| a new calicivirus isolated from a marine mammal. | a new serotype of calicivirus, designated as san miguel sea lion virus type 6 (smsv-6), was isolated from vesicular lesions on the flipper of a california sea lion pup. serologic studies show that smsv-6 neutralizing antibodies (sn) occur frequently among california sea lions and occasionally among northern fur seals. feral swine, 1- to 6-week elephant seal pups and grey whales tested negative for smsv-6 antibody. | 1979 | 227346 |
| viruses and virus diseases of marine mammals. | poxvirus and several serotypes of calicivirus cause recognizable disease in marine mammals. pox lesions in pinnipeds are raised and proliferative and are seen most frequently after confinement in captivity. in cetaceans, a poxvirus is associated with a much more benign and chronic lesion called a "tattoo." numerous caliciviruses of differing antigenic types have been isolated from vesicular lesions and aborted fetuses of northern fur seals and california sea lions as well as from clinically norm ... | 1979 | 230170 |
| electrostatic effects in myoglobin. application of the modified tanford-kirkwood theory to myoglobins from horse, california grey whale, harbor seal, and california sea lion. | the modified tanford-kirkwood electrostatic theory (shire et al., 1974a) was applied to ferrimyoglobins from the following animal species: sperm whale (physeter catodon), horse, california grey whale (eschrichtius gibbosus), harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and california sea lion (zalophus californianus). computations were made of the overall hydrogen ion titration curves of the proteins, and of ph and ionic strength variations of ionization equilibria for individual groups in the protein, with pa ... | 1975 | 235950 |
| prevalence of vesicular exanthema of swine antibodies among feral mammals associated with the southern california coastal zones. | serum-neutralizing antibodies to both vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv) and san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) were found in a number of animal species having an association with the southern california coastal zones. california sea lions (zalophus californianus) had antibodies to 9 vesv types (a48, c52, d53, e54, f54, g55, i55, j56, and k56). fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and elephant seal pups (mirounga angustirostris) were tested for antibodies to 6 vesv types and all were negative. c ... | 1978 | 629463 |
| the bcg for measuring cardiac output in a california gray whale. | resting cardiac output can be predicted reasonably accurately from body mass in man and other mammals. we measured the stroke volume of a 4,500-kg whale and found that iberall's formula holds true even when body mass is very large. in addition, the bcg acceleration trace and cardiac indices were remarkably similar to those of 20-gram and 70-kg mammals, mouse and man. | 1976 | 985341 |
| cetacean mitochondrial dna control region: sequences of all extant baleen whales and two sperm whale species. | the sequence of the mitochondrial control region was determined in all 10 extant species commonly assigned to the suborder mysticeti (baleen or whalebone whales) and to two odontocete (toothed whale) species (the sperm and the pygmy sperm whale). in the mysticetes, both the length and the sequence of the control region were very similar, with differences occurring primarily in the first approximately 160 bp of the 5' end of the l-strand of the region. there were marked differences between the my ... | 1993 | 8412655 |
| studies on the fetal development of the gubernaculum in cetacea. | adult cetacean males, like non-mammalian vertebrates and other testicond mammals, have intra-abdominal testes. there is no evidence of a processus vaginalis in them. testicondia in cetaceans is considered secondary as they are judged, evolutionarily, the descendants of terrestrial mammals (ungulates) with testis descent. a possible argument in support of the latter contention would be that cetacean fetuses develop gubernacula which are the primordia of the processus vaginalis and other structure ... | 1995 | 8597291 |
| [viruses of whales and dolphins]. | dna- and rna-genome viruses of whales and dolphins belong to families poxviridae, herpesviridae, adenoviridae, orthomyxoviridae, paramyxoviridae, togaviridae, picornaviridae. virological, serological and pathomorphological signs of infection have been registered in odontoceti (bottle-nosed dolphin, atlantic white-sided dolphin, striped dolphin, harbona porpoise, white-beaked dolphin, common dolphin, sperm whale, pilot whale, white whale) and musticeti (sei whale, fin whale, gray whale, and bowhe ... | 1996 | 9044706 |
| photoreceptor ultrastructure of the amphipod, cyamus ceti (linné, 1758), an ectoparasite of bowhead, right and gray whales. | light and electron microscopic findings are presented for the first time on a species of amphipod whale louse, cyamus ceti, with reference to the paired photoreceptor structures of the head. whale lice are crustacean ectoparasites of large, slow moving whales. twenty-two known species parasitize mainly baleens but also toothed whales. samples were collected from alaskan bowhead whales during an eskimo hunt. the photoreceptors, or compound eyes, were sessile and located on the dorsal cephalon. ea ... | 1999 | 10626006 |
| prey, parasites and pathology associated with the mortality of a juvenile gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) stranded along the northern california coast. | an eastern pacific gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) stranded off pelican point, tomales bay, california, usa, was examined for physiological parameters, prey, parasites and associated pathology. the whale was emaciated, and hematological examination revealed an elevation in hematocrit, serum sodium, potassium, electrolyte values and hypoglycemia. parasites recovered included 5 species, 1 ectoparasite (cyamus scammoni), and 4 helminths (anisakis simplex, ogmogaster antarcticus, ogmogaster penta ... | 2000 | 11023250 |
| impact of economic changes on the diet of chukotka natives. | this paper describes and analyses changes in food composition and nutritional preferences among the chukchi and yupik of coastal chukotka in the last 15 years. the economic collapse of the infrastructure of chukotka region has resulted in many indigenous northerners reverting to the traditional subsistence economy. relatively expensive market foods are being replaced by cheaper ones, and by more readily available local foods. percent contribution of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates to total ca ... | 2004 | 15526927 |
| abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of western gray whales in relation to a 3-d seismic survey, northeast sakhalin island, russia. | a geophysical seismic survey was conducted in the summer of 2001 off the northeastern coast of sakhalin island, russia. the area of seismic exploration was immediately adjacent to the piltun feeding grounds of the endangered western gray whale (eschrichtius robustus). this study investigates relative abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of gray whales in relation to occurrence and proximity to the seismic survey by employing scan sampling, focal follow, and theodolite tracking methodologie ... | 2007 | 17616825 |
| a western gray whale mitigation and monitoring program for a 3-d seismic survey, sakhalin island, russia. | the introduction of anthropogenic sounds into the marine environment can impact some marine mammals. impacts can be greatly reduced if appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring are implemented. this paper concerns such measures undertaken by exxon neftegas limited, as operator of the sakhalin-1 consortium, during the odoptu 3-d seismic survey conducted during 17 august-9 september 2001. the key environmental issue was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (eschrichtius ... | 2007 | 17657576 |
| feeding of western gray whales during a seismic survey near sakhalin island, russia. | exxon neftegas limited, as operator of the sakhalin-1 consortium, is developing oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf off northeast sakhalin island, russia. dalmorneftegeofizika (dmng) on behalf of the sakhalin-1 consortium conducted a 3-d seismic survey of the odoptu license area during 17 august-9 september 2001. a portion of the primary feeding area of the endangered western gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) is located in the vicinity of the seismic survey. this paper presents data t ... | 2007 | 17680334 |
| distribution and abundance of western gray whales off northeastern sakhalin island, russia, 2001-2003. | in 2001-2003, >60,000 km of aerial surveys and 7,700 km of vessel surveys were conducted during june to november when critically endangered korean-okhotsk or western gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) were present off the northeast coast of sakhalin island, russia. results of surveys in all years indicated gray whales occurred in predominantly two areas, (1) adjacent to piltun bay, and (2) offshore from chayvo bay, hereafter referred to as the piltun and offshore feeding areas. in the piltun fe ... | 2007 | 17703367 |
| calibrating and monitoring the western gray whale mitigation zone and estimating acoustic transmission during a 3d seismic survey, sakhalin island, russia. | a 3d marine seismic survey of the odoptu license area off northeastern sakhalin island, russia, was conducted by dalmorneftegeofizika (dmng) on behalf of exxon neftegas limited and the sakhalin-1 consortium during mid-august through early september 2001. the key environmental issue identified in an environmental impact assessment was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (eschrichtius robustus), which spends the summer-fall open water period feeding off northeast sakhalin is ... | 2007 | 17762974 |
| dna evidence for historic population size and past ecosystem impacts of gray whales. | ecosystem restoration may require returning threatened populations of ecologically pivotal species to near their former abundances, but it is often difficult to estimate historic population size of species that have been heavily exploited. eastern pacific gray whales play a key ecological role in their arctic feeding grounds and are widely thought to have returned to their prewhaling abundance. recent mortality spikes might signal that the population has reached long-term carrying capacity, but ... | 2007 | 17848511 |
| distribution and abundance of western gray whales during a seismic survey near sakhalin island, russia. | exxon neftegas limited, operator of the sakhalin-1 consortium, is developing oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf off northeast sakhalin island, russia. dalmorneftegeofizika (dmng), on behalf of the sakhalin-1 consortium, conducted a 3-d seismic survey of the odoptu license area during 17 august-9 september 2001. a portion of the primary known feeding area of the endangered western gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) is located adjacent to the seismic block. the data presented here were ... | 2007 | 17899420 |
| sperm competition in grey whales. | | 2010 | 3185732 |
| rod monochromacy and the coevolution of cetacean retinal opsins. | cetaceans have a long history of commitment to a fully aquatic lifestyle that extends back to the eocene. extant species have evolved a spectacular array of adaptations in conjunction with their deployment into a diverse array of aquatic habitats. sensory systems are among those that have experienced radical transformations in the evolutionary history of this clade. in the case of vision, previous studies have demonstrated important changes in the genes encoding rod opsin (rh1), short-wavelength ... | 2013 | 23637615 |
| radiation of extant cetaceans driven by restructuring of the oceans. | the remarkable fossil record of whales and dolphins (cetacea) has made them an exemplar of macroevolution. although their overall adaptive transition from terrestrial to fully aquatic organisms is well known, this is not true for the radiation of modern whales. here, we explore the diversification of extant cetaceans by constructing a robust molecular phylogeny that includes 87 of 89 extant species. the phylogeny and divergence times are derived from nuclear and mitochondrial markers, calibrated ... | 2009 | 20525610 |
| the comparative osteology of the petrotympanic complex (ear region) of extant baleen whales (cetacea: mysticeti). | anatomical comparisons of the ear region of baleen whales (mysticeti) are provided through detailed osteological descriptions and high-resolution photographs of the petrotympanic complex (tympanic bulla and petrosal bone) of all extant species of mysticete cetaceans. salient morphological features are illustrated and identified, including overall shape of the bulla, size of the conical process of the bulla, morphology of the promontorium, and the size and shape of the anterior process of the pet ... | 2011 | 21731700 |
| is it 'boom times' for baleen whales in the pacific arctic region? | the marine ecosystem in the pacific arctic region has experienced dramatic transformation, most obvious by the loss of sea ice volume (75%), late-summer areal extent (50%) and change in phenology (four to six weeks longer open-water period). this alteration has resulted in an opening of habitat for subarctic species of baleen whales, many of which are recovering in number from severe depletions from commercial whaling in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. specifically, humpback, fin and min ... | 2016 | 27601724 |
| occipital ossification of balaenopteroid mysticetes. | the bones of the posterior portion of the mammalian skull often exhibit incomplete ossification of the joints between the bones at the time of birth, with complete ossification at some point after birth. the sequence of ossification of these joints in mysticetes can be used to characterize the relative age in the calf and early juvenile ontogenetic stages. this study examined occipital joints ossification of 38 dry prepared neonate specimens in four mysticete species from two families (eschricht ... | 2011 | 21290612 |
| hydrodynamic performance of the minke whale (balaenoptera acutorostrata) flipper. | minke whales (balaenoptera acutorostrata) are the smallest member of balaenopterid whales and little is known of their kinematics during feeding maneuvers. these whales have narrow and elongated flippers that are small relative to body size compared to related species such as right and gray whales. no experimental studies have addressed the hydrodynamic properties of minke whale flippers and their functional role during feeding maneuvers. this study integrated wind tunnel, locomotion and anatomi ... | 2008 | 18515715 |
| complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the humpback whale, megaptera novaeangliae. | the complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin from the humpback whale, megaptera novaeangliae, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. over 80% of the amino acid sequence was established from the three peptides resulting from the cleavage of the acetimidated apomyoglobin at the three arginine residues with trypsin. the further digestion of the central cyanogen bromide peptide with trypsin ... | 1978 | 698193 |
| complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin of finback whale (balaenoptera physalus). | the complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from finback whale, balaenoptera physalus, was determined by the automated edman degradation of several large peptides obtained by specific cleavages of the protein. three easily separable peptides were obtained by cleaving with cyanogen bromide at the two methionine residues and one large peptide was isolated after cleavage with (2-p-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine. more than 60% of the covalent structure was est ... | 1978 | 656375 |
| the complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the arctic minke whale, balaenoptera acutorostrata. | the complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin from the arctic minke whale, balaenoptera acutorostrata, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. over 80% of the amino acid sequence was established from the three peptides resulting from the cleavage of the apomyoglobin at the two methionine residues with cyanogen bromide along with the four peptides resulting from the cleavage of the methyla ... | 1977 | 836810 |
| comparative chromosome map and heterochromatin features of the gray whale karyotype (cetacea). | cetacean karyotypes possess exceptionally stable diploid numbers and highly conserved chromosomes. to date, only toothed whales (odontoceti) have been analyzed by comparative chromosome painting. here, we studied the karyotype of a representative of baleen whales, the gray whale (eschrichtius robustus, mysticeti), by zoo-fish with dromedary camel and human chromosome-specific probes. we confirmed a high degree of karyotype conservation and found an identical order of syntenic segments in both br ... | 2016 | 27088853 |
| association of an unusual marine mammal mortality event with pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms along the southern california coastline. | during 2002, 2,239 marine mammals stranded in southern california. this unusual marine mammal stranding event was clustered from april to june and consisted primarily of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and long-beaked common dolphins (delphinus capensis) with severe neurologic signs. intoxication with domoic acid (da), a marine neurotoxin produced during seasonal blooms of pseudo-nitzschia spp., was suspected. definitively linking harmful algal blooms to large-scale marine mammal m ... | 2009 | 19204340 |
| complete amino acid sequence of the myoglobin from the atlantic bottlenosed dolphin, tursiops truncatus. | the complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the atlantic bottlenosed dolphin, tursiops truncatus, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides that are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. three easily separable peptides were obtained by cleaving the protein with cyanogen bromide at the 2 methionine residues and 4 peptides were obtained by cleaving the methyl acetimidated protein with trypsin at the 3 arginine residues. by subject ... | 1976 | 974068 |
| complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin of california gray whale (eschrichtius gibbosus). | the complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin from the california gray whale, eschrichtius gibbosus, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides for degradation by the automatic sequenator. cleavage at the two methionine residues of the apomyoglobin with cyanogen bromide and at the three arginine residues of the methyl acetimidated protein with trypsin resulted in three and four easily separable peptides, respectively, which when sequenced accoun ... | 1976 | 938629 |
| the whale barnacle cryptolepas rhachianecti (cirripedia: coronulidae), a phoront of the grey whale eschrichtius robustus (cetacea: eschrichtiidae), from a sandy beach in the netherlands. | an isolated compartment of a whale barnacle is herein described from recent beach deposits in zoutelande (walcheren, the netherlands). this specimen is identified as belonging to the extant coronulid species cryptolepas rhachianecti, currently known as an epizoic symbiont of the grey whale eschrichtius robustus. this find represents the first occurrence of c. rhachianecti outside the north pacific, and the first one as a (sub)fossil. in view of the fact that e. robustus, which is currently confi ... | 2016 | 27615844 |
| life history and production of the western gray whale's prey, ampelisca eschrichtii krøyer, 1842 (amphipoda, ampeliscidae). | ampelisca eschrichtii are among the most important prey of the western north pacific gray whales, eschrichtius robustus. the largest and densest known populations of this amphipod occur in the gray whale's offshore feeding area on the northeastern sakhalin island shelf. the remote location, ice cover and stormy weather at the offshore area have prevented winter sampling. the incomplete annual sampling has confounded efforts to resolve life history and production of a. eschrichtii. expanded compa ... | 2016 | 26800185 |
| the ambient acoustic environment in laguna san ignacio, baja california sur, mexico. | each winter gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) breed and calve in laguna san ignacio, mexico, where a robust, yet regulated, whale-watching industry exists. baseline acoustic environments in lsi's three zones were monitored between 2008 and 2013, in anticipation of a new road being paved that will potentially increase tourist activity to this relatively isolated location. these zones differ in levels of both gray whale usage and tourist activity. ambient sound level distributions were computed ... | 2015 | 26627811 |
| the effect of climate variability on gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) within their wintering areas. | the environmental conditions of the breeding and feeding grounds of the gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) fluctuates at inter-annual scales in response to regional and basin climate patterns. thus, the goals of this study were to assess if there are any relationships between summer sea ice on their feeding ground and counts of gray whale mother-calf (mc) pairs at ojo de liebre lagoon (oll); and if el niño southern oscillation (enso) influences the winter distribution of gray whales mc pairs in ... | 2015 | 26309028 |
| bioaccumulation of persistent organochlorine pesticides (ocps) by gray whale and pacific walrus from the western part of the bering sea. | the feeding habits of a gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) and a pacific walrus (odobenus rosmarus divergens), caught from the western bering sea in the summers of 2010 and 2011, have been studied, and concentration of persistent organochlorine pesticides (ocps) in their organs determined. the total ocp concentration (∑hch+∑ddt) in muscles and liver of the gray whales varies from 297 to 3581 and from 769 to 13,808 ng/g lipids, respectively. the total ocp concentration (∑hch+∑ddt) in muscles and ... | 2015 | 26169228 |
| eye, nose, hair, and throat: external anatomy of the head of a neonate gray whale (cetacea, mysticeti, eschrichtiidae). | information is scarce on gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) anatomy and that of mysticetes in general. dissection of the head of a neonatal gray whale revealed novel anatomical details of the eye, blowhole, incisive papilla with associated nasopalatine ducts, sensory hairs, and throat grooves. compared to a similar sized right whale calf, the gray whale eyeball is nearly twice as long. the nasal cartilages of the gray whale, located between the blowholes, differ from the bowhead in having access ... | 2015 | 25737431 |
| passive restriction of blood flow and counter-current heat exchange via lingual retia in the tongue of a neonatal gray whale eschrichtius robustus (cetacea, mysticeti). | retia mirabilia play broad roles in cetacean physiology, including thermoregulation during feeding and pressure regulations during diving. vascular bundles of lingual retia are described within the base of the tongue of a neonatal female gray whale (eschrichtius robustus). each rete consists of a central artery surrounded by four to six smaller veins. the retia and constituent vessels decrease in diameter as they extend anteriorly within the hyoglossus muscle from a position anterior to the basi ... | 2015 | 25737382 |
| introduction to the anatomy of the head of a neonate gray whale (mysticeti, eschrichtius robustus). | the gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) is the sole living representative of the mysticete (baleen whale) family eschrichtiidae. previous anatomical work on gray whales has been limited owing, in part, to difficulties of specimen access. these contributions to the anatomy of the gray whale head based on dissection of a stranded specimen from northern california include detailed investigation of internal and external features that confirm existing information and provide new evidence for their fun ... | 2015 | 25737249 |
| on the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint and the muscles that act upon it: observations on the gray whale, eschrichtius robustus. | the temporomandibular joint and its associated musculature are described in a neonate gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) and serve as the basis for direct anatomical comparisons with the temporomandibular region in other clades of baleen whales (mysticeti). members of the right whale/bowhead whale clade (balaenidae) are known to possess a synovial lower jaw joint, while members of the rorqual clade (balaenopteridae) have a nonsynovial temporomandibular joint characterized by a highly flexible fi ... | 2015 | 25737135 |
| morphometrics and structure of complete baleen racks in gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) from the eastern north pacific ocean. | mysticetes have evolved a novel filter feeding apparatus-baleen-an epidermal keratinous tissue composed of keratin that grows as a serial arrangement of transverse cornified laminae from the right and left sides of the palate. the structure and function of baleen varies among extant mysticete clades and this variation likely can be viewed as adaptations related to different filter feeding strategies. in one of the first morphometric studies of the full baleen apparatus, we describe the morpholog ... | 2015 | 25737029 |
| tongue and hyoid musculature and functional morphology of a neonate gray whale (cetacea, mysticeti, eschrichtius robustus). | little is known about the anatomy and musculature of the gray whale (eschrichtius robustus), especially related to the anatomy of the tongue and hyoid region. the recovery of an extremely fresh head of a neonatal female gray whale provided an opportunity to conduct the first in-depth investigation of the musculoskeletal features of the tongue and hyoid apparatus. unlike other mysticetes, the gray whale tongue is strong, muscular, and freely mobile inside the buccal cavity. in particular, the gen ... | 2015 | 25736921 |
| vascularization of the gray whale palate (cetacea, mysticeti, eschrichtius robustus): soft tissue evidence for an alveolar source of blood to baleen. | the origin of baleen in mysticetes heralded a major transition during cetacean evolution. extant mysticetes are edentulous in adulthood, but rudimentary teeth develop in utero within open maxillary and mandibular alveolar grooves. the teeth are resorbed prenatally and the alveolar grooves close as baleen germ develops. arteries supplying blood to highly vascularized epithelial tissue from which baleen develops pass through lateral nutrient foramina in the area of the embryonic alveolar grooves a ... | 2015 | 25663479 |
| chemical analysis of whale breath volatiles: a case study for non-invasive field health diagnostics of marine mammals. | we explored the feasibility of collecting exhaled breath from a moribund gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) for potential non-invasive health monitoring of marine mammals. biogenic volatile organic compound (voc) profiling is a relatively new field of research, in which the chemical composition of breath is used to non-invasively assess the health and physiological processes on-going within an animal or human. in this study, two telescopic sampling poles were designed and tested with the primary ... | 2014 | 25222833 |
| spatial and seasonal distribution of american whaling and whales in the age of sail. | american whalemen sailed out of ports on the east coast of the united states and in california from the 18(th) to early 20(th) centuries, searching for whales throughout the world's oceans. from an initial focus on sperm whales (physeter macrocephalus) and right whales (eubalaena spp.), the array of targeted whales expanded to include bowhead whales (balaena mysticetus), humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae), and gray whales (eschrichtius robustus). extensive records of american whaling in th ... | 2012 | 22558102 |
| relationship between visual counts and call detection rates of gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) in laguna san ignacio, mexico. | daily acoustic calling rates of eastern north pacific (enp) gray whales were measured on 6 days during 1 mo of their 2008 breeding season in the sheltered coastal lagoon of laguna san ignacio in baja california, mexico. visual counts of whales determined that the numbers of single animals in the lower lagoon more than tripled over the observation period. all call types showed production peaks in the early morning and evening with minimum rates generally detected in the early afternoon. for four ... | 2012 | 22501049 |
| deep-sea and pelagic rod visual pigments identified in the mysticete whales. | our current understanding of the spectral sensitivities of the mysticete whale rod-based visual pigments is based on two species, the gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) and the humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae) possessing absorbance maxima determined from difference spectra to be 492 and 497 nm, respectively. these absorbance maxima values are blueshifted relative to those from typical terrestrial mammals (≈500 nm) but are redshifted when compared to those identified in the odontocetes (47 ... | 2012 | 22414424 |
| what happened to gray whales during the pleistocene? the ecological impact of sea-level change on benthic feeding areas in the north pacific ocean. | gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) undertake long migrations, from baja california to alaska, to feed on seasonally productive benthos of the bering and chukchi seas. the invertebrates that form their primary prey are restricted to shallow water environments, but global sea-level changes during the pleistocene eliminated or reduced this critical habitat multiple times. because the fossil record of gray whales is coincident with the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation, gray whales survived t ... | 2011 | 21754984 |
| bones as biofuel: a review of whale bone composition with implications for deep-sea biology and palaeoanthropology. | whales are unique among vertebrates because of the enormous oil reserves held in their soft tissue and bone. these 'biofuel' stores have been used by humans from prehistoric times to more recent industrial-scale whaling. deep-sea biologists have now discovered that the oily bones of dead whales on the seabed are also used by specialist and generalist scavenging communities, including many unique organisms recently described as new to science. in the context of both cetacean and deep-sea inverteb ... | 2011 | 20702457 |
| mitochondrial and nuclear genetic variation across calving lagoons in eastern north pacific gray whales (eschrichtius robustus). | accurate knowledge of population structure in cetaceans is critical for preserving and managing breeding habitat, particularly when habitat is not uniformly protected. most eastern gray whales return to their major breeding range each winter along the pacific coast of baja california, mexico, concentrating in 3 major calving lagoons, but it is unknown whether genetic differences exist between lagoons. previous photo-identification studies and genetic studies suggest that gray whales may return t ... | 2008 | 18974400 |
| zernike moment invariants based photo-identification using fisher discriminant model. | this paper presents a photo-identification algorithm using zernike moment invariants embedded in a subspace optimal for pattern identification. fisher discriminants are used and the invariants are projected onto the subspace spanned by the fisher basis vectors. the technique has been applied to photo-identification of gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) using their field images. white patches (blotches) appearing on a gray whale's left and right flukes constitute unique identifying features and ... | 2004 | 17271969 |
| morphological specializations of baleen whales associated with hydrodynamic performance and ecological niche. | feeding behavior, prey type, and habitat appear to be associated with the morphological design of body, fluke, and flippers in baleen whales. morphometric data from whaling records and recent stranding events were compiled, and morphometric parameters describing the body length, and fluke and flipper dimensions for an "average" blue whale balaenoptera musculus, humpback whale megaptera novaeangliae, gray whale eschrichtius robustus, and right whale eubalaena glacialis were determined. body mass, ... | 2006 | 17051544 |
| heavy metals in tissues of gray whales eschrichtius robustus, and in sediments of ojo de liebre lagoon in mexico. | | 2004 | 15114443 |
| distribution of cd, cu, fe, mn, pb and zn in selected tissues of juvenile whales stranded in the se gulf of california (mexico). | with the aim of knowing the concentration and distribution of essential and nonessential metals in selected tissues of whales, analysis of cd, cu, fe, mn, pb and zn were carried out in kidney, liver and muscle of the gray whale eschrichtius robustus and the sperm whale physeter catodon. whales were found stranded in the southeast gulf of california. individuals were in a juvenile stage; mean length of whales was 9.3 m for e. robustus and 7 m for p. catodon. sequence of metal concentrations was f ... | 2002 | 12220119 |
| chemical contaminants in juvenile gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) from a subsistence harvest in arctic feeding grounds. | gray whales are coastal migratory baleen whales that are benthic feeders. most of their feeding takes place in the northern pacific ocean with opportunistic feeding taking place during their migrations and residence on the breeding grounds. the concentrations of organochlorines and trace elements were determined in tissues and stomach contents of juvenile gray whales that were taken on their arctic feeding grounds in the western bering sea during a russian subsistence harvest. these concentratio ... | 2002 | 12047066 |
| trace metals in tissues of gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) carcasses from the northern pacific mexican coast. | samples of liver, lung, heart, muscle, and blubber tissue from the carcasses of juvenile gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) found stranded on the coast off the sea of cortez, méxico were analyzed for a range of trace metals (cu, fe, zn, mn, ni, pb, and cd). the highest concentrations of copper, iron, zinc, and manganese were found in liver; nickel and lead in heart, and cadmium in kidney. in all tissues analyzed, iron, zinc and copper were present in the highest concentrations; however, some wh ... | 2002 | 11954738 |
| rest and activity states in a gray whale. | the behaviour of a female gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) that had been rescued 14 months previously was recorded continuously on a video-recorder for 9 days at 'sea world' in san diego. on average, during the first six recording days, active wakefulness accounted for 37.9 +/- 1.7% of each 24 h; transitional stage for 17.4 +/- 1.4% and rest for 41.2 +/- 1.7%. in the rest stage the whale was lying on the bottom of the pool (13.2 +/- 1.7%) or hanging on the surface (28. 0 +/- 1.7%). during the ... | 2000 | 11012865 |
| major histocompatibility complex class i loci from the gray whale (eschrichtius robustus). | sequences from exons encoding the peptide binding region of mhc class i (mhc-i) molecules were isolated from california gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) genomic dna to initiate an investigation of variation in these genes in a cetacean. these represent the first mysticete mhc-i sequences to be reported. the analysis of gray whale mhc-i sequences suggests the presence of at least three loci, which share greatest similarity to mhc-i in the ungulates, consistent with current views on cetacean phy ... | 2006 | 10912673 |
| thermoregulation in the mouths of feeding gray whales. | vascular structures for heat conservation in the tongue of the gray whale (eschrichtius robustus) are reported here. numerous individual countercurrent heat exchangers are found throughout the massive tongue. these converge at the base of the tongue to form a bilateral pair of retia. temperature measurements from the oral cavity of a live gray whale indicate that more heat may be lost through the blubber layer over the body than through the tongue, despite the fact that the tongue is far more va ... | 1997 | 9353198 |
| [regions of increased density of the ganglion cells, and resolution of the retina of the grey whale eschrichtius gibbosus]. | | 1996 | 8983423 |
| sound production of gray whales, eschrichtius robustus, along their migration route: a new approach to signal analysis. | sound production of gray whales was investigated to determine their acoustic repertoire along the migration route, and to compare sound production in deep and shallow water. recording was conducted off monterey bay and carmel bay, california, during the annual migrations of 1988 through 1991. sounds were analyzed through digital signal processing. six acoustic variables were measured. three variables were used for final classification, chosen for their clarity in the presence of high levels of a ... | 1996 | 8817910 |
| chemical contaminants in gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) stranded along the west coast of north america. | the concentrations of selected chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g. pcbs, ddts, ddes, chlordanes) and essential (e.g. zinc, selenium, copper) and toxic (e.g. mercury, lead, arsenic) elements were measured in tissues and stomach contents from 22 gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) stranded between 1988 and 1991 at sites from the relatively pristine areas of kodiak island, ak, to more urbanized areas in puget sound, wa, and san francisco bay, ca. the majority of animals were stranded at sites on the was ... | 1994 | 8016628 |
| evidence of feeding during migration and of an early birth of the california gray whale (eschrichtius robustus). | | 1975 | 1167570 |
| calicivirus antibodies in california gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) and steller sea lions (eumetopias jupatus). | | 1974 | 4441258 |
| bioindicators of organochlorine pesticides in the sea of okhotsk and the western bering sea. | organochlorine pesticides (ocps), such as hchs and ddts, are still used as pesticides in the southern hemisphere and can reach the north pacific due to long range atmospheric transfer. marine mammals (pacific walrus odobenus rosmarus divergens, gray whale eschrichtius robustus), the seabirds (pacific gull larus schistisagus, crested auklet aethia cristatella, auklet crumb aethia pusilla, northern fulmar fulmarus glacialis, and grey petrel oceanodroma furcata) and pacific salmon (pink oncorhynchu ... | 2017 | 28528412 |
| mercury in the atmospheric and coastal environments of mexico. | in mexico, published studies relating to the occurrence of hg in the environment are limited. among the main sources of hg in mexico are mining and refining of auand hg, chloralkali plants, cu smelting, residential combustion of wood, carbo electric plants, and oil refineries. hg levels are highly variable in the atmospheric compartment because of the atmospheric dynamics and ongoing metal exchange with the terrestrial surface. in atmospheric studies, hg levels are usually reported as total gase ... | 2013 | 23625130 |
| adaptations of the cetacean hyolingual apparatus for aquatic feeding and thermoregulation. | foraging methods vary considerably among semiaquatic and fully aquatic mammals. semiaquatic animals often find food in water yet consume it on land, but as truly obligate aquatic mammals, cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) must acquire and ingest food underwater. it is hypothesized that differences in foraging methods are reflected in cetacean hyolingual apparatus anatomy. this study compares the musculoskeletal anatomy of the hyolingual apparatus in 91 cetacean specimens, including 8 m ... | 2007 | 17516444 |
| stable isotope and trace element status of subsistence-hunted bowhead and beluga whales in alaska and gray whales in chukotka. | tissues of bowhead, beluga, and gray whales were analyzed for ag, cd, cu, se, zn, thg and mehg (belugas only). delta15n and delta13c in muscle were used to estimate trophic position and feeding habitat, respectively. trace element concentrations in tissues were significantly different among whale species. hepatic ag was higher in belugas than bowheads and gray whales. gray whales had lower cd concentrations in liver and kidney than bowhead and belugas and a sigmoid correlation of cd with length ... | 2006 | 16216281 |
| phylogeny of all major groups of cetaceans based on dna sequences from three mitochondrial genes. | traditionally, living cetaceans (order cetacea) are classified into two highly distinct suborders: the echolocating toothed whales, odontoceti, and the filter-feeding baleen whales, mysticeti. a molecular phylogeny based on 1,352 base pairs of two mitochondrial ribosomal gene segments and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for all major groups of cetaceans contradicts this long-accepted taxonomic subdivision. one group of toothed whales, the sperm whales, is more closely related to the morpholo ... | 1994 | 7755710 |
| mysticete (baleen whale) relationships based upon the sequence of the common cetacean dna satellite. | the genomes of all extant cetaceans are characterized by the presence of the so-called common cetacean dna satellite. in the mysticetes (whalebone whales) the repeat length of the satellite is 1,760 bp. in the odontocetes (toothed whales), other than the family delphinidae, the repeat length is usually approximately 1,740 bp. the delphinidae are characterized by a repeat length of approximately 1,580 bp. it has been shown in odontocetes that the satellite evolves in concert and that differences ... | 1992 | 1435232 |
| simulation of interactions between migrating whales and potential oil spills. | a numerical model system was developed to quantify the probability of endangered bowhead and gray whales encountering spilled oil in alaskan waters. migration and diving-surfacing models for bowhead and gray whales, and an oil spill trajectory model comprise the system. the migration models were developed from conceptual considerations, then calibrated with and tested against observations. the distribution of whales is represented in space and time by discrete points, each of which may represent ... | 1990 | 15092323 |
| complete amino acid sequence of the myoglobin from the pacific sei whale, balaenoptera borealis. | the complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from pacific sei whale, balaenoptera borealis, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. the acetimidated apomyoglobin was selectively cleaved at its two methionyl residues with cyanogen bromide and at its three arginyl residues by trypsin. from the sequence analysis of four of these peptides and the apomyoglobin, over 75% of the covalent stru ... | 1979 | 454658 |
| baleen wear reveals intraoral water flow patterns of mysticete filter feeding. | a survey of macroscopic and microscopic wear patterns in the baleen of eight whale species (cetacea: mysticeti) discloses structural, functional, and life history properties of this neomorphic keratinous tissue, including evidence of intraoral water flow patterns involved in filter feeding. all baleen demonstrates wear, particularly on its medial and ventral edges, as flat outer layers of cortical keratin erode to reveal horn tubes, also of keratin, which emerge as hair-like fringes. this study ... | 2016 | 26825852 |
| conservation of highly repetitive dna in cetaceans. | it is controversial whether odontocetes (toothed whales) and mysticetes (whalebone whales) have a common ancestry. cetacean karyological uniformity, which is unique among mammalian orders, suggests a monophyletic origin; however, several anatomical authorities have maintained that odontocetes and mysticetes are diphyletic. we investigated the issue using southern blot hybridization. two labelled restriction fragment probes from the dna of the sei whale (a mysticete) were hybridized to restricted ... | 1984 | 6325102 |
| mitochondrial phylogenetics and evolution of mysticete whales. | the phylogenetic relationships among baleen whales (order: cetacea) remain uncertain despite extensive research in cetacean molecular phylogenetics and a potential morphological sample size of over 2 million animals harvested. questions remain regarding the number of species and the monophyly of genera, as well as higher order relationships. here, we approach mysticete phylogeny with complete mitochondrial genome sequence analysis. we determined complete mtdna sequences of 10 extant mysticeti sp ... | 2005 | 15805012 |
| the cochlea of the enigmatic pygmy right whale caperea marginata informs mysticete phylogeny. | the pygmy right whale, caperea marginata, is the least understood extant baleen whale (cetacea, mysticeti). knowledge on its basic anatomy, ecology, and fossil record is limited, even though its singular position outside both balaenids (right whales) and balaenopteroids (rorquals + grey whales) gives caperea a pivotal role in mysticete evolution. recent investigations of the cetacean cochlea have provided new insights into sensory capabilities and phylogeny. here, we extend this advance to caper ... | 2017 | 28333389 |
| a link no longer missing: new evidence for the cetotheriid affinities of caperea. | the origins of the enigmatic pygmy right whale caperea marginata, the only living member of its subfamily (neobalaeninae), are an outstanding mystery of cetacean evolution. its strikingly disparate morphology sets caperea apart from all other whales, and has turned it into a wildcard taxon that holds the key to understanding modern baleen whale diversity. morphological cladistics generally ally this species with right whales, whereas molecular analyses consistently cluster it with rorquals and g ... | 2016 | 27711216 |
| juvenile morphology: a clue to the origins of the most mysterious of mysticetes? | the origin of the pygmy right whale (caperea marginata) has long been one of the most vexing conundrums of marine mammal evolution. the extremely disparate skeletal structure of caperea and a patchy fossil record have left morphology and molecules at odds: whereas most morphological analyses ally caperea with right whales (balaenidae), most molecular studies instead suggest a close relationship with rorquals (balaenopteridae) and grey whales (eschrichtiidae). the morphological evidence supportin ... | 2013 | 23358804 |
| characterization of the gray whale eschrichtius robustus genome and a genotyping array based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes. | genetic and genomic approaches have much to offer in terms of ecology, evolution, and conservation. to better understand the biology of the gray whale eschrichtius robustus (lilljeborg, 1861), we sequenced the genome and produced an assembly that contains ∼95% of the genes known to be highly conserved among eukaryotes. from this assembly, we annotated 22,711 genes and identified 2,057,254 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). using this assembly, we generated a curated list of candidate genes ... | 2017 | 28898601 |
| x chromosome evolution in cetartiodactyla. | the phenomenon of a remarkable conservation of the x chromosome in eutherian mammals has been first described by susumu ohno in 1964. a notable exception is the cetartiodactyl x chromosome, which varies widely in morphology and g-banding pattern between species. it is hypothesized that this sex chromosome has undergone multiple rearrangements that changed the centromere position and the order of syntenic segments over the last 80 million years of cetartiodactyla speciation. to investigate its ev ... | 2017 | 28858207 |
| nanospray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis of steroids from gray whale blubber. | analysis of steroids from precious blubber biopsies obtained from marine mammals, especially endangered species, can provide valuable information on their endocrine status. challenges with currently used elisa methodology include lack of absolute quantitation and incompatibility with multiple steroids analysis due to limited biopsy mass. development of a sensitive, accurate analytical method for this purpose is critical. | 2017 | 28423207 |
| critically endangered western gray whales migrate to the eastern north pacific. | western north pacific gray whales (wgws), once considered extinct, are critically endangered with unknown migratory routes and reproductive areas. we attached satellite-monitored tags to seven wgws on their primary feeding ground off sakhalin island, russia, three of which subsequently migrated to regions occupied by non-endangered eastern gray whales (egws). a female with the longest-lasting tag visited all three major egw reproductive areas off baja california, mexico, before returning to sakh ... | 2015 | 25878049 |
| [composition and distribution of the mitochondrial lineages of gray whales (eschirichtius robustus) in the far eastern seas of russia]. | the frequency of occurrence of the mitotypes (control region, cytochrome b gene, and dn2 gene) has been studied for groups of gray whales feeding and growing along chukotka peninsula, koryak coast, eastern kamchatka, and sakhalin island. the number of the mitotypes decreased dramatically from the northern waters southwards; however, the dominant mitotypes remained the same. both mitochondrial lineages known for this species might be found for the whales gathering in the reproductive area along t ... | 2016 | 25872399 |
| climate impacts on transocean dispersal and habitat in gray whales from the pleistocene to 2100. | arctic animals face dramatic habitat alteration due to ongoing climate change. understanding how such species have responded to past glacial cycles can help us forecast their response to today's changing climate. gray whales are among those marine species likely to be strongly affected by arctic climate change, but a thorough analysis of past climate impacts on this species has been complicated by lack of information about an extinct population in the atlantic. while little is known about the hi ... | 2015 | 25753251 |
| a (gray) whale of a tale: a rare view inside one of nature's majestic animals. | | 2015 | 25737470 |
| pre-whaling genetic diversity and population ecology in eastern pacific gray whales: insights from ancient dna and stable isotopes. | commercial whaling decimated many whale populations, including the eastern pacific gray whale, but little is known about how population dynamics or ecology differed prior to these removals. of particular interest is the possibility of a large population decline prior to whaling, as such a decline could explain the ~5-fold difference between genetic estimates of prior abundance and estimates based on historical records. we analyzed genetic (mitochondrial control region) and isotopic information f ... | 2012 | 22590499 |
| coordinated management of anthropogenic noise from offshore construction off sakhalin island for protection of the western gray whale. | | 2012 | 22278585 |
| development and implementation of criteria for exposure of western gray whales to oil and gas industry noise. | | 2012 | 22278556 |
| between a whale bone and the deep blue sea: the provenance of dwarf males in whale bone-eating tubeworms. | when researchers first caught a glimpse of the lush carpet of pink tubeworms covering the scattered bones of a dead grey whale 2900 m below the surface of monterey bay, the excitement onboard the western flyer (the mother ship of the remotely operated vehicle the tiburon) must have been electrifying. the discovery of a new genus and several species of whale bone-eating osedax tubeworms (annelida, siboglinidae) a mere 6 years ago from the deep sea was itself noteworthy. but what the researchers p ... | 2008 | 18986491 |
| could genetic diversity in eastern north pacific gray whales reflect global historic abundance? | | 2007 | 18093947 |
| gray whale target strength measurements and the analysis of the backscattered response. | one of the current integrated marine mammal monitoring and protection system (impas) directions is concentrated on the design and development of the active sonar modality representing just one component of the global system. the active sonar was designed, built, and tested during the marine mammal active sonar test (mast 04), producing whale detections and whale tracks. the experiment was conducted in january 2004 off the coast of california. one of the objectives of the current work is to disti ... | 2007 | 17407874 |
| evolutionary innovation: a bone-eating marine symbiosis. | symbiotic associations between microbes and invertebrates have resulted in some of the most unusual physiological and morphological adaptations that have evolved in the animal world. we document a new symbiosis between marine polychaetes of the genus osedax and members of the bacterial group oceanospirillales, known for heterotrophic degradation of complex organic compounds. these organisms were discovered living on the carcass of a grey whale at 2891 m depth in monterey canyon, off the coast of ... | 2005 | 16104860 |
| organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in california sea lions. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts, chlordanes, hchs, hexachlorobenzene (hcb), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh) were measured in the blubber of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) collected in 2000. ddts were the most predominant contaminants, followed by pcbs, chlordanes, tcpme, hchs, tcpmoh, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide. concentrations of pcbs and ddts varied from a few microg/g to s ... | 2004 | 15261406 |
| marine biology. will oil spell trouble for western pacific gray whales? | | 2003 | 12775816 |
| gray whales in cold water. | | 1998 | 9599139 |
| a cetacean species: the gray whale. | | 1985 | 17757861 |
| side-scan sonar assessment of gray whale feeding in the bering sea. | side-scan sonar was used to map and measure feeding pits of the california gray whale over 22,000 square kilometers of the northeastern bering sea floor. the distribution of pits, feeding whales, ampeliscid amphipods (whale prey), and a fine-sand substrate bearing the amphipods were all closely correlated. the central chirikov basin and nearshore areas of saint lawrence island supply at least 6.5 percent of the total gray whale food resource in summer. while feeding, the whales resuspend at leas ... | 1984 | 17782421 |
| gray whales and the structure of the bering sea benthos. | the purpose of this study was to look at the effect of foraging by gray whales on the benthic community. the gray whale, the only mysticete whale which feeds mainly upon benthic organisms, relies on the amphipod crustacean assemblages of the northern bering sea and the chukchi sea for most of its annual food intake. foraging whales leave identifiable depressions 0.6 to 3 m long in the bottom sediments in their wake. patterns in the infaunal community composition appeared to be correlated with th ... | 1983 | 28310236 |
| migrations of california gray whales tracked by oxygen-18 variations in their epizoic barnacles. | barnacles attached to the california gray whale have oxygen isotope compositions that serve as a record of changing ocean temperatures as the whale migrates between arctic and subtropical waters. the isotopic values for the barnacles can be used to track whale migrations and to reconstruct the recent movements of beached whales. the method may be useful for tracing the movements of other animals, living or fossil, and for reconstructing the voyages of ancient ships. | 1980 | 17796007 |