| the amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of badger (meles meles) haemoglobin. | the complete amino acid sequence of the alpha chain from the badger (meles meles) haemoglobin was elucidated using conventional methods chiefly performed on tryptic peptides separated by peptide "mapping" and comparison with human alpha chain. sixteen differences were noted between the alpha chain of badger and man. phylogenetic aspects and three-dimensional structure requirements are discussed. | 1978 | 667111 |
| tuberculosis in wild badgers (meles meles) in gloucestershire: pathology. | the gross and histological appearances of the lesions of tuberculosis in 36 wild badgers found to be infected with mycobacterium bovis are described. these badgers were examined over a period of two years during an investigation into the possible epidemiological association of tuberculosis in badgers and cattle. the possible significance of the lesions in transmission of m bovis to cattle and other badgers is discussed. the histological appearance of the lesions was considered to be indicative o ... | 1976 | 769293 |
| adiaspiromycosis in large free living carnivores. | adiaspiromycosis was identified in 6 animals in the examination of the lungs of 90 large carnivores. emmonsia crescens (chrysosporium parvum var. crescens) was demonstrated as the causative agent in 5 cases of disease-in the badger (meles meles), the otter (lutra lutra) and the fox (vulpes vulpes). e. parva was demonstrated in the remaining case of disease in a fox. the badger is a new, up to the present unknown host of e. crescens. the sporadic occurrence of adiaspiromycosis in the fox and the ... | 1976 | 945461 |
| parasites of the japanese badger, meles meles anakuma temminck, especially on isthmiophora melis (schrank, 1788) lühe, 1909. | | 1975 | 1228264 |
| primary sequence of the beta-chain of badger haemoglobin. | badger (meles meles) haemoglobin was purified by paper electrophoresis and converted into globin. chain separation was carried out on a cm-cellulose column in the presence of 8 m urea. the beta-chain was aminoethylated, purified by gel filtration and submitted to tryptic digestion. a fingerprint obtained with the enzymic digests showed 17 distinct ninhydrin-positive spots from which 20 pure peptides were isolated by further electrochromatographic separations. these peptides were sequenced using ... | 1976 | 1259993 |
| epidemiology of sylvatic trichinellosis in north-western italy. | muscle samples from 7,142 wild boars (sus scrofa), 80 free-ranging hogs, 1,462 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) 90 mustelids, 15 alpine marmots (marmota marmota), 873 rodents and 92 insectivores were examined for trichinella railliet, 1895. a wild boar, a badger (meles meles) and 30 foxes (2.1%) were found to be infected. eleven vulpine isolates and the wild boar isolate were identified as trichinella britovi. these results show that the wild boar has little significance as a reservoir of t. britovi in ... | 1992 | 1305850 |
| sarcoptic mange in swedish wildlife. | mange caused by sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes appeared among red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in scandinavia (south-west finland) for the first time in this century in 1967. the disease was most probably introduced by foxes crossing the gulf of finland from estonia. the mange epizootic spread northwards through finland and reached sweden in late 1975, when mangy foxes appeared in the northern part of the country. in 1984, mange was observed in most parts of sweden. the disease was observed to spread ra ... | 1992 | 1305857 |
| disseminated histoplasmosis in a badger (meles meles) in denmark. | we report the first case of disseminated histoplasmosis in an animal in scandinavia. yeast cells compatible with those of histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum were found in the skin, liver, spleen, a kidney, and a lymph node of a wild badger (meles meles). the diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining of the yeast cells in tissue sections. | 1992 | 1642845 |
| epidemiological methods for investigating wild animal reservoirs of animal disease. | the epidemiological and ecological methodologies used to investigate tuberculosis in badgers (meles meles) in great britain are reviewed. the objectives of these studies have been, on the one hand, to investigate the causal association between mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers and the occurrence of tuberculosis in cattle and, on the other, to acquire knowledge of the population biology of badgers and the dynamics of infection in order to identify, formulate and assess potential strategies ... | 1991 | 1760574 |
| lung and hearth nematodes in some spanish mammals. | thirteen host species belonging to the orders rodentia, insectivora and carnivora from various localities in galicia (nw spain) were examined for heart and lung parasites. the following species were found: parastrongylus dujardini (5.5%) in apodemus sylvaticus, crenosoma striatum in erinaceus europaeus (83%), angiostrongylus vasorum, crenosoma vulpis and eucoleus aerophilus in vulpes vulpes (3, 3.46 and 0.50%, respectively), crenosoma taiga in putorius putorius (100%) and crenosoma sp. in meles ... | 1991 | 1844789 |
| steroid profiles of brown adipose tissue. | in brown adipose tissue of alp-marmot (marmota marmota), badger (meles meles) and wistar rats steroids of c21- and c19-type are identified and quantified. the detection of 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one, 3 alpha,21-dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one, 3 alpha,21-dihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one and 3 beta,21-dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one is of special interest since sleep-inducing properties have been described with these steroids. | 1991 | 1911431 |
| the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. v. the status of subspecies of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. | twenty-five years ago williams and sweatman suggested that in great britain there are two subspecies of echinococcus granulosus--e. granulosus granulosus and e. granulosus equinus. echinococcus granulosus granulosus does not mature either in foxes or in horses: e. granulosus equinus will mature in either. the prepatent period of e. granulosus granulosus in the definitive host is about 42 days while that of e. granulosus equinus is about 70 days. each subspecies has a characteristic morphology. m ... | 1989 | 2596902 |
| the amino-acid sequence of the double-headed proteinase inhibitor from badger (meles meles) submandibular glands. | badger submandibular glands contain a double-headed secretory proteinase inhibitor. its amino acid sequence was determined. extensive homologies were found between this inhibitor and the corresponding inhibitors of fox, dog, lion and cat in both domains. as in fox and dog inhibitor, the trypsin-inhibiting domain of badger inhibitor contains an arg residue in the reactive site in contrast to a lys residue in the inhibitors of lion and cat. domains i and ii of badger inhibitor are structurally rel ... | 1989 | 2626426 |
| use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus for oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: innocuity to several non-target bait consuming species. | the pathogenicity of a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein (vvtggrab) was tested in several wild animal species which could compete with the natural rabies host, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in consuming vaccine baits in europe. the following species were included in this study: wild boar (sus scrofa), eurasian badger (meles meles), wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), common vole (microtus arv ... | 1989 | 2681844 |
| population dynamics of the badger (meles meles) and the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis). | | 1985 | 2865760 |
| isolation and characterization of the major plasma apolipoproteins, a-1 and b, in the european badger, meles meles. | the two major apolipoproteins of badger serum, apoa-i and apob, have been isolated and characterized. apolipoprotein a-i was the principal protein of badger lipoproteins with density 1.063-1.21 g/ml and, in addition, was present in the lipoprotein class with density 1.006-1.063 g/ml. this apolipoprotein displayed an mr of approximately equal to 27,000-28,000 and was polymorphic (three prominent isoproteins) on isoelectric focusing, with pi values in the range 5.38-5.55. the amino acid profile of ... | 1986 | 3083034 |
| the haematological values of european badgers (meles meles) in health and in the course of tuberculosis infection. | captive, healthy, adult badgers have blood containing haemoglobin at 13.3 g/dl, and 8.4 x 10(12)/l red cells with an mcv of 46.2 fl and an mch of 15.6 pg. they have 5.1 x 10(9) white cells/l of which 3.29 x 10(9) are polymorphs, 1.49 x 10(9) are lymphocytes, 0.26 x 10(9) are monocytes, 0.07 x 10(9) are eosinophils and 0.01 x 10(9) are basophils. these values are somewhat less in adult animals just trapped from the wild, and are lower still in wild cubs. changes associated with tuberculosis are a ... | 1988 | 3181308 |
| experimental infection of badgers (meles meles) with mycobacterium bovis. | the intradermal inoculation of four badgers with small numbers of mycobacterium bovis resulted in localized lesions with ulceration which slowly healed by 5 months after inoculation. lesions of generalized tuberculosis were seen in three badgers, one of which died at 17 months post-inoculation and in the remaining two killed 22 months post-inoculation. in the fourth badger lesions were confined to the draining lymph node of the inoculation site but m. bovis was isolated from the liver. monthly c ... | 1987 | 3549340 |
| the immunological consequences of challenge with bovine tubercle bacilli in badgers (meles meles). | optimal conditions were determined for performing antibody measurements (elisa), lymphocyte transformation tests and, to some extent, skin tests in badgers. these parameters, together with the bacteriological and pathological studies reported previously (pritchard et al. 1987), were used to follow the course of intradermal and intratracheal challenge of badgers with bovine tubercle bacilli. two challenge doses were used for each route of infection and two animals received each dose. none of the ... | 1987 | 3549341 |
| thyroid and gonadal regulation of hair growth during the seasonal molt in the male european badger, meles meles l. | in the male badger we showed that hair growth and molt are related to plasma testosterone and thyroxine cycles. we established the action of testosterone by castration and subcutaneous testosterone implants, and the action of thyroxine by thyroidectomy and dietary supplementation with thyroxine. the following groups of animals were studied: controls, thyroidectomized, thyroidectomized and thyroxine-treated, castrated, castrated and thyroxine-treated, thyroidectomized and castrated and thyroxine- ... | 1987 | 3817452 |
| the skin inflammatory response of the badger (meles meles). | twenty-five badgers, captured in an area where they had been implicated in outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis, received intradermal inoculations of control medium, 150 micrograms phytohaemagglutinin (pha), 40 units streptokinase/10 units streptodornase (sk/sd), 200 micrograms purified protein derivative of mycobacterium bovis (ppd), freund's incomplete adjuvant (ifa), and freund's complete adjuvant (cfa), each in 0.1 ml of inoculum. the reactions were assessed by skinfold thickness and skin histol ... | 1985 | 3910074 |
| an electrophoretic behavior of the badger's meles meles serum proteins in starch gel in comparison with that of man and rat. | | 1969 | 4186716 |
| trypanosoma (megatrypanum) pestanai in british badgers (meles meles). | | 1974 | 4448586 |
| tetragomphius melis n. sp. (nematoda; ancylostomidae) from the japanese badger, meles meles anakuma temminck. | | 1974 | 4547319 |
| thallium poisoning in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and badgers (meles meles) in denmark. | | 1974 | 4831790 |
| piroplasmosis in british badgers (meles meles). | | 1974 | 4853650 |
| [on hemogobin of the dachshund (meles meles)]. | | 1968 | 5727741 |
| a comparison of the antibody responses of badgers (meles meles) and rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) to some common antigens. | the primary and secondary antibody responses of rabbits and badgers were compared after intravenous inoculation of inactivated influenza a virus, sheep erythrocytes (srbcs), bovine serum albumin (bsa) or bacteriophage psi x174. bsa was also given as a primary injection by the intramuscular route in solution or in freund's incomplete or complete adjuvant, followed by an intravenous secondary inoculation without adjuvant. antibody responses were monitored by: haemagglutination inhibition and neutr ... | 1984 | 6237062 |
| response of the badger (meles meles) to infection with brucella abortus. | three badgers exposed to conjunctival instillation of brucella abortus strain 544 developed a mild subclinical infection accompanied by the production of agglutinating and complement fixing antibodies. six months after inoculation, the infection could not be detected in one badger and was confined to lymphoid tissue in the other two. no cell mediated immune response to b abortus antigens could be detected by in vitro lymphocyte transformation tests or intradermal tests for delayed hypersensitivi ... | 1983 | 6410474 |
| infection of free-living carnivores with leptospires of the australis serogroup. | leptospires belonging to the australis serogroup were isolated from badgers (meles meles), mink (lutreola lutreola) and a fox (vulpes vulpes). most isolates were identified by cross-agglutination absorption as serovar muenchen but one isolate from a fox from surrey and one isolate from a badger from northern ireland were identified as serovar bratislava. maintenance of serovar muenchen by a wide range of free-living species is an ecological condition unique to great britain. | 1983 | 6636479 |
| the intestinal helminths of the red fox and some other carnivores in southwest germany. | in south-west germany between 1975 and 1980, 3,573 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 84 badgers (meles meles), 47 stone martens (martes foina), and 387 cats (felis catus) were examined for intestinal helminths. in foxes the extent of infections was: taenia crassiceps 24%, t. polyacantha 8%, t. taeniaeformis 0.6%, t. serialis 0.5%, mesocestoides leptothylacus 20%, mesocestoides sp. 0.2%, toxocara canis 32%, toxascaris leonina 3%, uncinaria stenocephala 26%. one to three foxes harboured t. hydatigena, t. ... | 1982 | 7072323 |
| electrophoretic variation in large mammals. ii. the red fox, vulpes vulpes, the stoat, mustela erminea, the weasel, mustela nivalis, the pole cat, mustela putorius, the pine marten, martes martes, the beech marten, martes foina, and the badger, meles meles. | | 1982 | 7107306 |
| isolation of mycoplasmas from raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), fox (vulpes vulpes japonica) and japanese badger (meles meles anakuma). | | 1981 | 7289340 |
| the occurrence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle in and around an area subject to extensive badger (meles meles) control. | the occurrence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle herds during the period 1966-92 in two geographically related areas in south-west england is compared. in one area comprising 104 km2 all badgers were systematically destroyed from 1975-81, after which recolonization was allowed; in the other, comprising 116 km2, small scale, statutory badger removal operations were undertaken from 1975 onwards where specific herds were detected with m. bovis infection. in the area with total clearance, n ... | 1995 | 7867737 |
| the fungal flora of zoo animals' ears. | the mycotic flora of the ears of zoo animals was investigated in a large zoological garden in germany. malassezia pachydermatis was isolated from the following animals: big ant-eater, brown bear, common wombat, eurasian badger, indian elephant, mangaliza pig and wide-mouthed rhinoceros. aspergillus and penicillium species, yeasts and zygomycetes were also isolated from some animals. | 1994 | 7935595 |
| sarcocysts (sarcocystis sp.: sporozoa) in the european badger, meles meles. | sarcocysts from the tongue muscle of a european badger (meles meles) are reported for the first time and described by light and transmission electron microscopy. judging from the ultrastructure of the cyst wall, the parasite is similar to the species sarcocystis gracilis rátz, 1909 sensu erber, boch & barth (1978) from roe deer and possibly identical with it. this is noteworthy regarding the intermediate host specificity. | 1994 | 8008456 |
| tuberculosis in badgers (meles meles). | this review examines the incidence of tuberculosis in badgers, the pathogenesis and diagnosis of the disease in the badger, and the control prospects related to spread of tuberculosis from badgers to cattle. | 1994 | 8073624 |
| badgers (meles meles), cattle and bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis): a hypothesis to explain the influence of habitat on the risk of disease transmission in southwest england. | badgers are believed to be responsible for a high proportion of the cases of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in southwest england where, despite the onset of badger control operations in 1975, comparatively high numbers of cattle continue to fail the tuberculin test. to determine why the disease remains a problem in these areas, data on badger densities and patterns of land use were examined. areas subject to repeated badger control operations had greater landscape heterogeneity and a higher densi ... | 1993 | 8234365 |
| mycobacterium bovis in the european badger (meles meles): epidemiological findings in tuberculous badgers from a naturally infected population. | this study investigates the course of tuberculosis in a naturally infected badger population, its impact on the population and the risk of spread to other species in the light of capture data and post-mortem findings from 47 tuberculous badgers, stratified by age group and sex, accrued since 1975. the findings are compared with those for 260 badgers from the same population in whom no evidence of infection was detected. detailed estimates of seasonal variations in bodyweight for uninfected male ... | 1993 | 8348937 |
| mammalian spinal biomechanics. i. static and dynamic mechanical properties of intact intervertebral joints. | four-point bending was used to apply pure extension and flexion moments to the ligamentous lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle of monkey (macaca fascicularis), rabbit (domestic and wild, oryctolagus cuniculus), badger (meles meles), wallaby (wallabia rufogrisea frutica), sheep (ovis aries), seal (phoca vitulina) and tiger (panthera tigris). the absolute ranges of angular change in lumbar-lumbar joints (from x-radiographs) were considerable and similar in monkey and wallaby (greater in flexion) a ... | 1993 | 8440968 |
| bovine tuberculosis in badger (meles meles) populations in southwest england: the use of a spatial stochastic simulation model to understand the dynamics of the disease. | a spatial stochastic simulation model was developed to describe the dynamics of bovine tuberculosis in badger populations in southwest england, based on data from the literature and from unpublished sources. as there are no data on intra- and intergroup infection probabilities, estimates of these were obtained through repeated simulations based on field observations of the spread and prevalence of the disease. the model works on a grid-cell basis, with each grid cell potentially occupied by one ... | 1995 | 8570681 |
| bovine tuberculosis in badger (meles meles) populations in southwest england: an assessment of past, present and possible future control strategies using simulation modelling. | a spatial stochastic simulation model was used to compare the efficacy of different badger control policies and to determine the theoretical requirements for the control of endemic bovine tuberculosis in badger populations in southwest england. culling-based strategies for controlling endemic disease were compared with strategies employing a yet-to-be-developed oral vaccine which would provide uninfected badgers with immunity to the infection. a comparative assessment was made of the efficacy of ... | 1995 | 8570682 |
| evaluation of an elisa for mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (meles meles). | the performance of an indirect elisa for diagnosing mycobacterium bovis infection in live badgers was evaluated by examining blood samples collected from 1982 badgers captured during statutory badger removal operations in south west england. the validity of the test and the factors affecting the prevalence of infection are described. the sensitivity of the elisa was 40.7 percent, its specificity was 94.3 percent, the predictive value of a positive test was 67.5% percent and the predictive value ... | 1995 | 8644433 |
| vaccination of the badger (meles meles) against mycobacterium bovis. | this review summarizes current knowledge relating to the potential development of a vaccine against mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) for use in badgers. the serious economic loss incurred from bovine tuberculosis in ireland is highlighted. the problems presented to national bovine tuberculosis eradication programmes by wildlife reservoirs of m bovis, in particular the badger and the brushtail possum, are outlined. badger and possum ecology and the epidemiology of m. bovis infection in these specie ... | 1996 | 8870197 |
| safety study of the sag2 rabies virus mutant in several non-target species with a view to its future use for the immunization of foxes in europe. | the safety of the sag2 virus, a low virulence mutant of the sad strain, was investigated in ten species of mammals and seven species of birds liable to consume vaccine baits. these species are the western hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus), the meadow vole (microtus arvalis), the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), the water vole (arvicola terrestris), the field mouse (apodemus flavicollis or a. sylvaticus), the norway rat (rattus norvegicus), the european badger (meles meles), the domestic ferret ... | 1996 | 9014291 |
| on physaloptera sibirica petrow et gorbunow, 1931 (nematoda: physalopteridae) parasitizing iberian mammals. | faunistic and morphological study of physaloptera sibirica petrow et gorbunow, 1931 (nematoda: physalopteridae), a nematode isolated in spain from three mammal species: red fox, vulpes vulpes (linnaeus, 1758) (carnivora: canidae), eurasian badger, meles meles (linnaeus, 1758) (carnivora: mustelidae), and garden dormouse, eliomys quercinus (linnaeus, 1766) (rodentia: myoxidae) in the iberian peninsula. morphological features of cephalic and caudal regions of males are presented for the first time ... | 1996 | 9077116 |
| the european badger (carnivora:mustelidae) as intermediate host of further three sarcocystis species (sporozoa). | three species of sarcocysts are described by light and electron microscopy from the european badger (meles meles): sarcocystis hofmanni n. sp. (a species otherwise occurring in roe deer, capreolus capreolus), s. sp., cf. sebeki (c species usually parasitizing certain murids); and s. melis n. sp. (c species presumably specific for the badger). | 1994 | 9140470 |
| fertility control as a means of controlling bovine tuberculosis in badger (meles meles) populations in south-west england: predictions from a spatial stochastic simulation model. | a spatial stochastic simulation model was used to assess the potential of fertility control, based on a yet-to-be-developed oral bait-delivered contraceptive directed at females, for the control of bovine tuberculosis in badger populations in south-west england. the contraceptive had a lifelong effect so that females rendered sterile in any particular year remained so for the rest of their lives. the efficacy of fertility control alone repeated annually for varying periods of time was compared w ... | 1997 | 9447730 |
| morphology and morphometry of skulls of raccoon dogs, nyctereutes procyonoides and badgers, meles meles. | in order to obtain the basic data to identify the skeletal remains from the archaeological sites, morphological and morphometrical studies were carried out on skulls of living raccoon dogs (35 males and 45 females) and badgers (16 males and 8 females) from kagoshima prefecture. macroscopically, the sexual differences were observed in badgers for the parts of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the occipital squama, but were not in raccoon dogs. among 24 cranial measurements, significa ... | 1998 | 9524938 |
| a histometrical study on the long bones of raccoon dogs, nyctereutes procyonoides and badgers, meles meles. | to obtain the data required for identification of skeletal remains excavated from archaeological sites, histometrical observations were made in the cross sections of the mid-shaft of humerus, radius, femur and tibia of raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and badgers (meles meles) captured in kagoshima prefecture. there were interspecific differences between both animals in the breadth, the depth and the area of medullary cavity at the mid-shaft of the bones, all measurements were greater in ... | 1998 | 9560780 |
| movement of badgers (meles meles) in a high-density population: individual, population and disease effects. | the movement of 1763 badgers trapped between 36 social groups in woodchester park, gloucestershire, over 18 years was analysed to determine the frequency and duration of moves, the factors associated with a predisposition to move and the spatial pattern of movements. of those badgers whose capture history could be categorized, nearly half had moved. of these, 73.1% were classified as 'occasional movers', 22.1% as 'permanent movers' and 4.8% as 'frequent movers'. most adult badgers that moved mad ... | 1998 | 9718736 |
| use of protein ag in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening for antibodies against parapoxvirus in wild animals in japan. | using protein ag in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), we tried to detect antibodies against parapoxvirus in 9 species of wild animals in japan: the japanese badger (meles meles anakuma), japanese black bear (ursus thibetanus japonicus), japanese deer (cervus nippon centralis), japanese monkey (macaca fuscata), japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), japanese serow (capricornis crispus), japanese wild boar (sus scrofa leucomystax), masked palm civet (paguma larvata ... | 1999 | 10225841 |
| a comparison of wildlife control and cattle vaccination as methods for the control of bovine tuberculosis. | the australian brushtail possum is the major source of infection for new cases of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in new zealand. using hypothetical values for the cost of putative cattle and possum tb vaccines, the relative efforts required to eradicate tb in cattle using possum culling, possum vaccination or cattle vaccination are compared. for realistic assumed costs for 1080 poison bait, possum culling is found to be a cost-effective strategy compared to cattle vaccination if the required cont ... | 1999 | 10459656 |
| a lymphocyte transformation assay for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in the eurasian badger (meles meles). | the eurasian badger (meles meles) is a significant wildlife reservoir of mycobacterium bovis in great britain. improved control strategies against the disease in badgers require the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines. here, we report the development of a comparative lymphocyte transformation assay (lta) using bovine and avian tuberculin as antigen to detect cell-mediated responses in m. bovis-infected badgers. in a pilot study, the performance of this assay was compared with the existi ... | 1999 | 10507289 |
| parasitological survey on wild carnivora in north-western tohoku, japan. | in the winter of 1997-1998, we collected parasitological data from 60 wild carnivora in the north-western part of tohoku region, japan. these included 7 foxes (vulpes vulpes japonica), 20 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), 29 martens (martes melampus melampus), 3 weasels (two mustela sibirica itatsi and one m. nivalis namiyei), and one japanese badger (meles meles anakuma). roundworms (toxocara canis in foxes and toxocara tanuki in raccoon dogs), hookworms (ancylostoma kusimaens ... | 1999 | 10535507 |
| the parasites of the badger (meles meles) in the north of mugello (florence, italy). | during the period january 1993-june 1994, a parasitological survey was carried out on 19 badgers (meles meles) road killed in northern mugello (florence). the following helminths (together with their prevalence) were isolated and classified: uncinaria criniformis (84.2%); capillaria sp. (31.6%); molineus patens (21.1%); mesocestoides melesi (21.1%); aelurostrongylus falciformis (52.6%); crenosoma melesi (21.1%). according to results, only sex related differences in prevalence were studied. the p ... | 1999 | 10870555 |
| granulomatous skin lesions due to histoplasmosis in a badger (meles meles) in austria. | we describe the first case of histoplasmosis due to infection with histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum in a wild badger (meles meles) in austria. diagnosis was established by histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of yeast forms in skin lesions and lymph nodes. although austria has yet to be regarded as an endemic region for h. capsulatum, infections of animals and humans exposed to contaminated soil cannot be excluded. | 2000 | 10892994 |
| the first human case of trichinella spiralis infection in korea. | three cases of human infection by trichinella spiralis were first confirmed by detecting encysted larvae in the biopsied muscle in december 1997, in korea. the patients were one 35- and two 39-year-old males residing in kochang-gun, kyongsangnam-do. they had a common past history of eating raw liver, spleen, blood and muscle of a badger, meles meles melanogenys, and complained of high fever, facial and periorbital edema, and myalgia. hematologic and biochemical examinations revealed leukocytosis ... | 2000 | 10905075 |
| absence of antibodies against canine distemper virus in free-ranging populations of the eurasian badger in great britain. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a serious disease of wild carnivores throughout the world. in europe, infection has been detected in several carnivores including the eurasian badger (meles meles). in the present study 182 badger blood samples were collected from an intensively studied population of wild badgers in southwestern england (january-july, 1997), and a further 286 from throughout southern britain (june 1996-november 1998). a neutralizing peroxidase-linked antibody test was used for the ... | 2000 | 10941749 |
| mycobacterium bovis in free-living and captive wildlife, including farmed deer. | mycobacterium bovis has been isolated from a wide range of wildlife species, in addition to domestic animals. this review examines the role played by various species in the maintenance of m. bovis in wildlife communities and the spread to domestic animals. badgers (meles meles), brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula), deer (odocoileus virginianus), bison (bison bison) and african buffalo (syncerus caffer) are examples of wildlife that are maintenance hosts of m. bovis. the importance of these ... | 2001 | 11288522 |
| theobromine intoxication in a red fox and a european badger in sweden. | a red fox (vulpes vulpes) and a european badger (meles meles) were found dead on a golf-course in october 1997 near stockholm (sweden). at necropsy, both animals were obese and the main finding was acute circulatory collapse. theobromine intoxication was suspected as chocolate waste was available at a nearby farm and no other cause of death could be detected. gastric contents and samples of liver from both animals were analyzed by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography for the presen ... | 2001 | 11310889 |
| pathology of natural mycobacterium bovis infection in european badgers (meles meles) and its relationship with bacterial excretion. | sixteen european badgers (meles meles) from three statutory removal operations were studied. samples of tracheal aspirate, pooled lymph nodes and urine were cultured for mycobacteria. seven of the badgers were infected with mycobacterium bovis and had tuberculous pulmonary lesions which varied in severity from extensive granulomatous consolidation to microgranulomas which were not detectable grossly. tuberculous lesions were also observed in the upper respiratory airways, intestines, kidneys, sp ... | 2001 | 11315135 |
| blood biochemistry reflects seasonal nutritional and reproductive constraints in the eurasian badger (meles meles). | physiological responses to nutritional and reproductive constraints were explored in a wild population of eurasian badgers (meles meles) inhabiting wytham woods, oxfordshire, united kingdom. we compared seasonal blood levels of lipid and protein compounds to variables describing the sex, age, body condition, wounds, testes position, and flea abundance of the badgers. we found seasonal variations in albumin/globulins and urea/creatinine ratios matched by differences in body condition. high creati ... | 2001 | 11331518 |
| echinococcus multilocularis in carnivores from the klatovy district of the czech republic. | a unique human case of alveolar echinococcosis was described in 1979 from the klatovy district of the czech republic. however, there were no previous epidemiological studies in this area focusing on detection of the source of infection--echinococcus multilocularis adults producing eggs. during the period june 1997 to april 1999, 29 out of a total of 46 (63.3%) red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in the klatovy district and one of four foxes (25.0%) in the pilsen south district were found to be infected wi ... | 2001 | 11345074 |
| helminth parasites of the eurasian badger (meles meles l.) in spain: a biogeographic approach. | eighty-five eurasian badgers, meles meles (linnaeus, 1758), from four mainland biogeographic spanish areas were analysed for helminths. seventeen helminth species were found: brachylaima sp., euparyphium melis and euryhelmis squamula (trematoda), atriotaenia incisa and mesocestoides sp. (cestoda) and aelurostrongylus pridhami, angiostrongylus vasorum, aonchotheca putorii, crenosoma melesi, mastophorus muris, molineus patens, pearsonema plica, physaloptera sibirica, strongyloides sp., trichinella ... | 2001 | 11355672 |
| immunological responses of eurasian badgers (meles meles) vaccinated with mycobacterium bovis bcg (bacillus calmette guerin). | wildlife species, such as the badger (meles meles), may act as maintenance hosts for mycobacterium bovis and contribute to the spread and persistence of tuberculosis in associated cattle populations. targeted vaccination of badgers against tuberculosis is an option that, if successfully employed, could directly facilitate the advancement of bovine tuberculosis eradication in affected areas. in this study, the immunological responses of a group of badgers vaccinated subcutaneously with low doses ... | 2001 | 11389955 |
| [histoplasmosis in two badgers (meles meles) in northern germany]. | an infection with histoplasma capsulatum was diagnosed in two wild badgers (meles meles) in northern germany, which was predominantly localized in the skin and the regional lymph nodes. the yeast-like fungi were identified in tissue sections using histological and immunohistological methods. | 2001 | 11449917 |
| wildlife disease reservoirs: the epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis infection in the european badger (meles meles) and other british mammals. | mycobacterium bovis infection has been confirmed in a wide range of mammals hosts throughout the world. the european badger (meles meles) and the brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) are implicated as significant sources of infection for domestic cattle in the uk and new zealand respectively. the risk of transmission of infection between a wildlife population and domestic animals will be determined by both the epidemiology of the disease and the ecology of the host. in the uk, surveys by the ... | 2001 | 11463223 |
| coccidiosis in the european badger, meles meles in wytham woods: infection and consequences for growth and survival. | in total 1502 faecal samples were collected from a population of european badgers (meles meles) between 1992 and 1995 at wytham woods, oxfordshire, uk. two coccidia species, eimeria melis and isospora melis, were identified. cubs showed a marked seasonal pattern of infection with e. melis, with infection occurring at significantly higher intensity and prevalence than in adults. there was preliminary evidence to suggest that infantile coccidiosis in badgers may be associated with impaired growth ... | 2001 | 11510678 |
| screening badgers (meles meles) for mycobacterium bovis infection by using multiple applications of an elisa. | the current indirect elisa used to evaluate whether live badgers are infected with mycobacterium bovis has a low sensitivity (40.7 per cent), but a relatively high specificity (94.3 per cent). the low sensitivity of the test makes the diagnosis unreliable, but its sensitivity can be increased by using multiple tests. two multiple testing procedures (involving up to three sequential tests) were investigated. a procedure in which two positive results were required from three tests before an animal ... | 2001 | 11530900 |
| a dna vaccine encoding mpb83 from mycobacterium bovis reduces m. bovis dissemination to the kidneys of mice and is expressed in primary cell cultures of the european badger (meles meles). | nucleic acid (dna) vaccination against tuberculosis in the european badger (meles meles) is one approach to addressing the escalating problem of bovine tuberculosis in great britain. the aim of vaccination is to reduce the burden of tuberculosis within the badger population and the shedding of mycobacterium bovis to levels that would break the transmission of infection to cattle. to this end, the vaccine would be required to limit the amount of disseminated tuberculosis in the badger, especially ... | 2001 | 11883890 |
| excretion of vancomycin-resistant enterococci by wild mammals. | a survey of fecal samples found enterococcal excretion in 82% of 388 bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), 92% of 131 woodmice (apodemus sylvaticus), and 75% of 165 badgers (meles meles). vancomycin-resistant enterococci, all enterococcus faecium of vana genotype, were excreted by 4.6% of the woodmice and 1.2% of the badgers, but by none of the bank voles. | 2002 | 12023924 |
| partial characterization of a novel gammaherpesvirus isolated from a european badger (meles meles). | a herpesvirus causing a cytopathic effect was isolated from pulmonary fibroblast cultures established from a european badger (meles meles). a study was undertaken to classify and to assess some in-vitro growth characteristics of this virus. from a panel of 27 mammalian cell lines, in-vitro replication of the badger herpesvirus (badhv) was only demonstrated with a mink lung cell line, suggesting a high degree of host specificity. using pcr with degenerate primers, three independent fragments of t ... | 2002 | 12029147 |
| sulfadimethoxine and rhodamine b as oral biomarkers for european badgers (meles meles). | a field study was carried out on little island (county waterford, ireland) in june 2000 to evaluate the potential of a bait-marking system for use in european badgers (meles meles). two oral biomarkers, sulfadimethoxine (sdm) and rhodamine b, were incorporated into fishmeal baits and distributed by hand at main sets in five test territories for 3 consecutive days. in parallel, non-biomarked baits were distributed at a single control territory. the objectives of the study were to: (1) assess the ... | 2002 | 12038137 |
| detection of mycobacterium bovis infection and production of interleukin-2 by in vitro stimulation of badger lymphocytes. | the eurasian badger (meles meles) is considered to be an important wildlife reservoir for mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle in ireland and in gb. however, rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis in live badgers has been constrained through a lack of suitable immuno-diagnostic reagents for detection of m. bovis-infected animals. to date, there have been no reports of cytokine activity in badgers that might be associated with specific immune responses to m. bovis infection. in this study, nine badge ... | 2002 | 12052344 |
| associations between trichinella species and host species in finland. | examination of 627 wild animals--raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), red foxes (vulpes vulpes), european lynxes (lynx lynx), brown bears (ursus arctos), wolves (canis lupus), and badgers (meles meles)--revealed trichinella spp. the prevalence varied according to geographical region of finland (north; southwest, sw; and southeast, se) and was the highest among lynxes (70%, sw). the risk of trichinellosis was higher in the se (odds ratio, or, 19.4) and sw regions (or 14.3), as compared with t ... | 2002 | 12053985 |
| immunohistochemical characterization of tuberculous and non-tuberculous lesionsin naturally infected european badgers (meles meles). | a panel of species cross-reactive antibodies was established for the immunohistochemical labelling of phagocytic and lymphoid cells in formalin-fixed normal badger tissues. these reagents were used to investigate the immunopathogenesis of both tuberculous and non-tuberculous granulomas in badgers. in normal badger tissues, antisera specific for the cd79a and cd79b epitopes strongly labelled follicular b lymphocytes and plasma cells in lymph nodes, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and peyer's ... | 2002 | 12056773 |
| the genome phylogeny of domestic cat, red panda and five mustelid species revealed by comparative chromosome painting and g-banding. | genome-wide homology maps among stone marten (martes foina, 2n = 38), domestic cat (felis catus, 2n = 38), american mink (mustela vison, 2n = 30), yellow-throated marten (martes flavigula, 2n = 40), old world badger (meles meles, 2n = 44), ferret badger (melogale moschata, 2n = 38) and red panda (ailurus fulgens, 2n = 36) have been established by cross-species chromosome painting with a complete set of stone marten probes. in total, 18 stone marten autosomal probes reveal 20, 19, 21, 18 and 21 p ... | 2002 | 12067210 |
| use of cattle farm resources by badgers (meles meles) and risk of bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) transmission to cattle. | nocturnal observations, radio telemetry and time-lapse camera surveillance were used to investigate visits by badgers (meles meles l.) to two cattle farms. during 59 half-nights (ca. 295 h) of observation and 17 nights (ca. 154 h) of camera surveillance, 139 separate visits to farm buildings, by at least 26 individually identifiable badgers from two social groups, were recorded. the badgers, which included three individuals infected with bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis), used cowsheds, ... | 2002 | 12137579 |
| the status of mycobacterium bovis infection in uk wild mammals: a review. | bovine tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic infection with a wide range of mammalian hosts. in parts of the uk m. bovis infection in cattle is a persistent problem. the european badger (meles meles) is implicated in the transmission of m. bovis to cattle, and is widely believed to constitute the most important reservoir of infection in uk wildlife. however, few studies have been carried out on the status of m. bovis infection in other uk mammals. in this review we present inf ... | 2002 | 12359464 |
| mapping bovine tuberculosis in great britain using environmental data. | the incidence of bovine tuberculosis (btb) is increasing in great britain, exacerbated by the temporary suspension of herd testing in 2001 for fear of spreading the much more contagious foot and mouth disease. the transmission pathways of btb remain poorly understood. current hypotheses suggest the disease is introduced into susceptible herds from a wildlife reservoir (principally the eurasian badger) and/or from cattle purchased from infected areas, while the role of climatic factors in transmi ... | 2002 | 12377548 |
| confirmation of low genetic diversity and multiple breeding females in a social group of eurasian badgers from microsatellite and field data. | the eurasian badger (meles meles) is a facultatively social carnivore that shows only rudimentary co-operative behaviour and a poorly defined social hierarchy. behavioural evidence and limited genetic data have suggested that more than one female may breed in a social group. we combine pregnancy detection by ultrasound and microsatellite locus scores from a well-studied badger population from wytham woods, oxfordshire, uk, to demonstrate that multiple females reproduce within a social group. we ... | 2003 | 12535103 |
| tuberculosis and badgers: new approaches to diagnosis and control. | the eurasian badger (meles meles) is considered to be an important wildlife reservoir of mycobacterium bovis infection for cattle in ireland and in great britain. the inability to eradicate the disease from cattle is, in part, a consequence of m. bovis infection in badgers sharing the environment with cattle. whereas national tuberculosis eradication programmes continue to be effective in maintaining the disease prevalence in cattle at a low level, strategies to control and eradicate tuberculosi ... | 2003 | 12675939 |
| reliable microsatellite genotyping of the eurasian badger (meles meles) using faecal dna. | the potential link between badgers and bovine tuberculosis has made it vital to develop accurate techniques to census badgers. here we investigate the potential of using genetic profiles obtained from faecal dna as a basis for population size estimation. after trialling several methods we obtained a high amplification success rate (89%) by storing faeces in 70% ethanol and using the guanidine thiocyanate/silica method for extraction. using 70% ethanol as a storage agent had the advantage of it b ... | 2003 | 12755892 |
| vaccinating badgers (meles meles) against mycobacterium bovis: the ecological considerations. | bovine tuberculosis (tb) is a serious zoonotic disease, which despite a largely successful test and slaughter programme has persisted in cattle herds in parts of the uk. the badger (meles meles) is widely considered to represent a significant wildlife reservoir for the transmission of mycobacterium bovis to cattle, and has been the subject of a variety of culling strategies since the mid 1970s. nevertheless, the incidence of herd breakdowns has continued to rise, and the efficacy of culling is c ... | 2003 | 12788016 |
| improved serodetection of mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (meles meles) using multiantigen test formats. | despite attempts to control bovine tuberculosis, the incidence of disease in great britain continues to rise. in gb, the european badger (meles meles) is a reservoir of infection with mycobacterium bovis. in an effort to improve the serodetection of badger tuberculosis, we examined sera from m. bovis culture-positive and culture-negative badgers for their ability to recognize m. bovis antigens, using a multi-antigen print immunoassay (mapia). depending on the antigens used in the mapia, the assa ... | 2003 | 12867095 |
| impact of localized badger culling on tuberculosis incidence in british cattle. | pathogens that are transmitted between wildlife, livestock and humans present major challenges for the protection of human and animal health, the economic sustainability of agriculture, and the conservation of wildlife. mycobacterium bovis, the aetiological agent of bovine tuberculosis (tb), is one such pathogen. the incidence of tb in cattle has increased substantially in parts of great britain in the past two decades, adversely affecting the livelihoods of cattle farmers and potentially increa ... | 2003 | 14634671 |
| cranial variation in british mustelids. | nineteen measurements were made on 136 skulls belonging to seven mustelid species: meles meles (eurasian badger), mustela nivalis, (weasel), mustela erminea (stoat), mustela putorius (polecat), lutra lutra (otter), mustela furo (ferret), and mustela vison (american mink), and polecat-ferret hybrids. to investigate shape, size-related effects were eliminated by dividing all measurements by their geometric means. canonical variate analysis was used to reveal major interspecies distinctions. exclud ... | 2004 | 15052596 |
| distemper virus as a cause of central nervous disease and death in badgers (meles meles) in denmark. | during the summer of 2002 a distemper-like disease was observed in the free-ranging badger population in denmark. it was characterised by grand seizures, abnormal behaviour and death; the badgers all had severe chronic pneumonia and some had non-suppurative encephalomyelitis. in this study, eight of the affected badgers were examined by gross pathological, histological, immunohistological, bacteriological, parasitological and virological methods, and were diagnosed with distemper; canine distemp ... | 2004 | 15134165 |
| detection of mustelid herpesvirus-1 infected european badgers (meles meles) in the british isles. | the aim of this study was to assess the frequency of mustelid herpesvirus-1 (mushv-1) infection in free-ranging badgers (meles meles) in the british isles. a polymerase chain reaction assay was developed that detected mushv-1 dna in 95% (18/19) and 100% (10/10) of anticoagulant-treated blood samples collected from free-ranging badgers sampled in the southwest of england and the republic of ireland, respectively. an indirect immunoassay was also developed to detect mushv-1-specific immunoglobulin ... | 2004 | 15137494 |
| mediastinal lymphoma in a badger (meles meles). | a case of mediastinal lymphoma in a free-living, adult male european badger (meles meles), from trento province (northern italy) is described. a yellow-red mass delimited by a thick fibrous capsule completely occupied the anterior mediastinum. based on the histologic and immunohistochemical findings, a diagnosis of mediastinal lymphocytic lymphoma was made. documentation of neoplasms in free-living species is important for comparison with domestic animals and humans and may give insight into epi ... | 2004 | 15137500 |
| cloning and sequencing of badger (meles meles) interferon gamma and its detection in badger lymphocytes. | the european badger (meles meles) has been identified as a reservoir for mycobacterium bovis and is implicated in the maintenance and transmission of tuberculosis in cattle. there is a need for a sensitive test of m. bovis infection in badgers and the current serodiagnostic test used for this purpose has low sensitivity. as observed for other species, assay of interferon-gamma (ifngamma) produced in response to m. bovis antigens is a more sensitive test of tuberculosis. with this objective in si ... | 2004 | 15261690 |
| the impact of badger removal on the control of tuberculosis in cattle herds in ireland. | in ireland, the herd prevalence of bovine tuberculosis has remained stable for several decades, and in common with several other countries, progress towards eradication has stalled. there is evidence in support of the potential role of infected badgers (meles meles, a protected species) in bovine tuberculosis in ireland and britain. however, this evidence on its own has not been sufficient to prove disease causation. field trials are likely to offer the best opportunity to define this role. buil ... | 2005 | 15748755 |
| use of an electronic nose to diagnose mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers and cattle. | it is estimated that more than 50 million cattle are infected with mycobacterium bovis worldwide, resulting in severe economic losses. current diagnosis of tuberculosis (tb) in cattle relies on tuberculin skin testing, and when combined with the slaughter of test-positive animals, it has significantly reduced the incidence of bovine tb. the failure to eradicate bovine tb in great britain has been attributed in part to a reservoir of the infection in badgers (meles meles). accurate and reliable d ... | 2005 | 15814995 |
| salmonella isolates from wild birds and mammals in the basque country (spain). | the authors investigated the prevalence of salmonella spp. in 205 wild birds and mammals belonging to 45 species during the years 2001 and 2002 in the basque country (spain). salmonella was isolated from 16 (7.8%) animals. the prevalence was 8.5% (7/82) in birds, and 7.2% (9/123) in mammals. nine serotypes, all of them belonging to the species salmonella enterica, were identified: two isolates of typhimurium (from 1/3 griffon vultures [gyps fulvus], and 1/5 sparrowhawks [accipiter nisus]); one o ... | 2004 | 15861885 |
| the distribution of gross lesions of tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis in feral ferrets (mustela furo) from otago, new zealand. | the distribution of gross lesions of mycobacterium bovis was examined in 94 tuberculous feral ferrets (mustela furo) collected from 1992 to 1995 from areas of otago endemic for bovine tuberculosis. overall, 56.4% of tuberculous ferrets had single-site lesions, 24.5% had multiple infections and 19.1% had generalised infections. the mesenteric lymph node was the most common site of infection (34.5% of all lesions), with the retropharyngeal (17%) and the prescapular lymph nodes (16.4%) also frequen ... | 1995 | 16031876 |
| new trends and clinical patterns of human trichinellosis in russia at the beginning of the xxi century. | official national statistics show a gradual decline in the incidence of trichinellosis in russia from 971 cases in 1996 to 527 cases in 2002. of the total 864 cases involved in 47 trichinellosis outbreaks during 1998--2002, only 35.8% were due to infected pork compared to 80% in 1995--1996. other important sources were wild animals, such as bear (ursus arctos) (39.5%), badger (meles meles) (10.6%), and dog meat (11.9%). children composed 15.9% of all cases. overall, 81.0% of pork-cases occurred ... | 2005 | 16081220 |
| bovine tuberculosis in a free ranging red fox (vulpes vulpes) from doñana national park (spain). | during 1997 and 1998, a survey of iberian carnivores was conducted to study the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in the doñana national park and surrounding areas in southwestern spain. post-mortem examinations were done on seven red foxes (vulpes vulpes), two egyptian mongoose (herpestes ichneumon), one weasel (mustela nivalis), two genets (genetta genetta), one iberian lynx (lynx pardinus), one eurasian badger (meles meles), and two polecats (mustela putorius). lesions suggestive of bovine ... | 2005 | 16107680 |
| red fox (vulpes vulpes) cannibalistic behaviour and the prevalence of trichinella britovi in nw italian alps. | food habits of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) were studied in the aosta valley region (nw italian alps) and were related to the prevalence of trichinella infection in the red fox itself and in two mustelid species (the stone marten (martes foina) and the badger (meles meles)). the search of trichinella by the automatic digestion of muscles samples led us to determine a prevalence of 3.5+/-1.2% in red foxes, 7.9+/-4.3% in stone martens and 1.9+/-1.8% in badgers, with no significant differences among ... | 2005 | 16151732 |
| the role of wild animal populations in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in domestic animals: how to assess the risk. | tuberculosis is present in wild animal populations in north america, europe, africa and new zealand. some wild animal populations are a source of infection for domestic livestock and humans. an understanding of the potential of each wild animal population as a reservoir of infection for domestic animals is reached by determining the nature of the disease in each wild animal species, the routes of infection for domestic species and the risk of domestic animals encountering an infectious dose. the ... | 2006 | 16326039 |