| molecular genetic divergence of orang utan (pongo pygmaeus) subspecies based on isozyme and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. | the orang utan (pongo pygmaeus), as currently recognized, includes two geographically separated subspecies: pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, which resides on borneo, and p. p. abelii, which inhabits sumatra. at present, there is no known route of gene flow between the two populations except through captive individuals which have been released back into the wild over the last several decades. the two subspecies are differentiated by morphological and behavioral characters, and they can be distinguished b ... | 1990 | 2230076 |
| the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the cranium of bornean orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus): i. univariate analyses. | based on a homogeneous sample of 212 individuals spanning all postnatal age periods, we examine the ontogeny of cranial sexual dimorphism in bornean orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) by means of univariate statistics. a distinct pattern emerges at the early juvenile stage and continues at all subsequent stages with males tending to exceed females in all cranial dimensions. in conjunction, starting at mid-juvenile stage, there is a strong tendency for an increase in number and strength of sig ... | 1989 | 2603467 |
| evolution of immunoglobulin allotypes and phylogeny of apes. | serum samples from 72 pan troglodytes, 5 pan paniscus, 22 gorilla gorilla, 23 pongo pygmaeus abelii, 5 pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, 2 hybrids p.p. abelii x p.p. pygmaeus and 13 hylobates lar were tested for gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24, 28), km(1) and bm(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) immunoglobulin allotypes by the classical hemagglutination inhibition method. the distribution of the various alleles and phenotypes makes it possible to distinguish each species or subspecies. common ... | 1987 | 3504421 |
| fractures, dislocations and contusions in the borneon orang utan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus)--a review of 21 cases. | the clinical features, radiographic findings and management of traumatic lesions in the orang utan are described with reference to 21 cases. eight cases had fractures of the femur and five had humeral fractures; all the fractures were successfully treated. one case with a skull fracture (frontal parietal) died before treatment could be instigated. five orang utans with contusions recovered with symptomatic treatment and rest. | 1986 | 3739156 |
| genetic markers of immunoglobulins in the two orangutan subspecies and their hybrids. | serum samples from 23 pongo pygmaeus abelii, 4 pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and 2 hybrids were tested for gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24, 28) and for km (1) allotypes. all samples were negative for gm (2, 3, 5, 6, 14, 16, 21, 28), km (1) and positive for gm (1, 15, 17, 24). the allotypes g3m (10, 11, 13) were simultaneously absent in all of the bornean orangutans and present in all of the sumatran orangutans. moreover, the analysis of 8 bm allotypes has shown that all the p. py ... | 1984 | 6594304 |
| immunoglobulin gm allotypes in apes: comparison with man. | serum samples from 245 apes (184 pan troglodytes, five pan paniscus, 28 gorilla gorilla, 23 pongo pygmaeus abelei, and five pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) were tested for g1m (1,2,3,17), g2m (23), and g3m (5,6,10,11,13,14,15,16,21,24,28) immunoglobulin allotypes by the classical method of inhibition of hemagglutination. some phenotypes are species specific while a few are shared by man and african apes. | 1993 | 8105090 |
| chromosomal and mitochondrial dna variation in orang utans. | wild-born orang utans held in zoos do not have their geographic origins defined, which has complicated comparisons of the two subspecies of orang utans (bornean orang utans, pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, and sumatran orang utans, p. pygmaeus abelii). the resulting confusion concerning the subspecies identity of individual orang utans and a larger controversy over the desirability of utilizing subspecies designations in orang utan breeding programs has focused attention on the need for a phylogenetic ... | 1993 | 8409361 |
| genomic differentiation among natural populations of orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus). | orang-utans exist today in small isolated populations on the islands of borneo (subspecies pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) and sumatra (subspecies p. p. abelii). although, on the basis of their morphological, behavioral and cytogenetical characteristics, the bornean and sumatran orang-utan populations are generally considered as two separate subspecies, there is no universal agreement as to whether their genetic differentiation is sufficient to consider and manage them as species, subspecies or populat ... | 1996 | 8939569 |
| suspected dermatophilosis in an adult orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). | an adult female bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) had a pruritic, vesicular skin disease, particularly of the extremities, trunk, and face. over a 2-yr course, symptoms resolved only transiently after corticosteroid treatment. antibiotic treatment and withdrawal of all corticosteroids resulted in complete recovery of the animal and return to normal activity patterns. on the basis of the dermal histopathologic lesions, dermatophilus congolensis was suspected as the causative organism, a ... | 1997 | 9365949 |
| evolution of chromosome y in primates. | we have investigated, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish), the cytogenetic evolution of the y chromosome in primates using 17 yeast artificial chromosomes, representative of the y-specific euchromatic region of the human chromosome y. the fish experiments were performed on great apes (homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla and pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus), and on two old world monkeys species as an outgroup (cercopitecidae macaca fascicularis and papio anubis). the results showed th ... | 1998 | 9745049 |
| dental microwear of griphopithecus alpani. | the examination of microscopic dental wear allows inferences to be made about diet in extinct species. this study reconstructs the diet of griphopithecus alpani, a 15 ma fossil hominoid from the miocene site of paşalar in north-western turkey, using scanning electron microscopy (sem) to examine the microscopic wear on its molar teeth. the microwear patterns of griphopithecus are compared with those of three extant hominoid taxa-gorilla gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes verus, and pongo pygmaeus p ... | 1999 | 9924132 |
| morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles. | adult mandibles of 317 modern humans and 91 great apes were selected that showed no pathology. adult mandibles of pan troglodytes troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and gorilla gorilla gorilla and from 2 modern human populations (zulu and europeans from spitalfields) were reliably sexed. thirteen measurements were defined and included mandibular height, length and breadth in representative positions. univariate statistical techniques and multivariate (principal component analysis and discrimin ... | 1999 | 10634689 |
| great ape dna sequences reveal a reduced diversity and an expansion in humans. | the extent of dna sequence variation of chimpanzees is several-fold greater than that of humans. it is unclear, however, if humans or chimpanzees are exceptional among primates in having low and high amounts of dna sequence diversity, respectively. to address this, we have determined approximately 10,000 bp of noncoding dna sequences at xq13.3 (which has been extensively studied in both humans and chimpanzees) from 10 western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and 1 mountain gorilla (gor ... | 2001 | 11175781 |
| speciation and intrasubspecific variation of bornean orangutans, pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus. | mitochondrial dna control region sequences of orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) from six different populations on the island of borneo were determined and analyzed for evidence of regional diversity and were compared separately with orangutans from the island of sumatra. within the bornean population, four distinct subpopulations were identified. furthermore, the results of this study revealed marked divergence, supportive evidence of speciation between sumatran and bornean orangutans. this study demo ... | 2001 | 11264398 |
| health evaluation of free-ranging and semi-captive orangutans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in sabah, malaysia. | baseline data on health of free-ranging wildlife is essential to evaluate impacts of habitat transformation and wildlife translocation, rehabilitation, and reintroduction programs. health information on many species, especially great apes, is extremely limited. between 1996 and 1998, 84 free-ranging orangutans captured for translocation, underwent a complete health evaluation. analogous data were gathered from 60 semi-captive orangutans in malaysia. baseline hematology and serology; vitamin, min ... | 2003 | 12685070 |
| catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: concordance with fossil and nuclear dna evidence. | accurate divergence date estimates improve scenarios of primate evolutionary history and aid in interpretation of the natural history of disease-causing agents. while molecule-based estimates of divergence dates of taxa within the superfamily hominoidea (apes and humans) are common in the literature, few such estimates are available for the cercopithecoidea (old world monkeys), the sister taxon of the hominoids in the primate infraorder catarrhini. to help fill this gap, we have sequenced the en ... | 2005 | 15737392 |
| variation in brain size and ecology in pongo. | numerous hypotheses have been advanced to explain relative increases in brain size in primates and other mammals. however, notably less attention has been directed towards addressing the biological limits to increasing brain size. here we explore variation in brain size in orangutans. we evaluated both raw and size-adjusted cranial capacity (cc) in adult pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus (n=147), p. p. wurmbii (n=24), p. p. morio (n=14), and p. abelii (n=36). results demonstrate significant variation in c ... | 2007 | 16968652 |
| nerve fibre tracing of branches to the coracobrachialis muscle in a bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). | a detailed anatomical analysis of the left brachial plexus, composed of the fourth cervical to first thoracic spinal nerve roots, was performed in an adult male orangutan obtained from the osaka museum of natural history. although the medial and posterior cords fused into a common trunk, a nerve fibre analysis revealed that the cords were not actually connected. a superficial branch (rs) running ventral to the musculocutaneous nerve (mc) and a deep branch (rp) running dorsal to the mc innervated ... | 2007 | 17266662 |
| new aspects of chromosomal evolution in the gorilla and the orangutan. | it is well-accepted that studies of chromosomal changes which have occurred during the evolution of the great apes and the human provide clues towards the phylogeny of these species. applying recently developed molecular cytogenetic approaches, this study on the chromosomes of the orangutan and the gorilla revealed the presence of cryptic, until now, unrecognized cytogenetic rearrangements mainly within the evolutionary dynamic subcentromeric and subtelomeric regions. on four orangutan chromosom ... | 2007 | 17273792 |
| reversible anesthesia of southeast asian primates with medetomidine, zolazepam, and tiletamine. | medetomidine (0.02-0.06 mg/kg) in combination with zolazepam-tiletamine (0.8-2.3 mg/kg) were evaluated for reversible anesthesia in four species of southeast asian primates: bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus), bornean gibbon (hylobates muelleri), long-tailed macaque (macaca fascicularis), and pig-tailed macaque (macaca nemestrina). twenty-three anesthetic procedures of captive-held and free-ranging primates were studied in sabah, malaysia. the induction was smooth and rapid. respiratory ... | 2006 | 17315446 |
| herpes simplex infection in a juvenile orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). | a juvenile orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) died after 8 days of diarrhea and vomiting. necropsy showed petechial hemorrhages in the skin, the myocardium, and the peritoneal membranes. the lungs were hyperemic and edematous, and the liver and spleen were enlarged. histologic changes consisted of interstitial pneumonia, hepatitis, and splenic hyperplasia. numerous eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were visible in pulmonary epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and splenic endothelial cells. ... | 2005 | 17315472 |
| relative numerousness judgment and summation in young, middle-aged, and older adult orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii and pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). | the ability to select the larger of two quantities ranging from 1 to 5 (relative numerousness judgment [rnj[) and the ability to select the larger of two pairs of quantities with each pair ranging from 1 to 8 (summation) were evaluated in young, middle-aged, and older adult orangutans (7 pongo pygmaeus abelii and 2 pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). summation accuracy and rnj were similar to those of previous reports in apes; however, the pattern of age-related differences with regard to these tasks was ... | 2007 | 17324070 |
| repeat laparotomy for the treatment of septic peritonitis in a bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). | a 9-yr-old female bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) presented with a 48-hr history of depression, lethargy, anorexia, and mucoid discharge from the rectum. clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic examination demonstrated the presence of multiple distended loops of intestine, intestinal adhesions, and free gas within the abdomen. during exploratory laparotomy, fibrinopurulent diffuse peritonitis as a result of a ruptured intrapelvic abscess with associated large bowel adhesions was ... | 2008 | 18817016 |
| paraplegia in a bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) due to multiple myeloma. | a 38-year-old male bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) developed progressive hind leg paresis. a computed tomography scan of the vertebral column revealed soft tissue type densities within vertebral bones. | 2009 | 19558457 |
| tularemia type a in captive bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). | in 2003, tularemia was suspected to be the cause of severe illness in two orangutans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) and the cause of death in a third orangutan at an urban zoo. the two sick orangutans were treated two times under chemical immobilization with i.v. doxycycline, fluids, and antipyretic drugs, followed by a sustained course of oral doxycycline. the rest of the orangutan group was treated prophylactically with oral doxycycline. postmortem diagnosis was obtained via immunohistochemistry an ... | 2009 | 19569471 |
| treatment of a retroperitoneal abscess by omentalization in an orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). | a 38-yr-old orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) presented with chronic lethargy and difficulty in locomotion that progressed to weakness, anorexia, and permanent dorsal and/or lateral recumbency. the orangutan was immobilized with ketamine. abdominal ultrasonography revealed a mass in the caudal portion of the abdomen. exploratory surgery was performed, but the mass could not be resected. instead, the mass was drained and omentalized in an attempt to establish continuous drainage after surgery. ... | 2009 | 19569485 |
| hand preference for spontaneously unimanual and bimanual coordinated tasks in wild sichuan snub-nosed monkeys: implication for hemispheric specialization. | lateralized behaviour has been studied as an observable measure of cerebral functional asymmetry for many years, and interest in the evolutionary origins of lateralized behaviour in humans has prompted research into the study of manual laterality in nonhuman primates. the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) is a rarely studied species as far as laterality research is concerned. in this study, we investigated hand preference in spontaneously unimanual and bimanual coordinated task ... | 2010 | 19914301 |
| the timing of spheno-occipital fusion in hominoids. | the degree of spheno-occipital fusion has been used to assign a relative age to dentally mature hominoid cranial specimens. however, a recent study of captive individuals (poe: am j phys anthropol 144 (2011) 162–165) concluded that fusion of the spheno-occipital suture in great ape taxa is of little utility for aging dentally mature individuals. in this contribution, i use dentally mature samples of extant hominoid taxa (homo sapiens, pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, gorilla gorilla gorilla, pong ... | 2015 | 25293964 |
| sagittal crest formation in great apes and gibbons. | the frequency of sagittal crest expression and patterns of sagittal crest growth and development have been documented in hominoids, including some extinct hominin taxa, and the more frequent expression of the sagittal crest in males has been traditionally linked with the need for larger-bodied individuals to have enough attachment area for the temporalis muscle. in the present study, we investigate sagittal cresting in a dentally mature sample of four hominoid taxa (pan troglodytes schweinfurthi ... | 2017 | 28418109 |
| limb use and preferences in wild orang-utans during feeding and locomotor behavior. | limited data are available on hemispheric lateralization in wild orang-utans. there has been only one previous investigation of limb preferences in wild orang-utans [yeager, 1991]. we examined the lateralization of limb use in wild bornean orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) with the aim of providing more insight into possible hemispheric specialization in wild nonhuman primates. here, we report in detail on limb use and preference during arboreal locomotion between trees (n=6) and on feeding ... | 2008 | 17894401 |
| the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the cranium of bornean orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus): ii. allometry and heterochrony. | based on a homogeneous sample of 212 individuals spanning all postnatal periods, we examine the ontogeny of cranial sexual dimorphism in bornean orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) by means of allometric analysis and in terms of heterochrony. the bivariate growth allometries of 20 cranial dimensions against basicranial length yield two major patterns. confirming the null hypothesis, strong ontogenetic scaling, where growth regressions of both sexes fall along a single ontogenetic continuum, an ... | 1989 | 2603471 |