| carnivora: the primary structure of the major hemoglobin component from adult european lynx (lynx lynx, felidae). | the complete primary structure of the major hemoglobin component from the adult european lynx (lynx lynx) is presented. presence of two hemoglobin components and three chains, beta a, beta b, and alpha, identified by gel electrophoresis. the purification of the globin chains achieved by ion-exchange chromatography. the globin chains were digested with trypsin. the peptide generated were purified by reversed-phase hplc. sequencing of the native chains up to 42 cycles and of the tryptic peptides w ... | 1992 | 1515033 |
| evidence for a fel d i-like molecule in the "big cats" (felidae species). | in this study, we investigated the cross-reactivity pattern of ige and igg4 antibodies to the major feline allergen, fel d i. we studied the ige and igg4 response of 11 cat-allergic patients against fel d i-like structures in eight members of the felidae family: ocelot, puma, serval, siberian tiger, lion, jaguar, snow leopard, and caracal. hair from these "big cats" was collected, extracted, and used in a rast system and histamine-release test. by means of a rast-inhibition assay with affinity-p ... | 1990 | 1695231 |
| fatal big cat attacks. | two cases of fatal attacks by large cats are presented. in the first case, a 30-year-old female zoo worker was attacked by a jaguar that had escaped its cage. in the second case, a 2-year-old girl was fatally injured by her father's pet leopard. the pattern of injuries in these cases is nearly identical to those of these cats' prey in the wild. | 1990 | 2220706 |
| the primary structure of the hemoglobins of the adult jaguar (panthera onco, carnivora). | the primary structure of the hemoglobins from jaguar (panthera onco) are presented. electrophoretic separations without and with a dissociating agent revealed the presence of two hemoglobin components, alpha 2 beta i2 and alpha 2 beta ii2. the separation of the hemoglobin components was achieved by ion-exchange chromatography. the globin chains were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and also by reversed phase hplc. the amino-acid sequences of the native chains and peptides were determined ... | 1987 | 3426807 |
| a coprological survey of parasites of wild neotropical felidae. | in conjunction with an ecological study of jaguars in the cockscomb basin of belize, central america, fecal samples from jaguars (panthera onca), jaguarundis (felis yagouaroundi), ocelots (felix pardalis), and pumas (felix concolor) were examined for parasite products (eggs, larvae, and oocysts). of the 45 samples examined, 39 (86.7%) were positive for parasite products, 23 of 25 (92%) jaguar samples were positive, as were all of the puma (4/4) and ocelot (8/8) samples. four of 6 samples from un ... | 1986 | 3783346 |
| current trends in screwworm myiasis in the caribbean region. | in a random sample of animal producers and animal health personnel, 33% of the respondents in trinidad, 15% in guyana, 11% in suriname and 9% in jamaica recalled at least one case of human myiasis due to cochliomyia homivorax (coquerel). during 1981, respondents in surinam (88%), jamaica (90%), guyana (85%) and trinidad and tobago (82%) found at least one case of myiasis in their livestock, occurring mainly in cattle, pigs and dogs. feral animals, e.g. jaguars, were also found to be infested. th ... | 1985 | 4082449 |
| onychectomy, orchiectomy, and extractive dentistry in a jaguar. | | 1969 | 5388176 |
| echinococcus oligarthrus (diesing, 1863) from a panamanian jaguar (felis onca l.). | | 1967 | 6062052 |
| comparative anatomy of intervertebral discs and related structures in the cat (felis catus) and jaguar (panthera onca). | | 1982 | 6219593 |
| diabetes mellitus and abdominal adenocarcinoma in a jaguar receiving megestrol acetate. | | 1984 | 6511591 |
| characterization of black-pigmented bacteroides strains isolated from animals. | the aims of the study were: the isolation of strains of black-pigmented bacteroides from the gingival sulcus of different animals, their biochemical and immunological characterization and comparison of their properties for classification within the genus. a total of 104 strains, isolated from cats, dogs, racoons and a jaguar, were characterized on the basis of fermentation of carbohydrates, metabolic end products, haemagglutination studies, enzymatic activities, catalase production and indirect ... | 1983 | 6654765 |
| involution of the auditory neuro-epithelium in a tiger (panthera tigris) and a jaguar (panthera onca). | numerical atrophy of the hair cells of the organ of corti of the inner ear in a 14-year-old tiger and a 17-year-old jaguar is described. the decrease in number of sensory hair cells is considered to represent physiological atrophy caused by the process of ageing. the findings are compared with previous observations on man, guinea-pigs, shrews, and bats. the development of the physiological involution of the hearing neuro-epithelium is discussed. | 1984 | 6699224 |
| delayed hypersensitivity test with paracoccidioidin in captive latin american wild mammals. | the aim of this investigation was to study epidemiological aspects of paracoccidioidomycosis, the main endemic systemic mycosis in brazil. this study was carried out using the paracoccidioidin delayed hypersensitivity test in 96 latin american wild mammals, including 49 arboreal animals (primates): 33 cebus apella (weeping-capuchin), 16 callithrix jacchus (marmoset); and 47 terrestrial animals (carnivora): 37 nasua nasua (coatimundi), and 10 felidae [panthera onca (jaguar), felis paradalis (ocel ... | 1995 | 7650577 |
| canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in north america. | canine distemper virus (cdv) infection occurred in captive leopards (panthera pardus), tigers (panthera tigris), lions (panthera leo), and a jaguar (panthera onca) in 1991 and 1992. an epizootic affected all 4 types of cats at the wildlife waystation, san fernando, california, with 17 mortalities. cdv-infected raccoons were thought to be the source of infection in these cats. two black leopards died at the naibi zoo, coal valley, illinois, and 2 tigers died at the shambala preserve, acton, calif ... | 1994 | 7948195 |
| epidemiological study of sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis in captive latin american wild mammals, são paulo, brazil. | sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis are deep mycosis with a high incidence in human beings in brazil. in domestic animals histoplasmosis has been described only in dogs, but the occurrence of sporotrichosis among domestic animals in brazil has been described in dogs, cats, mules and asses. there is also a case of this disease reported in a chimpanzee (pan troglodites). the purpose of this research was to perform an epidomiological study of these mycoses using delayed hypersensitivity tests (histop ... | 1994 | 8028639 |
| mammalian spinal biomechanics. i. static and dynamic mechanical properties of intact intervertebral joints. | four-point bending was used to apply pure extension and flexion moments to the ligamentous lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle of monkey (macaca fascicularis), rabbit (domestic and wild, oryctolagus cuniculus), badger (meles meles), wallaby (wallabia rufogrisea frutica), sheep (ovis aries), seal (phoca vitulina) and tiger (panthera tigris). the absolute ranges of angular change in lumbar-lumbar joints (from x-radiographs) were considerable and similar in monkey and wallaby (greater in flexion) a ... | 1993 | 8440968 |
| mammalian spinal biomechanics. ii. intervertebral lesion experiments and mechanisms of bending resistance. | three-point cyclic bending was applied to intervertebral joint complexes (three vertebrae with two intervertebral discs) of monkey (macaca fascicularis), wallaby (wallabia rufogrisea frutica), tiger (panthera tigris), jaguar (panthera onca) and seal (halichoerus grypus). force-displacement loops were recorded for intact specimens in both extension and flexion. reductions in peak forces at given displacements were measured, following lesions of ventral ligaments, superspinous ligaments, interspin ... | 1993 | 8440969 |
| conservation of living resources in a changing world | / conservation of living resources is no longer parochial in scope; it is a global challenge. ecological, social, political, and business interests operate in a network that reaches across seas, continents, and nations. industries, including the electric utility industry, are diversifying in products and expanding into international markets. they soon discover that, while all nations have common goals for their peoples, conservation and environmental issues in less-developed nations have differe ... | 1996 | 8895415 |
| plasma cortisol levels in captive wild felines after chemical restraint. | eight panthera onca (po), 13 felis concolor (fc), 7 felis yagouaroundi (fy), 7 felis tigrina (ft) and 5 felis pardalis (fp) specimens from são paulo state zoos were used. all animals were restrained with darts containing 10 mg/kg ketamine and 1 mg/kg xylazine. venous blood samples were collected as soon as possible (within 15-20 min) and serum was frozen until the time for cortisol quantification. cortisol was determined using a solid phase radioimmunoassay with an intra-assay coefficient of 8.5 ... | 1997 | 9532247 |
| gastric spiral bacteria in small felids. | nine small cats, including one bobcat (felis rufus), one pallas cat (f. manul), one canada lynx (f. lynx canadensis), two fishing cats (f. viverrina), two margays (f. wiedii), and two sand cats (f. margarita), necropsied between june 1995 and march 1997 had large numbers of gastric spiral bacteria, whereas five large cats, including one african lion (panthera leo), two snow leopards (p. uncia), one siberian tiger (p. tigris altaica), and one jaguar (p. onca), necropsied during the same period ha ... | 1998 | 9732040 |
| degenerative spinal disease in large felids. | degenerative spinal disorders, including intervertebral disc disease and spondylosis, seldom occur in domestic cats. in contrast, a retrospective study of 13 lions (panthera leo), 16 tigers (panthera tigris), 4 leopards (panthera pardis), 1 snow leopard (panthera uncia), and 3 jaguars (panthera onca) from the knoxville zoo that died or were euthanatized from 1976 to 1996 indicated that degenerative spinal disease is an important problem in large nondomestic felids. the medical record, radiograph ... | 2000 | 10884118 |
| dietary separation of sympatric carnivores identified by molecular analysis of scats. | we studied the diets of four sympatric carnivores in the flooding savannas of western venezuela by analysing predator dna and prey remains in faeces. dna was isolated and a portion of the cytochrome b gene of the mitochondrial genome amplified and sequenced from 20 of 34 scats. species were diagnosed by comparing the resulting sequences to reference sequences generated from the blood of puma (puma concolor), jaguar (panthera onca), ocelot (leopardus pardalus) and crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous ... | 2000 | 11050553 |
| phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (panthera onca, mammalia, felidae). | the jaguar (panthera onca), the largest felid in the american continent, is currently threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and human persecution. we have investigated the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of jaguars across their geographical range by analysing 715 base pairs of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region and 29 microsatellite loci in approximately 40 individuals sampled from mexico to southern brazil. jaguars display low to moderate levels of ... | 2001 | 11251788 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in captive neotropical felids from brazil. | seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii was determined in 865 captive neotropical felids from 20 states from brazil, sampled from september 1995 to april 1997. sera were tested by the modified agglutination test (mat) using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. antibodies (mat> or =1:20) to t. gondii were found in 472 of 865 (54.6%) cats: in 45 of 99 (45.9%) jaguarundis (herpailurus yagouaroundi), in 97 of 168 (57.7%) ocelots (leopardus pardalis), in 68 of 131 (51.9%) oncillas (l. ti ... | 2001 | 11777601 |
| morganelliasis pneumonia in a captive jaguar. | suppurative bronchopneumonia was discovered in a 6-yr-old male jaguar (panthera onca onca) that died after a 1 wk history of anorexia, depression, and respiratory difficulty. morganella morganii was isolated as a pure culture from the lung, spleen, and heart blood. this is the first record of m. morganii induced pneumonia in a jaguar. | 2002 | 11838216 |
| meniscal ossicles in large non-domestic cats. | radiographs of the stifles of 6 species of 34 large, non-domestic cats were reviewed foremost for the presence of meniscal ossicles and then for the presence of the other potential four sesamoids. the animals in the review included 12 lions, 7 tigers, 7 cougars, 3 leopards, 3 bobcats, and 2 jaguars. fluoroscopy, arthrography, computed tomography, necropsy, and histology were also used to evaluate the stifles of one tiger after euthanasia. ossicles were found in the region of the cranial horn of ... | 2002 | 12088319 |
| calakmul model forest. reports from the field -- latin america. | the calakmul model forest, which is situated in the calakmul area of mexico's yucatan peninsula, is one of 18 model forests in five countries worldwide that are coordinated by the secretariat at idrc headquarters in ottawa. the program promotes the management of natural resources in a sustained manner by a partnership of environmentalists, industry, and local communities. the goals of the program include: 1) ensuring ongoing harvests of food, wood, and other products; 2) enhancing the standard ... | 1997 | 12290332 |
| lactobacillus pantheris sp. nov., isolated from faeces of a jaguar. | two novel lactobacillus strains were isolated from the faeces of a jaguar in beijing zoo. they were gram-positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile, rod-shaped organisms that exhibited no catalase activity. the strains fermented cellobiose, d-fructose, galactose, d-glucose, lactose, maltose, d-mannose, salicin, trehalose, n-acetyl glucosamine, beta-gentiobiose and d-tagatose. d(-)-lactic acid was the exclusive product from glucose fermentation. the g+c content of the dna of strain a24-2-1t was 52.7 ... | 2002 | 12361282 |
| hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (panthera leo), jaguar (panthera onca), tiger (panthera tigris), cheetah (acinonyxjubatus) and domestic cat (felis silvestris f. catus). | structures of the hyoid apparatus, the pharynx and their topographical positions in the lion, tiger, jaguar, cheetah and domestic cat were described in order to determine morphological differences between species or subfamilies of the felidae. in the lion, tiger and jaguar (species of the subfamily pantherinae) the epihyoideum is an elastic ligament lying between the lateral pharyngeal muscles and the musculus (m.) thyroglossus rather than a bony element like in the cheetah or the domestic cat. ... | 2002 | 12363272 |
| molecular genetics and evolution of melanism in the cat family. | melanistic coat coloration occurs as a common polymorphism in 11 of 37 felid species and reaches high population frequency in some cases but never achieves complete fixation. to investigate the genetic basis, adaptive significance, and evolutionary history of melanistic variants in the felidae, we mapped, cloned, and sequenced the cat homologs of two putative candidate genes for melanism (asip [agouti] and mc1r) and identified three independent deletions associated with dark coloration in three ... | 2003 | 12620197 |
| visceral mast cell tumor in a captive black jaguar (panthera onca). | little is known about neoplasia in the jaguar (panthera onca), the largest american feline. a captive black jaguar was diagnosed at necropsy with a mastocytic form of visceral mast cell tumor similar to that which occurs in domestic cats. this animal had no previous clinical disease and died during anesthesia for a routine dental treatment. | 2003 | 12723809 |
| identification of haemobartonella felis (mycoplasma haemofelis) in captive nondomestic cats. | this study was undertaken to determine whether haemobartonella felis (mycoplasma haemofelis), the causative bacterial agent of feline infectious anemia, infects nondomestic cats. routine complete blood count and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were performed to detect the gene for 16s ribosomal rna for the organism. sixty-four blood samples were collected from 54 nondomestic cats, including tigers (panthera tigris), cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), lions (p. leo), mountain lions (felis concolor), sn ... | 2003 | 12885130 |
| international training programs in reproductive sciences for conservation of latin american felids. | survival of the ten non-domestic felid species endemic to latin america is imperiled by habitat loss, poaching and poor captive management. over the past 10 years, conservation of these felids has been the primary focus of a reproductive research and training program conducted in brazil, mexico, and the usa. the objectives of this program were to: (1) provide intensive training in reproductive sciences to latin american scientists, (2) conduct collaborative studies investigating basic and applie ... | 2004 | 15271441 |
| granulomatous pneumonia caused by pythium insidiosum in a central american jaguar, panthera onca. | a 7-month-old, male jaguar presented with dyspnea and leukocytosis unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. radiographs revealed unilateral pulmonary consolidation. an exploratory thoracotomy was performed, and the left lung, which contained a large multilobular mass with extensive fibrosis and numerous caseonecrotic foci, was removed. microscopically, eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation surrounded broad (4.4-8.3 microm) rarely septate hyphae. a diagnosis of pythium insidiosum infection was confi ... | 2004 | 15586573 |
| clinically relevant genotype interpretation of resistance to didanosine. | we analyzed the didanosine (ddi) arm of the randomized, placebo-controlled jaguar trial in order to define a genotypic score for ddi associated with virologic response. in this arm, 111 patients experiencing virologic failure received ddi in addition to their current combination therapy for 4 weeks. the impact of mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene on the virologic response to ddi was studied in univariate analysis. genotypic score was constructed using step-by-step analyses first includ ... | 2005 | 15855490 |
| seroprevalence and genomic divergence of circulating strains of feline immunodeficiency virus among felidae and hyaenidae species. | feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infects numerous wild and domestic feline species and is closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). species-specific strains of fiv have been described for domestic cat (felis catus), puma (puma concolor), lion (panthera leo), leopard (panthera pardus), and pallas' cat (otocolobus manul). here, we employ a three-antigen western blot screening (domestic cat, puma, and lion fiv antigens) and pcr analysis to sur ... | 2005 | 15956574 |
| comparison of tests and procedures to build clinically relevant genotypic scores: application to the jaguar study. | to compare non-parametric tests and procedures of selection in building clinically validated genotypic scores. | 2005 | 16038473 |
| ticks (acari: ixodida) on wild carnivores in brazil. | the present study reports field data of ticks infesting wild carnivores captured from july 1998 to september 2004 in brazil. additional data were obtained from one tick collection and from previous published data of ticks on carnivores in brazil. during field work, a total of 3437 ticks were collected from 89 cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox), 58 chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf), 30 puma concolor (puma), 26 panthera onca (jaguar), 12 procyon cancrivorus (crab-eating raccoon), 4 speothos venati ... | 2005 | 16082932 |
| structure and patterns of sequence variation in the mitochondrial dna control region of the great cats. | mitochondrial dna control region structure and variation were determined in the five species of the genus panthera. comparative analyses revealed two hypervariable segments, a central conserved region, and the occurrence of size and sequence heteroplasmy. as observed in the domestic cat, but not commonly seen in other animals, two repetitive sequence arrays (rs-2 with an 80-bp motif and rs-3 with a 6-10-bp motif) were identified. the 3' ends of rs-2 and rs-3 were highly conserved among species, ... | 2001 | 16120284 |
| evolutionary analysis of a large mtdna translocation (numt) into the nuclear genome of the panthera genus species. | translocation of cymtdna into the nuclear genome, also referred to as numt, has been reported in many species, including several closely related to the domestic cat (felis catus). we describe the recent transposition of 12,536 bp of the 17 kb mitochondrial genome into the nucleus of the common ancestor of the five panthera genus species: tiger, p. tigris; snow leopard, p. uncia; jaguar, p. onca; leopard, p. pardus; and lion, p. leo. this nuclear integration, representing 74% of the mitochondrial ... | 2006 | 16380222 |
| robust segmentation and analysis of dna microarray spots using an adaptative split and merge algorithm. | microarray images push to their limits classical analysis methods, since gene spots are often poorly contrasted, ill defined and of irregular shapes. these characteristics hinder a robust quantification of corresponding values for red and green intensities as well as their r/g ratio. new approaches are thus needed to ensure accurate data extraction from these images. herein we present an automatic non-supervised algorithm for a fast and accurate spot data extraction from dna microarrays. the met ... | 2006 | 16423425 |
| the effects of visitor density and intensity on the behavior of two captive jaguars (panthera onca). | several researchers have reported significant effects of visitor density and intensity on captive animal behavior. this study determined whether this was the case for 2 captive jaguars housed at the woodland park zoo, seattle, wa. subjects were monitored for changes in behavior as a function of visitor density and intensity. the jaguars were observed for 8 hr per week for 29 weeks--march 31 until october 11, 1998--for a total of 230 hr. continuous frequency sampling was used, and visitor density ... | 2005 | 16436028 |
| ectoparasites of free-ranging pumas and jaguars in the paraguayan chaco. | ectoparasites were collected from seven puma (puma concolor) and seven jaguar (panthera onca) live-captures (each representing six different animals) in the paraguayan chaco from 2002 to 2004. the same five species of ectoparasites were recovered from both host species: the flea, pulex simulans (total on both hosts combined=30 male, 49 female), and the ticks, amblyomma cajennense (1 male, 4 female, 46 nymphs, 241 larvae), amblyomma parvum (42 male, 25 female), amblyomma tigrinum (1 male, 7 femal ... | 2006 | 16464533 |
| antibodies to west nile virus in asymptomatic mammals, birds, and reptiles in the yucatan peninsula of mexico. | surveillance for evidence of west nile virus (wnv) infection in taxonomically diverse vertebrates was conducted in the yucatan peninsula of mexico in 2003 and 2004. sera from 144 horses on cozumel island, quintana roo state, 415 vertebrates (257 birds, 52 mammals, and 106 reptiles) belonging to 61 species from the merida zoo, yucatan state, and 7 farmed crocodiles in ciudad del carmen, campeche state were assayed for antibodies to flaviviruses. ninety (62%) horses on cozumel island had epitope-b ... | 2006 | 16687701 |
| isolation of malassezia spp. from cerumen of wild felids. | the objective of this study was to determine the presence of different species of the genus malassezia in the healthy external auditory canal of wild felids maintained in captivity. one hundred and thirty-two adult animals (264 samples of cerumen), 77 males (58.3%) and 55 females (41.7%), were studied: large felids (55 animals) - 26 lions (panthera leo), 13 tigers (panthera tigris), 6 leopards (panthera pardus), 6 jaguars (panthera onca), 2 cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), 2 pumas (puma concolor); s ... | 2006 | 16772235 |
| two-stage turing model for generating pigment patterns on the leopard and the jaguar. | based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, which showed that flecks are the primitive pattern of the felid family and all other patterns including rosettes and blotches develop from it, we construct a turing reaction-diffusion model which generates spot patterns initially. starting from this spotted pattern, we successfully generate patterns of adult leopards and jaguars by tuning parameters of the model in the subsequent phase of patterning. | 2006 | 16907134 |
| risk factors associated with sero-positivity to toxoplasma gondii in captive neotropical felids from brazil. | from september 1995 to february 2001, blood samples were collected from 865 neotropical felids belonging to 8 different species. these animals were housed in 86 institutions located in 78 cities of 20 brazilian states. our goal was to identify the risk factors associated with sero-positivity to toxoplasma gondii in captive neotropical felids from brazil. all serum samples were tested by the modified agglutination test (mat), using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. for each an ... | 2007 | 17140683 |
| molecular evidence for species-level distinctions in clouded leopards. | among the 37 living species of felidae, the clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa) is generally classified as a monotypic genus basal to the panthera lineage of great cats. this secretive, mid-sized (16-23 kg) carnivore, now severely endangered, is traditionally subdivided into four southeast asian subspecies (figure 1a). we used molecular genetic methods to re-evaluate subspecies partitions and to quantify patterns of population genetic variation among 109 clouded leopards of known geographic orig ... | 2006 | 17141620 |
| [toxoplasmosis in french guiana. atypical (neo-)tropical features of a cosmopolitan parasitosis]. | toxoplasmosis, a typical cosmopolitan parasitosis, is a major health problem in french guiana. three factors account for this situation, i.e., (1) severity of toxoplasmosis in patients with hiv infection that is particularly prevalent in the area, (2) high risk of congenital transmission as shown by the steadily increasing prevalence of seropositivity in function of age in most of the guianese population and (3) recent identification of severe primary toxoplasmosis infection in immunocompetent p ... | 2006 | 17201300 |
| phenotypic susceptibility to didanosine is associated with antiviral activity in treatment-experienced patients with hiv-1 infection. | we investigated the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) phenotypic susceptibility to didanosine and the antiviral activity of didanosine (ddi) in the jaguar study. | 2007 | 17205478 |
| impact of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase polymorphism at codons 211 and 228 on virological response to didanosine. | to determine the potential impact of reverse transcriptase (rt) mutations, other than those currently known to confer nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrtis) resistance, on the virological response to didanosine (ddl). | 2006 | 17310813 |
| neutralizing antibodies against feline herpesvirus type 1 in captive wild felids of brazil. | feline herpesvirus type 1 infection affects domestic cats, causing mainly upper respiratory tract diseases. although this infection has been described in captive and free-ranging wild felids from europe, asia, north america, and africa, no information is available on its occurrence among wild felids of brazil. in this study, 250 serum samples of six species of brazilian captive wild felids (leopardus tigrinus, leopardus wiedii, herpailurus yaguarondi, puma concolor, leopardus pardalis, and panth ... | 2005 | 17312763 |
| disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a captive indochinese tiger (panthera tigris corbetti) with chronic renal disease. | a 19-yr-old, 78.2-kg captive female indochinese tiger (panthera tigris corbetti) from the el paso zoo (el paso, texas, usa) with chronic renal disease was euthanized after a 10-day course of anorexia, depression, progressive rear limb weakness, muscle fasciculations, and head tremors. postmortem findings included pericardial effusion, generalized lymphadenopathy, glomerulosclerosis, glomerular atrophy with membranous glomerulonephropathy, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. pyogranulomatous pneumonia ... | 2006 | 17315442 |
| predation of wild spider monkeys at la macarena, colombia. | the killing of an adult male spider monkey (ateles belzebuth ) by a jaguar (panthera onca) and a predation attempt by a puma (felis concolor) on an adult female spider monkey have been observed at the ciem (centro de investigaciones ecológicas la macarena), la macarena, colombia. these incidents occurred directly in front of an observer, even though it is said that predation under direct observation on any type of primate rarely occurs. on the basis of a review of the literature, and the observa ... | 2008 | 17342352 |
| measurement of thyroid hormones (thyroxine, t4; triiodothyronine, t3) in captive nondomestic felids. | the aim of this research was to obtain basic values for the evaluation of thyroid function in nondomestic felids. serum thyroid hormone concentrations (thyroxine, t4; triiodothyronine, t3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 145 cats, representing nine species of captive nondomestic felids: jaguar (panthera onca), n = 49; puma (puma concolor), n = 10; ocelot (leopardus pardalis), n = 22; oncilla (leopardus tigrinus), n = 12; geoffroy (oncifelis geoffroyi), n = 4; jaguarundi (herpailurus yaguaro ... | 2007 | 17469287 |
| paleotemperatures and chronology at archeological cave site revealed by thermoluminescence. | contrasting values of remnant thermoluminescence of limestone samples from jaguar cave, eastcentral idaho, reveal temperature differences attributable to position within the cave microenvironment. absence of recorded temperature change during cave-filling by rock and human debris indicates brevity of human occupation, which was near the end of wisconsin (pine-dale) time. | 1965 | 17842752 |
| characterization of cauxin in the urine of domestic and big cats. | cauxin is an abundant protein in feline urine. we have used proteomics strategies to characterize cauxin from the urine of domestic cats and a number of big cat species. proteins were resolved by gel-based electrophoretic purification and subjected to in-gel digestion with trypsin. the resultant tryptic peptides were mass-measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. peptides were also resolved by liquid chromatography and analyzed by electrospray ioni ... | 2007 | 17924168 |
| improved interpretation of genotypic changes in the hiv-1 reverse transcriptase coding region that determine the virological response to didanosine. | consensus on the interpretation of mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) gene that predict the response to didanosine treatment is needed. | 2007 | 18008248 |
| comparative pathology of mammary gland cancers in domestic and wild animals. | mammary cancer occurs among all taxonomic groups, and comparing the disease in animals with breast cancer in women could greatly improve our understanding of the relevant risk factors and genetic profiles for this disease. differences in cancer prevalence between carnivores and herbivores and between captive and wild carnivores are striking and support the hypotheses that diet and reproductive history are major risk factors. domestic dogs and cats have a high prevalence of mammary tumors, and th ... | 2007 | 18057539 |
| atypical toxoplasma gondii strain from a free-living jaguar (panthera onca) in french guiana. | like domestic cats, wild felids are involved in the complete infective cycle of toxoplasma gondii because they can host in their gastrointestinal tract sexually mature parasites and shed infective oocysts in their feces. we report, to our knowledge, the first isolation and molecular characterization of a t. gondii strain from the heart tissue of a free-living jaguar (panthera onca) in french guiana. sequencing at six polymorphic markers indicated that the jaguar isolate had an atypical genotype, ... | 2008 | 18256411 |
| captive-born cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) respond similarly to vocalizations of predators and sympatric nonpredators. | what types of cues do callitrichid primates use to detect and respond to predators? do they respond to predator-specific cues or to more general cues? the evidence for these questions remains conflicting. we presented captive-born and reared cotton-top tamarins with no previous exposure to predators (or predator cues) with vocalizations from three potential predators of cotton-top tamarin in the wild (white hawk, jaguar, and tayra) and with vocalizations from sympatric nonpredators (black-faced ... | 2008 | 18473378 |
| seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in selected zoos in the midwestern united states. | toxoplasma gondii infections in zoo animals are of interest because many captive animals die of clinical toxoplasmosis and because of the potential risk of exposure of children and elderly to t. gondii oocysts excreted by cats in the zoos. seroprevalence of t. gondii antibodies in wild zoo felids, highly susceptible zoo species, and feral cats from 8 zoos of the midwestern united states was determined by using the modified agglutination test (mat). a titer of 1:25 was considered indicative of t. ... | 2008 | 18605803 |
| duration of spermatogenesis and daily sperm production in the jaguar (panthera onca). | the jaguar, like most wild felids, is an endangered species. since there are few data regarding reproductive biology for this species, our main goal was to investigate basic aspects of the testis and spermatogenesis. four adult male jaguars were utilized; to determine the duration of spermatogenesis, two animals received an intratesticular injection of h(3)-thymidine. mean (+/-sem) testis weight and the gonadosomatic index were 17.7+/-2.2g and 0.05+/-0.01%, respectively, whereas the seminiferous ... | 2008 | 18672284 |
| biodiversity of the pantanal: response to seasonal flooding regime and to environmental degradation. | seasonal flooding is the most important ecological phenomenon in the pantanal. every year many parts of the biome change from terrestrial into aquatic habitats and vice-versa. the degree of inundation creates a range of major habitats. flooding occupies about 80% of the whole pantanal. in contrast, during the dry season, most of the flooded areas stay dry, when the water returns to the river beds or evaporates. the pantanal is a large continental savanna wetland (147,574 km(2) in brazil), touchi ... | 2008 | 19197468 |
| molecular detection of cytauxzoon spp. in asymptomatic brazilian wild captive felids. | cytauxzoon spp. dna was detected for the first time in blood samples from asymptomatic brazilian wild captive felids. in 2006, 72 edta blood samples from seven wild felids species: puma concolor (puma), leopardus pardalis (ocelot), puma yagouaroundi (jaguarundi), leopardus wiedii (margay), leopardus tigrinus (little spotted cat), oncifelis colocolo (pampas cat) and panthera onca (jaguar) were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction to amplify the 18s rrna gene segment in order to verify the pre ... | 2009 | 19204356 |
| [felines: an alternative in genetic toxicology studies?]. | the micronuclei (mn) test carry out in peripheral blood is fast, simple, economic and it is used to detect genotoxic environmental agents. mn are fragments of chromosomes or complete chromosomes remaining in the cytoplasm after cell division, which increase when organisms are exposed to genotoxic agents. therefore, species with the highest values of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (mne) are the most suitable to be potentials biomonitor of micronucleogenic agents, using a drop of blood. n ... | 2008 | 19256458 |
| first evidence of canine distemper in brazilian free-ranging felids. | serum samples from 19 jaguars (panthera onca), nine pumas (puma concolor), and two ocelots (leopardus pardalis) were collected between january 1999 and march of 2005 and tested for presence of canine distemper virus (cdv). all cats were free-ranging animals living in two protected areas in the brazilian atlantic forest. in addition, 111 domestic dogs from nearby areas were sampled for cdv. our results show the first evidence of cdv exposure in brazilian free-ranging felids. from the 30 samples a ... | 2009 | 19259737 |
| comparison of several types of enrichment for captive felids. | enrichment can increase the complexity of the captive environment and possibly enhance captive animals' well-being by stimulating active behaviors and reducing stereotypical behaviors commonly seen in zoo felids. in this study, three different enrichment items were added to outdoor enclosures of felids at the montgomery zoo to test their effects on activity levels and stereotypic pacing. bones, frozen fish, and spices (cinnamon, chili powder, and cumin) were presented over a 3-month period to si ... | 2007 | 19360587 |
| cell population indexes of spermatogenic yield and testicular sperm reserves in adult jaguars (panthera onca). | the intrinsic yield of spermatogenesis and supporting capacity of sertoli cells are the desirable indicators of sperm production in a species. the objective of the present study was to quantify intrinsic yield and the sertoli cell index in the spermatogenic process and estimate testicular sperm reserves by histological assessment of fragments obtained by testicular biopsy of five adult jaguars in captivity. the testicular fragments were fixed in 4% glutaric aldehyde, dehydrated at increasing alc ... | 2010 | 19564086 |
| leishmania(leishmania) chagasi in captive wild felids in brazil. | this study used a pcr-rflp test to determine the presence of leishmania (leishmania) chagasi in 16 captive wild felids [seven puma concolor (linnaeus, 1771); five panthera onca (linnaeus, 1758) and four leopardus pardalis (linnaeus, 1758)] at the zoological park of the federal university of mato grosso, brazil. amplification of leishmania spp. dna was seen in samples from five pumas and one jaguar, and the species was characterized as l. chagasi using restriction enzymes. it is already known tha ... | 2010 | 19740501 |
| echinococcus oligarthrus cystic hydatidosis in brazilian agouti (dasyprocta leporina). | echinococcus oligarthrus hydatid cyst disease was diagnosed in two imported wild-caught brazilian agouti (dasyprocta leporina). the cysts were found incidentally during routine examinations and never appeared to cause any apparent clinical signs. identification of the cysts was confirmed via histopathology. over a period of 2 yr, the cysts calcified but did not reabsorb. treatment with praziquantal and albendazole did not appear to affect the cysts. agoutis are intermediate hosts of e. oligarthr ... | 2009 | 19746872 |
| evaluation of nutrient digestibility and fecal characteristics of exotic felids fed horse- or beef-based diets: use of the domestic cat as a model for exotic felids. | the objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding commercially available beef- and horse-based diets on nutrient digestibility and fecal characteristics of large captive exotic felids and domestic cats. four species of large exotic felids including cheetahs, malayan tigers, jaguars, and amur tigers, and domestic cats were utilized in a crossover design. raw meat diets included a beef-based diet (57% protein; 28% fat) and a horse-based diet (51% protein; 30% fat). all cats were ... | 2010 | 19830746 |
| detection of bartonella spp. in neotropical felids and evaluation of risk factors and hematological abnormalities associated with infection. | although antibodies to bartonella henselae have been described in all neotropical felid species, dna has been detected in only one species, leopardus wiedii. the aim of this study was to determine whether dna of bartonella spp. could be detected in blood of other captive neotropical felids and evaluate risk factors and hematological findings associated with infection. blood samples were collected from 57 small felids, including 1 leopardus geoffroyi, 17 l. wiedii, 22 leopardus tigrinus, 14 leopa ... | 2010 | 19913372 |
| the role of landowners in jaguar conservation in sonora, mexico. | the northernmost known breeding population of jaguars occurs in the municipality of nácori chico, sonora, mexico about 270 km from the united states-mexico border and may be the source from which jaguars sighted in the united states dispersed. since 1999 at least 11 jaguars (panthera onca) had been illegally killed in the area due to predator control programs. we initiated a jaguar landowner-based conservation plan in 2004. the eight participating landowners agreed to suspend predator control pr ... | 2010 | 20136872 |
| supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, panthera (carnivora: felidae). | the pantherine lineage of cats diverged from the remainder of modern felidae less than 11 million years ago and consists of the five big cats of the genus panthera, the lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard, as well as the closely related clouded leopard. a significant problem exists with respect to the precise phylogeny of these highly threatened great cats. despite multiple publications on the subject, no two molecular studies have reconstructed panthera with the same topology. these ... | 2010 | 20138224 |
| renal lesions of nondomestic felids. | to comprehensively evaluate the occurrence of renal lesions in a variety of nondomestic felids, necropsy cases from 1978 to 2008 were reviewed from a municipal zoo and a large cat sanctuary for those in which the kidneys were examined histologically. seventy exotic felids were identified (25 tigers, 18 lions, 6 cougars, 5 leopards, 3 snow leopards, 3 clouded leopards, 3 canadian lynx, 2 ocelots, 2 bobcats, 2 cheetahs, 1 jaguar), and their histologic renal lesions were evaluated and compared. the ... | 2010 | 20876911 |
| effectiveness of scat-detection dogs in determining species presence in a tropical savanna landscape. | most protected areas are too small to sustain populations of wide-ranging mammals; thus, identification and conservation of high-quality habitat for those animals outside parks is often a high priority, particularly for regions where extensive land conversion is occurring. this is the case in the vicinity of emas national park, a small protected area in the brazilian cerrado. over the last 40 years the native vegetation surrounding the park has been converted to agriculture, but the region still ... | 2010 | 21029162 |
| the effect of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of a top predator: loss of diversity and high differentiation among remnant populations of atlantic forest jaguars (panthera onca). | habitat fragmentation may disrupt original patterns of gene flow and lead to drift-induced differentiation among local population units. top predators such as the jaguar may be particularly susceptible to this effect, given their low population densities, leading to small effective sizes in local fragments. on the other hand, the jaguar's high dispersal capabilities and relatively long generation time might counteract this process, slowing the effect of drift on local populations over the time f ... | 2010 | 21040050 |
| dna extraction from hair shafts of wild brazilian felids and canids. | wild felids and canids are usually the main predators in the food chains where they dwell and are almost invisible to behavior and ecology researchers. due to their grooming behavior, they tend to swallow shed hair, which shows up in the feces. dna found in hair shafts can be used in molecular studies that can unravel, for instance, genetic variability, reproductive mode and family structure, and in some species, it is even possible to estimate migration and dispersion rates in given populations ... | 2010 | 21174262 |
| attacks by jaguars (panthera onca) on humans in central brazil: report of three cases, with observation of a death. | conflicts between humans and big cats have been known for centuries throughout the world, but have intensified in recent decades. recently, attacks by panthera onca on humans in brazil have been brought to the forefront through exposure in the press and because of the severity of the attacks. we report 3 cases of patients attacked by jaguars in provoked and predatory situations. two patients survived the attacks and one died. attack mechanisms and lesions in victims are discussed. the attacks de ... | 2011 | 21396857 |
| identification of neotropical felid faeces using rcp-pcr. | faeces similarity among sympatric felid species has generally hampered their use in distributional, demographic and dietary studies. here, we present a new and simple approach based on a set of species-specific primers, for the unambiguous identification of faeces from sympatric neotropical felids (i.e. puma, jaguar, jaguarundi and ocelot/ margay). this method, referred to as rapid classificatory protocol-pcr (rcp-pcr), consists of a single-tube multiplex pcr yielding species-specific banding pa ... | 2011 | 21429118 |
| genotyping of potentially zoonotic giardia duodenalis from exotic and wild animals kept in captivity in brazil. | we have studied the variability of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and small subunit ribosomal (ssu) rrna coding genes of giardia species in fecal samples isolated from wild and exotic animals in brazil, and compared with homologous sequences of isolates from human and domestic animals characterized in previous studies. cysts of giardia duodenalis were obtained from feces of naturally infected monkeys (alouatta fusca) (n=20), chinchillas (chinchilla lanigera) (n=3), ostriches (struthio camelus) (n ... | 2011 | 21530084 |
| serological detection of viral infections in captive wild cats from costa rica. | serum samples from a total of 44 wildcats, 28 margays (leopardus wiedii), 10 ocelots (leopardus pardalis), four jaguaroundis (herpailurus yaguaroundi), one oncilla (leopardus tigrina), and one jaguar (panthera onca) were obtained between january 2001 and august 2002 from the profelis centre for rehabilitation of wild felids, located in the northwestern region of costa rica. forty three samples were tested for antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and p27 antigen of feline leukem ... | 2011 | 21547230 |
| big cat phylogenies, consensus trees, and computational thinking. | abstract phylogenetics seeks to deduce the pattern of relatedness between organisms by using a phylogeny or evolutionary tree. for a given set of organisms or taxa, there may be many evolutionary trees depicting how these organisms evolved from a common ancestor. as a result, consensus trees are a popular approach for summarizing the shared evolutionary relationships in a group of trees. we examine these consensus techniques by studying how the pantherine lineage of cats (clouded leopard, jaguar ... | 2011 | 21563975 |
| tick-borne bacteria in free-living jaguars (panthera onca) in pantanal, brazil. | abstract tick-borne bacteria were investigated in 10 free-living jaguars and their ticks in the pantanal biome, brazil. jaguar sera were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody assays using rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia parkeri, rickettsia amblyommii, rickettsia rhipicephali, rickettsia felis, rickettsia bellii, ehrlichia canis, and coxiella burnetii as crude antigens. all 10 jaguar sera reacted (titer ≥64) to at least one rickettsia species; 4 and 3 sera reacted with e. canis and c. burneti ... | 2011 | 21612532 |
| Resource selection and its implications for wide-ranging mammals of the brazilian cerrado. | Conserving animals beyond protected areas is critical because even the largest reserves may be too small to maintain viable populations for many wide-ranging species. Identification of landscape features that will promote persistence of a diverse array of species is a high priority, particularly, for protected areas that reside in regions of otherwise extensive habitat loss. This is the case for Emas National Park, a small but important protected area located in the Brazilian Cerrado, the world' ... | 2011 | 22205984 |
| mitogenomic analysis of the genus panthera. | the complete sequences of the mitochondrial dna genomes of panthera tigris, panthera pardus, and panthera uncia were determined using the polymerase chain reaction method. the lengths of the complete mitochondrial dna sequences of the three species were 16990, 16964, and 16773 bp, respectively. each of the three mitochondrial dna genomes included 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trna, two rrna, one o(l)r, and one control region. the structures of the genomes were highly similar to those of felis catu ... | 2011 | 22038004 |
| tungiasis in a free-ranging jaguar (panthera onca) population in brazil. | tungiasis is an ectoparasitic disease caused by fleas of the genus tunga. the disease is reported to occur mostly in human populations. in wildlife, however, the occurrence and impact of this disease remains uncertain. we captured and examined 12 free-ranging jaguars for the presence of tunga penetrans in the pantanal region of mato grosso do sul state, brazil. tungiasis prevalence was 100% in the population; lesions were confined to the jaguar's paws. t. penetrans was identified based on the ch ... | 2011 | 21863398 |
| forensic scatology: preliminary experimental study of the preparation and potential for identification of captive carnivore scat. | carnivore scats recovered from animal attack and/or scavenging contexts frequently contain forensic evidence such as human bone fragments. forensic cases with carnivore involvement are increasingly prevalent, necessitating a methodology for the recovery and analysis of scat evidence. this study proposes a method for the safe preparation of carnivore scat, recovery of bone inclusions, and quantification and comparison of scat variables. fourteen scats (lion, jaguar, lynx, wolf, and coyote) were p ... | 2011 | 21923796 |
| hemoplasmas in wild canids and felids in brazil. | hemotropic mycoplasmas, epicellular erythrocytic bacterial parasites lacking a cell wall, are the causative agents of infectious anemia in numerous mammalian species. the presence of hemotropic mycoplasmas in blood samples of neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids from brazilian zoos were recorded using molecular techniques. blood samples were collected from 146 brazilian wild felids, 19 exotic felids, 3 european wolves (canis lupus), and from 97 brazilian wild canids from zoos in the bra ... | 2011 | 22946419 |
| high proportion of male faeces in jaguar populations. | faeces provide relevant biological information which includes, with the application of genetic techniques, the sex and identity of individuals that defecated, thus providing potentially useful data on the behaviour and ecology of individuals, as well as the dynamics and structure of populations. this paper presents estimates of the sex ratio of different felid species (jaguar, panthera onca; puma, puma concolor; and ocelot/margay, leopardus pardalis/leopardus wiedi) as observed in field collecte ... | 2012 | 23285226 |
| [mammals of zoque forest, mexico: richness, use and conservation]. | zoque forest is one of the richest and threatened regions in southeastern mexico, and for which few studies on mammal biology and use are available. here we analyzed the conservation status of mammalian species according to mexican and international laws, with an updated checklist of mammals in this forest, and some information on their use by some rural communities. basic information was obtained from national and international collections and publications. a total of 42 fieldtrips, that follow ... | 2012 | 23894946 |
| deux chevaux, jaguar--or ford. | | 2011 | 3113564 |
| serosurvey of smooth brucella, leptospira spp. and toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging jaguars (panthera onca) and domestic animals from brazil. | this study investigated the exposure of jaguar populations and domestic animals to smooth brucella, leptospira spp. and toxoplasma gondii in the cerrado, pantanal and amazon biomes of brazil. between february 2000 and january 2010, serum samples from 31 jaguars (panthera onca), 1,245 cattle (bos taurus), 168 domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris) and 29 domestic cats (felis catus) were collected and analysed by rose bengal test for smooth brucella, microscopic agglutination test for leptospira s ... | 2015 | 26605787 |
| detection of leptospira spp. and brucella abortus antibodies in free-living jaguars (panthera onca) in two protected areas of northern pantanal, brazil. | this study aimed to assess the exposure of free-living jaguars (panthera onca) to leptospira spp. and brucella abortus in two conservation units in the pantanal of mato grosso, brazil. the presence of antibodies in blood samples of eleven jaguars was investigated using autochthonous antigens isolated in brazil added to reference antigen collection applied to diagnosis of leptospirosis by microscopic agglutination test (mat). the rose bengal test was applied for b. abortus antibodies. two (18.2%) ... | 2015 | 25923900 |
| ticks and rickettsiae from wildlife in belize, central america. | the agents of spotted fevers in latin america are rickettsia rickettsii, r. parkeri, rickettsia sp. strain atlantic rainforest, and r. massiliae. in continental central america, r. rickettsii remains the only known pathogenic tick-borne rickettsia. in the present study, ticks were collected from wild mammals in natural areas of belize. besides providing new data of ticks from belize, we investigated rickettsial infection in some of these ticks. our results provide ticks harboring rickettsial age ... | 2016 | 26831147 |
| can scat analysis describe the feeding habits of big cats? a case study with jaguars (panthera onca) in southern pantanal, brazil. | large cats feeding habits have been studied through two main methods: scat analysis and the carcasses of prey killed by monitored animals. from november 2001 to april 2004, we studied jaguar predation patterns using gps telemetry location clusters on a cattle ranch in southern pantanal. during this period, we recorded 431 carcasses of animals preyed upon by monitored jaguars. concurrently, we collected 125 jaguar scats opportunistically. we compared the frequencies of prey found through each met ... | 2016 | 27002524 |
| jaguar interactions with pumas and prey at the northern edge of jaguars' range. | we present the first study that evaluates jaguar-puma interactions in the arid lands of northern mexico, where jaguars have their northernmost breeding population and both predators are persecuted for livestock depredation. we tested whether jaguars are the dominant species in this unique ecosystem, where: (1) pumas outnumber jaguars, (2) pumas are better adapted to arid environments, and (3) jaguars and pumas are of similar size. we analyzed four years of data with two approaches; a two species ... | 2017 | 28133569 |
| ehrlichia sp. infection in carthorses of low-income owners, southern brazil. | although well established in dogs, ehrlichia sp. infection has been scarcely reported in horses. the aim was to perform a comprehensive serological and molecular survey for the detection of ehrlichia spp. in carthorses from southern brazil. blood samples from 190 carthorses from paraná state were sampled. horses were also tested for borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum. anti-ehrlichia sp. antibodies were detected by a commercial rapid elisa, and immunofluorescence antibody assays ( ... | 2016 | 27638113 |
| cross transmission of gastrointestinal nematodes between captive neotropical felids and feral cats. | pathogen cross transmission between wildlife and domestic animals represents an extinction risk for wildlife; however, reliable verification is difficult to perform, and in some cases, it is even considered unlikely to be conducted. the aim of this work was to identify cross transmission of helminths between feral cats and captive wild felids at a zoological park in southeastern mexico. feces were collected from jaguars (panthera onca), cougars (puma concolor), ocelots (leopardus pardalis), marg ... | 2013 | 24450052 |