| an investigation of north atlantic whales for trichinosis. | in 1971, 81 finback (balaenoptera physalus), 119 sei (b. borealis), two piked (b. acutorostrata), 15 humpback (megaptera novaeangliae) and one sperm whale (physeter catodon) taken in the north atlantic off the newfoundland and nova scotia coasts were examined for the presence of trichinella spiralis. all 218 whales were negative for trichinosis. | 1976 | 933319 |
| population characteristics of dna fingerprints in humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae). | humpback whales exhibit a remarkable social organization that is characterized by seasonal long-distance migration (> 10,000 km/year) between summer feeding grounds in high latitudes and winter calving and breeding grounds in tropical or near-tropical waters. all populations are currently considered endangered as a result of intensive commercial exploitation during the last 200 years. using three hypervariable minisatellite dna probes (33.15, 3'hvr, and m13) originally developed for studies of h ... | 1993 | 8340617 |
| macroparasites in cetaceans stranded on the northwestern spanish atlantic coast. | an extensive parasitological survey was carried out during autopsy of 80 cetaceans representing 8 species within 4 families (delphinus delphis, stenella coeruleoalba, tursiops truncatus, grampus griseus, globicephala melas, kogia breviceps, phocoena phocoena and megaptera novaeangliae) collected on the northwestern spanish atlantic coast from february 1991 to october 1996. two species of tetraphyllidean cestodes (phyllobothrium delphini and monorygma grimaldii), 2 ascaridoid nematodes (anisakis ... | 1998 | 9676247 |
| conservation of the 3'-untranslated regions of calmodulin mrnas in cetaceans. | three separate calmodulin (cam) genes (i, ii and iii) encoding an identical cam protein but differing in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of each of the three mrnas are present and highly conserved in all mammals (so far examined). primers complementary to the 3'- untranslated region (3'utr) of each of the three mrnas occurring in human, rat and mouse were synthesized and used to amplify regions of the 3'utr from genomic dna isolated from cetaceans, specifically from the bottled-nosed dolphin ... | 2003 | 12974475 |
| perceptually motivated wavelet packet transform for bioacoustic signal enhancement. | a significant and often unavoidable problem in bioacoustic signal processing is the presence of background noise due to an adverse recording environment. this paper proposes a new bioacoustic signal enhancement technique which can be used on a wide range of species. the technique is based on a perceptually scaled wavelet packet decomposition using a species-specific greenwood scale function. spectral estimation techniques, similar to those used for human speech enhancement, are used for estimati ... | 2008 | 18646979 |
| microsatellite genetic characterization of the humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae) breeding ground off brazil (breeding stock a). | the southwestern atlantic ocean humpback whales wintering ground (breeding stock a) are distributed along the brazilian coast (5-23 degrees s), and their main mating and calving ground is in the abrolhos bank. we investigated genetic diversity, population structure, and relatedness of individuals sampled from the entire southwest atlantic humpback whale population. a total of 275 individuals sampled from 2 subregions (abrolhos bank, n = 229 and praia do forte, n = 46) were screened for 9 microsa ... | 2010 | 19889721 |
| polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites (oh-pcbs) in the blood of toothed and baleen whales stranded along japanese coastal waters. | in this study, we determined the residue levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and hydroxylated pcbs (oh-pcbs) in the blood from eight species of toothed whales and three species of baleen whales stranded along the japanese coast during 1999-2007. penta- through hepta-chlorinated pcb congeners were the dominant homologue groups in all cetaceans. in contrast, specific differences in the distribution of dominant oh-pcb isomers and homologues were found among the cetacean species. ... | 2010 | 20426459 |
| metazoan parasites of cetaceans off the northeastern coast of brazil. | this study represents the first survey of the parasitic fauna of cetaceans off the northeastern coast of brazil. parasites were collected from 82 animals rescued from the states of ceará to bahia, including the archipelago of fernando de noronha. a total of 14 species of cetaceans were evaluated: sotalia guianensis, stenella sp., stenella clymene, stenella longirostris, stenella coeruleoalba, stenella frontalis, megaptera novaeangliae, peponocephala electra, steno bredanensis, kogia breviceps, k ... | 2010 | 20638793 |
| changes in vocal parameters with social context in humpback whales: considering the effect of bystanders. | many theories and communication models developed from terrestrial studies focus on a simple dyadic exchange between a sender and receiver. during social interactions, the "frequency code" hypothesis suggests that frequency characteristics of vocal signals can simultaneously encode for static signaler attributes (size or sex) and dynamic information, such as motivation or emotional state. however, the additional presence of a bystander may result in a change of signaling behavior if the costs and ... | 2016 | 27217614 |
| sound production by singing humpback whales. | sounds from humpback whale songs were analyzed to evaluate possible mechanisms of sound production. song sounds fell along a continuum with trains of discrete pulses at one end and continuous tonal signals at the other. this graded vocal repertoire is comparable to that seen in false killer whales [murray et al. (1998). j. acoust. soc. am. 104, 1679-1688] and human singers, indicating that all three species generate sounds by varying the tension of pneumatically driven, vibrating membranes. patt ... | 2010 | 20370048 |
| first record of a humpback whale, megaptera novaeangliae (borowski, 1781), stranding in pará state, northern coast of brazil. | | 2009 | 19967196 |
| big and slow: phylogenetic estimates of molecular evolution in baleen whales (suborder mysticeti). | baleen whales are the largest animals that have ever lived. to develop an improved estimation of substitution rate for nuclear and mitochondrial dna for this taxon, we implemented a relaxed-clock phylogenetic approach using three fossil calibration dates: the divergence between odontocetes and mysticetes approximately 34 million years ago (ma), between the balaenids and balaenopterids approximately 28 ma, and the time to most recent common ancestor within the balaenopteridae approximately 12 ma. ... | 2009 | 19648466 |
| the sero-prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in british marine mammals. | serum samples from 101 stranded or bycatch cetaceans from british waters were screened for toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies using the sabin feldman dye test. relatively high seropositivity was recorded in short-beaked delphinus delphis and this study presents the first documented case of toxoplasma in a humpback whale megaptera novaeangliae. | 2009 | 19430656 |
| cetacean diversity on the parnaiba delta, maranhão state, northeastern brazil. | the increase in the research of cetacean surveys on the brazilian coast has brought new data on the distribution of species never reported before. the present work reviews the current knowledge on cetaceans species and extends this knowledge with an analysis of cetaceans stranded in the parnaiba delta, on the coast of maranhão state, brazil. the studies on cetacean diversity on the coast of the parnaíba delta were made from august 2004 to august 2006. fourteen strandings were reported, represent ... | 2008 | 18833476 |
| the social vocalization repertoire of east australian migrating humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae). | although the songs of humpback whales have been extensively studied, other vocalizations and percussive sounds, referred to as "social sounds," have received little attention. this study presents the social vocalization repertoire of migrating east australian humpback whales from a sample of 660 sounds recorded from 61 groups of varying composition, over three years. the social vocalization repertoire of humpback whales was much larger than previously described with a total of 34 separate call t ... | 2007 | 18189579 |
| patterns of cetacean sighting distribution in the pacific exclusive economic zone of costa rica based on data collected from 1979-2001. | nineteen species of cetaceans (families balaenopteridae, kogiidae, physeteridae, ziphiidae and delphinidae) occur in the costa rican pacific exclusive economic zone (eez). based on data recorded from the eez by the southwest fisheries service center, cascadia research collective, and cimar between 1979-2001, we mapped the distribution of 18 cetacean species. our results suggest that the majority of the cetacean species use primarily oceanic waters, particularly those species within the families ... | 2005 | 17354438 |
| information entropy of humpback whale songs. | the structure of humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae) songs was examined using information theory techniques. the song is an ordered sequence of individual sound elements separated by gaps of silence. song samples were converted into sequences of discrete symbols by both human and automated classifiers. this paper analyzes the song structure in these symbol sequences using information entropy estimators and autocorrelation estimators. both parametric and nonparametric entropy estimators are a ... | 2006 | 16583924 |
| diversity and duplication of dqb and drb-like genes of the mhc in baleen whales (suborder: mysticeti). | the molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships of two class ii genes of the baleen whale major histocompatibility complex were investigated and compared to toothed whales and out-groups. amplification of the dqb exon 2 provided sequences showing high within-species and between-species nucleotide diversity and uninterrupted reading frames consistent with functional class ii loci found in related mammals (e.g., ruminants). cloning of amplified products indicated gene duplication in the hum ... | 2006 | 16568262 |
| the influence of maternal lineages on social affiliations among humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae) on their feeding grounds in the southern gulf of maine. | humpback whales on their feeding grounds in the gulf of maine typically form fluid fission/fusion groups of two to three individuals characterized by noncompetitive and, at times, cooperative behavior. here we test the hypothesis that, despite the apparent absence of close kinship bonds, the fluid associations between feeding whales are influenced by "maternal lineages" as represented by mtdna haplotypes. using skin samples collected with a biopsy dart, variation in the hypervariable segment of ... | 2006 | 16489145 |
| the song of the brazilian population of humpback whale megaptera novaeangliae, in the year 2000: individual song variations and possible implications. | the song of the brazilian population of the humpback whale megaptera novaeangliae was studied in its breeding and calving ground, the abrolhos bank, bahia, brazil, from july to november 2000. aural and spectral analyses of digital recordings were completed for approximately 20 song cycles, totaling 5 hours of song from 10 different recording events. we identified 24 note types, organized in five themes. all songs presented the same themes and the order in which they were sung did not vary. we re ... | 2004 | 15258653 |
| identification of sex in cetaceans by multiplexing with three zfx and zfy specific primers. | we sequenced 540 nucleotides of the last exon in the zfy/zfx gene in two males and two females for eight cetacean species; four odontocetes (toothed whales) and four mysticetes (baleen whales). based upon the obtained nucleotide sequences, we designed two sets of oligonucleotide primers for specific amplification of the zfx and the zfy sequence in odontocetes and mysticetes, respectively. each primer set consisted of three oligonucleotides; one forward-orientated primer, which anneals to the zfy ... | 1996 | 8673273 |
| cetacean mitochondrial dna control region: sequences of all extant baleen whales and two sperm whale species. | the sequence of the mitochondrial control region was determined in all 10 extant species commonly assigned to the suborder mysticeti (baleen or whalebone whales) and to two odontocete (toothed whale) species (the sperm and the pygmy sperm whale). in the mysticetes, both the length and the sequence of the control region were very similar, with differences occurring primarily in the first approximately 160 bp of the 5' end of the l-strand of the region. there were marked differences between the my ... | 1993 | 8412655 |
| deep-sea and pelagic rod visual pigments identified in the mysticete whales. | our current understanding of the spectral sensitivities of the mysticete whale rod-based visual pigments is based on two species, the gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) and the humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae) possessing absorbance maxima determined from difference spectra to be 492 and 497 nm, respectively. these absorbance maxima values are blueshifted relative to those from typical terrestrial mammals (≈500 nm) but are redshifted when compared to those identified in the odontocetes (47 ... | 2012 | 22414424 |
| a role for molecular genetics in biological conservation. | the recognition of recent accelerated depletion of species as a consequence of human industrial development has spawned a wide interest in identifying threats to endangered species. in addition to ecological and demographic perils, it has become clear that small populations that narrowly survive demographic contraction may undergo close inbreeding, genetic drift, and loss of overall genomic variation due to allelic loss or reduction to homozygosity. i review here the consequences of such genetic ... | 1994 | 7912434 |
| morphological specializations of baleen whales associated with hydrodynamic performance and ecological niche. | feeding behavior, prey type, and habitat appear to be associated with the morphological design of body, fluke, and flippers in baleen whales. morphometric data from whaling records and recent stranding events were compiled, and morphometric parameters describing the body length, and fluke and flipper dimensions for an "average" blue whale balaenoptera musculus, humpback whale megaptera novaeangliae, gray whale eschrichtius robustus, and right whale eubalaena glacialis were determined. body mass, ... | 2006 | 17051544 |
| evidence for a sex-segregated migration in the humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae). | existing population models for humpback whales assume that all individuals within a population undertake the annual migration from feeding areas in high latitudes to breeding areas in tropical waters. an excess of males was recorded in the commercial whaling catches near breeding areas in the southern hemisphere, but no account of this was taken in developing population models, because it was believed that this bias was a result of whalers selecting against females with young calves. here we dem ... | 1995 | 7732039 |
| the limbic lobe of the dolphin brain: a quantitative cytoarchitectonic study. | in these cytoarchitectonic studies of the cortical limbic formations of the bottlenose dolphin and other whale brains we have carried out quantitative analyses of the entire limbic lobe, including all of its sectors: supracallosal, retrosplenial and temporal. the limbic lobe proper has been examined as well as transitional areas between the limbic lobe and the archicortical and paleocortical formations and the extralimbic neocortices, including the entorhinal area and presubiculum. analyses incl ... | 1982 | 7161482 |
| comparative anatomy of the foramen ovale in the hearts of cetaceans. | the structure of the cardiac foramen ovale from 17 species representing six cetacean families, the monodontidae, phocoenidae, delphinidae, ziphiidae, balaenidae and the balaenopteridae, was studied using the scanning electron microscope. eight white whale fetuses (delphinapterus leucas) and a narwhal fetus (monodon monoceros) represented the monodontidae; one fetal and nine neonatal harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena) and a finless porpoise fetus (neophocoena phocoenoides) represented the phoc ... | 2007 | 17532800 |
| phylogenetic relationships among cetaceans revealed by y-chromosome sequences. | the y chromosome has recently come into the spotlight as a new and efficient genetic marker for tracing paternal lineages. we reconstructed cetacean phylogeny using a 1.7-kbp fragment of the non-recombining y chromosome (nry), including the sry gene and a flanking non-coding region. the topology of the y-chromosome tree is robust to various methods of analysis and exhibits high branch-support values, possibly due to the absence of recombination, small effective population size, and low homoplasy ... | 2007 | 17824780 |
| occipital ossification of balaenopteroid mysticetes. | the bones of the posterior portion of the mammalian skull often exhibit incomplete ossification of the joints between the bones at the time of birth, with complete ossification at some point after birth. the sequence of ossification of these joints in mysticetes can be used to characterize the relative age in the calf and early juvenile ontogenetic stages. this study examined occipital joints ossification of 38 dry prepared neonate specimens in four mysticete species from two families (eschricht ... | 2011 | 21290612 |
| the neocortex of cetartiodactyls: i. a comparative golgi analysis of neuronal morphology in the bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus), the minke whale (balaenoptera acutorostrata), and the humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae). | the present study documents the morphology of neurons in several regions of the neocortex from the bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus), the north atlantic minke whale (balaenoptera acutorostrata), and the humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae). golgi-stained neurons (n = 210) were analyzed in the frontal and temporal neocortex as well as in the primary visual and primary motor areas. qualitatively, all three species exhibited a diversity of neuronal morphologies, with spiny neurons includin ... | 2015 | 25100560 |
| is it 'boom times' for baleen whales in the pacific arctic region? | the marine ecosystem in the pacific arctic region has experienced dramatic transformation, most obvious by the loss of sea ice volume (75%), late-summer areal extent (50%) and change in phenology (four to six weeks longer open-water period). this alteration has resulted in an opening of habitat for subarctic species of baleen whales, many of which are recovering in number from severe depletions from commercial whaling in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. specifically, humpback, fin and min ... | 2016 | 27601724 |
| marine mammal strandings in the new caledonia region, southwest pacific. | four hundred twenty three marine mammals, in 72 stranding events, were recorded between 1877 and 2005 in new caledonia, the loyalty islands, and vanuatu in the southwest pacific. sixteen species were represented in this count, including: minke whale, balaenoptera acutorostrata (1 single stranding), sei whale, b. borealis (1 single stranding), blue whale, b. musculus (1 single stranding), humpback whale, megaptera novaeangliae (2 single strandings), giant sperm whale, physeter macrocephalus (18 s ... | 2006 | 16644500 |
| initial characterization of novel beaked whale morbillivirus in hawaiian cetaceans. | cetacean morbillivirus (cemv) is a causative factor in epizootics that have resulted in thousands of deaths throughout the atlantic and mediterranean since 1987, but less is known of its presence and significance in the pacific. the first case of cemv reported in hawai'i was in a longman's beaked whale that stranded in 2010. the initial cemv sequence from this individual indicated the possibility of a novel strain. to address this, archived samples from cetaceans that stranded in hawai'i between ... | 2016 | 26758655 |
| a phylogenomic analysis of the role and timing of molecular adaptation in the aquatic transition of cetartiodactyl mammals. | recent studies have reported multiple cases of molecular adaptation in cetaceans related to their aquatic abilities. however, none of these has included the hippopotamus, precluding an understanding of whether molecular adaptations in cetaceans occurred before or after they split from their semi-aquatic sister taxa. here, we obtained new transcriptomes from the hippopotamus and humpback whale, and analysed these together with available data from eight other cetaceans. we identified more than 11 ... | 2015 | 26473040 |
| an unusual case of relay pentobarbital toxicosis in a dog. | sodium pentobarbital and phenytoin are common constituents of veterinary euthanasia solutions in the united states. relay, or secondary, barbiturate toxicosis has been reported in carnivorous animals that have fed from the carcasses of euthanized livestock. this case report presents barbiturate toxicosis in a dog. a 2-year-old female spayed australian shepherd presented comatose 2 h after ingesting an unknown substance on the beach. the material was retrieved from the stomach by gastric lavage a ... | 2011 | 21660622 |
| developmental changes of the fore- and hind-limbs in the fetuses of the southern minke whale, balaenoptera acutorostrata. | 15 fetuses of southern minke whale, balaenoptera acutorostrata (from 8.2 mm c.r.l. to 38.9 mm c.r.l.), obtained from the kyodo whale company in japan (in whaling seasons from 1982 to 1986), were used for the present study. the fore-limb first appears in the 11.4 mm fetus, and the hind-limb in the 15.3 mm fetus. the fore-limb develops progressively during gestation, while the hind-limb disappears by the 38.9 mm fetus. the critical period of limb development in southern minke whale was shown to be ... | 1989 | 2589636 |
| comparative neuronal morphology of the cerebellar cortex in afrotherians, carnivores, cetartiodactyls, and primates. | although the basic morphological characteristics of neurons in the cerebellar cortex have been documented in several species, virtually nothing is known about the quantitative morphological characteristics of these neurons across different taxa. to that end, the present study investigated cerebellar neuronal morphology among eight different, large-brained mammalian species comprising a broad phylogenetic range: afrotherians (african elephant, florida manatee), carnivores (siberian tiger, clouded ... | 2014 | 24795574 |
| complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the humpback whale, megaptera novaeangliae. | the complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin from the humpback whale, megaptera novaeangliae, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. over 80% of the amino acid sequence was established from the three peptides resulting from the cleavage of the acetimidated apomyoglobin at the three arginine residues with trypsin. the further digestion of the central cyanogen bromide peptide with trypsin ... | 1978 | 698193 |
| establishment of the first humpback whale fibroblast cell lines and their application in chemical risk assessment. | this paper reports the first successful derivation and characterization of humpback whale fibroblast cell lines. primary fibroblasts were isolated from the dermal connective tissue of skin biopsies, cultured at 37 °c and 5% co2 in the standard mammalian medium dmem/f12 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (fbs). of nine initial biopsies, two cell lines were established from two different animals and designated huwa1 and huwa2. the cells have a stable karyotype with 2n=44, which has commonly ... | 2015 | 26363275 |
| mother knows best: occurrence and associations of resighted humpback whales suggest maternally derived fidelity to a southern hemisphere coastal feeding ground. | site fidelity is common among migratory cetaceans, including humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae). in the northern hemisphere it has been found that fidelity to humpback whale feeding grounds is transferred maternally but this has never been shown for the species in the southern hemisphere. we examined this in a unique feeding area off west south africa using resighting data of 68 individually identified humpback whales by means of photographic (tail flukes and dorsal fins) and/or molecular ... | 2013 | 24349047 |
| crassicaudosis: a parasitic disease threatening the health and population recovery of large baleen whales. | this communication briefly reviews knowledge of the systemic disease caused by crassicauda boopis in blue whales (balaenoptera musculus), fin whales (b. physalus) and humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae). infections with this giant nematode characteristically incite a chronic inflammatory reaction of the blood vessels which drain the kidneys. in this critical location, the parasite-induced lesion can cause complete vascular occlusion and kidney failure. whale calves and juveniles typically s ... | 1992 | 1305859 |
| western australia coastal shark bites: a risk assessment. | as western australia's (wa) government enacts shark bite mitigation, the personal risk of shark bite in wa has not been studied. | 2014 | 24611078 |
| swimming in the deep end of the gene pool: global population structure of an oceanic giant. | despite the impression held by some that few biological mysteries remain, even evocative species such as humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae), white sharks (carcharodon carcharias) and green turtles (chelonia mydas) have poorly documented movement patterns, reproductive strategies and population dynamics despite years of dedicated research. this is largely due to the difficulty of observing wide-ranging marine species over the majority of their life cycle. the advent of powerful tracking dev ... | 2007 | 17944855 |
| ecosystem scale acoustic sensing reveals humpback whale behavior synchronous with herring spawning processes and re-evaluation finds no effect of sonar on humpback song occurrence in the gulf of maine in fall 2006. | we show that humpback-whale vocalization behavior is synchronous with peak annual atlantic herring spawning processes in the gulf of maine. with a passive, wide-aperture, densely-sampled, coherent hydrophone array towed north of georges bank in a fall 2006 ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing (oawrs) experiment, vocalizing whales could be instantaneously detected and localized over most of the gulf of maine ecosystem in a roughly 400-km diameter area by introducing array gain, of 18 db, order ... | 2014 | 25289938 |
| evaluating signals of oil spill impacts, climate, and species interactions in pacific herring and pacific salmon populations in prince william sound and copper river, alaska. | the exxon valdez oil spill occurred in march 1989 in prince william sound, alaska, and was one of the worst environmental disasters on record in the united states. despite long-term data collection over the nearly three decades since the spill, tremendous uncertainty remains as to how significantly the spill affected fishery resources. pacific herring (clupea pallasii) and some wild pacific salmon populations (oncorhynchus spp.) in prince william sound declined in the early 1990s, and have not r ... | 2017 | 28296895 |
| total number and volume of von economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans. | von economo neurons (vens) are a type of large, layer v spindle-shaped neurons that were previously described in humans, great apes, elephants, and some large-brained cetaceans. here we report the presence of von economo neurons in the anterior cingulate (acc), anterior insular (ai), and frontopolar (fp) cortices of small odontocetes, including the bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus), the risso's dolphin (grampus griseus), and the beluga whale (delphinapterus leucas). the total number and vo ... | 2009 | 19412956 |
| bayesian inference and assessment for rare-event bycatch in marine fisheries: a drift gillnet fishery case study. | fisheries bycatch is a global threat to marine megafauna. environmental laws require bycatch assessment for protected species, but this is difficult when bycatch is rare. low bycatch rates, combined with low observer coverage, may lead to biased, imprecise estimates when using standard ratio estimators. bayesian model-based approaches incorporate uncertainty, produce less volatile estimates, and enable probabilistic evaluation of estimates relative to management thresholds. here, we demonstrate ... | 2015 | 26263664 |
| bones as biofuel: a review of whale bone composition with implications for deep-sea biology and palaeoanthropology. | whales are unique among vertebrates because of the enormous oil reserves held in their soft tissue and bone. these 'biofuel' stores have been used by humans from prehistoric times to more recent industrial-scale whaling. deep-sea biologists have now discovered that the oily bones of dead whales on the seabed are also used by specialist and generalist scavenging communities, including many unique organisms recently described as new to science. in the context of both cetacean and deep-sea inverteb ... | 2011 | 20702457 |
| quantitative computed tomography of humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae) mandibles: mechanical implications for rorqual lunge-feeding. | rorqual whales (balaenopteridae) lunge at high speed with mouth open to nearly 90 degrees to engulf large volumes of prey-laden water. this feeding process is enabled by extremely large skulls and mandibles that increase mouth area, thereby facilitating the flux of water into the mouth. when these mandibles are lowered during lunge-feeding, they are exposed to high drag, and therefore, may be subject to significant bending forces. we hypothesized that these mandibles exhibited a mechanical desig ... | 2010 | 20583267 |
| seasonal variability and detection range modeling of baleen whale calls in the gulf of alaska, 1999-2002. | five species of large whales, including the blue (balaenoptera musculus), fin (b. physalus), sei (b. borealis), humpback (megaptera novaeangliae), and north pacific right (eubalaena japonica), were the target of commercial harvests in the gulf of alaska (goa) during the 19th through mid-20th centuries. since this time, there have been a few summer time visual surveys for these species, but no overview of year-round use of these waters by endangered whales primarily because standard visual survey ... | 2007 | 18247747 |
| prevalence of algal toxins in alaskan marine mammals foraging in a changing arctic and subarctic environment. | current climate trends resulting in rapid declines in sea ice and increasing water temperatures are likely to expand the northern geographic range and duration of favorable conditions for harmful algal blooms (habs), making algal toxins a growing concern in alaskan marine food webs. two of the most common hab toxins along the west coast of north america are the neurotoxins domoic acid (da) and saxitoxin (stx). over the last 20 years, da toxicosis has caused significant illness and mortality in m ... | 2016 | 28073526 |
| humpback whale "super-groups" - a novel low-latitude feeding behaviour of southern hemisphere humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae) in the benguela upwelling system. | southern hemisphere humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae) generally undertake annual migrations from polar summer feeding grounds to winter calving and nursery grounds in subtropical and tropical coastal waters. evidence for such migrations arises from seasonality of historic whaling catches by latitude, discovery and natural mark returns, and results of satellite tagging studies. feeding is generally believed to be limited to the southern polar region, where antarctic krill (euphausia superb ... | 2017 | 28249036 |
| modeling the spatial and temporal dynamics of foraging movements of humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae) in the western antarctic peninsula. | a population of humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae) spends the austral summer feeding on antarctic krill (euphausia superba) along the western antarctic peninsula (wap). these whales acquire their annual energetic needs during an episodic feeding season in high latitude waters that must sustain long-distance migration and fasting on low-latitude breeding grounds. antarctic krill are broadly distributed along the continental shelf and nearshore waters during the spring and early summer, and ... | 2015 | 26034604 |
| super-aggregations of krill and humpback whales in wilhelmina bay, antarctic peninsula. | ecological relationships of krill and whales have not been explored in the western antarctic peninsula (wap), and have only rarely been studied elsewhere in the southern ocean. in the austral autumn we observed an extremely high density (5.1 whales per km(2)) of humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae) feeding on a super-aggregation of antarctic krill (euphausia superba) in wilhelmina bay. the krill biomass was approximately 2 million tons, distributed over an area of 100 km(2) at densities of u ... | 2011 | 21556153 |
| annotated checklist and fisheries interactions of cetaceans in togo, with evidence of antarctic minke whale in the gulf of guinea. | based on strandings and captures, 9 cetacean species, including 6 odontocetes and 3 mysticetes, are documented (photos and specimens) in togo's coastal waters (newly-recorded species marked with an asterisk): antarctic minke whale (balaenoptera bonaerensis*), bryde's whale (balaenoptera brydei or b. edeni), humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae), sperm whale (physeter macrocephalus), pygmy sperm whale (kogia breviceps*), short-finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus*), pantropical spotte ... | 2014 | 24447657 |
| the neocortex of cetartiodactyls. ii. neuronal morphology of the visual and motor cortices in the giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis). | the present quantitative study extends our investigation of cetartiodactyls by exploring the neuronal morphology in the giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) neocortex. here, we investigate giraffe primary visual and motor cortices from perfusion-fixed brains of three subadults stained with a modified rapid golgi technique. neurons (n = 244) were quantified on a computer-assisted microscopy system. qualitatively, the giraffe neocortex contained an array of complex spiny neurons that included both "ty ... | 2015 | 25048683 |
| epidermal lipid in several cetacean species: ultrastructural observations. | the ultrastructure of the skin of four cetacean species, bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus) long-finned pilot whale (globicephala melaena), humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae), and fin whale (balaenoptera physalus) was investigated with particular reference to epidermal lipid. it has already been established that massive lipid reservoirs exist in whales, that the biochemical structures of cetacean lipids are unique, and that unusual intracellular lipid droplets appear in the epidermis. ... | 1993 | 8250278 |
| [assessment of population differentiation using dna fingerprinting and modified wright's fst-statistics]. | using our results and literature data on multilocus dna fingerprinting, we propose a method of obtaining unbiased estimates of the between--population genetic similarity index and a measure of population subdivision based on modified wright's fst-statistics. on the basis of multiple comparison t2 hotelling's test and holmes' procedure, the fst-statistics was applied to assess differentiation of four (pacific and atlantic) subpopulations of humpback whale megaptera novaeangliae, six populations o ... | 2003 | 12669419 |
| flow-dependent porosity and other biomechanical properties of mysticete baleen. | despite its vital function in a highly dynamic environment, baleen is typically assumed to be a static material. its biomechanical and material properties have not previously been explored. thus i tested sections of baleen from bowhead whales, balaena mysticetus, and humpback whales, megaptera novaeangliae, alone or in groups representing miniature 'racks', in a flow tank through which water and buoyant particles circulated with variable flow velocity. kinematic sequences were recorded through a ... | 2013 | 23487267 |
| a real-time method for autonomous passive acoustic detection-classification of humpback whales. | this paper describes a method for real-time, autonomous, joint detection-classification of humpback whale vocalizations. the approach adapts the spectrogram correlation method used by mellinger and clark [j. acoust. soc. am. 107, 3518-3529 (2000)] for bowhead whale endnote detection to the humpback whale problem. the objective is the implementation of a system to determine the presence or absence of humpback whales with passive acoustic methods and to perform this classification with low false a ... | 2010 | 21117740 |
| bowhead whale springtime song off west greenland. | three songs were recorded from bowhead whales (balaena mysticetus) in disko bay, west greenland, during 59 h of recordings via sonobuoys deployed on seven days between 5 and 14 april 2007. song elements were defined by units following the protocol of previous description of bowhead whale song. the two most prominent songs were loud, complex, and repeated in long bouts on multiple recording days while the third song was much simpler and recorded on only one day. bowhead whale simple calls and fai ... | 2008 | 19045814 |
| contrasting population structure from nuclear intron sequences and mtdna of humpback whales. | powerful analyses of population structure require information from multiple genetic loci. to help develop a molecular toolbox for obtaining this information, we have designed universal oligonucleotide primers that span conserved intron-exon junctions in a wide variety of animal phyla. we test the utility of exon-primed, intron-crossing amplifications by analyzing the variability of actin intron sequences from humpback, blue, and bowhead whales and comparing the results with mitochondrial dna (mt ... | 1994 | 7912407 |
| mysticete (baleen whale) relationships based upon the sequence of the common cetacean dna satellite. | the genomes of all extant cetaceans are characterized by the presence of the so-called common cetacean dna satellite. in the mysticetes (whalebone whales) the repeat length of the satellite is 1,760 bp. in the odontocetes (toothed whales), other than the family delphinidae, the repeat length is usually approximately 1,740 bp. the delphinidae are characterized by a repeat length of approximately 1,580 bp. it has been shown in odontocetes that the satellite evolves in concert and that differences ... | 1992 | 1435232 |
| on the rudimentary hind-limb of a great fin-whale (baloenoptera musculus) in comparison with those of the humpback whale and the greenland right-whale. | | 1893 | 17232044 |
| cetacean records along a coastal-offshore gradient in the vitória-trindade chain, western south atlantic ocean. | oceanic waters are difficult to assess, and there are many gaps in knowledge regarding cetacean occurrence. to fill some of these gaps, this article provides important cetacean records obtained in the winter of 2010 during a dedicated expedition to collect visual and acoustic information in the vitória-trindade seamounts. we observed 19 groups of cetaceans along a 1300-km search trajectory, with six species being identified: the humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae, n = 9 groups), the fin whal ... | 2014 | 25055095 |
| accounting for the effects of lipids in stable isotope (δ13c and δ15n values) analysis of skin and blubber of balaenopterid whales. | stable isotope values (δ(13)c and δ(15)n) of darted skin and blubber biopsies can shed light on habitat use and diet of cetaceans, which are otherwise difficult to study. non-dietary factors affect isotopic variability, chiefly the depletion of (13)c due to the presence of (12)c-rich lipids. the efficacy of post hoc lipid-correction models (normalization) must be tested. | 2012 | 23124665 |
| a method for detecting whistles, moans, and other frequency contour sounds. | an algorithm is presented for the detection of frequency contour sounds-whistles of dolphins and many other odontocetes, moans of baleen whales, chirps of birds, and numerous other animal and non-animal sounds. the algorithm works by tracking spectral peaks over time, grouping together peaks in successive time slices in a spectrogram if the peaks are sufficiently near in frequency and form a smooth contour over time. the algorithm has nine parameters, including the ones needed for spectrogram ca ... | 2011 | 21682426 |
| organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in california sea lions. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts, chlordanes, hchs, hexachlorobenzene (hcb), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh) were measured in the blubber of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) collected in 2000. ddts were the most predominant contaminants, followed by pcbs, chlordanes, tcpme, hchs, tcpmoh, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide. concentrations of pcbs and ddts varied from a few microg/g to s ... | 2004 | 15261406 |
| spatial and seasonal distribution of american whaling and whales in the age of sail. | american whalemen sailed out of ports on the east coast of the united states and in california from the 18(th) to early 20(th) centuries, searching for whales throughout the world's oceans. from an initial focus on sperm whales (physeter macrocephalus) and right whales (eubalaena spp.), the array of targeted whales expanded to include bowhead whales (balaena mysticetus), humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae), and gray whales (eschrichtius robustus). extensive records of american whaling in th ... | 2012 | 22558102 |
| sound playback experiments with southern right whales (eubalaena australis). | a variety of sound recordings were played to southern right whales. whales approached the loudspeaker and made frequent sounds in response to recordings of other southern right whales, but swam away and made relatively few sounds in response to playbacks of water noise, 200-hertz tones, and humpback whale sounds. thus it appears that southern right whales can differentiate between con-specific sounds and other sounds. | 1980 | 17749328 |
| effects of fishing rope strength on the severity of large whale entanglements. | entanglement in fixed fishing gear affects whales worldwide. in the united states, deaths of north atlantic right (eubalaena glacialis) and humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae) have exceeded management limits for decades. we examined live and dead whales entangled in fishing gear along the u.s. east coast and the canadian maritimes from 1994 to 2010. we recorded whale species, age, and injury severity and determined rope polymer type, breaking strength, and diameter of the fishing gear. for ... | 2016 | 26183819 |
| determining the behavioural dose-response relationship of marine mammals to air gun noise and source proximity. | the effect of various anthropogenic sources of noise (e.g. sonar, seismic surveys) on the behaviour of marine mammals is sometimes quantified as a dose-response relationship, where the probability of an animal behaviourally 'responding' (e.g. avoiding the source) increases with 'dose' (or received level of noise). to do this, however, requires a definition of a 'significant' response (avoidance), which can be difficult to quantify. there is also the potential that the animal 'avoids' not only th ... | 2017 | 28814610 |
| calling depths of baleen whales from single sensor data: development of an autocorrelation method using multipath localization. | multipath localization techniques have not previously been applied to baleen whale vocalizations due to difficulties in application to tonal vocalizations. here it is shown that an autocorrelation method coupled with the direct reflected time difference of arrival localization technique can successfully resolve location information. a derivation was made to model the autocorrelation of a direct signal and its overlapping reflections to illustrate that an autocorrelation may be used to extract re ... | 2013 | 23968054 |
| complete amino acid sequence of the myoglobin from the pacific sei whale, balaenoptera borealis. | the complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from pacific sei whale, balaenoptera borealis, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. the acetimidated apomyoglobin was selectively cleaved at its two methionyl residues with cyanogen bromide and at its three arginyl residues by trypsin. from the sequence analysis of four of these peptides and the apomyoglobin, over 75% of the covalent stru ... | 1979 | 454658 |
| melanin granules melanophages and a fully-melanized epidermis are common traits of odontocete and mysticete cetaceans. | the cellular mechanisms used to counteract or limit damage caused by exposure of marine vertebrates to solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation are poorly understood. cetaceans are vulnerable because they lack protective skin appendages and are obliged to surface continuously to breathe, thus being exposed repeatedly to uv light. although molecular mechanisms of photoprotection of cetaceans have been studied, there is limited knowledge about their epidermal structure and photoprotective effectors. | 2017 | 27943433 |
| mitochondrial phylogenetics and evolution of mysticete whales. | the phylogenetic relationships among baleen whales (order: cetacea) remain uncertain despite extensive research in cetacean molecular phylogenetics and a potential morphological sample size of over 2 million animals harvested. questions remain regarding the number of species and the monophyly of genera, as well as higher order relationships. here, we approach mysticete phylogeny with complete mitochondrial genome sequence analysis. we determined complete mtdna sequences of 10 extant mysticeti sp ... | 2005 | 15805012 |
| a pulsed-air model of blue whale b call vocalizations. | blue whale sound production has been thought to occur by helmholtz resonance via air flowing from the lungs into the upper respiratory spaces. this implies that the frequency of blue whale vocalizations might be directly proportional to the size of their sound-producing organs. here we present a sound production mechanism where the fundamental and overtone frequencies of blue whale b calls can be well modeled using a series of short-duration (<1 s) wavelets. we propose that the likely source of ... | 2017 | 28831197 |
| kinematic diversity in rorqual whale feeding mechanisms. | rorqual whales exhibit an extreme lunge filter-feeding strategy characterized by acceleration to high speed and engulfment of a large volume of prey-laden water [1-4]. although tagging studies have quantified the kinematics of lunge feeding, the timing of engulfment relative to body acceleration has been modeled conflictingly because it could never be directly measured [5-7]. the temporal coordination of these processes has a major impact on the hydrodynamics and energetics of this high-cost fee ... | 2016 | 27666966 |
| ocean noise in the tropical and subtropical pacific ocean. | ocean ambient noise is well studied in the north pacific and north atlantic but is poorly described for most of the worlds' oceans. calibrated passive acoustic recordings were collected during 2009-2010 at seven locations in the central and western tropical and subtropical pacific. monthly and hourly mean power spectra (15-1000 hz) were calculated in addition to their skewness, kurtosis, and percentile distributions. overall, ambient noise at these seven sites was 10-20 db lower than reported re ... | 2013 | 24116406 |
| assessing the risk of ships striking large whales in marine spatial planning. | marine spatial planning provides a comprehensive framework for managing multiple uses of the marine environment and has the potential to minimize environmental impacts and reduce conflicts among users. spatially explicit assessments of the risks to key marine species from human activities are a requirement of marine spatial planning. we assessed the risk of ships striking humpback (megaptera novaeangliae), blue (balaenoptera musculus), and fin (balaenoptera physalus) whales in alternative shippi ... | 2013 | 23521668 |
| intra- and inter-species differences in persistent organic contaminants in the blubber of blue whales and humpback whales from the gulf of st. lawrence, canada. | biopsy samples of blubber from adult male and female blue whales, and from female and young-of-the-year humpback whales were collected during the summers of 1992-1999 in the gulf of st. lawrence, canada. in blue whales, concentrations of 25 pcb congeners, ddt and metabolites and several other organochlorine compounds were present at higher concentrations in the blubber of males relative to females; reflecting maternal transfer of these persistent contaminants from females into young. sex-related ... | 2004 | 14749058 |
| from sanddabs to blue whales: the pervasiveness of domoic acid. | domoic acid (da) is a potent food web transferred algal toxin that has caused dramatic mortality events involving sea birds and sea lions. although no confirmed da toxicity events have been reported in whales, here we present data demonstrating that humpback and blue whales are exposed to the toxin and consume da contaminated prey. whale fecal samples were found to contain da at levels ranging from 10 to 207microg da g(-1) feces via hplc-uv methods. sem analysis of whale feces containing da, col ... | 2002 | 12076651 |
| the red blood cell diameter in blue whale and humpback whale. | | 1953 | 13039923 |
| adapting to a warmer ocean--seasonal shift of baleen whale movements over three decades. | global warming poses particular challenges to migratory species, which face changes to the multiple environments occupied during migration. for many species, the timing of migration between summer and winter grounds and also within-season movements are crucial to maximise exploitation of temporarily abundant prey resources in feeding areas, themselves adapting to the warming planet. we investigated the temporal variation in the occurrence of fin (balaenoptera physalus) and humpback whales (megap ... | 2015 | 25785462 |
| synchronous seasonal change in fin whale song in the north pacific. | fin whale (balaenoptera physalus) song consists of down-swept pulses arranged into stereotypic sequences that can be characterized according to the interval between successive pulses. as in blue (b. musculus) and humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae), these song sequences may be geographically distinct and may correlate with population boundaries in some regions. we measured inter-pulse intervals of fin whale songs within year-round acoustic datasets collected between 2000 and 2006 in three r ... | 2014 | 25521493 |
| identifying modeled ship noise hotspots for marine mammals of canada's pacific region. | the inshore, continental shelf waters of british columbia (bc), canada are busy with ship traffic. south coast waters are heavily trafficked by ships using the ports of vancouver and seattle. north coast waters are less busy, but expected to get busier based on proposals for container port and liquefied natural gas development and expansion. abundance estimates and density surface maps are available for 10 commonly seen marine mammals, including northern resident killer whales, fin whales, humpb ... | 2014 | 24598866 |
| foraging behavior of humpback whales: kinematic and respiratory patterns suggest a high cost for a lunge. | lunge feeding in rorqual whales is a drag-based feeding mechanism that is thought to entail a high energetic cost and consequently limit the maximum dive time of these extraordinarily large predators. although the kinematics of lunge feeding in fin whales supports this hypothesis, it is unclear whether respiratory compensation occurs as a consequence of lunge-feeding activity. we used high-resolution digital tags on foraging humpback whales (megaptera novaengliae) to determine the number of lung ... | 2008 | 19011211 |
| structure of the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale, megaptera novaeangliae (cetacea, mysticeti, balaenopteridae). | cetaceans diverged from terrestrial mammals between 50 and 60 million years ago and acquired, during their adaptation to a fully aquatic milieu, many derived features, including echolocation (in odontocetes), remarkable auditory and communicative abilities, as well as a complex social organization. whereas brain structure has been documented in detail in some odontocetes, few reports exist on its organization in mysticetes. we studied the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale (megaptera novaeang ... | 2007 | 17441195 |
| phylogenetic relationships among the baleen whales based on maternally and paternally inherited characters. | phylogenetic relationships in the cetacean suborder mysticeti (baleen whales) have recently been the focus of increased attention. here, we examine the evolutionary history of this group by comparing genealogies derived from y chromosome and mitochondrial dna sequences. we generated topologies based on paternally and maternally inherited characters for males from nine baleen whale species, including representatives of three families (balaenidae, eschrichtiidae, and balaenopteridae) and four gene ... | 2006 | 16843014 |
| multiple levels of single-strand slippage at cetacean tri- and tetranucleotide repeat microsatellite loci. | between three and six tri- and tetranucleotide repeat microsatellite loci were analyzed in 3720 samples collected from four different species of baleen whales. ten of the 18 species/locus combinations had imperfect allele arrays, i.e., some alleles differed in length by other than simple integer multiples of the basic repeat length. the estimate of the average number of alleles and heterozygosity was higher at loci with imperfect allele arrays relative to those with perfect allele arrays. nucleo ... | 1999 | 9872967 |
| 20-hz pulses and other vocalizations of fin whales, balaenoptera physalus, in the gulf of california, mexico. | low-frequency vocalizations were recorded from fin whales, balaenoptera physalus, in the gulf of california, mexico, during three cruises. in march 1985, recorded 20-hz pulses were in sequences of regular 9-s interpulse intervals. in august 1987, nearly all were in sequences of doublets with alternating 5- and 18-s interpulse intervals. no 20-hz pulse sequences of any kind were detected in february 1987. the typical pulse modulated from 42 to 20 hz and its median duration was 0.7 s (1985 data). ... | 1992 | 1474220 |
| <i>cetopirus complanatus</i> (cirripedia: coronulidae) from the late middle pleistocene human settlement of pinnacle point 13b (mossel bay, south africa). | the late middle pleistocene cave site of pinnacle point 13b (pp13b, south africa) has provided the archaeologically oldest evidences yet known of human consumption of marine resources. among the marine invertebrates recognised at pp13b, an isolated whale barnacle compartment was tentatively determined as coronula diadema and regarded as indirect evidence of human consumption of a baleen whale (likely megaptera novaeangliae). in this paper we redetermine this coronulid specimen as cetopirus compl ... | 2017 | 28264299 |
| comparing evolutionary patterns and variability in the mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b in three species of baleen whales. | the rapidly evolving mitochondrial control region remains an important source of information on phylogeography and demographic history for cetaceans and other vertebrates, despite great uncertainty in the rate of nucleotide substitution across both nucleotide positions and lineages. patterns of variation in linked markers with slower rates of evolution can potentially be used to calibrate the rate of nucleotide substitution in the control region and to better understand the interplay of evolutio ... | 2009 | 19116685 |
| erratum: heavy with child? pregnancy status and stable isotope ratios as determined from biopsies of humpback whales. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1093/conphys/cow050.]. | 2017 | 28852518 |
| whales before whaling in the north atlantic. | it is well known that hunting dramatically reduced all baleen whale populations, yet reliable estimates of former whale abundances are elusive. based on coalescent models for mitochondrial dna sequence variation, the genetic diversity of north atlantic whales suggests population sizes of approximately 240,000 humpback, 360,000 fin, and 265,000 minke whales. estimates for fin and humpback whales are far greater than those previously calculated for prewhaling populations and 6 to 20 times higher t ... | 2003 | 12881568 |
| cfd study on naca 4415 airfoil implementing spherical and sinusoidal tubercle leading edge. | the humpback whale tubercles have been studied for more than a decade. tubercle leading edge (tle) effectively reduces the separation bubble size and helps in delaying stall. they are very effective in case of low reynolds number flows. the current computational fluid dynamics (cfd) study is on naca 4415 airfoil, at a reynolds number 120,000. two tle shapes are tested on naca 4415 airfoil. the tubercle designs implemented on the airfoil are sinusoidal and spherical. a parametric study is also ca ... | 2017 | 28850622 |
| the devil is in the detail: quantifying vocal variation in a complex, multi-levelled, and rapidly evolving display. | identifying and quantifying variation in vocalizations is fundamental to advancing our understanding of processes such as speciation, sexual selection, and cultural evolution. the song of the humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae) presents an extreme example of complexity and cultural evolution. it is a long, hierarchically structured vocal display that undergoes constant evolutionary change. obtaining robust metrics to quantify song variation at multiple scales (from a sound through to populat ... | 2017 | 28764464 |
| song hybridization events during revolutionary song change provide insights into cultural transmission in humpback whales. | cultural processes occur in a wide variety of animal taxa, from insects to cetaceans. the songs of humpback whales are one of the most striking examples of the transmission of a cultural trait and social learning in any nonhuman animal. to understand how songs are learned, we investigate rare cases of song hybridization, where parts of an existing song are spliced with a new one, likely before an individual totally adopts the new song. song unit sequences were extracted from over 9,300 phrases r ... | 2017 | 28739940 |
| a note on suckling behavior and laterality in nursing humpback whale calves from underwater observations. | we investigated nursing behavior on the hawaiian breeding grounds for first year humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae) calves. we observed and video-documented underwater events with nursing behavior from five different whale groups. the observed nursing events include behaviors where a calf positions itself at a 30-45° angle to the midline of the mother's body, with its mouth touching her mammary slit (i.e., suckling position). on two occasions, milk in the water column was recorded in close ... | 2017 | 28718787 |