| [daily and weekly variations in the yeast-digestive flora of a female of giant panda (author's transl)]. | since its arrival at the paris's zoological park, the yeasts of the flora digestive tract of a young female of giant panda, ailuropoda melanoleuca, was daily, then weekly studied. were noted: the diet in captivity, the number of isolates in primary-cultures, the morpho-physiological differences between strains of a same species and the maximal temperature for growth of all the fungi. were also approached, for the analysis, some data on the yeast-flora of other captive mammals and on the yeast sp ... | 1979 | 394003 |
| a radioresistant gram-positive asporogenous rod isolated from the faeces of a giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | a highly radioresistant bacterium was isolated from the faeces of a giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). when the organism was subjected to gamma irradiation in phosphate buffer, the induction dose and d10 values were 846 and 345 krad, respectively, for cells grown on pcnz agar, and 700 and 460 krad, respectively, for the enlarged cells grown on 5% (v/v) horse blood brain heart infusion agar. the d10 value of the former cells was about 1.8 times higher than that of micrococcus radiodurans grown ... | 1977 | 874449 |
| the faecal flora of the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | the faecal floras of two adult (male and female) and one infant (male) giant panda kept at the ueno zoo, tokyo, japan were examined and shown to be quite different from those of other animals. the predominant bacteria in the adults were streptococcus (including enterococcus) and enterobacteriaceae, while obligate anaerobes had minor populations. fastidious anaerobes were not detected. the predominant bacteria in the suckling infant were lactobacillus and streptococcus, followed by bifidobacteriu ... | 1989 | 2584169 |
| a comparison of the primary structures of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes m4 from giant panda, red panda, black bear and dog. | lactate dehydrogenase isozymes m4 have been isolated and purified from red panda (ailurus fulgens), black bear (selenarctos thibetanus) and dog (canis familiars) by affinity chromatography and compared with that from giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). experimental results have shown that the n-termini, c-termini and the molecular weights of ldh-m subunits of red panda, black bear and dog are the same as those of the ldh-m subunit of giant panda. analysis and comparison of hplc peptide maps fr ... | 1987 | 3629217 |
| phylogenetic relationships of bears (the ursidae) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences. | the phylogenetic relationships among some bear species are still open questions. we present here mitochondrial dna sequences of d-loop region, cytochrome b, 12s rrna, trna(pro), and trna(thr) genes from all bear species and the giant panda. a series of evolutionary trees with concordant topology has been derived based on the combined data set of all of the mitochondrial dna sequences, which may have resolved the evolutionary relationships of all bear species: the ancestor of the spectacled bear ... | 1994 | 7697192 |
| serologic survey of giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca), and domestic dogs and cats in the wolong reserve, china. | sera from captive and recently rescued giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) in the wolong reserve, china, were examined by serum neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition for antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv), canine coronavirus (ccv), canine herpesvirus (chv), pseudorabies virus (prv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav), and canine parvovirus (cpv). serum samples from village domestic dogs and cats, which run free throughout the reserve also were examined. antibodies against cpv were ... | 1994 | 8151830 |
| ursodeoxycholic acid in the ursidae: biliary bile acids of bears, pandas, and related carnivores. | the biliary bile acid composition of gallbladder bile obtained from six species of bears (ursidae), the giant panda, the red panda, and 11 related carnivores were determined by reversed phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. bile acids were conjugated solely with taurine (in n-acyl linkage) in all species. ursodeoxycholic acid (3 alpha, 7 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid) was present in all ursidae, averaging 1-39% of biliary bile acids depending on the spe ... | 1993 | 8263415 |
| molecular phylogeny of the red panda (ailurus fulgens). | the phylogenetic placement of the red panda (ailurus fulgens) and the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) has been an evolutionary enigma since their original descriptions in the nineteenth century. a series of recent molecular analyses led to a consensus that the giant panda's ancestors were derived from early bears (ursidae), but left unsettled the phylogenetic relationship of the red panda. previous molecular and morphological phylogenies were inconclusive and varied among placement of the r ... | 1995 | 8568209 |
| a phylogeny of the bears (ursidae) inferred from complete sequences of three mitochondrial genes. | complete sequences of dna are described for the cytochrome b trna(thr) and trna(pro) genes of mitochondria of four extant species of ursids and compared to sequences of four other species of ursids previously studied by us. phylogenetic analyses indicate that the giant panda and the spectacled bear are the basal taxa of the ursid radiation. the ursines, a group which includes the sun bear, sloth bear, american black bear, asiatic black bear, brown bear, and polar bear, experienced a rapid radiat ... | 1996 | 8744769 |
| centromeres, cenp-b and tigger too. | the highly conserved centromere-associated protein cenp-b is a common feature of mammalian centromeres. binding sites for cenp-b, so-called 'cenp-b boxes', are present in the otherwise unrelated centromeric satellite dnas of humans, mus musculus, mus caroli, ferrets, giant pandas, tree shrews and gerbils, suggesting a role for cenp-b in centromere function. however, cenp-b and its binding sites are not detected at the centromeres of mammalian y chromosomes and few, if any, binding sites seem pre ... | 1997 | 9097724 |
| comparative genomics: tracking chromosome evolution in the family ursidae using reciprocal chromosome painting. | the ursidae family includes eight species, the karyotype of which diverges somewhat, in both chromosome number and morphology, from that of other families in the order carnivora. the combination of consensus molecular phylogeny and high-resolution trypsin g-banded karyotype analysis has suggested that ancestral chromosomal fissions and at least two fusion events are associated with the development of the different ursid species. here, we revisit this hypothesis by hybridizing reciprocal chromoso ... | 1998 | 10072575 |
| comparative anatomy of the radial sesamoid bone in the polar bear (ursus maritimus), the brown bear (ursus arctos) and the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | since we have clarified the manipulation mechanism using the radial sesamoid (rs) in the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca), our aim in this study is to examine the position, shape and function of the rs morphologically, and to observe the attachment to the rs of the m. abductor pollicis longus and the m. opponens pollicis in the other ursidae species. so, we focused on the carpus and manus of the polar bear (ursus maritimus) and the brown bear (ursus arctos) in this study. the rs was tightly ... | 1999 | 10487229 |
| adaptation of the muscles of mastication to the flat skull feature in the polar bear (ursus maritimus). | the muscles of mastication of the polar bear (ursus maritimus) and those of the brown bear (u. arctos) were examined by anatomical approach. in addition, the examination of the skull was carried out in the polar bear, brown bear and giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). in the polar bear, the rostro-ventral part of the superficial layer of the m. masseter possessed the abundant fleshy portion folded in the rostral and lateral directions like an accordion. moreover, the rostro-medial area of the ... | 2000 | 10676883 |
| live birth of a bear cub following nonsurgical embryo collection. | in the near future, 6 of 8 bear species will face extinction mainly because of loss of their natural habitat. this loss of habitat will ultimately require some of these bears to be maintained in zoos and wildlife preserves in the hope of conserving genetic diversity. if the giant panda is representative of other bear species, reproductive performance will be inhibited in such an environment. in this study, we used the nonendangered american black bear (ursus americanus) as the model for developi ... | 1999 | 10729038 |
| ecological degradation in protected areas: the case of wolong nature reserve for giant pandas. | it is generally perceived that biodiversity is better protected from human activities after an area is designated as a protected area. however, we found that this common perception was not true in wolong nature reserve (southwestern china), which was established in 1975 as a "flagship" protected area for the world-renowned endangered giant pandas. analyses of remote sensing data from pre- and post-establishment periods indicate that the reserve has become more fragmented and less suitable for gi ... | 2001 | 11292872 |
| linkage of reproductive sciences: from 'quick fix' to 'integrated' conservation. | our laboratory has experienced four phases in understanding how the reproductive sciences contribute to genuine conservation of biodiversity. the first is the 'quick fix phase' in which the erroneous assumption is made that extant knowledge and techniques are readily adaptable to an unstudied wild animal to produce offspring rapidly. the second is the 'species-specificity phase' in which it is recognized that every species has evolved unique reproductive mechanisms that must be mastered before p ... | 2001 | 11787164 |
| the pattern of phylogenomic evolution of the canidae. | canidae species fall into two categories with respect to their chromosome composition: those with high numbered largely acrocentric karyotypes and others with a low numbered principally metacentric karyotype. those species with low numbered metacentric karyotypes are derived from multiple independent fusions of chromosome segments found as acrocentric chromosomes in the high numbered species. extensive chromosome homology is apparent among acrocentric chromosome arms within canidae species; howe ... | 2001 | 12063402 |
| interspecies implantation and mitochondria fate of panda-rabbit cloned embryos. | somatic cell nuclei of giant pandas can dedifferentiate in enucleated rabbit ooplasm, and the reconstructed eggs can develop to blastocysts. in order to observe whether these interspecies cloned embryos can implant in the uterus of an animal other than the panda, we transferred approximately 2300 panda-rabbit cloned embryos into 100 synchronized rabbit recipients, and none became pregnant. in another approach, we cotransferred both panda-rabbit and cat-rabbit interspecies cloned embryos into the ... | 2002 | 12135908 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of fsh and lh in the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an endangered species and indigenous to china. it has been proposed that it has a highly specialized reproductive pattern with low fecundity, but little is known about its basic reproductive biology at the molecular level. in this report the genes encoding gonadotropin subunits alpha, follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) beta and luteinizing hormone (lh) beta of the giant panda were amplified for the first time by rt-pcr from pituitary total rna, and wer ... | 2003 | 12654531 |
| cdna cloning of growth hormone from giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and its expression in escherichia coli. | a cdna encoding ailuropoda melanoleuca growth hormone (amgh) was isolated from pituitary total rna using rt-pcr and expressed in escherichia coli. this is the first report of a gh nucleotide and amino acid (aa) sequence from giant panda. the open reading frame of amgh (651 bp) encodes a precursor of 216 aa comprising a 26 aa signal peptide and a 190 aa mature protein with four cysteine residues similar to the typical primary structure of mammalian gh precursor. amgh shares a high degree of ident ... | 2003 | 12781978 |
| comparative morphology of the muscles of mastication in the giant panda and the asiatic black bear. | the morphological differences in the muscles of mastication between the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the asiatic black bear (ursus thibetanus) were sought to confirm the adaptational strategy of these muscles in the giant panda. we measured some skull characteristics and weighed the muscles of mastication, and macroscopically observed the muscles of mastication in the two species. the noticeable differences between the two species are classified as follows: (1) the size ratio of the ... | 2003 | 12801094 |
| chromosome evolution in bears: reconstructing phylogenetic relationships by cross-species chromosome painting. | genome-wide homology maps among dog (canis familiaris, cfa, 2n = 78), african lion (panthera leo, ple, 2n = 38), clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa, nne, 2n = 38) and malayan sun bear (helartos malayanus, hma, 2n = 74) have been established by chromosome painting using a complete set of dog probes. in total, chromosome-specific painting probes from the 38 dog autosomes reveal 69, 69 and 73 conserved segments in african lion, clouded leopard and malayan sun bear, respectively. the chromosomal pai ... | 2004 | 14984102 |
| [interspecies nuclear transfer using nonquiescent somatic cell]. | it is the point at issue in intraspecies nuclear transfer whether quiescence is necessary for development of nuclear transfer reconstructed embryos. in the interspecies nuclear transfer, some reports have proved that quiescent cell is able to support preimplantation development of the interspecies reconstructed embryos. are non-quiescent cells able to support preimplantation development of the interspecies reconstructed embryos? we used non-quiescent somatic cells from c57bl/6 mice and giant pan ... | 2002 | 15344320 |
| [cloning of four members of giant panda dmrt genes]. | sex determining genes mab-3 of c. elegans and doublesex of drosophila contain a common dna binding motif called dm (doublesex and mab-3) domain, both of which regulate similar aspects of sexual development. human doublesex-related gene dmrt1 has been identified, which also contains the conserved dm-related dna-binding domain and plays an essential role in gonadal differentiation. we amplified genomic dna of the giant panda using the dm degenerate primers and detected two bands, approximately 140 ... | 2004 | 15478606 |
| isolation and chromosomal localization of zfx homologue in genome of rice field eel (monopterus albus zuiew). | when used as a probe in rice field eel (monopterus albus zuiew) genomic southern blotting hybridization, the giant panda zfx gene hybridized strongly to a fragment of about 9.5 kb. a 512 bp long dna fragment has been isolated by polymerase chain reaction from rice field eel genomic dna using the primers for amplifying zinc finger repeats 7 to 13 of mammalian and reptilian zfx-related genes. cloned in pbs, four recombinant plasmids were selected randomly from male and female specimens and sequenc ... | 2004 | 15481530 |
| [cloning and expression of pituitary prolactin gene in ailuropoda melanoleuca]. | the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an endangered species and indigenous to china. it has been proposed that it has a highly specialized reproductive pattern with low fecundity, but little is known about its basic reproductive biology at molecular level. in this study,the pituitary prolactin (prl) cdna of giant panda was amplified by rt-pcr from pituitary total rna and then cloned, sequenced and submitted to genbank (genbank accession no. ay161285). the sequence analysis revealed that th ... | 2004 | 15493147 |
| [gap features of subalpine dark coniferous forest in wolong nature reserve]. | this paper studied the size structure and formation pattern of gaps and the characteristics of gap makers (gm) in subalpine dark coniferous forests in wolong giant panda nature reserve, sichuan province, china. the results showed that the gap density was 18.5 per hm2, and the area of canopy gap and extended gap accounted for 28.4% and 60% of total forest area, respectively. canopy gap varied from 10 m2 to 1134.7 m2, and expanded gap varied from 84.11 m2 to 1646.3 m2. canopy gaps and expanded gap ... | 2004 | 15707300 |
| adaptation of the hindlimbs for climbing in bears. | the hindlimbs of the malayan sun bear (helarctos malayanus), the polar bear (ursus maritimus), the brown bear (ursus arctos) and the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) have been anatomically and osteometrically studied. the musculus tibialis cranialis of the malayan sun bear and the giant panda possessed a well-developed rich fleshy portion until the distal end of the tibia. in the polar bear and the brown bear, however, the fleshy portion of the m. tibialis cranialis was not developed until t ... | 2005 | 15900701 |
| sex identification of the black swan (cygnus atratus) using the locus-specific pcr and implications for its reproduction. | over the last 4-5 years the small captive population of black swans (cygnus atratus) has consistently failed to reproduce at the chengdu research base of giant panda breeding. the probable cause was hypothesized to be an abnormal sex distribution of the population. the black swan is an example of a sexually monomorphic species. the locus-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) approach based on the chromo-helicase-dna-binding 1 (chd1) gene, was adopted for the sex determination of the black swa ... | 2005 | 15943691 |
| relaxin concentrations in serum and urine of endangered species: correlations with physiologic events and use as a marker of pregnancy. | many mammalian species are facing extinction due to problems created by human encroachment, agriculture, pollution, and willful slaughter. among those at risk are the asian and african elephant, sumatran rhinoceros, and giant panda. conservation groups try to save species in the wild by preserving habitat and limiting animal-human conflicts, often with limited success. another alternative is to preserve the extant gene pool through captive breeding as a hedge against extinction. measurement of c ... | 2005 | 15956734 |
| atrial natriuretic peptide induces an acrosome reaction in giant panda spermatozoa and enhances their penetration of salt-stored porcine oocytes. | atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) is a vasodilator peptide primarily produced in the heart. locally synthesized anp has been found in reproductive tissues of various mammals and humans, and plays an important role in rat oocyte maturation and human sperm function. the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of anp on the function (acrosome reaction and zona penetration) of giant panda spermatozoa. in fresh and frozen-thawed spermatozoa that had been preincubated for 2.5h, trea ... | 2005 | 16139606 |
| molecular cloning of giant panda pituitary prolactin cdna and its expression in escherichia coli. | cdna encoding pituitary (prl) of giant panda was obtained using rt-pcr and expressed in e. coli. the results revealed that panda prl cdna encodes a precursor protein of 229 amino acids including a putative signal peptide of 30 amino acids and a mature protein of 199 residues with one potential n-glycosylation site. sequence comparison indicated that panda prl shares a high degree of identity to other known prl sequences ranging from 98% with mink prl to about 50% with rodent prl. six cysteine re ... | 2005 | 16335806 |
| comparative endocrine investigations in three bear species based on urinary steroid metabolites and volatiles. | in order to improve breeding of in situ populations of bears, a comprehensive study of reproductive physiology in brown (ursus arctos), spectacled (tremarctos ornatus) and giant panda bears (ailuropoda melanoleuca) was performed. the objective was to perform non-invasive analyses of urinary and fecal steroid metabolites. in addition, we investigated the presence of reproduction-related urinary volatile substances of these bears that might trigger the reproductive behavior. urinary estrogen conce ... | 2006 | 16460790 |
| interactive effects of natural and human disturbances on vegetation dynamics across landscapes. | accurate measures of human effects on landscape processes require consideration of both the direct impacts from human activities and the indirect consequences of the interactions between humans and the landscape. this is particularly evident in systems experiencing regular natural disturbances such as in the mountainous areas of southwestern china, where the remaining population of giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) is supported. here the spatiotemporal patterns of human impacts, forests, and ... | 2006 | 16711036 |
| new technologies for the study of carnivore reproduction. | routine analysis of urinary metabolites of estrogen and progesterone provided substantial information about the estrous cycle of bears. however, these data alone were not adequate to determine the precise timing of ovulation needed to maximize ai success rates, or to distinguish between pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. therefore, there is a critical need to develop technologies that will enhance understanding of the reproductive mechanisms of ursids. using the domestic dog as a model, three techni ... | 2006 | 16713619 |
| [whole sequence analysis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene in asiatic black bear through faecal sampling]. | using our lab's improved protocol for faecal dna extraction, the entire 753-bp dna coding sequence of the nuclear brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) gene was cloned for the first time from asiatic black bear selenarctos thibetanus faecal samples with primers based on the reported sequence of the malayan bear bdnf gene. hair was used as a positive control and the experiments were repeated several times to obtain reliable and identical results. sequence analysis showed that the bdnf gene of ... | 2006 | 16818427 |
| major histocompatibility complex class ii variation in the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | habitat destruction and human activity have greatly impacted the natural history of the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). although the genetic diversity of neutral markers has been examined in this endangered species, no previous work has examined adaptive molecular polymorphisms in the giant panda. here, the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii drb locus was investigated in the giant panda, using single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) and sequence analysis. comparisons of ... | 2006 | 16842418 |
| giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) spermatozoon decondensation in vitro is not compromised by cryopreservation. | natural breeding of giant pandas in captivity is compromised, making artificial insemination and spermatozoa cryopreservation essential for genetic management. this study examined the influence of freeze-thawing on traditional parameters such as motility and spermatozoon functionality, specifically decondensation in vitro. giant panda spermatozoa were assessed before and after rapid cryopreservation (4 degrees c to -130 degrees c over 2 min) in liquid nitrogen vapour. spermatozoa pre-incubated i ... | 2006 | 17032585 |
| [a molecular phylogeny of shennongjia white bear based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence]. | the phylogenetic relationship of shennongjia white bear has been an open question. total dna was extracted and sequenced from hair and feces of shennongjia white bear. based on the partial cyt b gene sequence obtained from the samples, the authors aligned them using the clustal w software program. the mega software was used to analyze the divergences and base substitutions of the partial cyt b gene among the 11 species: shennongjia white bear, selenarctos thibetanus, euarctos americanus, helarct ... | 2006 | 17035181 |
| gene cloning, sequencing, expression and biological activity of giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) interferon-alpha. | the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an endangered species and indigenous to china. in mammals, multiple subtypes of interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) exist, most of which possess antiviral activity. little is known about giant panda ifn-alpha genes and the role they may play in giant panda immunological responses to viruses. we have cloned genes encoding 12 giant panda ifn-alpha (amifn-alpha or amifna) subtypes that share from 90 to 99% amino acid sequence identity. amifn-alpha12 has one addi ... | 2007 | 17346794 |
| physical mapping of the giant panda immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes. | we constructed a giant panda bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) genomic library and isolated a bac clone containing all the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. the sequences of these genes were determined, revealing that the deduced panda immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions (ighc) are structurally similar to their counterparts in other mammalian species and phylogenetic analysis suggests that the panda immunoglobulins are evolutionarily more close to their counterparts in dogs. both the ... | 2007 | 17368536 |
| the microbial community in the feces of the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) as determined by pcr-tgge profiling and clone library analysis. | despite having a typical carnivorous digestive tract, the giant panda has a diet consisting exclusively of bamboo, a low-efficiency food source. given this paradox, we sought to investigate if the giant panda digestive tract is inhabited by organisms indicative of high cellulose diet or their gastrointestinal tract anatomy. the diversity and dynamics of the predominant bacteria in the fecal flora of two adult (male and female) and one young (male) giant panda reared in two different zoos over a ... | 2007 | 17394039 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the giant panda, ailuropoda melanoleuca, was determined by the long and accurate polymerase chain reaction (la-pcr) with conserved primers and primer walking sequence methods. the complete mitochondrial dna is 16,805 nucleotides in length and contains two ribosomal rna genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna genes and one control region. the total length of the 13 protein-coding genes is longer than the american black bear, brown bear and pol ... | 2007 | 17499457 |
| genetic viability and population history of the giant panda, putting an end to the "evolutionary dead end"? | the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) is currently threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation, and human persecution. its dietary specialization, habitat isolation, and reproductive constraints have led to a perception that this is a species at an "evolutionary dead end," destined for deterministic extinction in the modern world. here we examine this perception by a comprehensive investigation of its genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history across its geographic range. ... | 2007 | 17513881 |
| molecular characterization and expression of interferon-gamma of asian elephant (elephas maximus). | tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterial organisms has emerged as one of the major diseases in captive elephants. in vitro interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) assay is being used as an ancillary test for early detection of tb in domestic and captive wild animals. in the present study, basic sequence information and immunological cross-reactivity of this major cytokine of asian elephants were explored. at predicted amino acid level, ifn-gamma of asian elephant showed maximum identity to that of horse ( ... | 2007 | 17537520 |
| temporal changes in giant panda habitat connectivity across boundaries of wolong nature reserve, china. | global biodiversity loss is largely driven by human activities such as the conversion of natural to human-dominated landscapes. a popular approach to mitigating land cover change is the designation of protected areas (e.g., nature reserves). nature reserves are traditionally perceived as strongholds of biodiversity conservation. however, many reserves are affected by land cover changes not only within their boundaries, but also in their surrounding areas. this study analyzed the changes in habit ... | 2007 | 17555215 |
| the first skull of the earliest giant panda. | fossils of the giant panda ailuropoda (order carnivora, family ursidae) are largely isolated teeth, mandibles, and a few rare skulls, known from the late pliocene to late pleistocene in china and southeast asia. much of this material represents a pleistocene chronospecies, ailuropoda baconi, an animal larger than the living giant panda, ailuropoda melanoleuca. the earliest certain record of ailuropoda is the late pliocene chronospecies, ailuropoda microta, smaller than either a. baconi or a. mel ... | 2007 | 17578912 |
| challenges in cryopreserving endangered mammal spermatozoa: morphology and the value of acrosomal integrity as markers of cryo-survival. | the science of cryobiology is essential to the effective, practical use of semen for assisted breeding to help manage small populations of rare wildlife species. in this review, we describe challenges associated with cryopreserving gametes from wild fauna. based on more than 25 years of experience across a diversity of mammals, it appears that the primary driving force dictating cryo-survival of a spermatozoon is its initial pre-freeze quality and morphology, especially having a morphologically ... | 2007 | 17644982 |
| serologic response to a canarypox-vectored canine distemper virus vaccine in the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) is known to be susceptible to natural infection with canine distemper virus (cdv). vaccination of giant pandas with conventional modified live cdv vaccines has been avoided due to the numerous carnivore species known to have become infected with cdv after vaccination. serum-neutralizing antibodies to cdv were measured after s.c. and i.m. annual vaccination with a canarypox-vectored recombinant cdv vaccine in an adult male and female giant panda over the p ... | 2007 | 17679527 |
| nucleotide sequence of cdna encoding the mitochondrial precursor protein of the atpase inhibitor from the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | mitochondrial atp synthase (f1fo-atpase) is regulated by an intrinsic atpase inhibitor protein. in the present study, using rt-pcr combined with in silico cloning, we isolated and sequenced the cdna encoding the inhibitor protein of the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). the deduced protein sequence showed that the protein is composed of 106 amino acids and the estimated molecular weight of the atpif(1) protein is 12.32 kda with an isoelectric point (pi) of 10.17. alignment analysis revealed ... | 2007 | 17822358 |
| molecular analysis of dispersal in giant pandas. | although dispersal in the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a demographic mechanism which can potentially counteract the negative effect of habitat fragmentation, little is known about dispersal in this species because of difficulties in observing individuals. using data from faecal microsatellite genotyping, we compared the spatial distribution of giant pandas in two populations and the proximity of relatives in one key population to infer their dispersal pattern. we conclude that giant p ... | 2007 | 17850546 |
| mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships. | extant members of the order carnivora split into two basal groups, caniformia (dog-like carnivorans) and feliformia (cat-like carnivorans). in this study we address phylogenetic relationships within caniformia applying various methodological approaches to analyses of complete mitochondrial genomes. pinnipeds are currently well represented with respect to mitogenomic data and here we add seven mt genomes to the non-pinniped caniform collection. the analyses identified a basal caniform divergence ... | 2007 | 17919938 |
| comparative observations on the tooth root morphology of gigantopithecus blacki. | the extinct great ape gigantopithecus blacki from the middle pleistocene of china and vietnam is known only from dental and mandibular remains, and its dietary specializations remain contentious. here, for the first time, we describe the root morphology in g. blacki using computed tomography and three-dimensional image processing. we quantify the tooth root lengths and surface areas of the female g. blacki mandible no. 1 from the liucheng cave and compare it to a sample of extant great apes and ... | 2008 | 18045651 |
| cdna cloning and overexpression of acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein p1 gene (rplp1) from the giant panda. | rplp1 is one of acidic ribosomal phosphoproteins encoded by rplp1 gene, which plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis. the cdna of rplp1 was cloned successfully for the first time from the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) using rt-pcr technology, which was also sequenced, analyzed preliminarily and expressed in e.coli. the cdna fragment cloned is 449bp in size, containing an open reading frame of 344bp encoding 114 amino acids. alignment analysis indicated that th ... | 2007 | 18071584 |
| isolation and identification of newly isolated antagonistic streptomyces sp. strain ap19-2 producing chromomycins. | a new antagonistic strain of actinomycete, designated ap19-2, was isolated from the feces of giant pandas inhabiting the foping national nature reserve in china. cultural characteristic studies strongly suggested that this strain is a member of the genus streptomyces. the nucleotide sequence of the 16s rrna gene of strain ap19-2 evidenced profound similarity (97-99%) with other streptomyces strains. two pure active molecules were isolated from a fermentation broth of streptomyces sp. strain ap19 ... | 2007 | 18176531 |
| serosurvey of ex situ giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red pandas (ailurus fulgens) in china with implications for species conservation. | conservation strategies for the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) include the development of a self-sustaining ex situ population. this study examined the potential significance of infectious pathogens in giant pandas ex situ. serologic antibody titers against canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv), canine adenovirus (cav), canine coronavirus (ccv), canine herpesvirus, canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, and leptospira interrogans were measur ... | 2007 | 18229861 |
| molecular characterization of major histocompatibility complex class i genes from the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | the major histocompatibility complex class i genes play crucial roles in the adaptive immune system of vertebrates against intracellular pathogens. to date, no class i genes from the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) has been reported, even none from species of ursidae. in this study, we successfully identified three class i genes from a giant panda bacterial artificial chromosome library and designated them as aime-128, 152, and 1906, respectively. pairwise sequence alignments revealed that ... | 2008 | 18292994 |
| cloning, sequence, and function analyses of giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) cd9 gene. | cd9 is a member of the tetraspanin family proteins and has recently been shown to be essential for sperm-oocyte fusion in mice. the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) cd9 (gpcd9) cdna was amplified for the first time by rt-pcr from ovary total rna and cloned, sequenced and analyzed. the result revealed that the open reading frame (orf) of gpcd9 was 681 bp, which has the same length as that of mouse. sequence analysis and structure prediction displayed that the amino acid sequence of gpcd9 is o ... | 2008 | 18361396 |
| cross-species recombination in the haemagglutinin gene of canine distemper virus. | canine distemper virus (cdv) has high prevalence in the world dog population and poses an important conservation threat to many carnivore species. in this study, extensive phylogenetic and recombination analyses were performed on all available complete haemagglutinin gene sequences and a strain (af178038) isolated from giant panda was identified as putative recombinant. interestingly, the mosaic was produced by recombination between genotypes european wildlife and asia-1 and the recombination ev ... | 2008 | 18550189 |
| the effects of chemical enucleation combined with whole cell intracytoplasmic injection on panda-rabbit interspecies nuclear transfer. | conventional methods of somatic cell nuclear transfer either by electrofusion or direct nucleus injection have very low efficiency in animal cloning, especially interspecies cloning. to increase the efficiency of interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer, in the present study we introduced a method of whole cell intracytoplasmic injection (wcici) combined with chemical enucleation into panda-rabbit nuclear transfer and assessed the effects of this method on the enucleation rate of rabbit oocyte ... | 2004 | 15751540 |
| brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in captive giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (ailurus fulgens) from china. | organochlorine pesticides (ocps), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), and brominated flame retardants (bfrs) were investigated in captive giant and red panda tissues from china. the total concentrations of ocps, pcbs, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in tissues ranged from 16.3 to 888 ng/g lipid weight (lw), 24.8 to 854 ng/g lw, and 16.4 to 2158 ng/g lw, respectively. p,p'-dde and beta-hch were major ocp contaminants. pcbs 99, 118, 153/132, 170, 180, and 209 were the major contributing c ... | 2008 | 18677994 |
| the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) somatic nucleus can dedifferentiate in rabbit ooplasm and support early development of the reconstructed egg. | the giant panda skeletal muscle cells, uterus epithelial cells and mammary gland cells from an adult individual were cultured and used as nucleus donor for the construction of intenpecies embryos by transferring them into enucleated rabbit eggs. all the three kinds of somatic cells were able to reprogram in rabbit ooplasm and support early embryo development, of which mammary gland cells were proven to be the best, followed by uterus epithelial cells and skeletal muscle cells. the experiments sh ... | 1999 | 18763124 |
| distribution of economic benefits from ecotourism: a case study of wolong nature reserve for giant pandas in china. | ecotourism is widely promoted as a conservation tool and actively practiced in protected areas worldwide. theoretically, support for conservation from the various types of stakeholder inside and outside protected areas is maximized if stakeholders benefit proportionally to the opportunity costs they bear. the disproportional benefit distribution among stakeholders can erode their support for or lead to the failure of ecotourism and conservation. using wolong nature reserve for giant pandas (chin ... | 2008 | 18853224 |
| cloning, expression and evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant baylisascaris schroederi bs-ag3 antigen in mice. | the gene bs-ag3 enconding a antigen of 37kda from baylisascaris schroederi (giant panda isolates), as well as the recombinant bs-ag3, obtained by cloning and expression of the bs-ag3 gene in heterologous host escherichia coli bl-21 (de3), were used to evaluate their ability to induce immune protective responses in balb/c mice against l3-challenge infection in a mouse-b. schroederi model. there was a significant reduction (62.91%) of mice vaccinated with rbs-ag3 coupled with freund's complete adj ... | 2008 | 18930101 |
| proposed conservation landscape for giant pandas in the minshan mountains, china. | the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca), is one of the world's most endangered species. habitat loss and fragmentation have reduced its numbers, shrunk its distribution, and separated the population into isolated subpopulations. such isolated, small populations are in danger of extinction due to random demographic factors and inbreeding. we used least-cost modeling as a systematic approach to incorporate satellite imagery and data on ecological and behavioral parameters of the giant panda colle ... | 2008 | 18954340 |
| comment on "brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in captive giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (ailurus fulgens) from china". | | 2008 | 19031922 |
| cdna, genomic sequence and overexpression of crystallin alpha-b gene (cryab) of the giant panda. | alphab-crystallin, a small heat-shock protein, has been shown to prevent the aggregation of other proteins under various stress conditions. here we have cloned the cdna and the genomic sequence of cryab gene from the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) using rt-pcr technology and touchdown-pcr, respectively. the length of cdna fragment cloned contains an open reading frame of 528bp encoding 175 amino acids and the length of the genomic sequence is 3189bp, containing three exons and two introns. ... | 2008 | 19043608 |
| cdna cloning and overexpression of ribosomal protein s19 gene (rps19) from the giant panda. | rps19 is a component of the 40s small ribosomal subunit encoded by rps19 gene. the cdna of rps19 was cloned successfully for the first time from the giant panda using rt-pcr technology. it was also sequenced, analyzed preliminarily, and expressed in escherichia coli. the length of cdna fragment cloned is 469 bp, and it contains an open-reading frame of 438 bp encoding 145 amino acids. alignment analysis indicates that the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence share a high homol ... | 2009 | 19072723 |
| cdna cloning and sequences analysis of rps15 from the giant panda. | the cdna of rps15 was cloned successfully for the first time from the giant panda using rt-pcr technology, which was also sequenced and analyzed preliminarily. the cdna fragment is 442bp in size, containing an open reading frame (orf) of 438bp encoding 145 amino acids. alignment analysis indicates that the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence show a high homology to those of human and other mammalian species reported. topology prediction shows there are two camp and cgmp-depen ... | 2008 | 19075940 |
| cdna, genomic sequence cloning and overexpression of ribosomal protein s25 gene (rps25) from the giant panda. | rps25 is a component of the 40s small ribosomal subunit encoded by rps25 gene, which is specific to eukaryotes. studies in reference to rps25 gene from animals were handful. the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca), known as a "living fossil", are increasingly concerned by the world community. studies on rps25 of the giant panda could provide scientific data for inquiring into the hereditary traits of the gene and formulating the protective strategy for the giant panda. the cdna of the rps25 clo ... | 2009 | 19101821 |
| giant panda genomic data provide insight into the birth-and-death process of mammalian major histocompatibility complex class ii genes. | to gain an understanding of the genomic structure and evolutionary history of the giant panda major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes, we determined a 636,503-bp nucleotide sequence spanning the mhc class ii region. analysis revealed that the mhc class ii region from this rare species contained 26 loci (17 predicted to be expressed), of which 10 are classical class ii genes (1 dra, 2 drb, 2 dqa, 3 dqb, 1 dyb, 1 dpa, and 2 dpb) and 4 are non-classical class ii genes (1 doa, 1 dob, 1 dma, and ... | 2009 | 19127303 |
| microsatellite variability reveals the necessity for genetic input from wild giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) into the captive population. | recent success in breeding giant pandas in captivity has encouraged panda conservationists to believe that the ex situ population is ready to serve as a source for supporting the wild population. in this study, we used 11 microsatellite dna markers to assess the amount and distribution of genetic variability present in the two largest captive populations (chengdu research base of giant panda breeding, sichuan province and the china research and conservation center for the giant panda at wolong, ... | 2009 | 19222753 |
| sequence analysis of bs-ag2 gene from baylisascaris schroederi of giant panda and evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant bs-ag2 antigen in mice. | the gene of bs-ag2 from baylisascaris schroederi was amplified, cloned and sequenced. sequence analysis indicated that the nucleotide sequences of the bs-ag2 from adult, l2 and l3 of b. schroederi were completely identical. a homology search performed by blast revealed that bs-ag2 shared the highest amino acid sequence identity with as16 protein from ascaris suum (94%). the recombinant bs-ag2 proteins can be successfully expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3). the rbs-ag2 was used to evaluate ... | 2009 | 19428912 |
| [study on the cloning, in vitro expression and bioactivity of ailuropoda melanoleuca qinling subspecies interleukin-2]. | to identify if any difference exisit between the population of sichuan and qinling giant panda. express il-2 protein in bl21(de3)with biological activity. | 2009 | 19500497 |
| isolation and identification of a canine coronavirus strain from giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | two giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) died of unknown causes in a chinese zoo. the clinical disease profile suggested that the pandas may have suffered a viral infection. therefore, a series of detection including virus isolation, electron microscopy, cytobiological assay, serum neutralization and rt-pcr were used to identify the virus. it was determined that the isolated virus was a canine coronavirus (ccv), on the basis of coronavirus, neutralization by canine anti-ccv serum, and 84.3% to ... | 2009 | 19687628 |
| interferon-gamma of the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca): complementary dna cloning, expression, and phylogenetic analysis. | interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) is the only member of type ii ifn and is vital in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. herein we report the cloning, expression, and sequence analysis of ifn-gamma from the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). the open reading frame of this gene is 501 base pair in length and encodes a polypeptide consisting of 166 amino acids. all conserved n-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine residues among carnivores were found in the predicted amino acid seq ... | 2010 | 19778282 |
| serosurvey of selected viruses in captive giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) in china. | serum samples from 92 giant pandas in three captive facilities were tested for antibodies against five viruses of carnivores. antibody titers against canine distemper virus (cdv) in two facilities in which giant pandas were vaccinated were variable. the canine adenovirus (cav-1) and canine parvovirus (cpv) titers in vaccinated group were both positive, but titers were not high and varied among individual except one vaccinated panda had extremely high cav-1 titer, indicating infection with the fi ... | 2010 | 19913371 |
| female giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) chirps advertise the caller's fertile phase. | although female mammal vocal behaviour is known to advertise fertility, to date, no non-human mammal study has shown that the acoustic structure of female calls varies significantly around their fertile period. here, we used a combination of hormone measurements and acoustic analyses to determine whether female giant panda chirps have the potential to signal the caller's precise oestrous stage (fertile versus pre-fertile). we then used playback experiments to examine the response of male giant p ... | 2010 | 19955154 |
| the sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome. | using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. the assembled contigs (2.25 gigabases (gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05 gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. the assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits ind ... | 2010 | 20010809 |
| [diversity and bioactivities of cultured actinomycete isolated from animal feces and xylocopa dissimilis]. | to study the diversity and bioactivities of cultured actinomycete from feces of ailuropoda melanoleuca, equus burchelli and rhizomys sinensis, and xylocopa dissimilis body. | 2009 | 20030051 |
| [distribution patterns of giant panda in guanyinshan and foping nature reserves]. | by using line transect method, the distribution patterns of giant panda population and its sympatric companion wildlife species in foping and guanyinshan nature reserves were investigated in october 2007 and april 2008, and the environmental factors affecting the spatial distribution of giant panda activity were analyzed. the giant panda population and its sympatric companion wildlife species in the two reserves had the similar distribution patterns, and the density and distribution range of gia ... | 2009 | 20030153 |
| characterization and expression of ailuropoda melanoleuca leptin (ob gene). | leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, plays important roles in metabolism and reproduction. in this article, we report the cloning, expression, and identification of the giant panda leptin (gleptin) gene and its variants. the gleptin cdna was 504 bp long, encoding a precursor peptide of 167 amino acids including 21 residues of signal peptide. a short variant of gleptin was 501 bp long, encoding a 166-aa peptide and also including a 21-aa signal peptide. giant panda leptin was 99.4%, 94.6%, and 9 ... | 2010 | 20064007 |
| conservation implications of drastic reductions in the smallest and most isolated populations of giant pandas. | in conservation biology, understanding the causes of endangerment is a key step to devising effective conservation strategies. we used molecular evidence (coalescent simulations of population changes from microsatellite data) and historical information (habitat and human population changes) to investigate how the most-isolated populations of giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) in the xiaoxiangling mountains became highly endangered. these populations experienced a strong, recent demographic re ... | 2010 | 20408868 |
| brain lipids of giant panda and brown bear: analysis of long-chain fatty acids of the glycosphingolipids by fused-silica capillary glc. | glycosphingolipids were isolated from the brain of giant panda and brown bear, and their distribution and constituents were investigated in detail. the content and general profiles of lipid classes were similar in giant panda and bear brain, being typical of those of adult mammalian brain. cerebroside fatty acid ester (ester cerebroside) was found in the cerebellum as well as cerebrum. a fused-silica capillary column coated with ov-101 was found to be efficient for glc analysis of fatty acids pr ... | 1986 | 20493046 |
| pseudogenization of the umami taste receptor gene tas1r1 in the giant panda coincided with its dietary switch to bamboo. | although it belongs to the order carnivora, the giant panda is a vegetarian with 99% of its diet being bamboo. the draft genome sequence of the giant panda shows that its umami taste receptor gene tas1r1 is a pseudogene, prompting the proposal that the loss of the umami perception explains why the giant panda is herbivorous. to test this hypothesis, we sequenced all six exons of tas1r1 in another individual of the giant panda and five other carnivores. we found that the open reading frame (orf) ... | 2010 | 20573776 |
| cdna, genomic sequence cloning and overexpression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gapdh) from the giant panda. | gapdh (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is a key enzyme of the glycolytic pathway and it is related to the occurrence of some diseases. the cdna and the genomic sequence of gapdh were cloned successfully from the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) using the rt-pcr technology and touchdown-pcr, respectively. both sequences were analyzed preliminarily. the cdna of gapdh cloned from the giant panda is 1191 bp in size, contains an open reading frame of 1002 bp encoding 333 amino acids. th ... | 2010 | 20586183 |
| cdna, genomic sequence cloning, and overexpression of eif1 from the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the black bear (ursus thibetanus mupinensis). | eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) eif1 is a universally conserved translation factor that is involved in translation initiation site selection. the cdna and the genomic sequences of eif1 were cloned successfully from the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the black bear (ursus thibetanus mupinensis) using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) technology and touchdown-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. the cdnas of the eif1 cloned from the giant panda and the black ... | 2010 | 20589574 |
| sequencing, annotation and comparative analysis of nine bacs of giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | a 10-fold bac library for giant panda was constructed and nine bacs were selected to generate finish sequences. these bacs could be used as a validation resource for the de novo assembly accuracy of the whole genome shotgun sequencing reads of giant panda newly generated by the illumina ga sequencing technology. complete sanger sequencing, assembly, annotation and comparative analysis were carried out on the selected bacs of a joint length 878 kb. homologue search and de novo prediction methods ... | 2010 | 20596962 |
| landscape features influence gene flow as measured by cost-distance and genetic analyses: a case study for giant pandas in the daxiangling and xiaoxiangling mountains. | gene flow maintains genetic diversity within a species and is influenced by individual behavior and the geographical features of the species' habitat. here, we have characterized the geographical distribution of genetic patterns in giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) living in four isolated patches of the xiaoxiangling and daxiangling mountains. three geographic distance definitions were used with the "isolation by distance theory": euclidean distance (eud), least-cost path distance (lcd) defi ... | 2010 | 20653932 |
| vocal cues to male androgen levels in giant pandas. | little is known about the potential of non-human mammal vocalizations to signal information on the hormonal status of the caller. in the current study, we used endocrine data and acoustic analyses to determine whether male giant panda bleats provide reliable information about the caller's current androgen levels. our results revealed significant relationships between acoustic features of male giant panda bleats and the caller's faecal androgen metabolite concentrations. to our knowledge, this co ... | 2011 | 20810426 |
| medical and surgical management of severe inflammation of the nictitating membrane in a giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | a 10-year-old male giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) presented for severe, acute swelling and protrusion of the right nictitating membrane, unresponsive to topical therapy. excisional biopsy of the nictitating membrane and its associated lacrimal gland was elected due to necrosis and friability of the tissue. histopathology revealed suppurative, necrotizing conjunctivitis and dacryoadenitis. culture grew stenotrophomonas maltophila and enterococcus spp with extensive antibiotic resistance. tr ... | 2010 | 20840099 |
| giant panda ribosomal protein s14: cdna, genomic sequence cloning, sequence analysis, and overexpression. | rps14 is a component of the 40s ribosomal subunit encoded by the rps14 gene and is required for its maturation. the cdna and the genomic sequence of rps14 were cloned successfully from the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) using rt-pcr technology and touchdown-pcr, respectively; they were both sequenced and analyzed. the length of the cloned cdna fragment was 492 bp; it contained an open-reading frame of 456 bp, encoding 151 amino acids. the length of the genomic sequence is 3421 bp; it conta ... | 2010 | 20957604 |
| significant genetic boundaries and spatial dynamics of giant pandas occupying fragmented habitat across southwest china. | understanding population history and genetic structure are key drivers of ecological research. here, we studied two highly fragmented and isolated populations (xiaoxiangling and daxiangling) of giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) at the extreme southwestern edge of their distribution. this area also contains the dadu river, national road 108 and various human infrastructure and development, providing an ideal region in which we can identify the effects of different barriers on animal movements ... | 2011 | 21251112 |
| a novel hurrah protocol reveals high numbers of monomorphic mhc class ii loci and two asymmetric multi-locus haplotypes in the père david's deer. | the père david's deer is a highly inbred, but recovered, species, making it interesting to consider their adaptive molecular evolution from an immunological perspective. prior to this study, genomic sequencing was the only method for isolating all functional mhc genes within a certain species. here, we report a novel protocol for isolating mhc class ii loci from a species, and its use to investigate the adaptive evolution of this endangered deer at the level of multi-locus haplotypes. this proto ... | 2011 | 21267075 |
| cdna, genomic sequence cloning and overexpression of the ribosomal protein s13 gene in the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca). | the cdna and the genomic sequence of ribosomal protein s13 (rps13) of the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) was cloned using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and touchdown-pcr, respectively. these two sequences were sequenced and analyzed, and the cdna of the rps13 gene was overexpressed in escherichia coli bl21. we compared the nucleotide sequences of the coding region and the amino acid sequences with those of seven other mammalian species retrieved from genbank. the ... | 2011 | 21268784 |
| the parasites of giant pandas: individual-based measurement in wild animals. | there is a growing recognition of parasites as a significant factor in the successful conservation of endangered species. determining parasite infection and load in free-ranging populations traditionally is done via necropsy or coproscopy. for studies of wild animals, fecal sample collection can result in bias because the individual identity of animals is unknown and multiple samples may be collected from the same individual, yet treated as unrelated samples. we studied parasite load in wild gia ... | 2011 | 21270005 |
| corridor connecting giant panda habitats from north to south in the min mountains, sichuan, china. | the giant panda faces severe threats from habitat fragmentation and isolation. currently, giant panda populations have been fragmented into 30 habitat patches. the disappearance of isolated small populations and studies on the genetic diversity of various populations have shown that small isolated panda populations are at a high risk of dying out completely. habitat fragmentation has seriously impaired the ability of the giant panda to resist climate changes and other natural disasters, such as ... | 2006 | 21396010 |
| development of a predicted physical map of microsatellite locus positions for pinnipeds, with wider applicability to the carnivora. | understanding genetic variation responsible for phenotypic differences in natural populations is significantly hampered by a lack of genomic data for many species. levels of variation can, however, be estimated using microsatellite markers, which may be useful for relating individual fitness to genetic diversity. prior studies have demonstrated correlations between heterozygosity and individual fitness in some species. these correlations are sometimes driven by a subset of markers, and it is unc ... | 2011 | 21481208 |
| complete mitochondrial genomes of baylisascaris schroederi, baylisascaris ailuri and baylisascaris transfuga from giant panda, red panda and polar bear. | roundworms of the genus baylisascaris are the most common parasitic nematodes of the intestinal tracts of wild mammals, and most of them have significant impacts in veterinary and public health. mitochondrial (mt) genomes provide a foundation for studying epidemiology and ecology of these parasites and therefore may be used to assist in the control of baylisascariasis. here, we determined the complete sequences of mtdnas for baylisascaris schroederi, baylisascaris ailuri and baylisascaris transf ... | 2011 | 21621593 |
| sannastatin, a novel toxic macrolactam polyketide glycoside produced by actinomycete streptomyces sannanensis. | a new rare 20-membered macrocyclic lactam incorporating a diene conjugated olefin, designated sannastatin (1), together with the known structurally related vicenistatin (2), has been isolated from the cultures of streptomyces sannanensis, a bacteria found in the feces of ailuropoda melanoleuca. the structure of the new compound was established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses including 1d- and 2d-nmr ((1)h-(1)h cosy, tocsy, hsqc, hmbc, and noesy) experiments. compounds 1 and 2 di ... | 2011 | 21640585 |