| the evolutionary history of the sinica-group of macaque monkeys as revealed by mtdna restriction site analysis. | we estimated the phylogenetic relationships of mitochondrial dna haplotypes within the sinica-group of macaques, which includes macaca sinica, m. radiata, m. thibetana, m. assamensis, and possibly m. arctoides. some effort was made to detect intraspecific variation by sampling individuals from different parts of the species' range or from different matrilines. in the case of m. assamensis, individuals were sampled from both subspecies (m. assamensis assamensis and m. assamensis pelops). total ge ... | 1992 | 1342938 |
| cytokines kill malaria parasites during infection crisis: extracellular complementary factors are essential. | malaria infection crisis, at which the parasitemia drops precipitously and the parasite loses infectivity to the mosquito vector, occurs in many natural malaria systems, and has not been explained. we demonstrate that in a simian malaria parasite (plasmodium cynomolgi in its natural host, the toque monkey), the loss of infectivity during crisis is due to the death of circulating intraerythrocytic gametocytes mediated by crisis serum. these parasite-killing effects in crisis serum are due to the ... | 1991 | 1900073 |
| plasmodium cynomolgi: serum-mediated blocking and enhancement of infectivity to mosquitoes during infections in the natural host, macaca sinica. | the infectivity of plasmodium cynomolgi in its natural host, the toque monkey, macaca sinica, to anopheles tessellatus mosquitoes was studied in relation to the evolution of anti-sexual-stage immunity in the host during the course of a blood-induced infection. the effects of serum on the infectivity of gametocytes and the intrinsic infectivity of gametocytes to mosquitoes on each day were assessed in membrane feeding experiments. mosquitoes were also directly fed on the animal on each day. our r ... | 1990 | 2209788 |
| uninfected erythrocytes form "rosettes" around plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes. | the human malaria parasite, p. falciparum, exhibits cytoadherence properties whereby infected erythrocytes containing mature parasite stages bind to endothelial cells both in vivo and in vitro. another property of cytoadherence, "rosetting," or the binding of uninfected erythrocytes around an infected erythrocyte, has been demonstrated with a simian malaria parasite p. fragile which is sequestered in vivo in its natural host, macaca sinica. in the present study we demonstrate that rosetting occu ... | 1989 | 2645800 |
| a field study of infection with human t-cell leukemia virus among asian primates. | asian nonhuman primates were surveyed seroepidemiologically for natural infection with human t-cell leukemia virus (atlv/htlv) or a closely related agent. materials from various primates (three genera [macaca, presbytis, and hylobates], 17 species, totalling 1,079 animals) under natural conditions were obtained in the field study. virus infection was determined by the indirect immunofluorescence test using htlv-specific antigens. animals seropositive for htlv were found only among macaques origi ... | 1985 | 2999568 |
| rosetting: a new cytoadherence property of malaria-infected erythrocytes. | plasmodium fragile infection of the toque monkey is a natural host-parasite association in which parasite sequestration occurs as during p. falciparum infection of humans. we have studied parasite sequestration of p. fragile and demonstrated the existence of a new property of cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes, "rosetting," which is defined as the agglutination of uninfected erythrocytes around parasitized erythrocytes. rosetting in vitro and sequestration in vivo appear simultaneously as th ... | 1988 | 3354764 |
| antigenic variation of cloned plasmodium fragile in its natural host macaca sinica. sequential appearance of successive variant antigenic types. | the course of infection of plasmodium fragile in its natural host, the toque monkey macaca sinica, consists of a primary peak of parasitemia followed by several distinct, successive peaks of lower parasitemia. in the s+ host, the late intraerythrocytic asexual developmental stages of p. fragile induce the expression of antigens on the surface of infected erythrocytes, which could be detected using the technique of surface immunofluorescence. immunofluorescence using unfixed erythrocytes in suspe ... | 1987 | 3553414 |
| precipitin reactions in monkeys (macaca sinica) experimentally infected with toxocara canis and in children with visceral larva migrans syndrome. | | 1970 | 4991128 |
| the local distribution of highly divergent mitochondrial dna haplotypes in toque macaques macaca sinica at polonnaruwa, sri lanka. | surveys of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) variation in macaque monkeys have revealed extremely high levels of intraspecific divergence among haplotypes. one consistent pattern that has emerged from these studies is that divergent haplotypes are geographically segregated so that sampling a few matrilines from a given region shows them to be identical, or a closely related subset of haplotypes. geographically structured mtdna variation has also been commonly observed in other taxa. in this study, haplo ... | 1994 | 7952326 |
| seroepidemiology of dengue and other arboviruses in a natural population of toque macaques (macaca sinica) at polonnaruwa, sri lanka. | a seroepidemiological study of arboviruses infecting 115 wild toque macaques (macaca sinica) at polonnaruwa, sri lanka showed a high prevalence of antibodies to dengue and lumbo viruses. there was low seroprevalence of chandipura (2/115) and batai (1/115) virus antibodies, but no seropositivity to chikungunya or sindbis. there was no serological evidence of infection by japanese encephalitis (je) virus in spite of large human epidemics in the study area, indicating that toque macaques are unlike ... | 1993 | 8230174 |
| paternity assessment in wild groups of toque macaques macaca sinica at polonnaruwa, sri lanka using molecular markers. | genetic variation at four microsatellite loci in conjunction with that at a highly variable allozyme locus was used to analyse paternity over a 12-year period in 13 social groups of toque macaques macaca sinica inhabiting a natural forest in polonnaruwa, sri lanka. paternity exclusion analysis revealed that the set of offspring produced by a female usually consists of half-siblings because few males father more than one offspring with a particular female. no evidence of offspring produced by mat ... | 1997 | 9076981 |
| baculovirus merozoite surface protein 1 c-terminal recombinant antigens are highly protective in a natural primate model for human plasmodium vivax malaria. | a successful anti-blood stage malaria vaccine trial based on a leading vaccine candidate, the major merozoite surface antigen-1 (msp1), is reported here. the trial was based on plasmodium cynomolgi, which is a primate malaria parasite which is highly analogous to the human parasite plasmodium vivax, in its natural host, the toque monkey, macaca sinica. two recombinant baculovirus-expressed p. cynomolgi msp1 proteins, which are analogous to the 42- and 19-kda c-terminal fragments of p. falciparum ... | 1998 | 9529073 |
| serologic evidence for an epizootic dengue virus infecting toque macaques (macaca sinica) at polonnaruwa, sri lanka. | dengue is one of the most rapidly emerging diseases in the tropics. humans are the principal reservoir of dengue viruses. it is unclear if nonhuman primates also serve as a reservoir of human dengue viruses under certain conditions. in this study, a cross-sectional serologic survey was carried out to characterize the pattern of transmission of a recently identified dengue virus among toque macaques in sri lanka. the results indicated that an epizootic dengue virus was active among the macaques. ... | 1999 | 10072155 |
| hematology of a natural population of toque macaques (macaca sinica) at polonnaruwa, sri lanka. | hematological studies were conducted in three wild groups of toque macaques (macaca sinica) inhabiting the polonnaruwa sanctuary in northeastern sri lanka. the macaques were temporarily trapped and anesthetized, and femoral blood was drawn from 35 males and 37 females (age range: 0.33-24.5 yr). statistically significant (p<0.05) differences were observed by sex for total plasma proteins (pp), and by age for red blood cell (rbc) counts, hemoglobin (hb), mean corpuscular volume (mcv), mean corpusc ... | 2003 | 12966516 |
| morphology of the erythrocytic stage of plasmodium inui halberstadter and prowazek, 1907, in the toque monkey, macaca sinica from ceylon. | | 1963 | 14296162 |
| attempts to transmit wuchereria bancrofti to cats and to a toque monkey. | | 1965 | 14345283 |
| asymmetry of the dental arch in a toque monkey (macaca sinica). | | 1951 | 14808230 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in wild toque macaques (macaca sinica) at polonnaruwa, sri lanka. | from a natural population that inhabits the dry evergreen forest at polonnaruwa, serum samples of 170 toque macaques were examined for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test. of these, 21 (12%) were found with titers of 1:16 in 9, 1:32 in 9, 1:256 in 1, 1:1,024 in 1, and 1:4,096 in 1. there was no evidence of maternal transmission of antibodies or congenital toxoplasmosis. none of the infected macaques died within 1 yr after sampling. toxoplasma gondii infection was c ... | 2004 | 15357087 |
| prevalence of cryptosporidium and other enteric parasites among wild non-human primates in polonnaruwa, sri lanka. | cryptosporidiosis is a rapidly emerging disease in the tropics. this is the first report of cryptosporidium and other protozoan infections (entamoeba spp., iodamoeba, chilomastix, and balantidium spp.) in wild primates that inhabit the natural forest of sri lanka. it is unclear if non-human primates serve as a reservoir for these parasites under certain conditions. a cross-sectional coprologic survey among 125 monkeys (89 toque macaques, 21 gray langurs, and 15 purple-faced langurs) indicated th ... | 2006 | 16474091 |
| fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks. | fatty acids in milk reflect the interplay between species-specific physiological mechanisms and maternal diet. anthropoid primates (apes, old and new world monkeys) vary in patterns of growth and development and dietary strategies. milk fatty acid profiles also are predicted to vary widely. this study investigates milk fatty acid composition of five wild anthropoids (alouatta palliata, callithrix jacchus, gorilla beringei beringei, leontopithecus rosalia, macaca sinica) to test the null hypothes ... | 2008 | 17916436 |
| transmission dynamics of cryptosporidium infection in a natural population of non-human primates at polonnaruwa, sri lanka. | infections from cryptosporidium parvum are of interest not only to public health, but also to wildlife conservation, particularly when humans and livestock encroach on nature and thereby increase the risk of cross-species transmissions. to clarify this risk, we used polymerase chain reaction to examine the hypervariable region of the c. parvum 18s rrna gene in feces from three monkey species. samples were isolated from regions where disease transmission between monkeys, livestock, and humans was ... | 2007 | 17984333 |
| evolutionary modifications of human milk composition: evidence from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of anthropoid milks. | brain growth in mammals is associated with increased accretion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lcpufa) in brain phospholipids. the period of maximum accumulation is during the brain growth spurt. humans have a perinatal brain growth spurt, selectively accumulating docosahexaenoic acid (dha) and other lcpufa from the third trimester through the second year of life. the emphasis on rapid postnatal brain growth and lcpufa transfer during lactation has led to the suggestion that human mil ... | 2008 | 18809203 |
| evidence for strain-specific protective immunity against blood-stage parasites of plasmodium cynomolgi in toque monkey. | we have conducted experiments to test the induction of strain-specific protective immunity against plasmodium cynomolgi infections in toque monkeys. plasmodium cynomolgi is closely related biologically and genetically to the human malaria parasite, p. vivax. two groups of monkeys were immunized against either of two strains of p. cynomolgi, namely pcceylon and pc746, by giving two successive drug-cured infections with asexual blood-stage parasites of one or the other strain, 12-weeks apart. to t ... | 2008 | 19067844 |
| some experiments on toque monkeys with tyroglyphid mites. | | 1946 | 20291449 |
| chemical characterization of oligosaccharides in the milk of six species of new and old world monkeys. | human and great ape milks contain a diverse array of milk oligosaccharides, but little is known about the milk oligosaccharides of other primates, and how they differ among taxa. neutral and acidic oligosaccharides were isolated from the milk of three species of old world or catarrhine monkeys (cercopithecidae: rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta), toque macaque (macaca sinica) and hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas)) and three of new world or platyrrhine monkeys (cebidae: tufted capuchin (cebus apell ... | 2010 | 21127965 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of entamoeba nuttalli strains showing novel isoenzyme patterns from wild toque macaques in sri lanka. | we have proposed the revival of the name entamoeba nuttalli for a virulent ameba strain, p19-061405, from a rhesus macaque and located it phylogenetically between e. histolytica and e. dispar. as e. nuttalli was originally described for an ameba found in a toque macaque in sri lanka, the prevalence and characteristics of entamoeba species in wild toque macaques were examined. pcr analysis of 227 stool samples from six locations showed positive rates for e. nuttalli, e. dispar, and e. histolytica ... | 2016 | 26333681 |
| strain-specific protective effect of the immunity induced by live malarial sporozoites under chloroquine cover. | the efficacy of a whole-sporozoite malaria vaccine would partly be determined by the strain-specificity of the protective responses against malarial sporozoites and liver-stage parasites. evidence from previous reports were inconsistent, where some studies have shown that the protective immunity induced by irradiated or live sporozoites in rodents or humans were cross-protective and in others strain-specific. in the present work, we have studied the strain-specificity of live sporozoite-induced ... | 2012 | 23029282 |
| white-cheeked macaque (macaca leucogenys): a new macaque species from medog, southeastern tibet. | we describe a newly discovered macaca species from the medog, in southeastern tibet, china, macaca leucogenys sp. nov or the "white-cheeked macaque". based on 738 photos taken during direct observations and captured by camera traps this new species appears to be distinct from the macaca sinica species group. moreover, the species is distinguished from all potential sympatric macaque species (m. mulatta, m. thibetana, m. assamensis, and m. munzala) in exhibiting a suite of pelage characteristics ... | 2015 | 25809642 |
| an ethnoprimatological approach to assessing levels of tolerance between human and commensal non-human primates in sri lanka. | human and non-human primates increasingly are forced to live commensally, and understanding the human-nonhuman interconnections are paramount in understanding tolerance and conflict. in our study area, the heavily deforested parts of southern sri lanka humans and primates live side by side and prevalent religious tenets encourage a peaceful co-existence. we quantify the attitudes of rural communities towards three resident primate species (red slender loris, purple-faced langur, toque macaque) a ... | 2013 | 23836757 |
| vitamin d status in wild toque macaques (macaca sinica) in sri lanka. | the vitamin d receptor is found on most cells, including active immune cells, implying that vitamin d has important biological functions beyond calcium metabolism and bone health. although captive primates should be given a dietary source of vitamin d, under free-living conditions vitamin d is not a required nutrient, but rather is produced in skin when exposed to uv-b light. the circulating level of 25 hydroxyvitamin d (25-oh-d) considered adequate for humans is a topic of current controversy. ... | 2017 | 28346700 |
| stable carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, isotope analysis of plants from a south asian tropical forest: implications for primatology. | stable isotope analysis of primate tissues in tropical forest contexts is an increasingly popular means of obtaining information about niche distinctions among sympatric species, including preferences in feeding height, forest canopy density, plant parts, and trophism. however, issues of equifinality mean that feeding height, canopy density, as well as the plant parts and plant species consumed, may produce similar or confounding effects. with a few exceptions, researchers have so far relied lar ... | 2017 | 28345759 |
| validating skinfold thickness as a proxy to estimate total body fat in wild toque macaques (macaca sinica) using the mass of dissected adipose tissue. | skinfold thickness (sft) has been used often in non-human primates and humans as a proxy to estimate fatness (% body fat). we intended to validate the relation between sft (in recently deceased specimens) and the mass of adipose tissue as determined from dissection of fresh carcasses of wild toque macaques (macaca sinica). in adult male and female toque macaques body composition is normally 2% adipose tissue. calipers for measuring sft were suitable for measuring only some subcutaneous deposits ... | 2015 | 25715692 |
| arboreal adaptations of body fat in wild toque macaques (macaca sinica) and the evolution of adiposity in primates. | there is a paucity of information on body composition and fat patterning in wild nonhuman primates. dissected adipose tissue from wild toque macaques (macaca sinica) (wtm), feeding on a natural diet, accounted for 2.1% of body weight. this was far less than fatness reported for nonhuman primates raised in captivity or for contemporary humans. in wtm, fatness increased with age and diet richness, but did not differ by sex. in wtm (none of which were obese) intra-abdominal fat filled first, and "e ... | 2013 | 24022522 |
| detection, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. from free-ranging nonhuman primates in sri lanka. | infections with campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. are the most frequently reported causes of human bacterial enteritis. warm-blooded animals, including livestock, pets, and wildlife, can be carriers of the bacteria and may contaminate the environment and food products. the present study investigated the occurrence of campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. in fecal pat samples from free-ranging toque macaques (macaca sinica) and tufted gray langurs (semnopithecus priam) collected in march-ma ... | 2019 | 31021685 |
| assessing public perceptions and solutions to human-monkey conflict from 50 years in sri lanka. | sri lanka is a biodiversity hotspot with high human density that contributes to increasing human-monkey conflict (hmc). in 50 years of primate studies there, the development of hmc has been documented, and many workshops and interventions organized to ameliorate hmc. these activities prompted the present survey. in the extensive lowland dry zone of sri lanka, the affected nonhuman primates are the toque macaque, gray and purple-faced langurs and slender loris. we surveyed and evaluated the attit ... | 2019 | 30814470 |
| the japan monkey centre primates brain imaging repository for comparative neuroscience: an archive of digital records including records for endangered species. | advances in magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and computational analysis technology have enabled comparisons among various primate brains in a three-dimensional electronic format. results from comparative studies provide information about common features across primates and species-specific features of neuroanatomy. investigation of various species of non-human primates is important for understanding such features, but the majority of comparative mri studies have been based on experimental primat ... | 2018 | 30357587 |
| malaria parasites of long-tailed macaques in sarawak, malaysian borneo: a novel species and demographic and evolutionary histories. | non-human primates have long been identified to harbour different species of plasmodium. long-tailed macaques (macaca fascicularis), in particular, are reservoirs for p. knowlesi, p. inui, p. cynomolgi, p. coatneyi and p. fieldi. a previous study conducted in sarawak, malaysian borneo, however revealed that long-tailed macaques could potentially harbour novel species of plasmodium based on sequences of small subunit ribosomal rna and circumsporozoite genes. to further validate this finding, the ... | 2018 | 29636003 |
| shields on electric posts prevent primate deaths: a case study at polonnaruwa, sri lanka. | when monkeys, such as the toque macaques (macaca sinica) of sri lanka, seek food on the ground near human habitation, they may use electrical posts to escape aggression from conspecifics, dogs, or humans. shields mounted on electrical posts prevented monkeys from reaching the electrical wires, thereby averting their electrocution: the frequency of electrocutions (n = 0) was significantly less (p < 0.001) in the 12 years after installation of the shields than in the 12 years before (n = 18). elec ... | 2020 | 32980843 |
| what makes a long tail short? testing allen's rule in the toque macaques of sri lanka. | allen's rule (1877) predicts ecogeographical anatomical variation in appendage proportions as a function of body temperature regulation. this phenomenon has been tested in a variety of animal species. in macaques, relative tail length (rtl) is one of the most frequently measured appendages to test allen's rule. these studies have relied on museum specimens or the invasive and time-consuming capturing of free-ranging individuals. to augment sample size and lessen these logistical limitations, we ... | 2020 | 32096278 |
| chandipura viral encephalitis: a brief review. | in recent years, the chandipura virus (chpv) has emerged as an encephalitic pathogen and found associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of india. children under 15 years of age are most susceptible to natural infection. chpv is emerging as a significant encephalitis, causing virus in the indian subcontinent. severe outbreaks caused by the virus have been reported from several parts of india. | 2018 | 30288194 |
| primate population studies at polonnaruwa. ii. heritability of body measurements in a natural population of toque macaques (macaca sinica). | the heritability of quantitative traits, or the proportion of phenotypic variation due to additive genetic or heritable effects, plays an important role in determining the evolutionary response to natural selection. most quantitative genetic studies are performed in the laboratory, due to difficulty in obtaining genealogical data in natural populations. genealogies are known, however, from a unique 20-year study of toque macaques (macaca sinica) at polonnaruwa, sri lanka. heritability in this na ... | 1992 | 31948145 |