| malaria of the orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus) in borneo. | the primary objective of this project was to study the life cycle and ecology of plasmodium pitheci, a malaria parasite of the orang-utan. the field work was based on the orang-utan rehabilitation centre in the sepilok forest reserve of eastern sabah. two visits were made to sepilok, the first in february and march, 1972, and the second (by w.p.) in january 1974. on the first visit two species of "surrogate host" were taken to sabah, i.e. chimpanzees and aotus monkeys for experimental work. the ... | 1976 | 10589 |
| detection of nucleolus organizer regions in chromosomes of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan and gibbon. | nucleolus organizer regions were detected by the ag-as silver method in fixed metaphase chromosomes from human and primates. in the human, silver was deposited in the secondary constriction of a maximum of five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes: 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22. the chimpanzee also had five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes stained, corresponding to human numbers 13, 14, 18, 21 and 22. a gibbon had a single pair of chromosomes with a secondary constriction, which corresponded to the nucleolu ... | 1976 | 61844 |
| pregnancy zone protein analogue in pregnant and non-pregnant primates, and its decrease during pregnancy in some monkey species. | rabbit antiserum to human pregnancy zone protein (pzp) cross-reacted with analogous proteins in several species of primates. the chimpanzee pzp showed reactions of identity with human pzp, while the pzp analogue in the orangutan, in four species of old world monkeys (pig-tailed, rhesus, cynomolgus and stump-tailed) and in a species of new world monkey (squirrel) showed equivalent reactions of partial identity with human pzp. in the chimpanzee and orangutan, the pzp analogue was present in low co ... | 1976 | 64329 |
| a case of trisomy 22 in pongo pygmaeus. | a behaviorally and clinically abnormal female orangutan was analyzed cytologically using general banding techniques and by an alkaline silver method for staining nucleolus organizer regions. the karyotype had 49 chromosomes, including an extra chromosome 22 (49,xx + 22). no variant chromosome types or heterozygous structural rearrangements were found. nine of the 14 large acrocentric chromosomes, nos. 11--17, and three of the five presumptive human g-group equivalents, i.e., two of three chromos ... | 1979 | 88305 |
| demonstration of specific heterochromatic segments in the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) by a distamycin/dapi double staining technique. | orangutan metaphase chromosomes, obtained from a female animal with trisomy 22, were stained by a recently developed distamycin/dapi fluorescent technique which had been shown to differentiate specific c-bands on human chromosomes, as well as by other banding techniques. distamycin/dapi-brilliant fluorescence was observed in the short arm regions of acrocentric chromosomes 11--17, 22 and 23, and a brightly fluorescent paracentromeric band was seen on chromosome 8. a smaller amount of fluorescenc ... | 1979 | 88309 |
| production of antibodies to human immunoglobulins in a gibbon. | immunization of a chimpanzee, a gibbon, a baboon and a rhesus monkey with human globulins gave different results. while chimpanzees did not produce any anti-human antibodies, baboon and rhesus monkey responded by producing anti-human igg antibodies that did not show subclass or allotype specificity. in the gibbon antiserum, on the other hand, six different antibodies were demonstrated with a specificity against one or more of the four human igg subclasses, including one allotype. comparative inv ... | 1979 | 93346 |
| association of antral diaphragms and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. | in a 2 year period at children's hospital of philadelphia, seven human infants and a baby orangutan all presented with a previously unreported association of a prepyloric membrane and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. in the humans, the pyloric stenosis was the obstructive lesion, and in the orangutan, the web. we also report a 6-year-old patient with previous pyloromyotomy who presented because of prolonged retention of a marble in the stomach by an associated antral membrane. | 1978 | 97994 |
| primate repetitive dnas: evidence for new satellite dnas and similarities in non-satellite repetitive dna sequence properties. | repetitious dna sequences have been isolated from a number of the primates in in both suborders anthropoidea and prosimii by hydroxy-apatite chromatography at a cot of 10. in addition to finding previously unreported possible at-rich satellite dnas in orangutan, gibbon, rhesus and slow loris a clear similarity to human dna was found in the nonsatellite repetitious dna sequence properties of the primates in the suborder anthropoidea. this is based on the presence of the hydroxyapatitie isolated 1 ... | 1979 | 114378 |
| identification and measurement of urinary estrone, estradiol-17 beta, estriol, pregnanediol and androsterone during the menstrual cycle of the orangutan. | urinary estrone, estradiol-17beta, estriol, pregnanediol and androsterone were identified and measured during 3 menstrual cycles in 2 female orangutans. in 2 of the cycles, the animals excreted 1-8 mug/day estrone, 0.5-6 mug/day estradiol-17beta, 1-8 mug/day estriol, 20-206 mug/day pregnanediol and 120-522 mug/day androsterone during the first half of the menstrual cycle. in the second half of the cycle, corresponding values were 3-21 mug/day estrone, 2-10 mug/day estradiol-17beta, 1-9 mug/day e ... | 1975 | 162882 |
| evolution of type c viral genes: evidence for an asian origin of man. | old world monkeys and apes, including man, possess, as a normal component of their cellular dna, gene sequences (virogenes) related to the rna of a virus isolated from baboons. a comparison of the viral gene sequences and the other cellular sequences distinguishes those old world monkeys and apes that have evolved in africa from those that have evolved in asia. among the apes, only gorilla and chimpanzee seem by these criteria to be african, whereas gibbon, orang-utan and man are identified as a ... | 1976 | 179013 |
| antigens and dna of a chimpanzee agent related to epstein-barr virus. | biological and biochemical studies of the herpesvirus of chimpanzees previously demonstrated to be antigenically related to human epstein-barr virus (ebv) indicated that the agent is similar to ebv in that: (i) leukocyte culture of chimpanzees whose sera contained antibody against ebv capsid antigen could yield long-term lymphoblastoid cell lines (ch-lcl) with b-cell characteristics; (ii) the dna of ch-lcl contained sequences homologous to approximately 35 to 45% of human ebv; (iii) ch-lcl conta ... | 1976 | 184297 |
| establishment of a cell line with associated epstein-barr-like virus from a leukemic orangutan. | an epstein-barr virus like herpesvirus has been isolated from a lymphoid cell line derived from an orangutan with spontaneous myelomonocytic leukemia. herpesvirus has not previously been isolated from this species of higher ape. | 1977 | 198878 |
| an investigation of the homology of guanylate kinase isozymes in mammals and further evidence for multiple guk gene loci. | guanylate kinase in the red cells of 63 different mammalian species was studied by electrophoresis and multiple molecular forms of the enzyme were found in all species. two species were investigated in more detail. using molecular weight estimates as a criterion of homology, the fallow deer and the chinese hamster were found to have isozymes that corresponded to isozyme e, f, and g of man. variation in the guanylate kinase isozymes was detected in a small population of orangutans. results sugges ... | 1977 | 201245 |
| further characterization of a herpesvirus-positive orang-utan cell line and comparative aspects of in vitro transformation with lymphotropic old world primate herpesviruses. | an orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus) suspension line, cp81, was shown to lack myeloid markers of lysozyme activity an d phagocytosis but to be positive for lymphocytic n-alkaline phosphatase activity, and to release a b-cell-tropic herpesvirus. this herpesvirus, termed herpesvirus pongo, had 30--40% dna homology with ebv and was present at 2-3 genome copies per cp-81 cell. gibbon lymphocytes transformed by h. pongo, epstein-barr virus (ebv), and h. papio (of baboon, papio hamadryas, origin) were found ... | 1978 | 208990 |
| differential inhibitory effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on vaccinia and monkeypox viruses. | replication of vaccinia and monkeypox viruses was impeded in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (budr) in rl-33 cells derived from rabbit lung tissue. the different degree of inhibition was found among strains of those viruses, in which it was evident that five strains (cv-1, lister, ihd, dairen-i and ikeda) of vaccinia viruses resulted in more reduced yields of infectious virus than four strains (sen-19, orang utan, copenhagen and sierra leone) of monkeypox viruses. there was also strain varia ... | 1978 | 212474 |
| in vitro lymphocyte transformation by epstein-barr virus (ebv)-like viruses isolated from old-world non-human primates. | ebv-like viruses and lymphoid cell lines have been isolated from baboons and an orangutan. the cell lines have properties of b- or undifferentiated lymphocytes and have antigens and dna related to those of ebv. the baboon virus has a broad in vitro transformation host range among lymphocytes of old-world simian species whereas the orangutan isolate has a narrower host range. baboon and orangutan viruses as well as ebv have shown transforming activity for gibbon lymphocytes. baboon virus is infec ... | 1978 | 221359 |
| herpesvirus of orang-utan (h. pongo) and search for retrovirus in nonhuman primates. | | 1979 | 228900 |
| myelomonocytic leukemia in an orangutan. | | 1978 | 309679 |
| immunological relationships of human and subhuman primate pregnancy-associated plasma proteins. | (1) four pregnancy-associated plasma proteins cross-reactive with antibodies to the human pregnancy proteins were detected in several species of pregnant subhuman primates. in the case of the two apes studied (chimpanzee and orangutan), these appeared to be immunologically identical to the human papps (papp-a, -b, -c, and hcs). in the old world monkeys analyzed, equivalent partially cross-reactive papps were found; while in the new world squirrel monkey, only faint traces of cross-reactive papp- ... | 1978 | 413796 |
| hepatocystis in the orangutan, pongo pygmaeus. | | 1978 | 416523 |
| ribosomal and human-homologous repeated dna distribution in the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). comparison with distribution of these dnas in the other species of the hominidae. | | 1978 | 417898 |
| a case of placenta praevia in an orang-utan. | | 1979 | 433111 |
| the chromosomal location of rdna in the sumatran orangutan, pongo pygmaeus albei. | | 1979 | 436453 |
| comparative and functional morphology of hominoid fingers. | comparisons of hominoid metacarpals and phalanges reveal differences, many of which are closely linked to locomotor hand postures. the african apes display features of the metacarpals and phalanges which distinguish them from the other hominoidea. these features are most evident in digits iii and iv. the orangutan hand is demonstrably less well adapted to knuckle-walking and is distinctive in its adaptation to power and hook grasping of vertical and horizontal supports, respectively. orangutan f ... | 1979 | 443358 |
| [helping the seriously endangered orang-utan survive by saving his environment]. | | 1979 | 473147 |
| metabolism of progesterone by placentas from several mammalian species in vitro. | 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (20-alpha-hsdh) activity and 20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentration (20-alpha-dhp) reach peak values in the human placenta after vaginal delivery. to determine if these findings are unique to the human, we measured 20-alpha-hsdh activity as well as endogenous progesterone (p) and 20-alpha-dhp concentration in the soluble supernatant fraction of placental tissues obtained from rodents (rat, rabbit, guinea pig), ungulates (horse, zebra, giraffe, cow), and ... | 1979 | 495682 |
| surgical removal of impacted molar teeth in an orangutan. | | 1979 | 521357 |
| morphometric studies in the taxonomy of the orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus. l. 1760. | the purpose of this study is to verify the subspecific level of the two recent refugial groups of orang-utan on borneo and sumatra. a total of 47 skulls from both regions were studied by means of 32 craniometric characters. univariate analysis showed highly significant differences only in males, whereas multivariate statistical analysis led to complete discrimination in both sexes. these results support the assumption that the geographically isolated orang groups are subspecies. | 1979 | 527917 |
| strongyloidiasis in an infant orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). | necropsy of a 15-month-old male orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) showed multiple nodular elevations of the mucosa of the colon, petechial hemorrhages in both lungs, and mucosal ulcerations in the cecum, appendix, and proximal colon. light microscopy revealed filariform larvae of strongyloides in the lung, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes. rhabditiform larvae were also observed in sections of colon. | 1979 | 537030 |
| the distribution of sequences complementary to human satellite dnas i, ii and iv in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (pongo pygmaeus). | human satellite dnas i, ii and iv were transcribed to yield radioactive complementary rnas (crnas). these crnas were hybridised to metaphase chromosomes of man, chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (pongo pygmaeus). the results of this in situ hybridisation were analysed quantitatively and compared with accepted chromosome homologies based on giemsa banding patterns. the crna to satellite ii (crnaii) did not hybridise to chimpanzee chromosomes, although its hybr ... | 1977 | 561680 |
| sexual behavior of captive orangutans. | opposite-sex pairs of orangutans were tested for sexual behavior during the intermenstrual period of the female. the male orangutan was the primary initiator of sexual interactions and initiated copulation forcefully on a daily basis, irrespective of female resistance. however, although single copulations occurred daily, copulations beyond the first occurred most frequently during midcycle. other evidence of cyclicity in behavior was the midcycle decrease in female avoidance of the male and incr ... | 1977 | 563223 |
| obstructive jaundice in a newborn orangutan. | | 1977 | 587563 |
| pregnancy diagnosis in an orangutan using two prepared test kits. | the nonhuman primate pregnancy test (nppt) kit and the gravindex slide test (gst) were compared for the diagnosis of pregnancy in an orangutan. the nppt was found to consistently detect chorionic gonadotropin earlier and longer than the gst. during approximately the last trimester of pregnancy, both tests registered negative results. it was concluded that the nppt is a simple, effective pregnancy test for breeding age orangutans. | 1977 | 609088 |
| the amino acid sequences of the two main components of adult hemoglobin from orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). | | 1978 | 627398 |
| electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles iii. quadrupedal positional behavior. | electromyographic (emg) recordings were taken from 14 shoulder muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and an orangutan as they stood quadrupedally and tripedally, descended from elevated substrates, crutch-walked, and progressed quadrupedally on inclined and level substrates. in the african apes, low potentials commonly (but not always) occurred in the sternocostal pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles during quadrupedal stance. the quad ... | 1978 | 677298 |
| activities of pongid thigh muscles during bipedal behavior. | electromyographic recordings were taken from 12 thigh muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, from 6 thigh muscles in a chimpanzee, and from 2 thigh muscles in an orangutan as they engaged in bipedal positional behavior, including stance, reaching overhead, lunging, leaping and walking. in the african apes, symmetric bipedal stances with hindlimb flexure were accompanied by notable emg potentials generally increased to or remained at moderate and high levels. our studies on the gluteal (t ... | 1978 | 736109 |
| endodontic surgery for treatment of a fistulated molar abscess in an orangutan. | an adult bornean orangutan was treated for bacterial labyrinthitis, which was a sequela to a molar abscess and maxillary sinusitis. antibiotic therapy and endodontic surgery led to complete remission of clinical signs. | 1978 | 738934 |
| suppurative arthritis in an infant orangutan. | a 12-day-old male orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) was removed from its mother because of oral ulcers and reluctance to suckle. close examination revealed ulcerations extended to the mandibular bone. staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the oral lesions. despite intensive antibiotic therapy, the infection progressed to septicemia, with suppurative arthritis of the left coxofemoral and right radiohumeral joints. treatment included removal of synovial exudate by aspiration, indwelling drains, and art ... | 1978 | 738935 |
| the v gamma chain of fetal hemoglobin of the orangutan. | previous studies suggested that orangutans have nonallelic structural genes for their gamma chains, because either a threonyl or an alanyl residue may occupy position 135. further investigation has now detected that position 75 may have either an isoleucyl or a valyl residue. from available evidence, the isoleucyl and threonyl residues are in one chain an the valyl and alanyl in the other. orangutans appear to be homozygous for the two types of nonallelic genes. | 1978 | 751647 |
| pulmonary nocardiosis in an orangutan. | pulmonary nocardiosis was diagnosed in an adult male orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) being maintained in an outdoor facility. periodically, the orangutan had had clinical signs of an upper respiratory tract infection, as evidenced by slight nasal discharge and cough. at the terminal stage, the orangutan had acute respiratory embarrassment, with epistaxis, and died before diagnosis could be made and treatment initiated. gross necropsy findings included fibrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma as well as e ... | 1976 | 789315 |
| ulcerative colitis in apes: a comparison with the human disease. | the pathological changes in the colons of two young gorillas and an adult orang-utan which developed diarrhoea and died, are described. since no causative agents could be identified and the changes were indistinguishable from the active phase of ulcerative colitis in humans, these cases were considered examples of this disease in apes. evidence of early healing was found in one case and the suitability of apes and monkeys as possible animal models of the human disease is discussed. | 1975 | 808598 |
| hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes. | asymmetries are found in the cerebral hemispheres of some great apes, particularly in the orangutan, that are similar to those seen in man. studies in the orangutan might be more likely to help in understanding the evolution of handedness or language than studies in chimpanzees. | 1975 | 809093 |
| comparative immunochemical studies of primate hemoglobins. | the antigenic properties of a number of chromatographically purified primate hemoglobins were compared to those of normal human hemoglobin using a sensitive radioimmunochemical procedure. the degree of inhibition of the antigen-antibody reaction with heterologous hemoglobins appeared to be related to the structural similarity of these proteins to the normal human hemoglobin immunogen. with the exception of the baboon hemoglobin, the antigenicity of the hemoglobins paralleled the phylogeny of the ... | 1975 | 812480 |
| evaluation of the sub-human primate tube test for pregnancy in primates. | a haemagglutination inhibition test, developed specifically for primates, diagnoses early pregnancy in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan and baboon. the test was sensitive and reacted positively when the concentration of gonadotrophin in urine was equivalent to 0.03 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin per ml. this degree of sensitivity and the certitude that it cross-reacts with primate luteinizing hormone probably accounts for most of the false positive results. | 1976 | 819712 |
| a chromosome rearrangement in orangutan studied with q-, c-, and g-banding techniques. | a constitutional chromosome rearrangement is a phenotypically normal male organutan is described. the rearrangement resulted from three breakages in chromosome 9 and involved a pericentric inversion and additional reciprocal transpositions of the terminal segments of both arms. q-, g-, and c-banding studies were carried out, and it was shown that the chromosomes affected was a member of the only pair in the complement that lacked a centromeric c-band and that its g-banding pattern closely resemb ... | 1976 | 820522 |
| primate chorionic gonadotropins: antigenic similarities to the unique carboxyl-terminal peptide of hcgbeta subunit. | antigenic similarities of chorionic gonadotropin from human (hcg), chimpanzee (chcg), gorilla (gcg), orangutan (orcg), baboon (pacg), macaque (mcg), and marmoset (macg) were investigated in a radioimmunoassay system using an antiserum (rabbit h93) with antigenic determinants known to reside in the terminal 15 amino acid residues of the unique carboxyl-terminal peptide of hcgbeta, which makes it highly specific for hcg without crossreactivity to hlh. our findings indicate that the extreme antigen ... | 1976 | 826547 |
| morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate. | cerebral asymmetries are common in modern and fossil man and the great apes. those occurring most often are listed here: 1. the left sylvian fissure in man is longer than the right and in both fetal and adult brains the posterior end of the right sylvian fissure is commonly higher than the left. associated with these findings, the left planum temporale is usually longer than the right. 2. the left occipital pole is often wider and usually protrudes more posteriorly than the right. 3. the left la ... | 1976 | 827951 |
| pregnancy diagnosis in the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) using the subhuman primate pregnancy test kit. | a determination was made of the gestational interval over which the subhuman primate pregnancy test, a hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary chorionic gonadotropin, accurately indicated conception and the continuation of pregnancy in an orangutan (pongo pygmaseus). the initial positive diagnostic test response occurred about 8 months before parturition and positive responses continued throughout gestation. a test made one day after parturition was positive indicative of some residual urin ... | 1977 | 850394 |
| the development of the anterior falcate and lacrimal arteries in the human. | certain arteries of the head were studied in injected human fetuses from 143 to 290 mm c.-r., as well as in the orang-utan and gorilla, and in microscopical sections from 29 to 162 mm c.-r., as well as in an adult. it was found that, during human ontogenesis, an anterior falcate artery supplies the dura mater of the medial part of the frontal bone. it appears at 40 mm and reaches its full development by 115 mm. normally it becomes reduced and is transformed into the anterior meningeal artery pos ... | 1977 | 855940 |
| the location of dna homologous to human satellite iii dna in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (pongo pygmaeus). | radioactive rna with sequences complementary to human dna satellite iii was hybridised in situ to metaphase chromosomes of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), the gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). a quantitative analysis of the radioactivity, and hence of the chromosomal distribution of human dna satellite iii equivalent sequences in the great apes, was undertaken, and the results compared with interspecies chromosome homologies based upon giemsa banding patterns. in so ... | 1977 | 880842 |
| surgical drainage of a submandibular air sac in an orangutan. | continuous enlargement of a submandibular air sac was observed in a 7-year-old female orangutan. the animal was treated with tetracycline orally prior to administering phencyclidine and establishing surgical drainage. the incision into the air sac remained patent for 5 days and the cutaneous wound healed 2 weeks later. | 1977 | 924857 |
| contraception for a female borneo orangutan. | | 1977 | 924881 |
| evolution of primate chromosomes. | human and higher primate chromosomes have been compared by general and regional banding methods, including hybridization in situ. the general banding patterns of the chromosomes of gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan, but not gibbon, are similar to those of the human. preliminary results show that chromosomes with similar banding patterns in different species often carry the same genes. repetitious dna's have undergone changes in structure and distribution which are reflected in changes in the re ... | 1977 | 929190 |
| chromosomal distribution of rdna in pan paniscus, gorilla gorilla beringei, and symphalangus syndactylus: comparison to related primates. | hybridization in situ was used to identify rdna in chromosomes of the pygmy chimpanzee, mountain gorilla, and siamang gibbon. in contrast to other pongids, and man, the gorilla has only two pairs of rdna-containing chromosomes. the single pair in the siamang bears no resemblance to the nucleolar chromosome of the closely related lar gibbon. pan paniscus and p. troglodytes have the same rdna distribution, and similar karyotypes except in the structure of chromosome 23p. grain counts over unbanded ... | 1976 | 1009815 |
| comparison of hemagglutination inhibition pregnancy tests in the chimpanzee and the orangutan. | a hemagglutination inhibition pregnancy test (subhuman primate pregnancy test), based on antiserum to the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone was evaluated for use in the chimpanzee and orangutan. the test was shown to give earlier indication of pregnancy in both species that two sensitive tests currently available for use in man (the pregnosticon accusphere test and the ucg-test). a comparison of sensitivity to chimpanzee chorionic gonadotropin was performed. the subhuman primate pregnanc ... | 1976 | 1018479 |
| pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis in the orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus). | a 19-years-old male orang-utan had a brief illness of two weeks with marked dyspnoea. necropsy revealed diffuse bilateral pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. this is the first account of this pathoanatomical entity in lower primates. | 1976 | 1028347 |
| dental field theory: an application to primate evolution. | a major complicating factor in using dental data in analyses of taxonomic and evolutionary problems is the existence of morphogenetic fields. efforts are made to abstract tooth crown size morphogenetic fields of the orangutan. the utility of coefficients of variability and factor analysis, to this end, is presented. resulting morphogenetic dental crown size fields are described and related to hominoid dental evolution. | 1975 | 1054346 |
| [comparison of the karyotype of the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) to those of man, chimpazee, and gorilla]. | various banding thechniques were employed to compare the karyotype of the orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus) with those of man, the chimpanzee, and the gorilla. the following was concluded: 1) almost all the bands are common, their analogy being close to 99%. the four species derive, therefore, from a common ancestor. the rearrangements which occurred during evolution were generally balanced; 2) the analysis of rearrangements shows that the orang-utan, then the gorilla, then the chimpanzee, and lastly ... | 1975 | 1080978 |
| [pericentric inversion of no. 3, homozygous and heterozygous, and centromeric transposition of no. 12 in a family of orangutans. implications for evolution]. | an orang-utan family is reported in which the father (piku) is homozygous for a pericentric inversion of chromosome 3 and heterozygous for a structural rearrangement of chromosome 12 (author's nomenclature for this species). the latter is interpreted as transposition of the centromere by insertion into band q213 [ins cen(12)(q213)]. piku's mate has a normal female chromosome complement. his daughters by this mate (agnès and ursula) are heterozygous for both his rearrangements. a fifth orang-utan ... | 1975 | 1083190 |
| the relative body weights of bornean and sumatran orangutans. | although original field data suggested that the average bornean orangutan weighed twice as much as the sumatran ones, this is shown to be an error. the only statistically significant difference in weight is between males and females, regardless of geographical area or data source. | 1975 | 1146986 |
| disruption of performance of a lab-born orangutan after introduction of irrelevant foreground cues. | discrimination performance of the three great ape genera has previously been shown to be differentially influenced by the introduction of irrelevant foreground cues, with accuracy of performance of orangutans significantly more disrupted than chimpanzees or gorillas. this disruption may be species-related to how arboreal or terrestrial the subjects would be in their natural habitat. the tendency of the organgutan toward disruption of performance following the introduction of visual foreground cu ... | 1975 | 1178339 |
| karyotype of the gibbons hylobates lar and h. moloch inversion in chromosome 7. | a karyotype of the gibbon, hylobates, has been prepared based on the chromosome banding patterns produced by quinacrine, trypsin-giemsa, and centromeric heterochromatin stains. the banding patterns of h. lar and h. moloch are virtually identical. no brilliant quinacrine-fluorescent areas are present. the banding pattern of most of the gibbon chromosomes show less resemblance to those of the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, or orangutan than the chromosomes of the higher primates do to each other, sug ... | 1975 | 1183241 |
| myoglobin of the orangutan as a phylogenetic enigma. | | 1976 | 1272388 |
| comparative morphological remarks on the origin of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve. | the origin and course of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve were observed macroscopically in 38 japanese adult cadavers which were dissected in the university of hokkaido, faculty of medicine during the years 1971/72 and the results obtained were compared with those from some other mammals (rat, rabbit, dog and cat) and a number of bibliographical findings on the other animals. on the basis of the archetype of the pudendal plexus, the site of origin of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve w ... | 1976 | 1275304 |
| [study of the degree of pneumatization of the viscerocranium in man and pongidae]. | the volumes of the paranasal sinuses of 41 adult skulls of humans, gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans, were examined with use of a computertomograph type somatom dr. the percentage distribution of the volumes of the different paranasal sinuses showed that the maxillary sinus always had the greatest volume. the maxillary sinus of the humans showed the smallest volume percentage in comparison with the pongids. the typical differences between humans and pongids were observed in the ethmoidal cell ... | 1992 | 1296429 |
| rapid evolution of the human gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit iv. | we have compared the dna sequences of nine mammalian genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunit iv (cox4 genes)--four expressed genes (human, bovine, rat, and mouse) and five pseudogenes (human, chimpanzee, orangutan, squirrel monkey, and bovine)--and constructed the sequence of the ancestral mammalian cox4 gene. by analyzing these sequences to determine the pattern and rate of nucleotide substitution in each branch of the evolutionary tree, we deduced that the human gene has evolved rapidly since t ... | 1992 | 1319058 |
| the effects of age on glutathione synthesis enzymes in lenses of old world simians and prosimians. | the activities of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase, the two enzymes required for glutathione synthesis, were determined as a function of age in lenses of three species of old world higher primates: orangutan, pigtail monkey and olive baboon. these were compared to enzyme activities in lenses of two prosimians: mouse lemur and galago. gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity decreased as a function of age in all three old world simians. the rate of decrease was great ... | 1992 | 1355706 |
| species-specific epitopes exist on the cytoplasmic amino-terminal domain of erythrocyte band 3 protein. | monoclonal antibodies (p3-9h, p3-1f, p3-2h, p3-4a, and p3-4c) to human erythrocyte band 3 were produced using human erythrocyte membranes as the immunogen. all epitopes defined by these antibodies were found on the amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain of erythrocyte band 3. the antibodies crossreacted variously with erythrocyte band 3 of primates (chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus monkey, japanese monkey, spider monkey, and capuchin monkey) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. p3-9h did not crossreact ... | 1992 | 1383196 |
| emergence of the keratinocyte growth factor multigene family during the great ape radiation. | the structural gene for human keratinocyte growth factor (kgf), a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, consists of three coding exons and two introns typical of other fibroblast growth factor loci. a portion of the kgf gene, located on chromosome 15, is amplified to approximately 16 copies in the human genome, and these highly related copies (which consist of exon 2, exon 3, the intron between them, and a 3' noncoding segment of the kgf transcript) are dispersed to multiple human chrom ... | 1992 | 1409637 |
| a primate transfer rna gene cluster and the evolution of human chromosome 1. | the localisation of trna(asn) gene clusters in the karyotypes of primates has been studied by means of in situ hybridisation. in the human and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) karyotypes there are two such gene clusters, one each on the long and short arms of chromosome 1. old world monkeys, however, contain both gene clusters on their equivalent of the human chromosome 1 short arm, which can be explained by a pericentric inversion which (amongst other chromosome changes) distinguishes the human and o ... | 1992 | 1505225 |
| man's place in hominoidea revealed by mitochondrial dna genealogy. | molecular biology has resurrected c. darwin and t.h. huxley's question about the origin of humans, but the precise branching pattern and dating remain controversial. to settle this issue, a large amount of sequence information is required. we determined mitochondrial (mt) dna sequences for five hominoids; pygmy and common chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan, and siamang. the common region compared with the known human sequence is 4759 bp long, encompassing genes for 11 transfer rnas and 6 proteins. ... | 1992 | 1518083 |
| tandemly duplicated alpha globin genes of gibbon. | the alpha globin gene locus of the common gibbon (hylobates lar) was isolated, and it contains two closely linked alpha globin genes that share the same arrangement as that found for the homologous genes of other catarrhine primates. the nucleotide sequences of the gibbon alpha globin genes were determined and compared with the alpha globin gene sequences from other primate species (human, chimpanzee, orangutan, baboon, and rhesus); the prosimian primate, galago, alpha a and alpha b globin genes ... | 1992 | 1526980 |
| reconstruction of genomic rearrangements in great apes and gibbons by chromosome painting. | the homology between hylobatid chromosomes and other primates has long remained elusive. we used chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization of all human chromosome-specific dna libraries to "paint" the chromosomes of primates and establish homologies between the human, great ape (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan), and gibbon karyotypes (hylobates lar species group, 2n = 44). the hybridization patterns unequivocally demonstrate the high degree of chromosomal homology and synteny of great ape ... | 1992 | 1528869 |
| electromyography of pronators and supinators in great apes. | we obtained electromyographic recordings from the supinator, biceps brachii, pronator quadratus, and pronator teres muscles of a chimpanzee and a gorilla and from the supinator, pronator quadratus, and biceps brachii muscles of an orangutan as they stood and walked quadrupedally on horizontal and inclined surfaces, engaged in suspensory behavior, reached overhead, and manipulated a variety of foods and artifacts. in pan troglodytes and pan gorilla, as in homo sapiens, the supinator muscle is the ... | 1992 | 1543246 |
| evolutionary origin of mutations in the primate cytochrome p450c21 gene. | the cyp21 gene codes for the enzyme cytochrome p450c21 (21-hydroxylase), which is critically involved in the synthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. standard human haplotypes contain two copies of cyp21--a functional gene and a pseudogene. inactivation of the functional gene leads to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (cah). the pseudogene has three main defects: an 8-bp deletion in exon 3, a t insertion in exon 7, and a stop codon in exon 8. to determine the origin of these defects and ... | 1992 | 1550121 |
| statistical method for estimating the standard errors of branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree reconstructed without assuming equal rates of nucleotide substitution among different lineages. | a statistical method is developed for estimating the standard errors of branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree reconstructed without assuming equal rates of nucleotide substitution among different lineages. this method can be easily used for testing whether the length of an interior branch in a reconstructed tree is positive, i.e., whether the topology of the tree is correct. computer simulations indicate that this method is appropriate for a statistical test. as an example, this method is applie ... | 1992 | 1552838 |
| two independent mutational events in the loss of urate oxidase during hominoid evolution. | urate oxidase was lost in hominoids during primate evolution. the mechanism and biological reason for this loss remain unknown. in an attempt to address these questions, we analyzed the sequence of urate oxidase genes from four species of hominoids: human (homo sapiens), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and gibbon (hylobates). two nonsense mutations at codon positions 33 and 187 and an aberrant splice site were found in the human gene. these three deleterious mutations w ... | 1992 | 1556746 |
| molecular cloning of orangutan and gibbon mhc class i cdna. the hla-a and -b loci diverged over 30 million years ago. | to investigate whether the classical hla mhc class i loci have been preserved during evolution of the primates, we have cloned, sequenced, and expressed eight mhc class i cdna from orangutan and gibbon lymphocytes. both the hla-a and -b loci are present in both of these species. in fact, lymphocytes from the orangutan expressed three hla-b-related gene products, suggesting that the ancestral homologue of the hla-b locus had undergone a duplication in this species. interestingly, several amino ac ... | 1992 | 1560209 |
| immunoglobulin ch gene family in hominoids and its evolutionary history. | the organization of the human immunoglobulin ch gene suggests that a gene duplication involving the c gamma-c gamma-c epsilon-c alpha region has occurred during evolution. we previously showed that both chimpanzee and gorilla have two 5'-c epsilon-c alpha-3', as in human, and that orangutan, gibbon, and old world monkeys have one c epsilon gene and one, two, and one c alpha gene(s), respectively. in addition to these clustered ch genes, there is one processed c epsilon pseudogene in each species ... | 1992 | 1577482 |
| a human moderately repeated y-specific dna sequence is evolutionarily conserved in the y chromosome of the great apes. | evolutionary conservation of the human-derived moderately repeated y-specific dna sequence y-190 (dyz5) was investigated in the chimpanzee, orangutan, and gorilla. southern blot analysis showed the presence of the sequence in the y chromosome of all great apes. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and in situ hybridization revealed that the repeat is organized in one major block and confined to a small region of the y chromosome of the three species. dyz5 was assigned to the proximal short arm of th ... | 1992 | 1612595 |
| structure of cd8 alpha and beta chains of the orangutan: novel patterns of mrna splicing encoding hingeless polypeptides. | | 1992 | 1612644 |
| organization of c4 and cyp21 loci in gorilla and orangutan. | the standard human haplotype contains two c4 and two cyp21 loci arranged in the order c4a ... cyp21p ... c4b ... cyp21 and intercalated between the class i and class ii loci of the hla complex. the c4a gene is 22 kilobases (kb) long; the c4b gene is either 22 kb or 16 kb long. the cyp21p is a pseudogene characterized by an eight base pair (bp) deletion in exon 3 and other defects; the cyp21 is a functional gene. the standard chimpanzee haplotype is arranged in the same way as the standard human ... | 1992 | 1618655 |
| polymorphism of c4 and cyp21 genes in various primate species. | to study the genetic heterogeneity of the c4 and cyp21 genes in selected primate species we used the technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). genomic dna was digested using several restriction endonucleases and filters were hybridized with a 500 bp bamhi/kpni fragment derived from the 5' section of a human c4-cdna and with a 1700 bp bamhi obtained from a human cyp21 gene. abundant rflp heterogeneity was observed for the c4 genes within a rhesus monkey population but not for ... | 1991 | 1681597 |
| comparative mapping of zfy in the hominoid apes. | within our project of comparative mapping of candidate genes for sex-determination/testis differentiation, we used a cloned probe from the human zfy locus for comparative hybridization studies in hominoids. as in the human, the zfy probe detects x- and y-specific restriction fragments in the chimpanzee, the gorilla, the orangutan, and the gibbon. furthermore, the x-specific hybridization site in the great apes resides in xp21.3, the same locus defining zfx in the human. the y-specific locus of z ... | 1991 | 1683646 |
| multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with the vc determinant of the mn blood group-related chimpanzee v-a-b-d system. | twelve restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) were detected in common chimpanzee using two restriction enzymes (hindiii and mspi) and four dna probes to the coding regions of the human glycophorin a (gpa) and glycophorin b (gpb) genes and their 3'-untranslated regions. seven rflps correlated with red cell expression of the vc determinant of the mn blood group-related v-a-b-d system and five rflps correlated with nonexpression of this antigen. animals heterozygous for the v allele that ... | 1990 | 1696471 |
| c4 genes of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orang-utan: evidence for extensive homogenization. | the human complement component 4 is encoded in two genes, c4a and c4b, residing between the class i and class ii genes of the major histocompatibility complex. the c4a and c4b molecules differ in their biological activity, the former binding more efficiently to proteins than to carbohydrates while for the latter, the opposite holds true. to shed light on the origin of the c4 genes we isolated cosmid clones bearing the c4 genes of a chimpanzee, a gorilla, and an orang-utan. from the clones, we is ... | 1992 | 1729169 |
| molecular evolution of the urate oxidase-encoding gene in hominoid primates: nonsense mutations. | nucleotide sequences of portions of second and fifth exons of urate oxidase encoding gene (uox) of chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, rhesus monkey and squirrel monkey obtained following amplification by polymerase chain reaction have been compared with corresponding sequences of human, baboon and rat uox. two or more nonsense mutations are found in the coding regions of this uox gene thus far analyzed in human, chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan, but not in the baboon, rhesus monkey and squirrel mo ... | 1991 | 1765273 |
| [the formation of ideas in the orangutan]. | | 1991 | 1767615 |
| comparative mapping of a gorilla-derived alpha satellite dna clone on great ape and human chromosomes. | we have isolated an alpha satellite dna clone, pg3.9, from gorilla dna. fluorescence in situ hybridization on banded chromosomes under high stringency conditions revealed that pg3.9 identifies homologous sequences at the centromeric region of ten gorilla chromosomes, and, with few exceptions, also recognizes the homologous chromosomes in human. a pg3.9-like alphoid dna is present on a larger number of orangutan chromosomes, but, in contrast, is present on only two chromosomes in the chimpanzee. ... | 1991 | 1769275 |
| evolutionary rate of immunoglobulin alpha noncoding region is greater in hominoids than in old world monkeys. | recent studies on the molecular evolution of primates show that the evolutionary rate among hominoids is considerably slower than that among nonhominoid primates. however, this observation at the nucleotide-sequence level is restricted to the beta-globin family region. in this study, we sequenced orthologous immunoglobulin alpha (c alpha) genes of chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and crab-eating macaque (an old world monkey) and compared them with that of the human by using noncoding regions for ... | 1991 | 1775062 |
| character phylogeny of the primate forelimb superficial venous system. | the ontogeny and comparative anatomy of the forelimb superficial veins were investigated in humans, non-human primates and other mammals. adult humans and the orangutan (pongo) possess two autonomous forelimb veins, one on the lateral (preaxial) margin of the limb, the other on the medial (postaxial) margin. all other adult primates and mammals examined possess a lateral vein alone. in african apes (pan and gorilla) and in 24% of human forelimbs the lateral vein is short, being essentially confi ... | 1991 | 1804767 |
| the malignant primate? | speciation and carcinogenesis result from genomic instability at the gametic or at the somatic levels. after an infinity of trials they occur, by chromosome rearrangements, in single individuals or in single cells and evolve by similar chromosomal or clonal evolutions. loss of heterozygosity for the first event is essential in both processes: in evolution, a chromosomal rearrangement, a pericentric inversion or a robertsonian fusion, must become homozygous to ensure a reproductive barrier for a ... | 1991 | 1809219 |
| a y-chromosomal dna fragment is conserved in human and chimpanzee. | a human male-specific y-chromosomal dna fragment (lambda yh2d6) has been isolated. by deletion-mapping analysis, 2d6 has been localized to the euchromatic portion of the long arm (yq11) of the human y chromosome. among great apes, this fragment was found to be conserved in male chimpanzee but was lacking in male gorilla and male orangutan. no homologous fragments were detected in females of orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, or human. nucleotide sequence analysis indicated the presence of partial-a ... | 1991 | 1840631 |
| highly conserved segments in mammalian chromosomes. | mammalian chromosomes from seven species for which gene maps exist were studied by high-resolution techniques to identify areas of conserved chromosome banding homology. high-resolution comparisons of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, african green monkey, cat, and mouse chromosomes revealed regions of apparently conserved chromosomal banding, which may indicate the likely positions of conserved linkage in the phylogeny of mammals. this analysis indicates that many regions of subbanding hom ... | 1991 | 1901578 |
| extreme sexual dimorphism in a miocene hominoid. | some miocene hominoids may have been extremely sexually dimorphic for body size, inferred from the apparent dimorphism of dental and gnathic remains. but this has never been demonstrated convincingly for any fossil species because of small sample sizes, uncertainties about the number of species in most fossil samples, and the inability to reliably sex individual specimens. here we demonstrate a case of extreme dental dimorphism, and presumed body-size dimorphism, in a miocene hominoid sample in ... | 1991 | 1906139 |
| increased sod1 enzymatic activity and gene modifications in orangutans: evolutionary implications. | superoxide dismutase cuzn (sod1) enzymatic activity was measured in five orangutans (pongo pygmaeus, ppy) and compared to that of man, chimpanzee, and gorilla. it was found to be increased by a factor of two in one orangutan (ralfina) and by a factor of 1.5 in the four others. in situ hybridization of the sod1 cdna human probe showed a heterozygous intra-chromosomal rearrangement of pair ppy xxi, possibly an insertion, in ralfina. southern blotting showed that the sod1 gene is modified in the th ... | 1991 | 1916758 |
| reconstruction of molecular phylogeny of extant hominoids from dna sequence data. | evolutionary distance matrices of the extant hominoids are computed from dna sequence data, and hominoid dna phylogenies are reconstructed by applying the neighbor-joining method to these distance matrices. the chimpanzee is clustered with the human in most of the phylogenetic trees thus obtained. the proportion of the distance between human and chimpanzee to that between human/chimpanzee and orangutan is estimated. both mitochondrial dna and nuclear dna show a similar value (0.44), which is clo ... | 1991 | 2018102 |
| a chimpanzee-derived chromosome-specific alpha satellite dna sequence conserved between chimpanzee and human. | we describe a cloned 2.7 kb alpha satellite sequence, pan-3, from the pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus) that specifically hybridizes in situ to chromosome 19 in the pygmy chimpanzee and to the homeologous human chromosome, no. 17. using high stringency conditions of hybridization on southern blots, this sequence hybridized to dna from both species of chimpanzee (p. paniscus and p. troglodytes) and from human but not to dna from gorilla (gorilla gorilla) or orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). partial seque ... | 1991 | 2040204 |
| chromosomal assignment of a large trna gene cluster (trna(leu), trna(gln), trna(lys), trna(arg), trna(gly)) to 17p13.1. | a cluster of trna genes (trna(uagleu), trna(cuggln), trna(uuulys), trna(ucuarg)) and an adjacent trna(gccgly) have been assigned to human chromosome 17p12-p13.1 by in situ hybridization using a 4.2 kb human dna fragment for trna(leu), trna(gln), trna(lys), trna(arg), and, for trna(gly), 1.3 kb and 0.58 kb human dna fragments containing these genes as probes. this localization was confirmed and refined to 17p13.100-p13.105 using a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel. preliminary experiments with th ... | 1991 | 2066114 |
| [light and scanning electron microscopic observations of the long hair of an orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) with trisomy 22]. | hair samples of a female orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus) suffering from trisomy 22 and three healthy orang-utans had been investigated in regard of their resilience, colour, medulla, cross sectional view, shaft diameter and cuticula structure. there were no characters noticed concerning the orang's hair with trisomy only. the remarkable sex-specific differences found out in hair shaft diameters have been interpreted as a manifestation of the considerable sexual-dimorphism in orang-utans. the hair sa ... | 1990 | 2077777 |