobi-eastern steppe ecosystem is one of the largest remaining natural drylands and home to a unique assemblage of migratory ungulates. connectivity and integrity of this ecosystem are at risk if increasing human activities are not carefully planned and regulated. the gobi part supports the largest remaining population of the asiatic wild ass (equus hemionus; locally called "khulan"). individual khulan roam over areas of thousands of square kilometers and the scale of their movement ... | 2019 | 31163047 |
| physiological costs of infection: herpesvirus replication is linked to blood oxidative stress in equids. | viruses may have a dramatic impact on the health of their animal hosts. the patho-physiological mechanisms underlying viral infections in animals are, however, not well understood. it is increasingly recognized that oxidative stress may be a major physiological cost of viral infections. here we compare three blood-based markers of oxidative status in herpes positive and negative individuals of the domestic horse (equus ferus caballus) and of both captive and free-ranging mongolian khulan (equus ... | 2018 | 29985431 |
| sequence of mammalian fossils, including hominoid teeth, from the bubing basin caves, south china. | a plio-pleistocene to holocene faunal sequence has been recovered from four carefully excavated caves in the bubing basin, adjacent to the larger bose basin of south china. the caves vary in elevation; we suggest that the higher caves were formed and filled with sediments prior to the lower caves. the highest deposits, which are from mohui cave, contain hominoid teeth and other fossilized remains of mammalian taxa most similar to late pliocene and early pleistocene faunas. wuyun cave ( approxima ... | 2007 | 17198721 |
| phylogenetic analysis and species allocation of individual equids using microsatellite data. | the taxonomic status of all equid species is not completely unravelled. this is of practical relevance for conservation initiatives of endangered, fragmented equid populations, such as the asiatic wild asses (in particular equus hemionus onager and e. hemionus kulan). in this study, a marker panel consisting of 31 microsatellite loci was used to assess species demarcation and phylogeny, as well as allocation of individuals (n = 120) to specific populations of origin (n = 11). phylogenetic analys ... | 2005 | 16130461 |
| assessment of pregnancy in kiang mares (equus hemionus holdereri ) using estrogen determination in feces. | analysis of fecal estrogens was used to diagnose pregnancy in 6 kiang mares (equus hemionus holdereri ) that were kept at tierpark berlin. three extraction methods were compared and were followed by an established ria for total estrogen. extraction of desiccated feces with chloroform/n-hexane and koh, with and without enzyme hydrolysis showed better results than extraction with diethylether without hydrolysis. pregnancy was confirmed by observation of foaling in 2 mares that showed estrogen conc ... | 1994 | 16727510 |
| [the characteristics of the helminth community in the turkmen kulan (equus hemionus)]. | the helminth fauna of 24 kulans from askaniya-nova and badkhyz was studied. 42 species of helminths were found, 34 of which belong to strongylids. the helminth species composition of kulan is similar to that of other species of horses. this is a result of an intensive parasite exchange in the historical past when numerous populations of different equidae species made long seasonal migrations over steppe inter-river lands of asia and grazed for some time on common pastures. | 2007 | 1408368 |
| [the morphology and differential diagnosis of parasitic larvae of triodontophorus (nematoda, strongylidae)]. | 356 parasitic larvae of the genus triodontophorus from equidae (two equus hemionus and one e. grevyi) have been investigated. they belong to three phenons, which differ from each other by the shape and dimensions of a stoma, the structure of teeth and other signs. that phenons belong to three different species: t. serratus, t. tenuicollis and t. brevicauda. the differential diagnosis of l4 of that species of triodontophorus are given. | 2007 | 2533345 |
| [trial of onager oil in the treatment of schizophrenia in connection with the prostaglandin deficiency hypothesis]. | ten schizophrenic patients were treated with onager oil. it was hypothesized that e1 prostaglandin deficiency underlies the different biological disorders of schizophrenia. the clinical and biological results were disappointing. however the fact that the patients had been severely ill for a long time might have to be taken into account. moreover, the blood level of gamma-linolenic acid was normal, at the start, in all the patients. | 1984 | 6542849 |
| human dimensions of wildlife conservation in iran: assessment of human-wildlife conflict in restoring a wide-ranging endangered species. | human-wildlife conflicts restrict conservation efforts, especially for wide-ranging animals whose home ranges overlap with human activities. we conducted a study to understand conflicts with, and factors influencing the perceived value of an expanding population of onagers (equus hemionus onager) in local communities in southern iran. we asked about locals' perceptions of six potential management strategies intended to lessen human-onager conflict. we found that human-onager conflict was restric ... | 2019 | 31374100 |
| fasciola hepatica eggs in paleofaeces of the persian onager equus hemionus onager, a donkey from chehrabad archaeological site, dating back to the sassanid empire (224-651 ad), in ancient iran. | fascioliasis is a highly pathogenic zoonotic disease caused by the liver trematodes fasciola hepatica and f. gigantica. within the multidisciplinary initiative against this disease, there is the aim of understanding how this disease reached a worldwide distribution, with important veterinary and medical repercussions, by elucidating the spreading steps followed by the two fasciolids from their paleobiogeograhical origins. fasciola eggs were detected in paleofaeces of a donkey, probably the prese ... | 2018 | 29698771 |
| the case of an arctic wild ass highlights the utility of ancient dna for validating problematic identifications in museum collections. | museum collections are essential for reconstructing and understanding past biodiversity. many museum specimens are, however, challenging to identify. museum samples may be incomplete, have an unusual morphology, or represent juvenile individuals, all of which complicate accurate identification. in some cases, inaccurate identification can lead to false biogeographic reconstructions with cascading impacts on paleontological and paleoecological research. here, we analyzed an unusual equid mandible ... | 2019 | 31869520 |
| characterization of prdm9 in equids and sterility in mules. | prdm9 (meisetz) is the first speciation gene discovered in vertebrates conferring reproductive isolation. this locus encodes a meiosis-specific histone h3 methyltransferase that specifies meiotic recombination hotspots during gametogenesis. allelic differences in prdm9, characterized for a variable number of zinc finger (zf) domains, have been associated with hybrid sterility in male house mice via spermatogenic failure at the pachytene stage. the mule, a classic example of hybrid sterility in m ... | 2013 | 23613924 |
| a new genus of horse from pleistocene north america. | the extinct 'new world stilt-legged', or nwsl, equids constitute a perplexing group of pleistocene horses endemic to north america. their slender distal limb bones resemble those of asiatic asses, such as the persian onager. previous palaeogenetic studies, however, have suggested a closer relationship to caballine horses than to asiatic asses. here, we report complete mitochondrial and partial nuclear genomes from nwsl equids from across their geographic range. although multiple nwsl equid speci ... | 2017 | 29182148 |
| persian onager (equus hemionus onager) endometrial explant cryopreservation and in vitro culture. | assisted reproduction of endangered equids, such as persian onagers (equus hemionus onager), is vital for species conservation. little is known about persian onager reproductive functions, including functions of the uterine endometrium. recently, successful cryopreservation of the domestic mare endometrium was reported, but there is no information on cryo-sensitivity or in vitro culture of endometrial tissues of any non-domestic equid. in the present study, endometrial explants from persian onag ... | 2020 | 32408971 |
| survey for equine herpesviruses in polar bears ( ursus maritimus) and exotic equids housed in us aza institutions. | infection by equine herpesvirus (ehv) strains (ehv-1, ehv-9) in ursid species, including polar bears ( ursus maritimus), has been associated with neurological disease and death. a serosurvey of captive exotic equid and polar bear populations in us association of zoos and aquaria institutions was performed to determine the prevalence of ehv strains using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests. equid species surveyed included zebra ( equus ... | 2018 | 30212313 |
| genetic diversity, evolution and selection in the major histocompatibility complex drb and dqb loci in the family equidae. | the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is a genetic region containing highly polymorphic genes with immunological functions. mhc class i and class ii genes encode antigen-presenting molecules expressed on the cell surface. the mhc class ii sub-region contains genes expressed in antigen presenting cells. the antigen binding site is encoded by the second exon of genes encoding antigen presenting molecules. the exon 2 sequences of these mhc genes have evolved under the selective press ... | 2020 | 32998693 |
| new data on the holocene mammal fauna of the ustyurt plateau. | analysis of mammalian species composition has been performed for eight archaeological sites on the ustyurt plateau. they date to the range from the middle subboreal to the middle subatlantic. the modern species composition of large mammals formed by the end of the middle holocene (subboreal 2) and did not change until the early 20th century. the ungulate species composition and ratio on the plateau showed geographical variation and changed over time. boars were always rare or absent in the north ... | 2020 | 32632837 |
| leukocyte coping capacity: an integrative parameter for wildlife welfare within conservation interventions. | wildlife management, conservation interventions and wildlife research programs often involve capture, manipulation and transport of wild animals. widespread empirical evidence across various vertebrate taxa shows that handling wildlife generally induces a severe stress response resulting in increased stress levels. the inability of individuals to appropriately respond to rapidly changing environmental conditions during and after manipulations may have deleterious and long-lasting implications on ... | 2019 | 31032265 |
| saving china's onager. | | 2019 | 30765557 |
| taylorella asinigenitalis in an onager in a uk zoo. | | 2018 | 30171118 |
| pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine cushing's disease) in nondomestic equids at marwell wildlife: a case series. one chapman's zebra ( equus quagga chapmani) and five przewalski's horses ( equus ferus przewalskii). | pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (ppid), also known as equine cushing's disease, is widely reported in middle-aged to older domestic equids but to date reported in only one nondomestic equid, the onager ( equus hemionus onager). this case series reports clinical, hematological, and pathological findings consistent with ppid in two further equid species: one chapman's zebra ( equus quagga chapmani) and five przewalski's horses ( equus ferus przewalskii). the case series reports basal adrenoc ... | 2018 | 29900762 |
| histopathological study of esophageal infection with gasterophilus pecorum (diptera: oestridae) in persian onager (equus hemionus onager). | the larval stages of gasterophilus are obligate parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of equine accountable for pathologic ulcers in the persian onager gastrointestinal. the aim of the current report was to study the histopathological change with g. pecorum larvae in the esophagus of a persian onager. | 2017 | 29322061 |
| revealing life-history traits by contrasting genetic estimations with predictions of effective population size. | effective population size, a central concept in conservation biology, is now routinely estimated from genetic surveys and can also be theoretically predicted from demographic, life-history, and mating-system data. by evaluating the consistency of theoretical predictions with empirically estimated effective size, insights can be gained regarding life-history characteristics and the relative impact of different life-history traits on genetic drift. these insights can be used to design and inform m ... | 2018 | 29270998 |
| genetic characteristics of theileria equi in zebras, wild and domestic donkeys in israel and the palestinian authority. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) is an important tick-borne disease of equids, caused by theileria equi and babesia caballi. it is endemic in most parts of the world, including israel, and has clinical and economic consequences. this study was set to evaluate the presence of ep parasites in domestic donkeys and in wild equids in israel and the palestinian authority (pa). to assess subclinical ep infection in 98 domestic donkeys (equus africanus asinus), 9 asiatic wild donkeys (equus hemionus), 8 zebras ... | 2020 | 31537490 |