| [importance of the fox (vulpes vulpes) in the transmission of sarcosporidiosis from the steinbock (capra ibex) at the gran paradiso national park]. | sarcosporidiasis is a very common infection of steinbocks (capra ibex) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) of gran paradiso national park, italian western alps, frequently with serious cardiac involvement. no dogs or cats are allowed inside the park, to the contrary foxes (vulpes vulpes) are present every where, near steinbocks and chamois, and eat on the bodies of dead animals. feces of vulpes vulpes were collected in the same area, where the infected capra ibex used for the following experiment ... | 1975 | 823518 |
| further observations on rangiferine brucellosis in alaskan carnivores. | antibodies against rangiferine brucellosis, brucella suis type 4, are commonly found in the serum of various domestic and wild alaskian carnivores which feed on caribou, rangifer tarandus granti, arctic alaska. sled dogs from five native villages on the range of the artic caribou herd, but not from two villages on the the range of the porcupine caribou herd, are commonly infected. wolves (canis lupus) and red foxes (vulpes fulva) are less commonly infected. about 90% of the grizzly bears (ursus ... | 1975 | 1113440 |
| sarcoptic mange in swedish wildlife. | mange caused by sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes appeared among red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in scandinavia (south-west finland) for the first time in this century in 1967. the disease was most probably introduced by foxes crossing the gulf of finland from estonia. the mange epizootic spread northwards through finland and reached sweden in late 1975, when mangy foxes appeared in the northern part of the country. in 1984, mange was observed in most parts of sweden. the disease was observed to spread ra ... | 1992 | 1305857 |
| topography of ganglion cells in the dog and wolf retina. | the topographical distribution of retinal ganglion cells in seven breeds of dog (canis lupus f. familiaris) and in the wolf (canis lupus) was studied in retinal wholemounts stained with cresyl violet or with a reduced silver method. a prominent feature of all wolf retinae was a pronounced "visual streak" of high ganglion cell density, extending from the central area far into both temporal and nasal retina. by contrast, either a pronounced or a moderate visual streak was found in dog retinae. it ... | 1992 | 1385496 |
| seroprevalence of lyme disease in gray wolves from minnesota and wisconsin. | to determine the seroprevalence of lyme disease in gray wolves (canis lupus) from various counties of minnesota and wisconsin (usa), 589 serum samples were collected from 528 wolves from 1972 to 1989. an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test was used to detect the presence of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi. titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 were considered positive. results were confirmed by testing a few selected sera by western blotting. of the 589 sera tested, 15 (3%) had i ... | 1992 | 1602567 |
| diazepam-induced feeding in captive gray wolves (canis lupus). | diazepam doses of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg induced feeding in sated gray wolves in a dose-dependent manner (p less than 0.001). neither 0.8 mg/kg of the benzodiazepine antagonist, beta-ccp (p = 0.36), nor 0.8 mg/kg of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist, beta-cce (p = 0.85), decreased the diazepam-induced hyperphagia. five of 6 naive wolves (p = 0.003) ate dry dog food within 15.4 +/- 1.9 min of being given 0.4 mg/kg diazepam and freely chose dog food after the single diazepam administration. | 1991 | 1784584 |
| hematologic values of captive mexican wolves. | hematologic reference values were determined for a captive population of 11 mexican wolves (canis lupus baileyi). wolf pups from 4 to 24 weeks old had progressive age-related increases in pcv, hemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume, and rbc counts similar to those seen in domestic dog pups (c familiaris). hematologic indices in wolves older than 24 weeks were comparable to those of the adult domestic dog; however, pcv, hemoglobin concentration, and rbc counts were higher. | 1991 | 1785734 |
| lung and hearth nematodes in some spanish mammals. | thirteen host species belonging to the orders rodentia, insectivora and carnivora from various localities in galicia (nw spain) were examined for heart and lung parasites. the following species were found: parastrongylus dujardini (5.5%) in apodemus sylvaticus, crenosoma striatum in erinaceus europaeus (83%), angiostrongylus vasorum, crenosoma vulpis and eucoleus aerophilus in vulpes vulpes (3, 3.46 and 0.50%, respectively), crenosoma taiga in putorius putorius (100%) and crenosoma sp. in meles ... | 1991 | 1844789 |
| seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in minnesota wolves. | serum samples (n = 457) from wolves (canis lupus) in northern minnesota were collected from 1972 through 1986 and were tested for antibodies against leptospira interrogans using a microtiter agglutination test. twelve serovars included in the study were: australis, autumnalis, ballum, bataviae, bratislava, canicola, copenhageni, grippotyphosa, hardjo, pomona, pyrogenes, and tarassovi. fifty-two (11%) sera had antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:50 against one or more serovars of l. int ... | 1991 | 2067045 |
| [the ligaments and menisci of the femorotibial joint of the wolf (canis lupus l., 1758)--anatomic and functional analysis in comparison with the domestic dog (canis lupus f. familiaris)]. | based on dissection of 11 (4 m and 7f) adult wolves (canis lupus l., 1758) kept in captivity, the morphology and mechanics of the ligaments and menisci of the femorotibial joint are described. compared with the anatomical data of the dog (canis lupus f. familiaris), the differences are discussed with respect to their importance for functional considerations. | 1990 | 2099308 |
| catecholaminergic amacrine cells in the dog and wolf retina. | catecholaminergic (presumed dopaminergic) amacrine cells in the retinae of beagle dogs (canis lupus f. familiaris) and wolves (canis lupus) were visualized with an antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase (th). in both species, th immunoreactivity is found in a population of amacrine cells with large somata (about 14 microns diameter) and large, moderately branched dendritic trees. somata are located in the proximal inner nuclear layer (normal amacrines) or in the ganglion cell layer (displaced am ... | 1991 | 1685328 |
| [the origin, growth, use, size and form of the ligamentum phrenicopericardium of canis lupus (l. 1758) compared to canis lupus f. familiaris]. | the lig. phrenicopericardiacum of wolves who lived in captivity has been examined with regard to the following aspects: origin, run, insertion, size (breadth and length), and form. the findings of investigations were compared with the corresponding ones stated in the literature for dogs; the correspondences as well as the differences between the both species were pointed out and the possible reasons for them were discussed. | 1990 | 2387498 |
| bending strength of upper canine tooth in domestic dogs. | the bending strength of the upper canine tooth is analyzed on 51 domestic dogs of various breeds. data show that canine tooth length is greater among small domestic dogs when compared to small wild dogs, and large wild dogs when compared among large domestic dogs. tooth strength is also greater among small domestic dogs and large wild dogs. the greater tooth strength of the small domestic dogs may be attributed to the idea that small domestic dogs are closer in ancestry to the grey wolf (canis l ... | 1992 | 1416062 |
| antibodies against canine parvovirus in wolves of minnesota: a serologic study from 1975 through 1985. | serum samples (n = 137) from 47 wild wolves (canis lupus; 21 pups and 26 adults) were evaluated from 1975 to 1985 for antibodies against canine parvovirus, using the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. in addition, several blood samples (n = 35) from 14 of these wolves (6 pups and 8 adults) were evaluated simultaneously for erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and for hemoglobin and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. sixty-nine (50%) of the serum samples (35 wolves) had hi titers of greater tha ... | 1986 | 2851572 |
| basic haematological values in carnivores--i. the canidae, the hyaenidae and the ursidae. | basic haematological values for 32 animals of four carnivore species are reported. in six adult wolves (canis lupus) the mean values estimated for the erythrocyte count 7.48 x 10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.465/l, haemoglobin 172.0 g/l and leukocyte counts 7.33 x 10(9)/l are given. for five young wolves, these parameters were markedly decreased, only the white cell count was raised. in 14 hunting dogs (lycaon pictus) the mean values estimated are: erythrocyte count 9.15 x 10(12)/l haematocrit 0.435/l, ... | 1987 | 2882894 |
| canine parvovirus infection in wolves (canis lupus) from minnesota. | | 1986 | 3005665 |
| an investigation of the products of 53 gene loci in three species of wild canidae: canis lupus, canis latrans, and canis familiaris. | this article describes an investigation of inter- and intraspecific variation in three small populations of wild canidae-wolf, coyote, and dingo. the products of 53 gene loci were examined. very little interspecies variation was observed, but the level of intraspecific variation was compatible with that found in man. | 1976 | 1016229 |
| susceptibility of the gray wolf (canis lupus) to infection with the lyme disease agent, borrelia burgdorferi. | four juvenile gray wolves (canis lupus) were inoculated with live borrelia burgdorferi. one received an intravenous inoculum, a second was inoculated subcutaneously, and two more were fed peromyscus maniculatus sucklings which had earlier been inoculated with b. burgdorferi. the intravenously inoculated wolf developed a generalized lymphadenopathy and a persistent serum antibody titer to the spirochete which peaked at 1:512. borrelia burgdorferi was visualized in liver sections of this wolf usin ... | 1988 | 3411709 |
| chromosomal evolution of the canidae. i. species with high diploid numbers. | the giemsa banding patterns of seven canid species, including the grey wolf (canis lupus), the maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus), the bush dog (speothos venaticus), the crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), the grey fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), the bat-eared fox (otocyon megalotis), and the fennec (fennecus zerda), are presented and compared. relative to other members of canidae, these species have high diploid complements (2n greater than 64) consisting of largely acrocentric chromosomes. they ... | 1987 | 3568761 |
| chromosomal evolution of the canidae. ii. divergence from the primitive carnivore karyotype. | the giemsa-banding patterns of chromosomes from the arctic fox (alopex lagopus), the red fox (vulpes vulpes), the kit fox (vulpes macrotis), and the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) are compared. despite their traditional placement in different genera, the arctic fox and the kit fox have an identical chromosome morphology and g-banding pattern. the red fox has extensive chromosome arm homoeology with these two species, but has only two entire chromosomes in common. all three species share ... | 1987 | 3568762 |
| the influence of social and endocrine factors on urine-marking by captive wolves (canis lupus). | although serum hormones varied seasonally in all adult animals, only dominant male and female wolves urine-marked. serum testosterone and urine-marking rates, which increased during the fall/winter breeding season, were positively correlated in both male and female dominant wolves. estradiol, which increased in conjunction with proestrus and estrus, was not correlated with female urine-marking. these findings suggest that hormonal influence on urine-marking in the wolf is modulated by social fac ... | 1990 | 2286365 |
| heterochromatin composition and nucleolus organizer activity in four canid species. | sequential staining with a counterstain-contrasted fluorescent banding technique (chromomycin a3-distamycin a-dapi) revealed the occurrence of distamycin a-4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (da-dapi) staining heterochromatin in the centromeric regions of chromosomes 33, 36, 37, and 38 in the wolf (canis lupus pallipes) and of chromosomes 13, 16, and 23 in the blue fox (alopex lagopus). the red fox (vulpes vulpes) lacked such regions. staining with dapi--actinomycin d produced a qfh-type banding patte ... | 1986 | 3801970 |
| detection of parvoviruses in wolf feces by electron microscopy. | one hundred fifteen wolf (canis lupus) feces were collected between 1980 and 1984 from northeastern minnesota and were examined for canine parvovirus by negative contrast electron microscopy. of these, seven (6%) samples revealed the presence of parvovirus. some of these viruses were able to grow in cell cultures forming intranuclear inclusion bodies and giant cells. | 1988 | 2832624 |
| [topography and structure of the stylohyoid muscle in mammals]. | topography and structure of the musculus stylohyoideus (msh) have been studied in 78 species of mammalia from 12 orders. the muscle in question has specific peculiarities not only in its position and fixation, but also in a great variability of its structure. the msh is not revealed in philander opossum, lagostrophus fasciatus, guinea pig, meriones eversmanni, rhombomys opimus, nyctereutes procyonoides, thos aureus, mastelidae. various pathways of development and different functional loading def ... | 1988 | 3408352 |
| microsporum gypseum infection in a gray wolf (canis lupus) and a camel (camelus bactrianus) in a zoological garden. | | 1987 | 3657852 |
| influence of dietary fatty acids on the composition of plasma fatty acids in the tundra wolf (canis lupus tundrarum). | | 1974 | 4154062 |
| [on morphology and development of the skull of canis lupus f. familiaris l]. | | 1966 | 6011775 |
| serologic survey for canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis in wolves in alaska. | sera from 57 wolves (canis lupus) in three areas of alaska were evaluated for evidence of previous exposure to infectious canine hepatitis virus (ichv) and canine distemper virus (cdv). fifty-four sera (94.7%) were positive for ichv exposure and four (7%) were positive for cdv exposure. all four cdv-reacting wolves also had titres to ichv. the relatively common occurrence of ichv exposure may be due to the greater resistance of ichv to chemical and physical agents and its transmissibility via th ... | 1982 | 6296469 |
| serological indication of canine distemper and of infectious canine hepatitis in wolves (canis lupus l.) in northern canada. | | 1974 | 4373585 |
| [aspects of trichinelliasis in portugal. apropos of a parasitic case in canis lupus l]. | | 1974 | 4462389 |
| wolf milk. i. arctic wolf (canis lupus arctos) and husky milk: gross composition and fatty acid constitution. | | 1969 | 5406772 |
| experimental brucella suis type 4 infections in domestic and wild alaskan carnivores. | beagle dogs were readily infected by 1.3 x 10(8) colony forming units (cfu) of brucella suis type 4 administered either on canned dog food, or intraperitoneally. such infections were afebrile and otherwise asymptomatic and without any obvious gross lesions. inoculation of 10(8) cfu b. suis type 4 intraperitoneally into two gravid wolves (canis lupus) resulted in infections in both animals. about 24 days later they gave birth, apparently at full-term, to two (both alive) and six (two alive and fo ... | 1981 | 7241703 |
| metorchis conjunctus (cobbold, 1860) infection in wolves (canis lupus), with pancreatic involvement in two animals. | the trematode metorchis conjunctus (cobbold, 1860) was found in seven of 211 wolves from saskatchewan which were examined between 1976 and 1983. the parasite caused cholangiohepatitis with periductular fibrosis in the liver of all the wolves, and chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas in two animals. the wolves with pancreatic involvement were emaciated. five of the seven infected wolves were from one local area, and three of these were from a pack known to consume fish. | 1983 | 6644936 |
| trichodectes canis on the gray wolf and coyote on kenai peninsula, alaska. | | 1983 | 6644943 |
| the effect of naloxone on feeding and spontaneous locomotion in the wolf. | the effect of naloxone on food intake and activity levels was studied in the wolf (canis lupus). naloxone decreased food intake at both the 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg dose. there was no quantitative difference in the magnitude of the decrease in food intake produced by naloxone in winter or summer. wolves ate significantly greater amounts of deer meat than dog chow after naloxone when expressed on a mass basis but there was no difference when the amounts of food ingested were expressed in calories. thi ... | 1983 | 6867130 |
| molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: the ethiopian wolf canis simensis. | the world's most endangered canid is the ethiopian wolf canis simensis, which is found in six isolated areas of the ethiopian highlands with a total population of no more than 500 individuals. ethiopian wolf populations are declining due to habitat loss and extermination by humans. moreover, in at least one population, ethiopian wolves are sympatric with domestic dogs, which may hybridize with them, compete for food, and act as disease vectors. using molecular techniques, we address four questio ... | 1994 | 7921357 |
| occurrence of rabies in a wolf population in northeastern alaska. | nine alaskan wolves (canis lupus) were found dead during spring and summer 1985; five of seven animals tested for rabies virus were positive. the 1985 epizootic altered annual den use patterns by wolves in northeastern alaska, but did not appear to affect population size. we propose that rabies in arctic wolves may be more common than previously thought. | 1995 | 7563430 |
| intestinal helminth parasite community in wolves (canis lupus) in italy. | from 1987 to 1993, 89 wolves (canis lupus) collected throughout the whole italian range were examined for intestinal helminth parasites. twelve species were found, including 5 nematodes (uncinaria stenocephala, toxocara canis, ancylostoma caninum, trichuris vulpis and toxascaris leonina) and 7 cestodes (echinococcus granulosus, taenia hydatigena, t. multiceps, t. pisiformis, t. ovis, mesocestoides lineatus and dipylidium caninum). no significant differences were detected between sexes. t. canis ... | 1993 | 8065823 |
| use of tiletamine and zolazepam to immobilize captive iberian wolves (canis lupus). | a mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam (zoletil) was used to immobilize 29 captive born iberian wolves. based on their excitability during handling procedures the animals were categorized as excited (n = 15) and unexcited (n = 14). we observed differences in the responses of these groups to the drugs. although immobilized with higher doses (mean +/- sd of 6.94 +/- 2.13 versus 5.04 +/- 1.74 mg/kg for the unexcited) the excited individuals had an irregular and less predictable response, with five i ... | 1994 | 8151815 |
| allozyme variability in the italian wolf (canis lupus) population. | multilocus protein electrophoresis was used to estimate genetic variability in a sample of 38 italian wolves (canis lupus). percentage of polymorphic loci was p = 10.0 per cent (four polymorphic loci out of 40 examined), and average observed heterozygosity was ho = 0.028. genotypes were in hardy-weinberg equilibrium. electrophoretic analysis does not indicate a significant reduction of genetic variability at nuclear gene loci following at least one century of isolation from other european popula ... | 1993 | 8276634 |
| olfactory pedunculotomy induced anosmia in the wolf (canis lupus). | | 1981 | 7335795 |
| comparative anatomy of the cardiac foramen ovale in cats (felidae), dogs (canidae), bears (ursidae) and hyaenas (hyaenidae). | the structure of the foramen ovale from 16 species representing 4 carnivore families, the felidae, canidae, ursidae and hyaenidae, was studied using the scanning electron microscope. the felidae were represented by 9 domestic cat fetuses (felis catus), 2 snow leopard neonates (uncia uncia), an ocelot neonate (leopardus pardalis), 2 lion neonates (panthera leo), a panther neonate (panthera pardus) and 3 tigers (neofelis tigris), comprising 2 fetuses and a neonate. the canidae were represented by ... | 1995 | 7649822 |
| serologic investigations of canine parvovirus and canine distemper in relation to wolf (canis lupus) pup mortalities. | twenty-one serum samples from 18 wolves (canis lupus) were collected from 1985 to 1990 from northwestern montana (usa) and southeastern british columbia, canada, and evaluated for antibodies to canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper (cd), infectious canine hepatitis, and lyme disease; we found prevalences of 13 (65%) of 19, five (29%) of 17, seven (36%) of 19, and 0 of 20 wolves for these diseases, respectively. pups died or disappeared in three of the eight packs studied. in these three pack ... | 1994 | 8028116 |
| molecular evolution of the dog family. | molecular genetic tools have been used to dissect the evolutionary relationships of the dog-like carnivores, revealing their place in the order carnivora, the relationships of species within the family canidae, and the genetic exchange that occurs among conspecific populations. high rates of gene flow among populations within some species, such as the coyote and gray wolf, have suppressed genetic divergence, and where these species hybridize, large hybrid zones have been formed. in fact, the phe ... | 1993 | 8337763 |
| [microstructure of fossil mammalian bones from the rixdorfer horizon of weichsel-kaltzeit at niederlehme near königs wusterhausen (brandengurg)]. | the structure is reported of bones of glacial-period mammals, which were found in 1973 to 1989 in gravel-sandy soil of the fossiliferous layer "rixdorfer horizont" at niederlehme near königs wusterhausen. the findings, probably, date from one of the interstages of the glacial period "weichsel-kaltzeit" before the stage "brandenburger stadium". their embedding took place more than 20,000 years ago. changes of the deposit of bones and teeth from older sediments are not to exclude in the finding pl ... | 1993 | 8489038 |
| canine parvovirus effect on wolf population change and pup survival. | canine parvovirus infected wild canids more than a decade ago, but no population effect has been documented. in wild minnesota wolves (canis lupus) over a 12-yr period, the annual percent population increase and proportion of pups each were inversely related to the percentage of wolves serologically positive to the disease. although these effects did not seem to retard this large extant population, similar relationships in more isolated wolf populations might hinder recovery of this endangered a ... | 1993 | 8387611 |
| the genetical history of an isolated population of the endangered grey wolf canis lupus: a study of nuclear and mitochondrial polymorphisms. | the grey wolf was thought to have been exterminated in the scandinavian peninsula when the sudden appearance of a few animals in southern sweden was reported in 1980. these wolves founded a new swedish population which currently numbers at least 25 individuals, one of the world's smallest populations of the species. the sudden occurrence of the founder animals caused speculation that these had not appeared by 'natural' means but rather were swedish zoo animals deliberately released by man. to an ... | 1996 | 9004318 |
| ixodes (ixodes) scapularis (acari:ixodidae): redescription of all active stages, distribution, hosts, geographical variation, and medical and veterinary importance. | the blacklegged tick, ixodes (ixodes) scapularis say, 1821, is redescribed, based on laboratory reared specimens originating in bulloch county, georgia. information on distribution, host associations, morphological variation, and medical/veterinary importance is also presented. a great deal of recent work has focused on this species because it is the principal vector of the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmidt, hyde, steigerwaldt & brenner) in eastern north america. its d ... | 1996 | 8667375 |
| [vascular system in the large intestine of the dog (canis lupus f. familiaris)]. | the vascular system of the large intestine of 10 dogs was examined by means of vascular corrosion casts, histology and transmission-electron microscopy. the tela submucosa contains an arterial and a venous vascular plexus. in broader areas of the submucosa, a deep and a superficial vascular plexus, which are interconnected, can be found. the plexus are orientated parallel to the layers of the intestinal wall. on the one hand, these vessels naturally provide self-sufficiency and drainage of the s ... | 1996 | 8766402 |
| the impact of predators on livestock in the abruzzo region of italy. | free-living populations of wolves (canis lupus linnaeus, 1758) and brown bears (ursus arctos linnaeus, 1758) regularly cause damage to livestock in the abruzzo region of italy. the laws of the region provide for compensation payments to owners for losses caused by predators. in the present paper, 4,993 validated claims made between 1980 and 1988 are examined. losses ascribed to wolf, bear and wild boar attacks were 92.1%, 7.8% and 0.1%, respectively, of the total losses caused by predators durin ... | 1993 | 8518446 |
| functional characterisation of eskimo dog hemoglobin: i. interaction of cl- and 2,3-dpg and its importance to oxygen unloading at low temperature. | the oxygen binding properties of hemoglobin and some hematological parameters in eskimo dogs (belonging to canis lupus familiaris) in ilulissat/jacobshavn, greenland were analysed. the average [2,3-dpg] and [hb] (n = 16) were 3.14 +/- 0.34 mmol l-1 blood and 9.53 +/- 0.65 g dl-1 (1.49 mmol l-1), respectively, giving a stoichiometric ratio of 2.11 mol 2,3-dpg/mol hb. oxygen binding analysis carried out on hemolysate in hepes buffer at 20 and 37 degrees c revealed a high oxygen affinity (1.2 mmhg ... | 1997 | 9172389 |
| functional characterisation of eskimo dog hemoglobin: ii. the interplay of hco(3)- and cl-. | hemoglobin (hb) from the eskimo dog (belonging to canis lupus familiaris) showed similar bohr effect (delta log p50/delta ph) to human hba in the presence of 100 mmol l-1 nacl at 20 degrees c. the presence of 7% carbon dioxide in the desalted condition caused a positive (reversed) bohr effect in the ph range 7.1-7.5 on eskimo dog hb, whereas in human hba there was no bohr effect within this ph range. a positive bohr effect on eskimo dog hb in this condition was also observed at 37 degrees c. thi ... | 1997 | 9172390 |
| occurrence of rabies in wolves of alaska. | we describe a rabies epizootic in northwest alaska (usa) during 1989 and 1990 which resulted in mortality to several different wolf (canis lupus) packs. four radio-collared wolves were confirmed to have rabies while evidence for seven others was strongly suggestive but not confirmed. the wolf population declined during the rabies epizootic; thus rabies may have been a significant limiting factor. | 1997 | 9131553 |
| sequence analysis of domestic dog mitochondrial dna for forensic use. | a method has been developed for the direct sequencing of hypervariable region 1 (hv1) of domestic dog (canis familiaris) and wolf (canis lupus) mitochondrial dna (mtdna) using single hairs as template. the method uses a robotic work-station and an automated sequencer to allow for robust routine analysis. a population data base was created in order to investigate the forensic and population-genetic informativeness of domestic dog hv1. sequence variation, partitioning of dog breeds among sequence ... | 1997 | 9243824 |
| death of a wild wolf from canine parvoviral enteritis. | a 9-mo-old female wolf (canis lupus) in the superior national forest of minnesota (usa) died from a canine parvovirus (cpv) infection. this is the first direct evidence that this infection effects free-ranging wild wolves. | 1997 | 9131567 |
| demonstration of helicobacter pylori-like organisms in the gastric mucosa of captive exotic carnivores. | samples of gastric tissue from the cardiac, fundic and pyloric region of 30 carnivores comprising 12 tigers (panthera tigris), 10 lions (panthera leo), three pumas (felis concolor), two leopards (panthera pardus), one serval (felis serval), one wolf (canis lupus) and one hyena (crocuta crocuta) kept at german zoological gardens were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. selected tissue specimens of 12 animals were examined also by electron microscopy. the purpose of ... | 1997 | 9076597 |
| isolation and characterisation of an aujeszky's disease virus naturally infecting a wild boar (sus scrofa). | isolation of aujeszky's disease virus (adv) from an injured, female wild boar (sus scrofa), shot dead by hunters, in an area adjacent to the abruzzo national park is reported. the brain was submitted for attempted virus isolation following episodes of mortality in several dogs and cats fed with meat from the wild boar. virus was isolated on first passage from the brain of the wild boar. the restriction fragment length polymorphism profile of the isolate was assessed as a type i. the role of stre ... | 1997 | 9220606 |
| detection of canine parvovirus in wolves from italy. | one hundred fifteen samples of wolf (canis lupus) feces were collected during 1994 to 1995 from four free-living populations of the north central apennines mountains, italy. the samples were tested for canine parvovirus by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), hemagglutination, and virus isolation. four of these samples were positive by virus isolation as confirmed by electron microscopy. all positive samples were from casentino park in tuscany. this is the first definitive ... | 1997 | 9249711 |
| the carnivore remains from the sima de los huesos middle pleistocene site (sierra de atapuerca, spain). | remains of carnivores from the sima de los huesos site representing at least 158 adult individuals of a primitive (i.e., not very speleoid) form of ursus deningeri von reichenau 1906, have been recovered through the 1995 field season. these new finds extend our knowledge of this group in the sierra de atapuerca middle pleistocene. material previously classified as cuoninae indet, is now assigned to canis lupus and a third metatarsal assigned in 1987 to panthera of gombaszoegensis, is in our opin ... | 1997 | 9300340 |
| levels of aliphatic hydrocarbons in viscera of wolves (canis lupus, l) in galicia (n. w. spain). | | 1997 | 9307417 |
| pcbs and pcts in wolves (canis lupus, l) in galicia (n.w. spain). | levels of pcbs and pcts (the aroclor1260 and aroclor5460 congeners, respectively) in viscera of wolves of galicia (n.w. spain) were determined by capillary gc with electron-capture detection. mean pcb levels ranged from 0.13 mg/kg of dry tissue in kidney to 3.70 mg/kg in liver. pcts were detected only in suprarenal capsule, their mean level being 3.77 mg/kg. | 1997 | 9308159 |
| extensive interbreeding occurred among multiple matriarchal ancestors during the domestication of dogs: evidence from inter- and intraspecies polymorphisms in the d-loop region of mitochondrial dna between dogs and wolves. | to test the hypothesis that the domestic dogs are derived from several different ancestral gray wolf populations, we compared the sequence of the displacement (d)-loop region of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from 24 breeds of domestic dog (34 individual dogs) and 3 subspecies of gray wolf (canis lupus lupus, c.l. pallipes and c.l. chanco; 19 individuals). the intraspecific sequence variations within domestic dogs (0.00-3.19%) and within wolves (0.00-2.88%) were comparable to the interspecific va ... | 1997 | 9418263 |
| chromosomal localization of acidic and basic keratin genes of the domestic dog. | our laboratories are interested in characterizing genes involved in the myriad of heritable diseases affecting the domestic dog, canis lupus familiaris, and in development of detailed genetic and physical maps of the canine genome. included in these efforts is examination of conservation of the genetic organization, structure, and function of gene families involved in diseases of the canine skin, skeleton, and eye. to that end, study of the highly conserved keratin gene family was undertaken. ke ... | 1999 | 10087295 |
| helminths of foxes and other wild carnivores from rural areas in greece. | twenty species of helminth parasites were identified from fox, wolf, jackal and wild cat material collected in greece. of the 314 foxes (vulpes vulpes) examined, 18 helminth species were recovered comprising one trematode, eight cestodes, seven nematodes and two acanthocephalans, with the cestode species mesocestoides sp. (73.2%), joyeuxiella echinorhynchoides (24.5%) and the nematode species uncinaria stenocephala (43.9%), and toxara canis (28.6%) being the most prevalent. five cestode and thre ... | 1997 | 9705680 |
| serum biochemistry of captive and free-ranging gray wolves (canis lupus). | normal serum biochemistry values are frequently obtained from studies of captive sedentary (zoo) or free-ranging (wild) animals. it is frequently assumed that values obtained from these two populations are directly referable to each other. we tested this assumption using 20 captive gray wolves (canis lupus) in minnesota, usa, and 11 free-ranging gray wolves in alaska, usa. free-ranging wolves had significantly (p < 0.05) lower sodium, chloride, and creatinine concentrations and significantly hig ... | 1998 | 10065853 |
| electrocardiographic consequences of a peripatetic lifestyle in gray wolves (canis lupus). | cardiac chamber enlargement and hypertrophy are normal physiologic responses to repetitive endurance exercise activity in human beings and domestic dogs. whether similar changes occur in wild animals as a consequence of increased activity is unknown. we found that free-ranging gray wolves (canis lupus, n = 11), the archetypical endurance athlete, have electrocardiographic evidence of cardiac chamber enlargement and hypertrophy relative to sedentary captive gray wolves (n = 20), as demonstrated b ... | 1998 | 9787834 |
| mri examination of the masticatory muscles in the gray wolf (canis lupus), with special reference to the m. temporalis. | we examined the head of the gray wolf (canis lupus) using mri methods. although the arising surface of the m. temporalis was not so enlarged in the frontal bone, the small frontal bone did not disturb the m. temporalis from occupying the lateral space of the frontal area in the gray wolf as in the domesticated dog. in the gray wolf, it is suggested that the m. temporalis may not be well-developed in terms of size of arising area, but in the thickness of running bundles. we suggest that the dog h ... | 1999 | 10423677 |
| conservation genetics of nordic carnivores: lessons from zoos. | this paper summarizes results from genetic studies of nordic carnivore populations bred in captivity. the conservation genetic implications of those results for the management of wild populations of the same species are discussed. inbreeding depression has been documented in the brown bear (ursus arctos), wolf (canis lupus), and lynx (lynx lynx) populations held in nordic zoos. the characters negatively affected by inbreeding include litter size (brown bear and wolf), longevity (lynx and wolf), ... | 1999 | 10509137 |
| inbreeding and relatedness in scandinavian grey wolves canis lupus. | management of small and threatened populations may require detailed knowledge about the genetic status of individuals and the genetic relatedness between individuals. i show here that individual heterozygosity at a set of 29 microsatellite loci correlates closely to the degree of inbreeding in a captive grey wolf population. microsatellite allele sharing similarly correlates closely to known relatedness between pairs of individuals. genotyping the same markers in a small (60-70 individuals) natu ... | 1999 | 10509138 |
| contaminant residue levels in arctic wolves (canis lupus) from the yukon territory, canada. | kidney, liver and bone samples were taken from 19 wolves (canis lupus) collected from two locations in the yukon territory. liver samples pooled by age and sex were analyzed for 22 organochlorine pesticides and 101 pcb congeners. individual kidney and liver samples were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, total mercury, selenium and zinc. thirteen individual bone samples were analyzed for lead. while most organochlorines were not present at detectable levels in wolf liver, some chlorobe ... | 1999 | 10635602 |
| serologic survey for toxoplasma gondii in selected wildlife species from alaska. | blood was collected from selected wildlife species in specific areas of alaska (usa) during 1976-96. a modified agglutination test was used to test sera for evidence of exposure to toxoplasma gondii. serum antibody prevalence was 43% (62 positive of 143 tested) for black bears (ursus americanus), 9% (11/125) for wolves (canis lupus), 7% (22/319) for dall sheep (ovis dalli), 6% (14/241) for caribou (rangifer tarandus), 1% (3/240) for moose (alces alces), and 1% (2/241) for bison (bison bison). a ... | 2000 | 10813602 |
| serum concentrations of vitamin d metabolites, vitamins a and e, and carotenoids in six canid and four ursid species at four zoos. | nutritional status for six captive canid species (n=34) and four captive ursid species (n=18) were analyzed. the species analyzed included: african wild dog (lycaon pictus), arctic fox (alopex lagopus), gray wolf (canis lupus), maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus), mexican wolf (canis lupus baleiyi), red wolf (canis rufus), brown bear (ursus arctos), polar bear (ursus maritimus), spectacled bear (tremarctos ornatus), and sun bear (ursus malayanus). diet information was collected for these animals ... | 2001 | 11137448 |
| anthropogenic extinction of top carnivores and interspecific animal behaviour: implications of the rapid decoupling of a web involving wolves, bears, moose and ravens. | the recent extinction of grizzly bears (ursus arctos) and wolves (canis lupus) by humans from 95-99% of the contiguous usa and mexico in less than 100 years has resulted in dramatically altered and expanded prey communities. such rampant ecological change and putative ecological instability has not occurred in north american northern boreal zones. this geographical variation in the loss of large carnivores as a consequence of anthropogenic disturbance offers opportunities for examining the poten ... | 1999 | 10629976 |
| immunohistochemical evaluation of a malignant phecochromocytoma in a wolfdog. | a malignant pheochromocytoma with multiple metastases was diagnosed in a 7-year-old male wolfdog that resulted from a cross between an eastern timber wolf (canis lupus lycaon) and an alaskan malamute. a yellowish white neoplastic mass approximately 10 cm diameter was found in the right adrenal gland. the neoplasm penetrated through the wall of the caudal vena cava. a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was established by histopathologic and immunohistochemical procedures. immunohistochemically, the ne ... | 2001 | 11467480 |
| estimating the probability of identity among genotypes in natural populations: cautions and guidelines. | individual identification using dna fingerprinting methods is emerging as a critical tool in conservation genetics and molecular ecology. statistical methods that estimate the probability of sampling identical genotypes using theoretical equations generally assume random associations between alleles within and among loci. these calculations are probably inaccurate for many animal and plant populations due to population substructure. we evaluated the accuracy of a probability of identity (p(id)) ... | 2001 | 11251803 |
| helminths in the wolf, canis lupus, from north-western spain. | fifteen helminth species were collected from 47 wolves (canis lupus ) which were surveyed from 1993 to 1999 in northwestern spain. these included the trematode alaria alata (2.1%); the cestodes taenia hydatigena (44.7%), t. multiceps (29.8%), t. serialis (2.1%), dipylidium caninum (6.4%) and mesocestoides sp. aff. litteratus (4.2%); and the nematodes pearsonema plica (7.4%), trichuris vulpis (10.6%), trichinella britovi (12.8%), ancylostoma caninum (8.5%), uncinaria stenocephala (51.1%), toxocar ... | 2001 | 11520444 |
| [biology of aggression in dogs]. | the science of ethology is concerned with the way external stimuli and internal events cause animals to fight in a particular way. the classification of dog breeds with respect to their relative danger to humans makes no sense, as both, the complex antecedent conditions in which aggressive behaviour occurs, and its ramifying consequences in the individual dog's ecological and social environment, are not considered. from a biological point of view, environmental and learning effects are always su ... | 2001 | 11314475 |
| bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in lichen-caribou-wolf food chains of canada's central and western arctic. | while biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (pops) in aquatic food chains is well documented, there have been few investigations of the trophodynamics of pops in arctic terrestrial food chains. this study presents field-collected concentration data and corresponding fugacities of various hydrophobic organic chemicals (ranging in octanol-water partition coefficients or k(ow) from approximately 10(3.8) to 10(9)) in two lichen species (cladina rangiferina and cetraria nivalis), willow l ... | 2001 | 11347605 |
| high prevalence of trichinella nativa infection in wolf (canis lupus) populations of tvier and smoliensk regions of european russia. | domestic and sylvatic trichinellosis have frequently been documented in european regions of russia, with the highest prevalence reported in wolves (canis lupus). from 1998 to 2000, 75 carcasses of wolves shot by hunters were tested for trichinella larvae, and 73 (97.3%) of them were found to be positive. this very high prevalence of infection, the highest ever detected in a natural population of carnivores, could be explained by the human impact on the natural ecosystem. in fact, the diet of wol ... | 2001 | 11484394 |
| echinococcus multilocularis in european wolves (canis lupus). | nested pcr was used as a diagnostic tool to investigate the presence of echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm in protected species of carnivores in slovakia. twenty-three faecal samples from wolves, four samples from bears and three samples from lynx from the muránska planina mountains and eight samples from wolves from the bukovské vrchy mountains were examined. e. multilocularis dna was detected in two samples of wolves' faeces from the muránska planina mountains and one sample from the bukovsk ... | 2001 | 11688890 |
| prey specialization may influence patterns of gene flow in wolves of the canadian northwest. | this study characterizes population genetic structure among grey wolves (canis lupus) in northwestern canada, and discusses potential physical and biological determinants of this structure. four hundred and ninety-one grey wolves, from nine regions in the yukon, northwest territories and british columbia, were genotyped using nine microsatellite loci. results indicate that wolf gene flow is reduced significantly across the mackenzie river, most likely due to the north-south migration patterns of ... | 2001 | 11903892 |
| torque patterns of the limbs of small therian mammals during locomotion on flat ground. | in three species of small therian mammals (scandentia: tupaia glis, rodentia: galea musteloides and lagomorpha: ochotona rufescens) the net joint forces and torques acting during stance phase in the four kinematically relevant joints of the forelimbs (scapular pivot, shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint) and the hindlimbs (hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint, intratarsal joint) were determined by inverse dynamic analysis. kinematics were measured by cineradiography (150 frames s(-1)). synchro ... | 2002 | 11948209 |
| organochlorine pesticide, polychlorinated biphenyl and heavy metal concentrations in wolves (canis lupus l. 1758) from north-west russia. | the wolf canis lupus is a major terrestrial predator in eastern europe and, as a top carnivore, may be exposed to high concentrations of contaminants that are readily transferred through the food chain. despite this, there are few published data on pollutant and pesticide levels in wolves. this study utilised tissues from animals legally killed by hunters for other reasons (animals were not killed for the purposes of this study) to carry out the only detailed investigation of contaminants in wol ... | 2001 | 11763272 |
| associations between trichinella species and host species in finland. | examination of 627 wild animals--raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), red foxes (vulpes vulpes), european lynxes (lynx lynx), brown bears (ursus arctos), wolves (canis lupus), and badgers (meles meles)--revealed trichinella spp. the prevalence varied according to geographical region of finland (north; southwest, sw; and southeast, se) and was the highest among lynxes (70%, sw). the risk of trichinellosis was higher in the se (odds ratio, or, 19.4) and sw regions (or 14.3), as compared with t ... | 2002 | 12053985 |
| serologic survey for canine coronavirus in wolves from alaska. | wolves (canis lupus) were captured in three areas of interior alaska (usa). four hundred twenty-five sera were tested for evidence of exposure to canine coronavirus by means of an indirect fluorescent antibody procedure. serum antibody prevalence averaged 70% (167/240) during the spring collection period and 25% (46/185) during the autumn collection period. prevalence was 0% (0/42) in the autumn pup cohort (age 4-5 mo), and 60% (58/97) in the spring pup cohort (age 9-10 mo). prevalence was lowes ... | 2001 | 11763737 |
| echinococcosis/hydatidosis in western iran. | in the present study, 115 stray dogs (56 males and 59 females, mixed breed), 86 golden jackal (canis aureus, 42 males and 44 females), 60 red foxes (vulpes vulpes, 33 males and 27 females), and three female wolves (canis lupus) were examined for echinococcus granulosus infection, as well as, 32,898 sheep, 10,691 goats, 15,779 cattle and 659 buffaloes for hydatid infection from five provinces in western iran during 3 years (1997-2000). meanwhile fertility rates of different types and forms of cys ... | 2002 | 11900930 |
| noninvasive molecular tracking of colonizing wolf (canis lupus) packs in the western italian alps. | we used noninvasive methods to obtain genetic and demographic data on the wolf packs (canis lupus), which are now recolonizing the alps, a century after their eradication. dna samples, extracted from presumed wolf scats collected in the western italian alps (piemonte), were genotyped to determine species and sex by sequencing parts of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control-region and zfx/zfy genes. individual genotypes were identified by multilocus microsatellite analyses using a multiple tubes p ... | 2002 | 11975702 |
| mhc class ii genes in european wolves: a comparison with dogs. | the genome of the grey wolf, one of the most widely distributed land mammal species, has been subjected to both stochastic factors, including biogeographical subdivision and population fragmentation, and strong selection during the domestication of the dog. to explore the effects of drift and selection on the partitioning of mhc variation in the diversification of species, we present nine dqa, 10 dqb, and 17 drb1 sequences of the second exon for european wolves and compare them with sequences of ... | 2002 | 12389097 |
| a new perspective on barking in dogs (canis familiaris). | the disparity in bark frequency and context between dogs (canis familiaris) and wolves (canis lupus) has led some researchers to conclude that barking in the domestic dog is nonfunctional. this conclusion attributes the differences primarily to genetic variation caused by domestication rather than to the influence of social environment on ontogeny. other researchers, however, have concluded that vocal usage and response to vocalizations in mammals are strongly guided by social interactions. clos ... | 2002 | 12083615 |
| [genetic analysis and estimation of genetic diversity in east-european breeds of swift hounds (canis familiaris l.) based on the data of genomic studies using rapd markers]. | the method of polymerase chain reaction with a set of arbitrary primers (rapd-pcr) was used to describe genetic variation and to estimate genetic diversity in east-european swift hounds, russian psovyi and hortyi borzois. for comparison, swift hounds of two west-european breeds (whippet and greyhound) and single dogs of other breed groups (shepherd, terriers, mastiffs, and bird dogs) were examined. for all dog groups, their closest related species, the wolf canis lupus, was used as an outgroup. ... | 2002 | 12138784 |
| sequence comparison of the dopamine receptor d4 exon iii repetitive region in several species of the order carnivora. | it was previously demonstrated that the dog dopamine receptor d4 (drd4) gene is polymorphic in terms of the repeat number and/or order of 39- and 12-bp sequences located in the third exon. to examine whether or not the repetitive region is present in other species of the order carnivora, the homologous region of drd4 genes were sequenced in the gray wolf, raccoon dog, asiatic black bear, common raccoon and domestic cat. in the family canidae, the wolf had an identical sequence to that of the dog ... | 2002 | 12237526 |
| echinococcus granulosus in finland. | echinococcus granulosus is shown to occur in eastern finland in a sylvatic cycle involving wolves (canis lupus) as the definitive host and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and probably also elk (alces alces) and the wild forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus fennicus) as intermediate hosts. even though the prevalence of e. granulosus in reindeer has increased in recent years, it is still very low (<0.013%). the results suggest, however, that the reindeer is a good sentinel animal to show the c ... | 2003 | 12531293 |
| laboratory and field experiments used to identify canis lupus var. familiaris active odor signature chemicals from drugs, explosives, and humans. | this paper describes the use of headspace solid-phase microextraction (spme) combined with gas chromatography to identify the signature odors that law enforcement-certified detector dogs alert to when searching for drugs, explosives, and humans. background information is provided on the many types of detector dog available and specific samples highlighted in this paper are the drugs cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxy- n-methylamphetamine (mdma or ecstasy), the explosives tnt and c4, and human remain ... | 2003 | 12845400 |
| an arctic terrestrial food-chain bioaccumulation model for persistent organic pollutants. | a model representing the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (pops) in arctic terrestrial mammalian food-chains is developed, parametrized, tested, and analyzed. the model predicts concentrations of pops in lichen, caribou (rangifer tarandus), and wolf (canis lupus) food-chains of canada's central and western arctic region from measured concentrations in air and snowpack meltwater. the model accounts for temporal and seasonal variation in diet composition, life-stage, body weight, a ... | 2003 | 12875402 |
| widespread occurrence of a domestic dog mitochondrial dna haplotype in southeastern us coyotes. | sequence analysis of the mitochondrial dna control region from 112 southeastern us coyotes (canis latrans) revealed 12 individuals with a haplotype closely related to those in domestic dogs. phylogenetic analyses grouped this new haplotype in the dog/grey wolf (canis familiaris/canis lupus) clade with 98% bootstrap support. these results demonstrate that a male coyote hybridized with a female dog, and female hybrid offspring successfully integrated into the coyote population. the widespread dist ... | 2003 | 12535104 |
| assessing behavior in extinct animals: was smilodon social? | it has been suggested that saber-tooth species such as smilodon fatalis were social because partially healed skeletal injuries were found at rancho la brea, california. this conclusion assumes injured animals would die without help. this paper will rebut assertions of sociality. first, cats use metabolic reserves to heal quickly without feeding. second, dehydration is a more profound limitation than starvation as prey carcasses only provide a quarter of necessary water. injured animals must be m ... | 2003 | 12697957 |
| antibody response to rabies vaccination in captive and free-ranging wolves (canis lupus). | fourteen captive and five free-ranging minnesota gray wolves (canis lupus) were tested for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rvna) after vaccination with an inactivated canine rabies vaccine. blood was collected from all wolves prior to vaccination and at 1 mo postvaccination (pv) and from all captive and three wild wolves at 3 mo pv. in addition, one free-ranging wolf was sampled at 4 mo pv, and two free-ranging wolves were sampled at 6 mo pv. all wolves were seronegative pr ... | 2001 | 12790409 |
| lawsonia intracellularis in wild mammals in the slovak carpathians. | feces of wild mammals were collected in the bukovské vrchy hills (north-eastern slovakia) in january and february 2002. the feces were examined for lawsonia intracellularis by means of nested polymerase chain reaction. a total of 194 samples of feces from red deer (cervus elaphus), 46 samples from roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 31 samples from red fox (vulpes vulpes), 23 samples from gray wolf (canis lupus), and 12 samples from brown hare (lepus europaeus) were examined. lawsonia intracellulari ... | 2003 | 12910769 |
| a strong correlation exists between the distribution of retinal ganglion cells and nose length in the dog. | the domestic dog, canis lupus familiaris, is a subspecies of the gray wolf, canis lupus, with almost identical mitochondrial dna. the dog is the most diverse species on earth, with skull length varying between 7 and 28 cm whereas the wolf skull is around 30 cm long. however, eye size in dogs does not appear to vary as much. for example, small dogs such as the chihuahua appear to have very large eyes in proportion to the skull. our aim was to examine eye size and retinal cell numbers and distribu ... | 2004 | 14673195 |
| ixodid ticks on domestic animals in samut prakan province, thailand. | the prevalence of tick-harboring domestic animals, tick density, and the species of ticks were studied throughout the year 2000, in muang samut prakan, bang phli and phra pradaeng districts of samut prakan province. the animals examined were canis lupus familiaris (450), bos indicus (cross-bred) (189), bos taurus (30), bubalus bubalis (171) and sus scrofa domestica (450). the total number of collected ticks was 1,491. the pigs did not harbor ticks. the stages of ticks collected were larvae, nymp ... | 2002 | 12971472 |