| surgical removal of a tumor from an asian elephant. | | 1977 | 243318 |
| cyclic release of luteinizing hormone and the effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone injection in asiatic elephants. | cyclic changes in serum concentration of luteinizing hormone (lh) were observed throughout the estrous cycle of asiatic elephants (elephas maximus). the increase in serum lh was correlated with a slight increase in serum estradiol concentration and the onset of behavioral heat (willingness to mate). in a second series of studies, injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone after 3 days of estrone administration induced an increase in serum lh. these studies indicate that the asiatic eleph ... | 1979 | 382924 |
| sedation of the asian elephant (elephas maximus) with xylazine. | doses of 100 to 300 mg of a 10 per cent solution of xylazine satisfactorily sedated six elephants ranging from 150 to 255 cm shoulder height. at these dosages all animals were sedated in the standing position. the time taken to produce the initial signs of sedation ranged from 10 +/- 4 to 20 +/- 4 minutes and the effects lasted from 60 +/- 8 to 100 +/- 15 minutes. the time taken from injection to complete recovery ranged from 360 +/- 31 to 540 +/- 21 minutes. recovery was uncomplicated. repeated ... | 1979 | 532050 |
| observations on the use of etorphine alone and in combination with acepromazine maleate for immobilisation of aggressive asian elephants (elephas maximus). | | 1978 | 565970 |
| some clinico-pathologic findings in elephants (elephas maximus) infected with fasciola jacksoni. | severe submandibular and ventral abdominal oedema was observed in an asian elephant (elephas maximus) in which liver flukes (fasciola jacksoni) were recovered from the bile ducts at post-mortem examination. clinico-pathologic examination of blood samples and serum from this elephant and another 8 elephants showed that most had anemia and hypoproteinemia. fecal samples from 6 of the elephants contained from 6 to 83 eggs per gram. treatment of elephants with nitroxynil (10 mg/kg) by subcutaneous i ... | 1978 | 633508 |
| [diseases of the working elephant (elephas maximus) in sri lanka (ceylon) with special reference to diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities within the country]. | | 1975 | 770123 |
| an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in indian elephants (ellphas maximus). | type o virus has been isolated from a natural outbreak of foot-and-mouth in indian elephant. the history, symptoms and epizootology of this disease in these animals have also been described. | 1976 | 951925 |
| fmd in an indian elephant. | | 1976 | 982786 |
| do elephants ever forget? | three adult female elephants (elephas maximus) were tested on a light-dark discrimination problem with an 8-yr intertrial interval. the first subject took only 6 min to reach criterion and made only two errors, suggesting remarkable retention. the other two subjects were found to have visual anomalies that would have gone undetected without this research. | 1975 | 1184496 |
| refractive state, corneal curvature, accommodative range and ocular anatomy of the asian elephant (elephas maximus). | the resting refractive state of six mature, female, asian elephants (elephas maximus) was determined using streak retinoscopy and neutralizing video retinoscopy. the amplitude of accommodation was also measured by neutralizing video retinoscopy of two animals and the corneal curvatures of three animals was measured by photokeratoscopy. the net spherical refraction was found to be +0.23 d. no difference was observed between cyclopleged and non-cyclopleged eyes (data from three animals), nor was t ... | 1992 | 1304078 |
| studies of collagen in bone and dentin matrix of a columbian mammoth (late pleistocene) of central utah. | a columbian mammoth, mammuthus columbi, was excavated at an elevation of 9000 feet in huntington canyon, emery county, utah. radiocarbon dates on the skeleton indicated death approximately 11,200 years ago. the skeleton was removed from postglacial, late quaternary, lake sediments deposited as glacial runoff approximately 9500 years ago. the bones and teeth were especially well preserved in a saturated lake bed. after excavation the bones and teeth were preserved by controlled desiccation, witho ... | 1992 | 1435514 |
| production of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes during growth of the anaerobic fungus piromyces sp. on different substrates. | piromyces sp. strain e2, an anaerobic fungus isolated from an indian elephant (hindgut fermenter) was tested for its ability to ferment a range of substrates. the fungus was able to use bagasse, cellobiose, cellulose, fructose, glucose, lactose, mannose, starch, wheat bran, wheat straw, xylan and xylose. formate and acetate were the main fermentation products after growth on these substrates. the amount of carbon found in the fermentation products of cultures, in which substrate digestion was co ... | 1992 | 1527505 |
| behavioral sleep in the asian elephant in captivity. | sleeping behavior was investigated during 294 nights for female asian elephants (circus: n = 7; zoo: n = 5; including an infant). the animals were recorded continuously on time-lapse video tapes for 7-16 days consecutively. seasonal changes in sleep behavior were studied by comparing summer (16-day) and winter (13-15-day) recordings; and sleep development was assessed by recording a mother and her infant for three consecutive nights per month for 15 months (age 5-19 months). sleep occurred in a ... | 1992 | 1557589 |
| fermentation of cellulose and production of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes by anaerobic fungi from ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores. | four anaerobic fungi were grown on filter paper cellulose and monitored over a 7-8 days period for substrate utilisation, fermentation products, and secretion of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes. two of the fungi (n1 and n2) were neocallimastix species isolated from a ruminant (sheep) and the other two fungi were piromyces species (e2 and r1) isolated from an indian elephant and an indian rhinoceros, respectively. the tested anaerobic fungi degraded the filter paper cellulose almost complete ... | 1991 | 1793336 |
| comparison of growth characteristics of anaerobic fungi isolated from ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores during cultivation in a defined medium. | anaerobic fungi were isolated from rumen fluid of a domestic sheep (ovis aries; a ruminant) and from faeces of five non-ruminants: african elephant (loxodonta africana), black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis), indian rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis), indian elephant (elephas maximus) and mara (dolichotis patagonum). the anaerobic fungus isolated from the sheep was a neocallimastix species and the isolates from non-ruminants were all species similar to piromyces spp. a defined medium is described w ... | 1991 | 1919514 |
| longitudinal study of haematological and biochemical constituents in blood of the asian elephant (elephas maximus). | 1. haematological parameters and biochemical analytes were determined in four elephants over a period of one year. 2. the haematological profile remained constant over time and was similar between animals. 3. values for biochemical analytes were stable except for alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase and creatinine which rose during musth in male elephants. 4. the association of elevated enzyme levels with increased testosterone concentrations is discussed. | 1990 | 1975529 |
| altered androstenedione to testosterone ratios and lh concentrations during musth in the captive male asian elephant (elephas maximus). | greater concentrations of androstenedione than testosterone were usually present during periods of non-musth in plasma collected weekly for various periods up to 2 years in 8 male asian elephants (4-35 years of age). for the 6 males that exhibited musth the androstenedione/testosterone ratio shifted greatly in favour of testosterone. the severity of musth was assessed weekly using a scale of 1 to 5 for each of 8 behavioural traits including urine dribbling, temporal gland secretion and aggressio ... | 1991 | 1995845 |
| a continuum model of elephant trunks. | a continuum model is presented that relates the trunk parameters of loading, geometry, and muscle structure to the necessary conditions of static equilibrium. linear theory for stress-strain behavior is used to describe an elephant trunk for an incremental displacement as the animal slowly lifts a weight at the trunk tip. with this analysis and experimental values for the trunk parameters, the apparent trunk stiffness ea is estimated for the living animal. for an asian elephant with a maximum co ... | 1991 | 2020179 |
| serological evidence of herpesvirus infection in captive asian elephants (elephas maximus). | in mid 1988 a 3-yr-old asian elephant (elephas maximus) from a circus in switzerland died following generalized manifestation of a herpesvirus infection. in an effort to determine prevalence of infection with the herpesvirus, and due to lack of a corresponding virus isolate, it was decided to evaluate contact animals and elephants from a second herd for antibody to bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1) and bovine herpesvirus 2 (bhv2). of 15 sera tested four displayed low neutralizing antibody titers to bh ... | 1990 | 2154628 |
| spectroscopic and kinetic aspects of elephas maximus hemoglobin. | in comparison with myoglobin and human and glycera dibranchiata hemoglobins, the heme distal side amino acid exchanges within the heme environment of elephant tetrameric hemoglobin (hbe) only slightly affect the electronic and esr spectra of hbe(iii) and hbe(ii) derivatives, several of which were prepared and characterized by optical and esr spectroscopy. addition of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate [gri(2,3)p2] or inositol hexakisphosphate to hbe(ii)no causes tension in the fe-n(proximal his) bond, alth ... | 1990 | 2158890 |
| acute and fatal herpesvirus infection in a young asian elephant (elephas maximus). | | 1990 | 2161138 |
| the fatty acid composition of plasma lipids in the indian elephant (elephas maximus indicus). | | 1990 | 2284704 |
| the effects of amino acid substitution at position e7 (residue 64) on the kinetics of ligand binding to sperm whale myoglobin. | association and dissociation rate constants were measured for o2, co, and alkyl isocyanide binding to a set of genetically engineered sperm whale myoglobins with site-specific mutations at residue 64 (the e7 helical position). native his was replaced by gly, val, leu, met, phe, gln, arg, and asp using the synthetic gene and expression system developed by springer and sligar (springer, b. a., and sligar, s. g. (1987) proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 84, 8961-8965). the his64----gly substitution prod ... | 1990 | 2303446 |
| estimation of the total surface area in indian elephants (elephas maximus indicus). | twenty-four adult indian elephants (elephas maximus indicus) of both sexes and different ages and weights, belonging to the temple devaswoms, the forest department of the government of kerala and the gemini circus formed the experimental subjects from which formulae were derived to predict the total surface area from either body measurements or areas of individual regions. several models, using the parameters studied either singly or in combination, were tried independently for males and females ... | 1990 | 2316192 |
| platelet aggregation in the asian elephant is not dependent on thromboxane b2 production. | 1. the platelet aggregation response to several known platelet agonists was evaluated in four asian elephants. the platelets were highly responsive to stimulation with platelet-activating factor (paf) and collagen, less responsive to adenosine diphosphate (adp) and non-responsive to arachidonic acid, serotonin and epinephrine. 2. arachidonic acid (1 x 10(-4) m), while inducing no aggregation, caused the release of 1248 +/- 1147 pg/ul (mean +/- sd) of thromboxane b2 (txb2), the stable metabolite ... | 1989 | 2571453 |
| estimation of body weight in indian elephants (elephas maximus indicus). | thirty-nine adult indian elephants (elephas maximus indicus) of both sexes and various ages and weights, belonging to the forest department of the government of kerala (india), temple devaswoms, gemini circus and other private agencies, were used to derive formulae to predict body weight and height from body measurements. several models were fitted separately for males and females and also for adults irrespective of sex. the best prediction of body weight (w) in kg was obtained for adults irresp ... | 1989 | 2773303 |
| foot and mouth disease in elephant (elephas maximus). | | 1988 | 2837027 |
| ligament of the head of the femur in the orangutan and indian elephant. | a literature search revealed that for over 100 years there has been a consensus that the ligament of the head of the femur (lhf) is absent in the orangutan and elephant. a dissection of the hip joints of an adult orangutan and an adult indian elephant exposed, in each joint, a robust lhf that is functionally important. these lhfs are easily overlooked during a cursory examination of the hip joints because of the way they differ from the human lhf. | 1988 | 3201784 |
| the primary structure of the hemoglobin of the brazilian manatee (trichechus inunguis, sirenia). | the hemoglobin of the brazilian manatee (trichechus inunguis, sirenia) consists of one component. we present the primary structures of the alpha- and beta-chains which have been separated by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose cm-52. the sequences have been determined by automatic edman degradation with the film technique, using the native chains, tryptic peptides and the c-terminal prolyl-peptide obtained by acid hydrolysis of the asp-pro bond of the alpha-chains. compared to the correspo ... | 1988 | 3202957 |
| ovarian function in the elephant: luteinizing hormone and progesterone cycles in african and asian elephants. | serum samples were collected weekly for 3 yr from two female african elephants, for 18 mo from two other female african elephants, and for 2 yr from two female asian elephants. animals were not sedated at the time of blood collection. ovarian cycles, characterized by changes in progesterone and immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (ilh) concentrations, averaged 15.9 +/- 0.6 wk (n = 25) for african females and 14.7 +/- 0.5 wk for asian females (n = 10). the length of the active luteal phase average ... | 1988 | 3358979 |
| paenungulata: a comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from elephant, hyrax, and manatee. | inspection of the amino acid differences among hemoglobin sequences of a wide range of mammalian species suggested that at alpha 19, alpha 110, alpha 111, beta 23, beta 44, and beta 56, synapomorphies group manatee (trichechus inungius, sirenia), indian and african elephant (elephas maximus and loxodonta africana, proboscidea), and rock hyrax (procavia habessinica, hyracoidea) into a monophyletic clade. results obtained by parsimony analysis provide evidence for this grouping--and thus support f ... | 1986 | 3444412 |
| plasma metronidazole levels in an indian elephant (elephas maximus) after rectal administration. | | 1987 | 3603983 |
| comparative analysis of the genomes of orthopoxviruses isolated from elephant, rhinoceros, and okapi by restriction enzymes. brief report. | orthopoxviruses from different zoo-kept mammalian species including elephas maximus (8 isolates), ceratotherium simum (1 isolate), and okapia johnstoni (2 isolates) were characterized by restriction enzyme analysis of the viral genome. the four enzymes bamhi, mlui, ncoi, and sali were found to be optimal for strain differentiation. | 1986 | 3954598 |
| isolation and characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid from tissue of the woolly mammoth, mammuthus primigenius. | dna was isolated from tissue samples of several mammoth specimens, radiocarbon dated between 10,000 and 53,000 years old. the dna was purified by chromatography on hydroxyapatite at 60 degrees c and was characterized as a heterogeneous population of fragments ranging in size from 3000 to 200 base pairs. thermal denaturation analysis demonstrated that approximately 25% of the dna had a base composition similar to asian elephant dna calculated as 36% g + c. preliminary analysis by nucleic acid hyb ... | 1985 | 4042623 |
| comparative hematology: studies on elephants, elephas maximus. | | 1974 | 4153604 |
| tuberculosis in a domesticated asiatic elephant elephas maximus. | | 1973 | 4206481 |
| [operations performed on indian circus elephants (elephas maximus)]. | | 1972 | 4646426 |
| composition and nutrient content of elephant (elephas maximus) milk. | | 1972 | 4654239 |
| castration of an asian elephant, using etorphine anesthesia. | | 1973 | 4742069 |
| cholelithiasis in an indian elephant. | | 1973 | 4742071 |
| certain biochemical constituents of seminal plasma of elephant (elephas maximus). | | 1972 | 5014472 |
| comparative studies of the respiratory functions of mammalian blood. 8. asian elephant (elephas maximus) and african elephant (loxodonta africana africana). | | 1972 | 5024177 |
| plasma testosterone levels in relation to musth and sexual activity in the male asiatic elephant, elephas maximus. | | 1972 | 5062848 |
| plasma proteins and certain non-protein nitrogenous constituents in the blood of indian elephants (elephas maximus). | | 1971 | 5103961 |
| [the peripheral conduction systems in the hindlimb of elephas maximus]. | | 1971 | 5147824 |
| oestrous cycle of the asiatic elephant, elephas maximus, in captivity. | | 1971 | 5167347 |
| reproductive behavior of the asiatic elephant (elephas maximus maximus l.). | | 1971 | 5167443 |
| immobilisation of aggressive working elephants (elephas maximus). | | 1971 | 5168554 |
| the use of etorphine hydrochloride for restraint of a domesticated elephant (elephas maximus). | | 1970 | 5465568 |
| semen on the ceylon elephant, elephas maximus. | | 1971 | 5551412 |
| studies on the paralimbic brain structures. 3. on the nucleus accumbens and on the olfacto-tegmental tract in the indian elephant. | | 1967 | 5586188 |
| [comparative anatomical studies of the soft palate of mammals: the palatal cartilage and the "m. uvulae" of the india elephant (elephas maximus)]. | | 1967 | 5587851 |
| strongyloides elephantis sp. n. from an indian elephant, elephas indicus. | | 1969 | 5815341 |
| biochemical studies on the blood of indian elephants (elephas maximus). | | 1969 | 5818034 |
| [a new cellular type found in the liver of the elephas maximus]. | | 1964 | 5889529 |
| chromosomes of three elephants, two asian (elephas maximus) and one african (loxodonta africana). | | 1966 | 5921502 |
| the intramural pouch in the duodenum of the indian elephant: a macro- and microscopic study of six cases. | | 1966 | 6013495 |
| hematology of the indian elephant (elephas maximus). | | 1967 | 6064061 |
| the amino acid sequence of elephant (elephas maximus) myoglobin and the phylogeny of proboscidea. | the complete amino acid sequence of skeletal myoglobin from the asian elephant (elephas maximus) is reported. the functional significance of variations seen when this sequence is compared with that of sperm whale myoglobin is explored in the light of the crystallographic model available for the latter molecule. the phylogenetic implications of the elephant myoglobin amino acid sequence are evaluated by using the maximum parsimony technique. a similar analysis is also presented which incorporates ... | 1980 | 6102395 |
| ultrastructure of spermatozoa of the asiatic elephant (elephas maximus). | | 1983 | 6228163 |
| phosphate-haemoglobin interaction. the primary structure of the haemoglobin of the african elephant (loxodonta africana, proboscidea): asparagine in position 2 of the beta-chain. | the primary structure of the haemoglobin of the african elephant (loxodonta africana) is reported. the sequence was determined by means of a sequenator. the haemoglobin differs in 26 amino acids in the alpha-chains and in 27 in the beta-chains from that of adult human haemoglobin. the haemoglobin of the african elephant, like that of the indian elephant and ilama, has only 5 binding sites for polyphosphate. this finding explains the low p(o2)50 value in whole blood as a result of the lower 2,3-b ... | 1984 | 6479896 |
| [the primary structure of hemoglobins of the rock hyrax (procavia habessinica, hyracoidea): insertion of glutamine in the alpha chains]. | the chromatography of the hemoglobin of the rock hyrax (procavia habessinica) gives two components (73% hbi and 27% hbii). the amino-acid analysis and the sequences of the globin chains elucidated with the phenylthiohydantoin method, did not show any differences between the alpha i and alpha ii or beta i and beta ii chains, respectively. the different chromatographical behaviour cannot be explained. after chain separation by chromatography on cm-52 cellulose, all four primary structures were elu ... | 1983 | 6629339 |
| testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations in elephant serum and temporal gland secretions. | serum and temporal gland secretions (tgs) were obtained from mature wild african (loxodonta africana) and captive asian elephants (elephas maximus). samples were obtained from five cows and eight bulls culled for management purposes in kruger national park, south africa, and from four females and two males residing at the washington park zoo, portland, oregon. our purpose was to describe the levels of the androgens, testosterone (t), and dihydrotestosterone (dht), and to correlate these observat ... | 1984 | 6704470 |
| a proton nmr investigation of the influence of distal glutamine on structural and dynamic properties of elephant metmyoglobin. | the proton nmr spectra of metmyoglobin from the asian elephant, which has the replacement of glutamine for the usual distal histidine, are reported and analyzed. in the low ph region, we detect two interconvertible forms of the met-aquo-protein whose relative stabilities are independent of ph, but depend strongly on both temperature and solvent isotope composition. as the ph is raised, both species convert to the met-hydroxy form, as found for other myoglobins. the temperature dependence of the ... | 1984 | 6706935 |
| reproductive cycle of the asian elephant (elephas maximus) in captivity. | | 1983 | 6860737 |
| [delayed dentition of an indian elephant causing obstipation and colic (author's transl)]. | | 1981 | 7040043 |
| asian bull elephants: flehmen-like responses to extractable components in female elephant estrous urine. | flehmen-like responses (urine tests) are one of the characteristic behavioral reactions of male asian elephants (elephants maximus) to cow elephants in estrus. components of the urine of estrous cow elephants were extracted with organic solvents and partially purified by chromatography and shown to evoke flehmen-like responses when they were presented to adult bulls. | 1982 | 7089549 |
| [hemoglobins, xlviii: the primary structure of hemoglobin of the indian elephant (elephas maximus, proboscidea): beta 2 = asn]. | the primary structure of the hemoglobin of the indian elephant (elephas maximus) is given. the sequence was determined automatically in a sequenator. by homologous comparison with adult human hba, the alpha-chains differ by 24 exchanges and the beta-chains by 27 exchanges. furthermore, we report p(o2)50 values with regard to altered contact sites with 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in indian elephant hemoglobin. our findings explain the low p(o2)50 and the reduced interaction with 2,3-bisphosphoglycera ... | 1982 | 7129359 |
| hearing in the elephant (elephas maximus): absolute sensitivity, frequency discrimination, and sound localization. | a young indian elephant was tested to determine its absolute sensitivity, frequency-discrimination thresholds, and sound-localization thresholds. the elephant was found to have an audibility curve similar to that of other mammals but one that is more sensitive to low frequencies and less sensitive to high frequencies than any other mammalian audiogram including human's. the elephant's sensitivity to frequency differences at low frequencies was found to equal that of humans. finally, the elephant ... | 1982 | 7153389 |
| monitoring the estrous cycle of the asian elephant (elephas maximus), using urinary estrogens. | the estrous cycle of the asian elephant (elephas maximus) was monitored by analysis of urinary estrogens. daily morning urine samples were analyzed for estrone (e1), estradiol (e2), and total immunoreactive estrogen (et). the et values were shown to correlate poorly with e1 and e2 values and failed to reveal any patterns of reproductive cycling. daily e1 and e2 values, indexed by creatinine concentrations, demonstrated cyclic profiles in those samples of sufficient concentration. the technique o ... | 1981 | 7196186 |
| hearing in the elephant (elephas maximus). | auditory thresholds were determined for a 7-year-old indian elephant. the hearing range extended from 17 hertz to 10.5 kilohertz. the results indicate that the inverse relationship between functional interaural distance (that is, the distance between the two ears divided by the speed of sound) and high-frequency hearing limit is valid even for very large mammals. | 1980 | 7367876 |
| scaling of the mammalian middle ear. | this study considers the general question how animal size limits the size and information receiving capacity of sense organs. to clarify this in the case of the mammalian middle ear, i studied 63 mammalian species, ranging from a small bat to the indian elephant. i determined the skull mass and the masses of the ossicles malleus, incus and stapes (m, i and s), and measured the tympanic membrane area, a1. the ossicular mass (in mg) is generally negatively allometric to skull mass (in g), the regr ... | 1995 | 7559173 |
| the rate of osteoclastic destruction of calcified tissues is inversely proportional to mineral density. | this study examined the relative ease with which three dissimilar mineralized tissues from one individual organ were resorbed by osteoclasts in vitro. cells released from the long bones of prehatch chicks by agitating fragments of the chopped bones in medium were cultured for 24 hours on slices cut from an elephas maximus molar so that enamel, dentine, and coronal cementum were present in bands on the surface of the slice. the resultant pits were measured using a video-rate, line-confocal reflec ... | 1995 | 7648486 |
| crystal structure of asian elephant (elephas maximus) cyano-metmyoglobin at 1.78-a resolution. phe29(b10) accounts for its unusual ligand binding properties. | the crystal structure of asian elephant cyano-metmyoglobin which has a glutamine instead of the usual distal site histidine has been determined to high resolution. in addition to this replacement, the substitution of a conserved leucine residue in position 29(b10) at the distal side by a phenylalanine was unambiguously identified based on the available electron density. the suspicion, that there were errors in the original sequence which has caused some confusion, is thus confirmed. comparison w ... | 1995 | 7657658 |
| excitement in an elephant after intravenous administration of atropine. | a 28-year-old asian elephant (elephas maximus) was anesthetized for cesarean section to remove a dead calf. the elephant was sedated with azaperone, and atropine was administered iv 90 minutes later in preparation for induction of anesthesia with etorphine hcl. within 1 minute of injection of atropine, the elephant began swaying, kicking, and moving in an agitated manner around the stall. there is considerable variation among species in the toxicity of atropine, although development of toxicosis ... | 1994 | 7698926 |
| the fungal flora of zoo animals' ears. | the mycotic flora of the ears of zoo animals was investigated in a large zoological garden in germany. malassezia pachydermatis was isolated from the following animals: big ant-eater, brown bear, common wombat, eurasian badger, indian elephant, mangaliza pig and wide-mouthed rhinoceros. aspergillus and penicillium species, yeasts and zygomycetes were also isolated from some animals. | 1994 | 7935595 |
| non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in asian elephants (elephas maximus) by measurement of urinary 5 beta-pregnanetriol. | the development of an enzymeimmunoassay for 5 beta-pregnanetriol and its use for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive cycles in asian elephants is described. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gcms) and high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) confirmed the presence of 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha,17 alpha,20 alpha/beta-triols as the two most abundant urinary progesterone metabolites. the assay developed used the antiserum anti-5 beta-pregnane-17 alpha,20 alpha-diol-3 alpha-gamma l glucuro ... | 1993 | 8107047 |
| structure-dynamics-function relationships in asian elephant (elephas maximus) myoglobin. an optical spectroscopy and flash photolysis study on functionally important motions. | in this work we report the thermal behavior (10-300 k) of the soret band lineshape of deoxy and carbonmonoxy derivatives of asian elephant (elephas maximus) and horse myoglobins together with their carbon monoxide recombination kinetics after flash photolysis; the results are compared to analogous data relative to sperm whale myoglobin. the soret band profile is modeled as a voigt function that accounts for the coupling with high and low frequency vibrational modes, while inhomogeneous broadenin ... | 1993 | 8312484 |
| subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy, polyneuritis and ganglionitis in aged wild and exotic mammalians. | subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy was present in the intradural dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets of 19 aged individuals of the following wild and exotic mammalian species: woodrat, raccoon, mink, lynx, reindeer, red deer, musk ox, scimitar-horned oryx, arabian oryx, hybrid waterbuck, persian onager, przewalski's wild horse, malayan sun bear, asian elephant, east african river hippopotamus, vervet monkey and rhesus monkey. it was characterized by mild to severe multifocal ballooning of myelin ... | 1993 | 8408784 |
| phylogenetic resolution within the elephantidae using fossil dna sequence from the american mastodon (mammut americanum) as an outgroup. | dna was extracted from the extinct american mastodon, the extinct woolly mammoth, and the modern asian and african elephants to test the traditional morphologically based phylogeny within elephantidae. phylogenetic analyses of the aligned sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b support a monophyletic asian elephant-woolly mammoth clade when the american mastodon is used as an outgroup. previous molecular studies were unable to resolve the relationships of the woolly mammoth, asian eleph ... | 1996 | 8577738 |
| treatment of gastrointestinal tract impaction of a 2-year-old asian elephant (elephas maximus). | | 1996 | 8660194 |
| ultrastructure of cardiac myocyte in the asian elephant (elephas maximus). | cardiac myocytes of an asian elephant (elephas maximus) were observed by transmission electron microscopy. typical ultrastructural features of cardiac myocytes are exhibited in the musculature of both the left and right atria, and left ventricle of the heart. myofibrils, mitochondria, t-system and sarcoplasmic reticulum are well-developed within the cytoplasm. many mitochondria are characteristically concentrated is some myocytes. cardiac musculature is also distributed in the root of the caudal ... | 1995 | 8720042 |
| the sensorineural specializations of the trunk tip (finger) of the asian elephant, elephas maximus. | the dorsal extension of the tip of the trunk of asian elephants (elephas maximus), often referred to as "the finger," possesses remarkable mechanical dexterity and is used for a variety of special behaviors including grasping food and tactile and ultimately chemosensory recognition via the vomeronasal organ. the present study describes a unique sensory innervation of this specialized region of the trunk. | 1996 | 8876831 |
| interordinal mammalian relationships: evidence for paenungulate monophyly is provided by complete mitochondrial 12s rrna sequences. | the complete mitochondrial 12s rrna sequences of 5 placental mammals belonging to the 3 orders sirenia, proboscidea, and hyracoidea are reported together with phylogenetic analyses (distance and parsimony) of a total of 51 mammalian orthologues. this 12s rrna database now includes the 2 extant proboscideans (the african and asiatic elephants loxodonta africana and elephas maximus), 2 of the 3 extant sirenian genera (the sea cow dugong dugon and the west indian manatee trichechus manatus), and 2 ... | 1996 | 8899726 |
| evidence of nitric oxide in the exhaled gas of asian elephants (elephas maximus). | nitric oxide (no) produced in the respiratory tract is released into the respiratory gases of humans, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and rats. we analysed the no concentrations in the exhaled gas of four awake asian elephants. two methods were employed: (1) exhaled gas was sampled from the elephants' trunks with a 1 l syringe and analysed for no concentrations by chemiluminescence; (2) respiratory gas was continuously aspirated via a thin plastic tube positioned within the trunk and on-line analysed for ... | 1996 | 8946581 |
| testosterone secretion, musth behaviour and social dominance in captive male asian elephants living near the equator. | testosterone concentrations were measured in blood samples collected weekly over a 5 year period from six adult (19-40 year old) male asian elephants (elephas maximus maximus) living in captivity in sri lanka (7 degrees n), to investigate the relationship between androgen secretion and the occurrence of musth (temporal gland secretion, drip urination and aggressive behaviour). the testosterone profiles were very variable both within and between animals. long-term phasic changes in blood concentr ... | 1996 | 8958836 |
| phylogenetic position of mammoth and steller's sea cow within tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial dna sequences. | here we report dna sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene segments (1,005 base pairs per species) for the extinct woolly mammoth (mammuthus primigenius) and steller's sea cow (hydrodamalis gigas) and the extant asian elephant (elephas maximus), the western indian manatee (trichechus manatus), and the hyrax (procavia capensis). these molecular data have allowed us to construct the phylogeny for the tethytheria. our molecular data resolve the trichotomy between the two species of living el ... | 1997 | 9089080 |
| neuroendocrine-associated behavioral patterns in the male asian elephant (elephas maximus). | steroid-responsive behaviors have been reported in various species; however, the reports thus far on the male asian elephant (bull) during musth are few in number and most have been conducted on single captive animals for short time periods. the purpose of this investigation was to perform a longitudinal study on steroid-responsive behavior in 3 male asian elephants from a captive herd of 11 male asian elephants in nepal. male asian elephants were 18, 25, and 43 years old. the animals had serum ... | 1997 | 9145950 |
| surgical removal of infected phalanges from an asian elephant (elephas maximus). | a 40-yr-old female asian elephant (elephas maximus) developed cellulitis and became lame in her left front leg. a draining tract behind the lateral nail of her left front foot was discovered. this lesion was treated by aggressive irrigation using a variety of disinfectant solutions. radiographically, there was degeneration and fragmentation of the distal phalanx of the fifth digit and patterns suggestive of osteomyelitis of the second (middle) phalanx. the fragments of the distal phalanx and the ... | 1997 | 9279413 |
| purification, identification, concentration and bioactivity of (z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate: sex pheromone of the female asian elephant, elephas maximus. | in their natural ecosystems, adult male and female asian elephants, elephas maximus, live separately. for several weeks prior to ovulation, female elephants release a substance in their urine which elicits a high frequency of non-habituating chemosensory responses, especially flehmen responses, from male elephants. these responses occur prior to, and are an integral part of, mating. using bioassay-guided fractionation, quantitatively dependent on these chemosensory responses, a specific sex pher ... | 1997 | 9279465 |
| serological evidence of bovine herpesviruses 1 and 2 in asian elephants. | antibodies were detected against bovine herpesviruses 1 (bhv 1) and 2 (bhv 2) in asian elephants (elephas maximus) using the passive hemagglutination (pha) test. the study was conducted during may to december 1994 using sera collected from zoological gardens and national parks in india. four (4%) of 109 elephant sera had pha titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:32 against bhv 1. twenty-five (23%) of the 109 elephant sera had pha titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:64 against bhv 2. asian elephants appear to be ... | 1997 | 9391986 |
| molecular phylogenetic inference of the woolly mammoth mammuthus primigenius, based on complete sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12s ribosomal rna genes. | complete sequences of cytochrome b (1,137 bases) and 12s ribosomal rna (961 bases) genes in mitochondrial dna were successfully determined from the woolly mammoth (mammuthus primigenius), african elephant (loxodonta africana), and asian elephant (elephas maximus). from these sequence data, phylogenetic relationships among three genera were examined. molecular phylogenetic trees reconstructed by the neighbor-joining and the maximum parsimony methods provided an identical topology both for cytochr ... | 1998 | 9493356 |
| predicting body weight from body measurements in asian elephants (elephas maximus). | accurate estimates of body weight can be useful in the evaluations of feeding programs, nutritional status and general health, and in calculation of dose levels (such as for anesthesia)-thus providing a valuable tool for captive elephant management. we used body measurements of 75 asian elephants (elephas maximus) to predict body weight. weight, heart girth, height at the withers, body length, and foot-pad circumference were measured. all possible linear regressions of weight on one, two, three, ... | 1997 | 9523637 |
| free amino acids in milks of human subjects, other primates and non-primates. | preterm and term transitional milks of human subjects and mature milks of human subjects, non-human primates and non-primates were analysed for free amino acids (aa) using precolumn phenylisothiocyanate derivatization and liquid chromatography. differences in free aa between three types of human milk were small. milks of pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) contained the highest levels of total free aa (8634-20,862 mumol/l), while the milks of cows and sheep had the lowest levels of total free aa (10 ... | 1998 | 9536856 |
| identification of sequence tagged sites in the asian and african elephant. | to date, gene identification in elephants has essentially related to evolutionary studies. further identification of genes in elephants could provide additional information for evolutionary studies and for evaluating genetic diversity in existing elephant populations. the objective of this project was to identify sequence tagged sites (stss) in the asian and the african elephant for the following genes: melatonin receptor 1a (mtnr1a), retinoic acid receptor beta (rarb), and leptin receptor (lepr ... | 1998 | 9713680 |
| reproductive assessment of male elephants (loxodonta africana and elephas maximus) by ultrasonography. | transrectal ultrasonography was performed on five wild and two captive male african elephants (loxodonta africana) and four captive male asian elephants (elephas maximus) to develop standards for assessment of reproductive health and status. the entire internal urogenital tract was visualized ultrasonographically by using a 3.5 mhz or a 7.5-mhz transducer in combination with a probe extension adapted for elephant anatomy. the findings were verified by postmortem ex situ ultrasound examinations i ... | 1998 | 9732024 |
| alterations in blood platelet morphology during aggregate formation in the asian elephant (elephas maximus). | the ultrastructure of asian elephant (elephas maximus) platelets before and after activation with the agonist platelet activating factor (paf) was studied. the unactivated platelet has a distinct ultrastructural appearance: the cytoplasm contains large randomly distributed granules but lacks the internal cristae that typify the open canalicular system in many types of mammalian platelets. following paf stimulation, large platelet aggregates form, but many platelets remain discrete, with little e ... | 1998 | 9732033 |
| plasma vitamin e and other analyte levels in nepalese camp elephants (elephas maximus). | plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin e) and other analytes in asian elephants (elephas maximus) in nepal were determined during typical work camp management of the elephants. elephants foraged for food for 4-6 hr each day under the control of mahouts and were also provided daily with cut forage and supplements of unhusked rice, cane molasses, and salt. blood samples were taken monthly for 1 yr without chemical restraint from 26 female elephants in four camps. elephants were 6-60+ y ... | 1998 | 9809597 |
| endocrinology of the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the asian (elephas maximus) and african (loxodonta africana) elephant. | in reviewing the literature, this paper assesses the current level of understanding of the hormonal control of the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the elephant. data are compiled from two genera, elephas maximus and loxodonta africana, recognizing differences where known to exist. measurements of various steroid and peptide hormones, but most notably immunoreactive progesterone (ip), indicate an overall cycle length of 15-16 weeks, comprising an 8-11-week luteal phase and a shorter inter-luteal ( ... | 1998 | 9835363 |
| chemical signals in the reproduction of asian (elephas maximus) and african (loxodonta africana) elephants. | asian (elephas maximus) and african (loxodonta africana) elephants exhibit polygynous mating that involves female choice of mates and male-male competition for access to females. chemical signals mediate intersexual and intrasexual interactions associated with reproduction. the need for reliable and honest signals is accentuated by the markedly different social structure of adult males and females. adult female elephants live in matriarchal herds consisting of a dominant female and several gener ... | 1998 | 9835364 |