| observations on social organization and behaviour of african and asiatic wild asses (equus africanus and e. hemionus). | the social organization of equss africanus (african wild ass) was observed during the breeding season, that of e. hemionus (asiatic wild ass) for a very brief period outside the breeding season. territoriality could be observed in both species and the systems were found to be basically identical to that of grevy's zebra. territories are very large, measuring on the order of 200 km2 in e. africanus and probably even more in e. hemionus. members of both species live in unstable groups of variable ... | 1977 | 930444 |
| social organization and reproduction in equids. | there are two distinct types of social organization and, accordingly, two types of mating systems in equids. in the horse, plains zebra and mountain zebra, the adults live in non-territorial and cohesive one-male groups and in stallion groups. the family stallions have exclusive mating rights which are respected by all others. in grevy's zebra and in the african and asiatic wild asses, the stallions are permanently territorial and have exclusive mating rights within their territories. ecological ... | 1975 | 1060868 |
| characterization of a novel variant of amino acid transport system asc in erythrocytes from przewalski's horse (equus przewalskii). | in thoroughbred horses, red blood cell amino acid transport activity is na(+)-independent and controlled by three codominant genetic alleles (h, l, s), coding for high-affinity system asc1 (l-alanine apparent km for influx at 37 degrees c congruent to 0.35 mm), low-affinity system asc2 (l-alanine km congruent to 14 mm), and transport deficiency, respectively. the present study investigated amino acid transport mechanisms in red cells from four wild species: przewalski's horse (equus przewalskii) ... | 1992 | 1473044 |
| urinary androgen concentrations and social status in two species of free ranging zebra (equus burchelli and e. grevyi). | in both species of zebra, breeding males had higher urinary androgen concentrations (ng androgens/mg cr) than did non-breeding bachelor males (30.0 +/- 5.0 (n = 9) versus 11.4 +/- 2.8, (n = 7) in the plains zebra; 19.0 +/- 2.2 (n = 17) versus 10.7 +/- 1.2 (n = 14) in the grevy's zebra). in the more stable family structure of the plains zebra (single male non-territorial groups) variations in androgen concentrations could not be ascribed to any measured variable. in the grevy's zebra, androgen va ... | 1990 | 2313631 |
| abortion and perinatal foal mortality associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 in a herd of grevy's zebra. | | 1986 | 2851577 |
| systemic infection by equid herpesvirus-1 in a grevy's zebra stallion (equus grevyi) with particular reference to genital pathology. | a severe multi-systemic form of equid herpesvirus-1 infection is described in an adult zebra stallion. there was multifocal necrotizing rhinitis, marked hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema, with viral antigen expression in degenerating epithelial cells, local endothelial cells and intravascular leucocytes of the nasal mucosa and lung. specific localization of ehv-1 infection was seen in the testes and epididymides, including infection of leydig cells and germinal epithelium, which would have facili ... | 1998 | 9839210 |
| halicephalobus gingivalis (nematoda) infection in a grevy's zebra (equus grevyi). | a 6-yr-old female grevy's zebra (equus grevyi) with a disseminated rhabditiform nematode infection is described. antemortem clinical signs were limited to blindness and abnormal behavior believed to be caused by a recurrent nematode-induced uveitis. histologic examination of the kidneys, heart, eyes, uterus, and lymph nodes revealed granulomas containing multiple sections of rhabditiform nematodes. most of the recovered nematodes were larval stages with only a few adult females noted. the adults ... | 2000 | 10884129 |
| protamine p1 sequences in equids: comparison with even-toed animals. | protamine p1 amino acid sequences were determined from semen samples of the przewalski horse, donkey, somali wild ass, grevy's zebra, and grant's zebra (odd-toed perissodactyls), and compared with those of the domestic horse. although the rate of amino acid variation of protamine p1 is known to be among the most rapidly diverging polypeptides, the equid sequences revealed only little variation. the sequence from the przewalski horse was identical with that from the domestic horse. the other sequ ... | 2002 | 12212882 |
| patent urachus with subsequent joint infection in a free-living grevy's zebra foal. | a free-living, female grevy's zebra (equus grevyi) foal was found lethargic, lame, with swollen joints, pyrexia, and urine dripping from the umbilicus. it died 2 days later despite intensive care. gross examination revealed patent urachus and suppurative arthritis. swabs were taken from the joints, the patent urachus, and urine for bacteriology. the dominant isolate was escherichia coli. the joint infection was probably secondary to septicemia, resulting from the patent urachus. to our knowledge ... | 2003 | 12685093 |
| manual semen collection from a grevy's zebra stallion (equus grevyi), onset of sperm production, semen characteristics, and cryopreservation of semen, with a comparison to the sperm production from a grant's zebra stallion (equus burchelli boehmi). | a manual technique was used to collect representative ejaculates from an unrestrained grevy's zebra stallion beginning at 13 mo of age to determine the onset of sperm production, to calculate the number of spermatozoa produced per ejaculate, and to determine any seasonality associated with sperm production. spermatozoa first appeared in the ejaculate at 31 mo of age. by 48 mo of age the zebra was producing up to 40 billion spermatozoa per ejaculate. progressive sperm motility ranged from 75 to 9 ... | 1994 | 16727454 |
| characterization of equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) related viruses from captive grevy's zebra and blackbuck. | equid herpes virus 1 (ehv-1) related isolates from a captive blackbuck (strain ro-1) and grevy's zebra (strain t965) behaved similarly to ehv-1 and ehv-9 in respect to their host cell range. restriction enzyme analysis and a phylogenetic tree confirmed that ro-1 and t965 were identical and more closely related to ehv-1 than to ehv-9. differences from ehv-1 became obvious firstly, by amino acid alignments revealing two unique substitutions in the gb protein of ro-1 and t965. secondly, an ehv-1 ty ... | 2006 | 16891794 |
| sequencing of cdna and proximal promoter of equine hexokinase ii gene. | in order to investigate the utilization of glucose in equine skeletal muscle, we determined the coding and proximal promoter sequences of the hexokinase type ii (hkii) gene in thoroughbred horse, grevy's zebra and hartmann's mountain zebra. the deduced amino acid sequence of thoroughbred horse hkii showed 100, 100, 94.4, 92.7 and 92.6% identities with grevy's zebra, hartmann's mountain zebra, human, mouse and rat hkiis, respectively. in equine hkiis, specific amino acid substitutions, ile 159 an ... | 2007 | 17454005 |
| karyotypic relationships among equus grevyi, equus burchelli and domestic horse defined using horse chromosome arm-specific probes. | using laser microdissection we prepared a set of horse chromosome arm-specific probes. most of the probes were generated from horse chromosomes, some of them were derived from equus zebra hartmannae. the set of probes were hybridized onto e. grevyi chromosomes in order to establish a genome-wide chromosomal correspondence between this zebra and horse. the use of arm-specific probes provided us with more information on the mutual arrangement of the genomes than we could obtain by means of whole-c ... | 2007 | 17874215 |
| multidirectional cross-species painting illuminates the history of karyotypic evolution in perissodactyla. | the order perissodactyla, the group of odd-toed ungulates, includes three extant families: equidae, tapiridae, and rhinocerotidae. the extremely rapid karyotypic diversification in perissodactyls has so far prevented the establishment of genome-wide homology maps between these three families by traditional cytogenetic approaches. here we report the first genome-wide comparative chromosome maps of african rhinoceroses, four tapir species, four equine species, and humans. these maps were establish ... | 2008 | 18293107 |
| new hosts for equine herpesvirus 9. | equine herpesvirus 9 was detected in a polar bear with progressive encephalitis; the source was traced to 2 members of a potential equid reservoir species, grevy's zebras. the virus was also found in an aborted persian onager. thus, the natural host range is extended to 6 species in 3 mammalian orders. | 2008 | 18826828 |
| molecular phylogeny of equine herpesvirus 1 isolates from onager, zebra and thomson's gazelle. | viruses related to equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) were isolated from an aborted fetus of an onager (equus hemionus) in 1984, an aborted fetus of grevy's zebra (equus grevyi) in 1984 and a thomson's gazelle (gazella thomsoni) with nonsuppurative encephalitis in 1996, all in the usa. the mother of the onager fetus and the gazelle were kept near plains zebras (equus burchelli). in phylogenetic trees based on the nucleotide sequences of the genes for glycoproteins b (gb), i (gi), and e (ge), and ... | 2008 | 19002555 |
| detection of equid herpesvirus 9 dna in the trigeminal ganglia of a burchell's zebra from the serengeti ecosystem. | equid herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) was isolated from a herd of thomson's gazelles affected by encephalitis. the natural host of ehv-9 is unknown, but zebras are suspected to be the source of infection in gazelles. to prove this hypothesis, we analyzed 43 sera from burchell's zebras (equus burchelli) and 21 thomson's gazelles (gazella thomsoni) from the serengeti ecosystem for neutralizing antibodies. seven zebra sera were positive for ehv-1, ehv-9 and ehv-1 from grevy's zebra strains t965 and t616. the ... | 2008 | 19122410 |
| zonadhesin d3-polypeptides vary among species but are similar in equus species capable of interbreeding. | zonadhesin is a rapidly evolving protein in the sperm acrosome that confers species specificity to sperm-zona pellucida adhesion. though structural variation in zonadhesin likely contributes to its species-specific function, the protein has not previously been characterized in organisms capable of interbreeding. here we compared properties of zonadhesin in several animals, including the horse (equus caballus), donkey (e. asinus), and grevy's zebra (e. grevyi) to determine if variation in zonadhe ... | 2010 | 19794156 |
| the pleistocene archaeology and environments of the wasiriya beds, rusinga island, kenya. | western kenya is well known for abundant early miocene hominoid fossils. however, the wasiriya beds of rusinga island, kenya, preserve a pleistocene sedimentary archive with radiocarbon age estimates of >33-45 ka that contains middle stone age artifacts and abundant, well-preserved fossil fauna: a co-occurrence rare in eastern africa, particularly in the region bounding lake victoria. artifacts and fossils are associated with distal volcanic ash deposits that occur at multiple localities in the ... | 2010 | 20880570 |
| chromosomal assignment of six genes (eif4g3, hsp90, rbbp6, il8, tert, and terc) in four species of the genus equus. | we mapped six genes (eif4g3, hsp90, rbbp6, il8, tert, and terc) on the chromosomes of equus caballus, equus asinus, equus grevyi, and equus burchelli by fluorescence in situ hybridization. our results add six type i markers to the cytogenetic map of these species and provide new information on the comparative genomics of the genus equus. | 2011 | 21774619 |
| extreme wildlife declines and concurrent increase in livestock numbers in kenya: what are the causes? | there is growing evidence of escalating wildlife losses worldwide. extreme wildlife losses have recently been documented for large parts of africa, including western, central and eastern africa. here, we report extreme declines in wildlife and contemporaneous increase in livestock numbers in kenya rangelands between 1977 and 2016. our analysis uses systematic aerial monitoring survey data collected in rangelands that collectively cover 88% of kenya's land surface. our results show that wildlife ... | 2016 | 27676077 |
| prevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi as well as the identification of associated ticks in sympatric grevy's zebras (equus grevyi) and donkeys (equus africanus asinus) in northern kenya. | the role of equine piroplasmosis as a factor in the population decline of the grevy's zebra is not known. we determined the prevalence of babesia caballi and theileria equi in cograzing grevy's zebras (equus grevyi) and donkeys (equus africanus asinus) in northern kenya and identified the associated tick vectors. blood samples were taken from 71 donkeys and 16 grevy's zebras from march to may 2011. a nested pcr reaction using 18s ribosomal (r)rna primers on 87 blood spots showed 72% (51/71; 95% ... | 2015 | 25380362 |
| presumptive red maple (acer rubrum) toxicosis in grevy's zebra (equus grevyi). | two female grevy's zebras (equus grevyi), one juvenile and one adult, were treated for hemolytic anemia. the juvenile survived, but the adult animal, which also had methemoglobinemia, was euthanized after it failed to recover from anesthesia. significant pathologic findings in the adult zebra included generalized icterus, hemoglobinuric nephrosis, and paracentral hepatic necrosis. serum titers for known infectious causes of anemia were negative. examination of the zebra holding areas revealed tw ... | 1997 | 9226625 |
| impacts of ungulates on the demography and diversity of small mammals in central kenya. | the impacts of ungulates on small mammals in an east african savanna habitat were investigated by monitoring the population and community responses of small mammals on replicated 4-ha plots from which ungulates had been excluded. the dominant small mammal in this habitat is the pouched mouse, saccostomusmearnsi, a medium-sized murid rodent. eight other small mammal species, including arvicanthis sp., mus sp., mastomys sp., dendromus sp., crocidura sp., and, rarely, tatera sp., aethomys sp., and ... | 1998 | 28308070 |
| molecular evolution of the mitochondrial 12s rrna in ungulata (mammalia). | the complete 12s rrna gene has been sequenced in 4 ungulata (hoofed eutherians) and 1 marsupial and compared to 38 available mammalian sequences in order to investigate the molecular evolution of the mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal rna molecule. ungulata were represented by one artiodactyl (the collared peccary, tayassu tajacu, suborder suiformes), two perissodactyls (the grevy's zebra, equus grevyi, suborder hippomorpha; the white rhinoceros, ceratotherium simum, suborder ceratomorpha), a ... | 1995 | 7490777 |
| applying tribology to teeth of hoofed mammals. | mammals inhabit all types of environments and have evolved chewing systems capable of processing a huge variety of structurally diverse food components. surface textures of cheek teeth should thus reflect the mechanisms of wear as well as the functional traits involved. we employed surface textures parameters from iso/dis 25178 and scale-sensitive fractal analysis (ssfa) to quantify dental wear in herbivorous mammals at the level of an individual wear enamel facet. we evaluated cheek dentitions ... | 2011 | 20949615 |
| testing the effects of perimeter fencing and elephant exclosures on lion predation patterns in a kenyan wildlife conservancy. | the use of fences to segregate wildlife can change predator and prey behaviour. predators can learn to incorporate fencing into their hunting strategies and prey can learn to avoid foraging near fences. a twelve-strand electric predator-proof fence surrounds our study site. there are also porous one-strand electric fences used to create exclosures where elephant (and giraffe) cannot enter in order to protect blocs of browse vegetation for two critically endangered species, the black rhinoceros ( ... | 2016 | 26893967 |
| discovery and comparative analysis of a novel satellite, ec137, in horses and other equids. | centromeres are the sites of kinetochore assembly and spindle fiber attachment and consist of protein-dna complexes in which the dna component is typically characterized by the presence of extended arrays of tandem repeats called satellite dna. here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a 137-bp-long new satellite dna sequence from the horse genome (ec137), which is also present, even if less abundant, in the domestic donkey, the grevy's zebra and the burchelli's zebra. we investiga ... | 2014 | 25342230 |
| contrasting results from molecular and pedigree-based population diversity measures in captive zebra highlight challenges facing genetic management of zoo populations. | zoo conservation breeding programs manage the retention of population genetic diversity through analysis of pedigree records. the range of demographic and genetic indices determined through pedigree analysis programs allows the conservation of diversity to be monitored relative to the particular founder population for a species. such approaches are based on a number of well-documented founder assumptions, however without knowledge of actual molecular genetic diversity there is a risk that pedigr ... | 2017 | 27981608 |
| population genetic diversity and hybrid detection in captive zebras. | zebras are members of the horse family. there are three species of zebras: the plains zebra equus quagga, the grevy's zebra e. grevyi and the mountain zebra e. zebra. the grevy's zebra and the mountain zebra are endangered, and hybridization between the grevy's zebra and the plains zebra has been documented, leading to a requirement for conservation genetic management within and between the species. we characterized 28 microsatellite markers in grevy's zebra and assessed cross-amplification in p ... | 2015 | 26294133 |
| standing sedation in captive zebra (equus grevyi and equus burchellii). | nine grevy's zebras (equus grevyi) and three burchell's zebras (equus burchellii) were immobilized in a standing position a total of 70 times for minor, nonpainful procedures over a 9-yr period. standing sedation was successfully obtained with a combination of detomidine and butorphanol on 47 occasions (67.1%). detomidine i.m. (median 0.10 mg/kg; range: 0.07-0.21) was administered by dart, followed 10 min later by butorphanol i.m. (median 0.13 mg/kg; range 0.04-0.24). the dosages were varied dep ... | 2012 | 22448505 |
| genetic diversity of the ethiopian grevy's zebra (equus grevyi) populations that includes a unique population of the alledeghi plain. | the endangered grevy's zebra (equus grevyi) is confined to the horn of africa, specifically ethiopia and kenya. it is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation due to human encroachment of historic range. knowledge of population genetics is essential for the development of appropriate conservation actions and management. the focus of this study was to assess the heterogeneity and genetic distinctiveness of the two grevy's zebra populations in ethiopia. non-invasive fecal samples (n = 120) wer ... | 2016 | 24660908 |
| electrocardiography of grevy's zebras (equus grevyi). | electrocardiograms (ecgs) are a good baseline test for assessing cardiac rhythm. ecgs have not been reported in any zebra species and in very few perissodactyla species. standard limb, six-lead ecgs were recorded in 23 anesthetized grevy's zebras (equus grevyi). heart rate, rr interval, p-wave duration, rr maximum/minimum, pr interval, qrs duration, qt interval, st segment deviation, p-wave amplitude, qrs amplitude, and t-wave amplitude were measured and calculated from lead ii ecgs from these g ... | 2008 | 18816990 |
| cardiac evaluation of anesthetized grevy's zebras (equus grevyi). | to determine ecg and echocardiographic measurements in healthy anesthetized grevy's zebras (equus grevyi). | 2007 | 17269879 |
| network metrics reveal differences in social organization between two fission-fusion species, grevy's zebra and onager. | for species in which group membership frequently changes, it has been a challenge to characterize variation in individual interactions and social structure. quantifying this variation is necessary to test hypotheses about ecological determinants of social patterns and to make predictions about how group dynamics affect the development of cooperative relationships and transmission processes. network models have recently become popular for analyzing individual contacts within a population context. ... | 2007 | 16964497 |
| inter- and intra-specific differences in serum proteins of different species and subspecies of zebras. | 1. serum proteins of equus grevyi, e. zebra hartmannae, e. burchelli boehmi, e. b. chapmanni and e. b. antiquorum were studied using starch-gel electrophoresis, 1-d polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, inhibitions of trypsin and chymotrypsin, immunoblotting, and specific staining for esterase. 2. clear species-specific patterns were observed in albumin, transferrin, and for e. grevyi in protease inhibitor-1. specific esterase was detected only in e. z. hartmannae. 3. protein polymorphism was foun ... | 1992 | 1458835 |
| [diabetes mellitus in a grévy zebra (equus grevyi)]. | | 1982 | 6755800 |
| [social organization and behavior of grevy's zebra (equus grevyi)]. | | 1974 | 4478739 |
| similar but different: dynamic social network analysis highlights fundamental differences between the fission-fusion societies of two equid species, the onager and grevy's zebra. | understanding why animal societies take on the form that they do has benefited from insights gained by applying social network analysis to patterns of individual associations. such analyses typically aggregate data over long time periods even though most selective forces that shape sociality have strong temporal elements. by explicitly incorporating the temporal signal in social interaction data we re-examine the network dynamics of the social systems of the evolutionarily closely-related grevy' ... | 2015 | 26488598 |
| wildlife population dynamics in human-dominated landscapes under community-based conservation: the example of nakuru wildlife conservancy, kenya. | wildlife conservation is facing numerous and mounting challenges on private and communal lands in africa, including in kenya. we analyze the population dynamics of 44 common wildlife species in relation to rainfall variation in the nakuru wildlife conservancy (nwc), located in the nakuru-naivasha region of kenya, based on ground total counts carried out twice each year from march 1996 to may 2015. rainfall in the region was quasi-periodic with cycle periods dependent on the rainfall component an ... | 2017 | 28103269 |
| characterization of prdm9 in equids and sterility in mules. | prdm9 (meisetz) is the first speciation gene discovered in vertebrates conferring reproductive isolation. this locus encodes a meiosis-specific histone h3 methyltransferase that specifies meiotic recombination hotspots during gametogenesis. allelic differences in prdm9, characterized for a variable number of zinc finger (zf) domains, have been associated with hybrid sterility in male house mice via spermatogenic failure at the pachytene stage. the mule, a classic example of hybrid sterility in m ... | 2013 | 23613924 |
| physiology modulates social flexibility and collective behaviour in equids and other large ungulates. | though morphologically very similar, equids across the extant species occupy ecological niches that are surprisingly non-overlapping. occupancy of these distinct niches appears related to subtle physiological and behavioural adaptations which, in turn, correspond to significant differences in the social behaviours and emergent social systems characterizing the different species. although instances of intraspecific behavioural variation in equids demonstrate that the same body plan can support a ... | 2017 | 28673917 |
| androgen receptor gene polymorphism in zebra species. | androgen receptor genes (ar) have been found to have associations with reproductive development, behavioral traits, and disorders in humans. however, the influence of similar genetic effects on the behavior of other animals is scarce. we examined the loci ar glutamine repeat (arq) in 44 grevy's zebras, 23 plains zebras, and three mountain zebras, and compared them with those of domesticated horses. we observed polymorphism among zebra species and between zebra and horse. as androgens such as tes ... | 2015 | 26236645 |
| mitochondrial phylogenomics of modern and ancient equids. | the genus equus is richly represented in the fossil record, yet our understanding of taxonomic relationships within this genus remains limited. to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among modern horses, zebras, asses and donkeys, we generated the first data set including complete mitochondrial sequences from all seven extant lineages within the genus equus. bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference confirms that zebras are monophyletic within the genus, and the plains and grevy ... | 2013 | 23437078 |
| the catalytic and the rna subunits of human telomerase are required to immortalize equid primary fibroblasts. | many human primary somatic cells can be immortalized by inducing telomerase activity through the exogenous expression of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (htert). this approach has been extended to the immortalization of cell lines from several mammals. here, we show that htert expression is not sufficient to immortalize primary fibroblasts from three equid species, namely donkey, burchelli's zebra and grevy's zebra. in vitro analysis of a reconstituted telomerase composed by htert and an ... | 2012 | 22797876 |
| [dystocia in a grevy's zebra]. | dystocia in a grevy zebra, caused by faulty position of the fetus, resulted in complete prolapse of the uterus and rupture of the uterus wall. suturing, reposition and vaginal obstruction led to the total recovery of the grevy zebra mare. | 1991 | 2015028 |
| detomidine and butorphanol for standing sedation in a range of zoo-kept ungulate species. | general anesthesia poses risks for larger zoo species, like cardiorespiratory depression, myopathy, and hyperthermia. in ruminants, ruminal bloat and regurgitation of rumen contents with potential aspiration pneumonia are added risks. thus, the use of sedation to perform minor procedures is justified in zoo animals. a combination of detomidine and butorphanol has been routinely used in domestic animals. this drug combination, administered by remote intramuscular injection, can also be applied fo ... | 2017 | 28920785 |
| borrowing from peter to pay paul: managing threatened predators of endangered and declining prey species. | conservation policy and practice can sometimes run counter to their mutual aims of ensuring species survival. in kenya, where threatened predators such as lion deplete endangered prey such as grevy's zebra, conservation practitioners seek to ensure species success through exclusive strategies of protection, population increase and preservation. we found strong selection for the endangered grevy's zebra by both lion and hyena on two small fenced conservancies in kenya. despite abundant diversity ... | 2019 | 31637142 |
| resolving a conservation dilemma: vulnerable lions eating endangered zebras. | when predators are removed or suppressed for generations, prey populations tend to increase and when predators are re-introduced, prey densities should fall back to pre-control levels. in cases of apparent competition where there are alternate abundant and rare prey species, rare species may decline further than expected or disappear altogether. recently, concern about the impact of recovering predator populations on wildlife in laikipia county, kenya, has led to questions of whether lions (pant ... | 2018 | 30157200 |
| the non-invasive measurement of faecal immunoglobulin in african equids. | eco-immunological research is encumbered by a lack of basic research in a wild context and by the availability of few non-invasive tools to measure the internal state of wild animals. the recent development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring immunoglobulins in faecal samples from soay sheep prompted us to optimize such an assay to measure immunoglobulin a (iga: an antibody associated with parasitic nematode fecundity) in faecal samples from equids. we measured total iga in dom ... | 2020 | 32528845 |
| anthelmintic resistance in strongylids (nematoda: strongylidae) parasitizing wild and domestic equids in the askania nova biosphere reserve, ukraine | resistance of strongylids in domestic horses to benzimidazole anthelmintics (bz) has been detected worldwide; however, information on the presence of bz-resistance in wild equids has not been published to date. the purpose of this study was to analyze the manifestations of the bz resistance in strongylids in domestic and wild equids kept in the askania nova biosphere reserve, ukraine. four species of equids: domestic horses and shetland ponies (equus caballus), donkeys (e. asinus), plains zebras ... | 2020 | 32198995 |
| multiple dimensions of dietary diversity in large mammalian herbivores. | theory predicts that trophic specialization (i.e. low dietary diversity) should make consumer populations sensitive to environmental disturbances. yet diagnosing specialization is complicated both by the difficulty of precisely quantifying diet composition and by definitional ambiguity: what makes a diet 'diverse'? we sought to characterize the relationship between taxonomic dietary diversity (tdd) and phylogenetic dietary diversity (pdd) in a species-rich community of large mammalian herbivores ... | 2020 | 32163591 |
| effect of social organisation on interspecific differences in overmarking behaviour of foals in african equids. | overmarking remains an unstudied topic in juvenile mammals. we have previously documented a very high rate of overmarking by foals in four captive african equid species: mountain zebra (equus zebra), plains zebra (equus quagga), grévy's zebra (equus grevyi), and african wild ass (equus africanus). african equids vary interspecifically in their social organisation. since differences in social organisation affect many mammalian behaviours, in this study we investigated interspecific differences in ... | 2020 | 31728806 |
| a southern african origin and cryptic structure in the highly mobile plains zebra. | the plains zebra (equus quagga) is an ecologically important species of the african savannah. it is also one of the most numerous and widely distributed ungulates, and six subspecies have been described based on morphological variation. however, the within-species evolutionary processes have been difficult to resolve due to its high mobility and a lack of consensus regarding the population structure. we obtained genome-wide dna polymorphism data from more than 167,000 loci for 59 plains zebras f ... | 2018 | 29358610 |
| noninvasive detection of equid herpesviruses in fecal samples. | equid herpesviruses (ehvs) are pathogens of equid and nonequid hosts that can cause disease and fatalities in captivity and in the wild. ehvs establish latent infections but can reactivate, and most ehvs are shed via the nasal passage. therefore, nasal swabs are generally used for ehv monitoring. however, invasive sampling of wild equids is difficult. while feces is a commonly used substrate for detecting other pathogens, to our knowledge, ehvs have never been detected in feces of naturally infe ... | 2019 | 30446563 |
| deepposekit, a software toolkit for fast and robust animal pose estimation using deep learning. | quantitative behavioral measurements are important for answering questions across scientific disciplines-from neuroscience to ecology. state-of-the-art deep-learning methods offer major advances in data quality and detail by allowing researchers to automatically estimate locations of an animal's body parts directly from images or videos. however, currently available animal pose estimation methods have limitations in speed and robustness. here, we introduce a new easy-to-use software toolkit, dee ... | 2019 | 31570119 |
| a comparison of opioid-based protocols for immobilization of captive grevy's zebra (equus grevyi). | grevy's zebra (equus grevyi) is an endangered species often found in zoological collections. veterinary care for this species often requires immobilization. this study retrospectively evaluated behavioral and physiological parameters from grevy's zebra records after three immobilization protocols: etorphine and alpha-2 agonist (ea2; n = 11); etorphine, alpha-2 agonist, and ketamine (ea2k; n = 16); and thiafentanil, alpha-2 agonist, and ketamine (ta2k; n = 6). median time to working depth was sta ... | 2019 | 31120687 |
| [surgical treatment of a perforated cornea in a zebra]. | microsurgical procedures in zoo and wildlife animals are challenging because of the reduced perioperative sterility and postoperative care. this case report describes the positive result of the surgical treatment of a perforated corneal ulceration with prolapsed iris in an 18-year-old grévy's zebra mare. the postoperative development and the results of the histomorphological examination 3.5 years after surgery are described. | 2019 | 30737540 |
| environmental stressors may cause equine herpesvirus reactivation in captive grévy's zebras (equus grevyi). | equine herpesviruses (ehv) are common and often latent pathogens of equids which can cause fatalities when transmitted to non-equids. stress and elevated glucocorticoids have been associated with ehv reactivation in domestic horses, but little is known about the correlation between stress and viral reactivation in wild equids. we investigated the effect of an environmental stressor (social group restructuring following a translocation event) on ehv reactivation in captive grévy's zebras (equus g ... | 2018 | 30155350 |
| seroprevalence of equine herpesviruses 1 and 9 (ehv-1 and ehv-9) in wild grévy's zebra ( equus grevyi) in kenya. | equid herpesviruses types 1 (ehv-1) and 9 (ehv-9) are unusual among herpesviruses in that they lack strong host specificity, and the full extent of their host range remains unclear. the virus establishes latency for long periods and can be reactivated and shed, resulting in clinical disease in susceptible species. a sensitive and specific peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to study the seroprevalence of both viruses in a broad range of species among both wild and capti ... | 2018 | 29792760 |
| equid alphaherpesvirus 9 outbreak associated with mortality in a group of grevy's zebra (equus grevyi) housed in a mixed-species exhibit. | a herd of seven captive-born grevy's zebras (equus grevyi) experienced an outbreak of nasal discharge and sneezing. clinical signs, including lethargy and anorexia, were severe and acute in three animals, including a 16-mo-old male that died within 48 h. treatment of two severely affected zebras included valacyclovir (40 mg/kg po), meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg im/po), and cefquinome (2.5 mg/kg im q48h). an adult female improved rapidly, and clinical signs resolved within 48 h of treatment. administratio ... | 2021 | 34130425 |