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shared antigenic epitopes of the major core proteins of human and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates.antigenic epitopes on the major core (gag) protein of isolates of simian and human immunodeficiency virus (siv and hiv) were compared using a panel of eleven mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that recognized nine distinct gag epitopes. viral isolates used for comparison were hiv-1iiib, hiv-2rod, and siv isolates from macaque (sivmac), sooty mangabey (sivsm-ucd), african green monkey (sivagm), and stump-tailed macaque (sivstm-ucd). the relatedness of the various hiv and siv isolates, as determin ...19921383547
cloning and sequences of primate cd4 molecules: diversity of the cellular receptor for simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus.to study the interaction between the primate lentiviruses simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the cd4 receptor we have cloned and sequenced the cd4 molecule from six non-human primate species: african green monkeys (three subspecies: sabeus, pytherethrus, aethiops), sooty mangabeys, patas monkeys, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and pig-tail macaques. molecular cdna clones representing cd4 mrna were generated from total rna from peripheral blood mononucle ...19921425921
infection of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with a rapidly fatal siv (sivsmm/pbj) isolate from sooty mangabeys.a variant of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsmm/pbj), isolated from a chronically infected pig-tailed macaque has been shown in previous studies to produce acutely fatal disease uniformly in pig-tailed macaques and in some rhesus macaques. the present study extends investigation of sivsmm/pbj pathogenesis in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. cynomolgus and rhesus macaques were found to be uniformly susceptible to infection, but as previously reported, the rhesus were found to not be uniform in t ...19921457209
molecular clones from a non-acutely pathogenic derivative of sivsmmpbj14: characterization and comparison to acutely pathogenic clones.molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency viruses capable of inducing acute, fatal disease in pig-tailed macaques had been derived previously from a biological clone (bcl-3) of the pbj14 isolate of siv from sooty mangabey monkeys (sivsmmpbj14). the present study was undertaken in order to characterize virus from a second biological clone of sivsmmpbj14, bcl-1, which fails to induce acute or fatal disease. polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify 5' and 3' viral genome halves. the dna seque ...19921503826
relationship of neurologic status in macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus to cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid.increased concentrations of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (quin) have been implicated in the neurologic deficits and brain atrophy that may accompany infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1. key neuropathologic features of the aids encephalitis are replicated in some macaques following infection with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). in the present studies, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) quin concentrations increased within 2 weeks following infection of 11 rhesus macaques (ma ...19921535532
prevention of hiv-2 and sivsm infection by passive immunization in cynomolgus monkeys.infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are useful models for studies of immunotherapy and vaccination against hiv as well as for testing of antiviral drugs. vaccine research showing protective immunity in immunized monkeys has indicated that it will be possible to develop a vaccine for prevention of human hiv infection, although many hurdles remain. the design of an hiv vaccine would be helped if the basis of the protective ...19911677743
characterization of monoclonal antibodies that distinguish simian immunodeficiency virus isolates from each other and from human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against p27 and one against p17 of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from rhesus macaques were produced and characterized by reacting with disrupted, viral antigens on immunoblots. human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2 and siv isolates from sooty mangabey, stump-tailed macaque, rhesus macaque and african green monkey (sivsm, sivstm, sivmac and sivagm) were used for comparative analysis. the p27 monoclonal antibodies he3 and fa2 reacted with sivmac ...19901689369
humoral response to siv/smm infection in macaque and mangabey monkeys.natural infection of sooty mangabey monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus, designated siv/smm, results in long-term persistent infections with little or no disease. in contrast, experimental infection of macaques with isolates of siv/smm induces chronic and progressive disease that terminates in an aids-like illness and death in most animals. to determine whether antibodies might be important in preventing the development of disease in mangabeys or progression of disease in macaques, humora ...19901690284
genetic differences accounting for evolution and pathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus from a sooty mangabey monkey after cross-species transmission to a pig-tailed macaque.we determined the nucleotide sequences of two related isolates of simian immunodeficiency virus from the sooty mangabey monkey (sivsmm) that exhibit dramatic differences in virulence. these isolates are separated by one experimental cross-species transmission, from sooty mangabey to pig-tailed macaque. the parental virus (sivsmm9), nonpathogenic in the original host (sooty mangabeys), causes a chronic aids-like disease in macaques. in contrast, the variant virus (sivsmmpbj14) induces an acute le ...19921727495
siv from stump-tailed macaques: molecular characterization of a highly transmissible primate lentivirus.over the past 6 years, simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) have been isolated from four distinct species of macaques (macaca mulatta, m. fascicularis, m. nemestrina, and m. arctoides) in captivity in the united states. however, the epidemiologic and genetic relationships among sivs from the four species are not well understood. siv from stump-tailed macaques (m. arctoides) (sivstm) is unusual in that it has been associated with outbreaks of infection characterized by aggressive spread within ...19921733112
isolation of a simian immunodeficiency virus related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from a west african pet sooty mangabey.two of 25 healthy pet sooty mangabey (sm) monkeys (cercocebus atys) living in west africa were seropositive by immunoblot when surveyed for antibody to simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac). sivsmlib1 was isolated from one of the pet sooty mangabeys. nucleotide sequence data showed that this isolate is a member of the sivsm/human immunodeficiecy virus type 2 (hiv-2)/sivmac group of primate lentiviruses. furthermore, sequence comparisons revealed extensive genetic diversity among siv ...19911840620
replication of an acutely lethal simian immunodeficiency virus activates and induces proliferation of lymphocytes.a variant of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey monkeys (sivsmm), termed sivsmmpbj14, was previously identified and shown to induce acute disease and death within 1 to 2 weeks of inoculation of pig-tailed macaques and mangabey monkeys (p. n. fultz, h. m. mcclure, d. c. anderson, and w. m. switzer, aids res. hum. retroviruses 5:397-409, 1989). sivsmmpbj14 differed from its parent virus, sivsmm9, not only in pathogenicity but also in multiple in vitro properties. as a first approach ...19911870205
a highly divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (sivstm) recovered from stored stump-tailed macaque tissues.we report here the results of molecular analysis of a simian immunodeficiency virus (designated sivstm) which was isolated from a rhesus monkey inoculated with stored lymph node tissue of an asian stump-tailed macaque. the latter monkey had died in 1977 during an epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency and lymphoma at the california regional primate research center (l. j. lowenstine, n. w. lerche, p. a. marx, m. b. gardner, and n. c. pedersen, p. 174-176, in m. girard and l. valette, ed., retrovir ...19911942258
sequence analysis and acute pathogenicity of molecularly cloned sivsmm-pbj14.the pbj14 isolate of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey monkeys (sivsmm-pbj14) is the most acutely pathogenic primate lentivirus so far described, always causing fatal disease in pig-tailed macaques (macaca nemestrina) within 8 days of inoculation. as a first step in identifying viral genes and gene products that influence pathogenicity, the sivsmm-pbj14 genome was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction as 5' and 3' genomic halves of 5.1 and 5.8 kilobases, respectively, and mo ...19901971917
sivsmm infection of macaque and mangabey monkeys: correlation between in vivo and in vitro properties of different isolates.simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey monkeys (sivsmm), a lentivirus closely related to siv from macaques and the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), is pathogenic for various species of macaques but is nonpathogenic for mangabeys. comparison of in vivo and in vitro responses of macaques and mangabeys or their lymphocytes, respectively, to sivsmm infection indicated that lack of disease in mangabeys apparently was not due to effective control of virus expression by the immun ...19901980901
detection of occult simian immunodeficiency virus sivsmm infection in asymptomatic seronegative nonhuman primates and evidence for variation in siv gag sequence between in vivo- and in vitro-propagated virus.polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to identify simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) sivsmm gag sequences in genomic dna isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from naturally infected asymptomatic seropositive and seronegative sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) and from experimentally infected but asymptomatic rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). the results indicate that most if not all siv-seronegative mangabeys from the colony at the yerkes primate center are in fact infected ...19912002546
transmission of retroviral infection by transfusion of seronegative blood in nonhuman primates.techniques such as polyclonal b cell activation with pokeweed mitogen (pwm) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis have documented the existence of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-and human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seronegative but infected humans and nonhuman primates. to establish whether blood from such seronegative but pwm- and pcr-positive monkeys can transmit infection, naive macaques were transfused with whole blood (n = 2) or cultured cells and supernatant fluid (n = 2) fr ...19912037788
requirements for simian immunodeficiency virus antigen-specific in vitro proliferation of t cells from infected rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys.the measurement of cell-mediated immunity against the etiologic agent of human aids (hiv) in the non-human primate model of aids (simian immunodeficiency virus, siv) has been difficult. in general, culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from hiv-1- and siv-infected humans and monkeys, respectively, with purified inactivated hiv and siv virus preparations has given inconsistent or negative proliferative responses. however, we describe herein an assay which consists of coculturing monocytes ...19902164818
pathology of dual mycobacterium leprae and simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys.three rhesus monkeys were experimentally inoculated with sooty-mangabey-derived mycobacterium leprae and were inadvertently infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) as well. they died of an immunodeficiency syndrome, and at autopsy all had lesions caused by m. leprae. one monkey was inoculated twice with m. leprae, initially with an inoculum from a sooty mangabey that was not infected with siv and, subsequently, with an inoculum from a mangabey that was siv infected. the monkey did ...19902165511
prevalence of natural infection with simian immunodeficiency virus and simian t-cell leukemia virus type i in a breeding colony of sooty mangabey monkeys.the seroprevalence of antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsmm) and simian t-cell leukemia virus type i (stlv-i) in a captive breeding colony of sooty mangabey monkeys was determined, and infection by sivsmm was confirmed in all cases by virus isolation. among 138 animals tested, 57 and 33% were infected with sivsmm and stlv-i, respectively. while the proportion of female mangabeys (66%) differed significantly (p less than 0.01) from the proportion of male mangabeys (42%) infected wit ...19902168716
antibody-dependent enhancement of siv infection: further characterization and cross reactivity between macaque and sooty mangabey isolates.plasma from four rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), of which two were experimentally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) isolate sivmac251, one with isolate sivsmf236, and another with a sivsmf236 molecular clone, sivsmh-4, enhanced sivmac infection of mt-2 cells. in addition to siv-positive plasma, infection-enhancement required complement, cd4, and cr2. titers of infection-enhancing antibodies appeared to correlate with disease progression. the mt-2/sivmac251 system should be ...19902231684
glycosylation of the envelope glycoprotein gp130 of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys).the envelope glycoprotein 130 ('130' referring to an mr of 130,000) of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys) (sivsm) was isolated from the cell-free supernatant of the sivsm-infected human t-cell line h9, metabolically labelled with d-[6-3h]glucosamine. after digestion with staphylococcus aureus v8 proteinase, radiolabelled n-glycans were liberated from resulting glycopeptides by sequential treatment with endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase h and peptide:n-glycosidase ...19902339985
experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with siv isolated from african green monkeys.to establish an animal model for aids, 6 juvenile rhesus monkeys were infected intravenously with cell-free sivagmtyo-1, 5, or 7. one animal was infected with siv of known pathogenicity isolated from a sooty mangabey (sivsmm). the 2 animals infected with tyo-1, 1 of 2 infected with tyo-7 and the 1 infected with sivsmm seroconverted within 4-8 weeks after infection and infectious virus could be recovered 8-10 or 44 weeks after infection. three of the 4 seroconverted monkeys developed a persistent ...19892540114
interactions between simian immunodeficiency virus and mycobacterium leprae in experimentally inoculated rhesus monkeys.thirty-four rhesus monkeys were inoculated with mycobacterium leprae inoculum isolated from sooty mangabey monkeys with leprosy. later it was learned that one of the m. leprae-donor mangabeys was asymptomatically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). thus, five of the rhesus monkey were coinoculated with m. leprae and siv. three of the five became siv-positive and developed signs of leprosy and an aids-like illness. two animals remained healthy. the coinoculated leprosy-positive rhe ...19892547881
molecular cloning of siv from sooty mangabey monkeys.we derived two infectious molecular clones of siv from sooty mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) and compared them by restriction enzyme mapping and limited dna sequencing to other known primate lentiviruses. these analyses show that sivsmm is closely related to, but distinct from, sivmac and hiv-2. our data suggest that sivmac may have been derived from sivsmm by cross-species transmission in captivity.19892547963
phenotypic and functional differences in nk and lak cells in the peripheral blood of sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques.greater than 75% of the sooty mangabey monkeys at the yerkes regional primate research center are naturally infected with siv without any apparent clinical symptomology. on the other hand, experimental infection of rhesus macaques with siv results in a clinical syndrome similar to human aids. these differences with regard to siv infection prompted us to examine the natural immunosurveillance system of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from siv-infected and uninfected monkeys of these two ...19892553275
genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus.we have demonstrated that the genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys (sivagm) is much greater than that observed previously for individual hiv-1, hiv-2, or sivmac isolates. extensive genetic variation among sivagm isolates and the high prevalence of green monkey infection without disease suggest that the virus has been in the green monkey population for a long time. we have also demonstrated that siv from a sooty mangabey monkey (isolate smm-7) is closer to ...19892569537
a highly divergent hiv-2-related isolate.it has been suggested that the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus macaques (sivmac) evolved from the sooty mangabey virus sivsm (ref. 1). we now describe an hiv-2-related isolate, hiv-2-d205, from a healthy ghanaian woman that is genetically equidistant to the prototypic hiv-2 strains and to sivsm and sivmac. supported by the observation that hiv-2d205 differs in a step of envelope glycoprotein processing, our data indicate that it could ...19892594088
identification and biologic characterization of an acutely lethal variant of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabeys (siv/smm).a virus pool isolated from lymphoid tissue of a macaque (pbj) infected for 14 months with siv/smm was found to be associated with acute disease and death. six of six pig-tailed macaques, one of three rhesus macaques, and three of four siv/smm-seronegative mangabeys developed acute disease within 5 days and died from 7 to 13 days postinoculation; however, neither of two siv/smm-infected mangabeys died or developed disease. the virus associated with acute disease and death was shown by electron mi ...19892765298
an african primate lentivirus (sivsm) closely related to hiv-2.the ancestors of the human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) may have evolved from a reservoir of african nonhuman primate lentiviruses, termed simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv). none of the siv strains characterized so far are closely related to hiv-1. hiv-2, however, is closely related to siv (sivmac) isolated from captive rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). siv infection of feral asian macaques has not been demonstrated by serological surveys. thus, macaques may have acquired siv i ...19892786147
sequence of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from a wild-caught african mandrill.since the isolation of an hiv-2-related virus from captive macaques (sivmac), the origin of human immunodeficiency viruses, a much debated subject, has been attributed to monkeys. the sequence of sivagm, which is derived from a naturally infected african green monkey, shows equal relatedness to hiv-1 and hiv-2, suggesting that the derivation of these viruses from sivagm is unlikely. recent sequence analysis of siv from a captive sooty mangabey (sivmac), however, shows its close relatedness to hi ...19892797181
serological and structural comparison of immunodeficiency viruses from man, african green monkey, rhesus monkey and sooty mangabey.we have studied the serological relationship among the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), and three simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv). sivagm was isolated from african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops), and compared with the previously described isolates of sivmac from a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) and sivsm from a sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys). with respect to the glycoproteins, the simian viruses represent a subgroup apparently different from hiv. to classify hiv and ...19882844030
animal models for hiv infection and aids: memorandum from a who meeting.the human immunodeficiency virus is a member of the lentivirus subfamily of the retrovirus family. retroviruses are rna viruses which code for an rna-dependent dna polymerase (reverse transcriptase), which transcribes the rna genome into a dna provirus which, on integration with the host dna, directs the synthesis of new virions. the rna genome consists of a gag gene, which codes for the viral core proteins, a pol gene, which codes for the reverse transcriptase, an env gene, which codes for th ...19882850118
cloning of htlv-4 and its relation to simian and human immunodeficiency viruses.although much is now known of the strain variation among the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1), which is the cause of aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) in the united states, europe, and central africa, much less is yet known about a second group of viruses that have been found in west africans. one member of this group, named human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 4 (htlv-4), has been isolated from healthy senegalese. another is the virus isolated from west africans with aids-li ...19873104797
sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from macaque and its relationship to other human and simian retroviruses.because of the growing incidence of aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), the need for studies on animal models is urgent. infection of chimpanzees with the retroviral agent of human aids, the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), will have only limited usefulness because chimpanzees are in short supply and do not develop the disease. among non-human primates, both type d retroviruses and lentiviruses can be responsible for immune deficiencies. the d-type retroviruses, although important pat ...19873649576
serologic responses to mycobacterium leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid-i antigen in sooty mangabey monkeys with experimental leprosy.four pairs of sooty mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) were inoculated with serial, 10-fold dilutions of mycobacterium leprae. the highest-dose pair received 4.8 x 10(10) m. leprae. serum samples were obtained and clinical signs of leprosy were recorded at intervals of 35 months. longitudinal serum samples were assayed by an elisa method for the presence of igg and igm antibodies to the m. leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid-i (pgl-i) antigen. in general, the onset of disease symptoms paralleled ...19882464657
seroepidemiologic survey of captive old-world primates for antibodies to human and simian retroviruses, and isolation of a lentivirus from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys).sera from 526 old-world monkeys and apes, representing 50 species and 20 genera and living in us zoos and vivaria, were screened for antibodies to htlv-i, htlv-iii/lav, and simian-aids retrovirus, type i (srv-i). sera were screened initially by elisa, and elisa-positive sera, as well as elisa-negative sera from cage contacts, were further tested by western blotting. a large number of false-positive and a small number of false-negative elisa sera were identified. although most true positive react ...19862428760
naturally acquired and experimental leprosy in nonhuman primates.naturally-acquired leprosy has been observed in chimpanzees and sooty mangabey monkeys. experimental multibacillary leprosy was established in 24 of 36 mangabey monkeys, 7 of 34 rhesus monkeys, and 15 of 19 african green monkeys following intravenous and intradermal inoculation of mycobacterium leprae. the experimental disease strongly resembles leprosy in humans clinically, histopathologically, and immunologically. thus, in addition to nine-banded armadillos in louisiana and texas, chimpanzees ...19912042709
experimental onchocerca volvulus infections in mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) compared to infections in humans and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).three chimpanzees, three mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys), and 14 patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) were inoculated with l3 onchocerca volvulus of guatemalan origin. one chimpanzee and two mangabey monkeys developed antibody activity to at least three different antigens. both mangabey monkeys recognized a 20 kda antigen 3.5-5 months post-inoculation, and the monkeys and the chimpanzee developed antibody activity to 14 and 22 kda antigens 7.5-13 months post-inoculation. one mangabey monkey and ...19912012258
experimental borderline lepromatous leprosy with intraneural erythema nodosum leprosum in a mangabey monkey (cercocebus atys).a sooty mangabey monkey (cercocebus atys) was inoculated with mycobacterium leprae and developed borderline lepromatous leprosy and intraneural erythema nodosum leprosum. previously studied mangabeys have developed only disseminated lepromatous leprosy without reactions. this case broadens the spectrum of leprosy seen in experimentally inoculated animals and further characterizes the nonhuman primate model of leprosy.19911802944
inhibition of siv/smm replication in vitro by cd8+ cells from siv/smm infected seropositive clinically asymptomatic sooty mangabeys.several investigators have demonstrated the ability of cd8+ t cells from hiv-1 infected humans and siv infected rhesus macaques to inhibit viral replication in vitro. in this report we show that cd8+ cells from naturally siv infected sooty mangabeys also have the ability to inhibit viral replication in vitro. in addition, initial experiments which seek to elucidate the mechanism and antigen specificity of cd8-mediated suppression are described.19901700128
evolutionary origin of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses.from what viruses the human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs) originated is an extremely controversial question. to address this question, we have analyzed nucleotide sequences of simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) and hivs by using the techniques for understanding molecular evolution. in particular, we compared the nucleotide sequences of whole genomes, gene region by gene region, between a given pair of viruses, including four types of sivs--isolated from mandrills (papio sphinx), african gr ...19901693430
human infection by genetically diverse sivsm-related hiv-2 in west africa.our understanding of the biology and origins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) derives from studies of cultured isolates from urban populations experiencing epidemic infection and disease. to test the hypothesis that such isolates might represent only a subset of a larger, genetically more diverse group of viruses, we used nested polymerase chain reactions to characterize hiv-2 sequences in uncultured mononuclear blood cells of two healthy liberian agricultural workers, from whom vi ...19921641038
behavioral and physiological response of juvenile sooty mangabeys to reunion with their mothers following a year's absence.the return of 6 juvenile mangabey monkeys to their social group following an absence of a year resulted in increased basal cortisol secretion for both the offspring and the mothers and in significant decrements in the absolute number of lymphocyte subsets for the offspring. six 9-month-old sooty mangabeys were removed from their socially housed mothers, subsequently peer housed, and returned to the maternal social group 1 year later. offspring showed a significant increase in cortisol levels 24 ...19921487085
experimental leprosy in monkeys. i. sooty mangabey monkeys: transmission, susceptibility, clinical and pathological findings.a total of 31 sooty mangabey monkeys (smm) (cercocebus torquatus atys) inoculated by various routes with differing numbers of smm-origin mycobacterium leprae (ml) and 4 smm inoculated with human-origin ml were observed for 4-12 years. smm-origin ml was more pathogenic in smm than human-origin ml. the spectrum of disease ranged from indeterminate to borderline and lepromatous in different animals. some animals developed pure neural leprosy. erythema nodosum leprosum (snl) was also observed. combi ...19957637533
international collaboration comparing neutralization and binding assays for monoclonal antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus.thirteen laboratories characterized a coded panel of 10 mabs to sivmac251 envelope protein in a collaboration organized by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases (niaid). the mabs were examined against siv isolates in neutralization and radioimmune precipitation, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and radioimmune assays. although laboratories employed diverse neutralization assays that varied in sensitivity there was agreement on the relative ability of the mabs to neutr ...19937686385
activity patterns in a sooty mangabey group.diurnal, temperature and weather influences on the activity profiles of a sooty mangabey group were compared to similar data previously reported for geladas and pigtail monkeys. distinct behavioral profiles for each group were obtained despite the near identity of living conditions. mangabey patterns in captivity appeared very similar to those reported for mangabeys in the wild. sexually dimorphic behavioral patterns were demonstrated as well as the independence of several social orders. infant ...1976824181
[aids. hypothesis on the origin and emergence of hiv].cross-species transfer of simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv) may occur accidentally. this transfer, with the possible exception of the virus of the sooty mangabey monkey, leads to a biological dead-end. thus, only serial passages of the virus from man to man, through blood inoculation, could explain its progressive evolution from siv to hiv. such an artificial cycle may have been initiated, in the 1910s, following the introduction of syringes and needles into the region of the african great l ...19957787456
isolation of simian immunodeficiency viruses from two sooty mangabeys in côte d'ivoire: virological and genetic characterization and relationship to other hiv type 2 and sivsm/mac strains.to search for the presence of siv in sooty mangabeys and other monkey species in côte d'ivoire, west africa, and to compare viral isolates with hiv-2 strains from the same region.19947848684
the u3 promoter region of the acutely lethal simian immunodeficiency virus clone smmpbj1.9 confers related biological activity on the apathogenic clone agm3mc.infection with the acutely pathogenic molecular virus clone sivsmmpbj1.9, cloned from isolate pbj14 of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from sooty mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys), leads to acute viral and often lethal disease within days or weeks. sivsmmpbj1.9 has the unique property of replicating in nonstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pig-tailed macaques. in contrast, molecular virus clone sivagm3mc of siv from african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops), which is ap ...19957877983
molecular and biological analyses of quasispecies during evolution of a virulent simian immunodeficiency virus, sivsmmpbj14.a prototypic simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsmm9), isolated from a naturally infected sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys), was passaged in vivo in a pig-tailed macaque (macaca nemestrina) having the identifier pbj. when pbj died of a typical aids-like syndrome 14 months after infection, the virus isolated from its tissues was subsequently shown to differ from sivsmm9 genetically and biologically. most notably, this isolate, sivsmmpbj14 (siv-pbj14), is the most virulent primate lentivirus known: ...19957884848
measurement of hemolytic complement and the third component of complement in nonhuman primates.complement, determined by hemolytic assay, and the third component of complement (c3), determined by radial immunodiffusion assay, were measured in nine nonhuman primate species. the species studied were the titi (callicebus mollach). the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys), the thick-tailed galago or bushbaby (galago crassicaudatus panganiensis), the crab-eating monkey (macaca fascicularis), the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta), the bonnet monkey (macaca radiata), the stumptailed macaque (macaca spe ...1977414024
viral genetic determinants in sivsmmpbj pathogenesis.a variant simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from sooty mangabeys, sivsmmpbj, induces an acutely lethal disease in pigtailed macaques (macaca nemestrina). this study further characterizes the viral genetic determinants involved in this acutely lethal disease. we have generated chimeric molecular clones constructed between sivsmmpbj and either sivsmh4 or sivsmm9 to analyze the role of the 5' half of the genome and the envelope gene in the induction of acute disease. these studies suggest that th ...19947966228
mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from west african green monkeys.elucidation of the phylogenetic origins of simian and human immunodeficiency viruses (siv and hiv) is fundamental to the understanding of hiv pathogenesis and the spread of aids worldwide. in this study, we molecularly characterized multiple sivagm isolates from four different african green monkey species (vervet, grivet, sabaeus and tantalus monkeys). phylogenetic analysis of partial (1 kb) env sequences indicated that all sivagm strains cluster together, and that they fall into four distinct s ...19948026477
physalopterid (abreviata poicilometra) infection in a sooty mangabey monkey. 19694240231
biphasic in vitro regulation of retroviral replication by cd8+ cells from nonhuman primates.cd8+ t cells from naturally infected disease-resistant sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) secrete a soluble factor which inhibits the in vitro replication of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). to gain further insight on the mechanism(s) involved, cd8+ effector t cells and target cells from sooty mangabeys were immortalized and cloned. the target cells were then stably transfected with an siv-ltr-cat construct or with the parental cat plasmid as a control. a quantitative rt-pcr method, provi ...19948158536
evidence for simian immunodeficiency virus-specific igm and igg response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-negative nonhuman primates.in vitro polyclonal activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from 70% of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) serum enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (elisa)-negative sooty mangabeys leads to synthesis and release of low but significant and reproducible levels of siv-reactive antibodies, as determined by elisa and western blot analysis. the predominant isotype of siv-reactive antibodies in the pokeweed mitogen (pwm) supernatant fluids from serum elisa-negative mangabeys is ig ...19948176639
psorergatic mange in the sooty mangabey (cercocebus torquates atys) monkey. 19664225479
a distinct african lentivirus from sykes' monkeys.asymptomatic infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been demonstrated in african sykes' monkeys (cercopithecus mitis albogularis), and virus isolation confirmed infection with a novel siv from sykes' monkeys (sivsyk). macaques inoculated with sivsyk became persistently infected but remained clinically healthy. we utilized polymerase chain reaction amplification to generate a full-length, infectious molecular clone of sivsyk. the genome organization of sivsyk is similar to that of ...19938382307
inhibition of cellular activation of retroviral replication by cd8+ t cells derived from non-human primates.to test the hypothesis that cd8+ t cells inhibit viral replication at the level of cellular activation, an epstein-barr virus (ebv)-transformed cell line (fec1) from a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-seropositive sooty mangabey monkey was transfected with a human cd4 gene and shown to be replication-competent for hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv. utilizing a dual-chamber culture system, it was found that inhibition of viral replication can be mediated by a soluble factor. the fec1 cell line was transien ...19938383022
rates of amino acid change in the envelope protein correlate with pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses.a spectrum of pathogenicity has been observed for primate lentiviruses in their natural hosts. for example, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is a potent etiologic agent for aids in man, whereas there is no evidence to date which indicates that simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys (sivagm) causes immunodeficiency in agm. we measured the relative rates of amino acid change, as the ratio of the number of nonsynonymous to synonymous (silent) nucleotide substitutions, f ...19938395604
a simple method to distinguish between simian immunodeficiency virus isolates by restriction analysis of pcr products.a simple method to distinguish between simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) isolates of experimentally infected rhesus macaques is reported. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were prepared from a rhesus macaque infected with sivstm isolated originally from a stump-tailed macaque, or from a rhesus monkey infected with sivsm from a sooty mangabey monkey. pbmc were cocultivated with cem x 174 cells and a region of the siv envelope (env) gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (pc ...19938397819
isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus from african white-crowned mangabey monkeys (cercocebus torquatus lunulatus).forty-eight of 236 sera from seven species of african non-human primates in kenya, including those of white-crowned mangabey monkeys (cercocebus torquatus lunulatus) had antibodies to simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). isolates of simian lentivirus were obtained from seropositive white-crowned mangabey monkeys which are indigenous in west africa. this virus, designated as sivwcm, appeared morphologically similar to hiv by electron microscopy, showed mg(2+)-dependent reverse transcriptase ac ...19938470959
simian immunodeficiency virus variants: threat of new lentiviruses.infection in humans with the lentivirus hiv-1 typically results in the development of a chronic disease state characterized by the slow decline of cd4+ lymphocytes, the development of immunosuppression, and the development of opportunistic infections, ultimately leading to death. although the average course of disease runs approximately 10 years, shorter and longer progression times have been noted. these alterations are presumed to be, at least partially, a factor of viral variation. the simian ...19968571984
genetic characterization of new west african simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm: geographic clustering of household-derived siv strains with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop.it has been proposed that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) that are natural infections of sooty mangabeys (cercocebus torquatus atys). to test this hypothesis, sivs from eight sooty mangabeys, including six new viruses from west africa, were genetically characterized. gag and env sequences showed that while the viruses of all eight sooty mangabeys belonged to the sivsm/hiv-2 family, each was widely divergent from sivs found earlie ...19968648696
phylogeny and natural history of the primate lentiviruses, siv and hiv.studies of primate lentivirus phylogeny over the past decade have established a minimum of five related, but genetically distinct, groups of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), each originating from a different african primate species. the hypothesis that hiv-2 (and sivmac) arose by cross-species transmission from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys has been strengthened by a more detailed characterization of the sivsm/sivmac/hiv-2 group of viruses. siv from all four subspecies of african green mo ...19958745080
[immediate and late effects of 17-beta-estradiol on prolactin in the mangabey].thirty seven mature mangabeys (cercocebus atys lunulatus), 33 females (5-6 kg) and 4 males (6-7 kg) received large doses of 17-beta-oestradiol by intravenous tracts (continued perfusion and single dose injection) and by subcutaneous implantation in a silastic tube. the cb 154 and trh tests under oestrogenic treatment were the object of an integrated study. all these experiments began 5 days after menstruation in the case of the females. the experiments were preceded, for each monkey, by a contro ...19854094439
isolation and characterization of the first simian immunodeficiency virus from a feral sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys) in west africa.the lineage of hiv-2-like viruses was studied in feral sooty mangabeys (sms) by serological and genetic methods. four feral sooty mangabeys were positive for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) antibodies and a new isolate, sivsmsl92a, was obtained. genetic analysis of gag genes showed that sivsmsl92a was highly diverse and a distinct sequence subtype within the siv sm/hiv-2 family. the results showed that sivsm is the most diverse group of sivs found thus far in a single monkey species.19958751049
immunological and virological studies of natural siv infection of disease-resistant nonhuman primates.nonhuman primates naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), while maintaining chronic viremia, do not develop any disease associated with lentiviral infection. thus they provide a unique model to define the mechanism(s) by which they remain infected but disease-resistant. the purpose of this article is to summarize our current knowledge of the virological and immunological studies that have been performed in sooty mangabeys naturally infected with sivsmm and in disease-suscept ...19968811346
broad cross-neutralizing activity in serum is associated with slow progression and low risk of transmission in primate lentivirus infections.sera from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2)-infected humans were tested with autologous (from the same individual) and heterologous (from other individuals) virus isolates in a neutralization assay. similarly, sera from experimentally simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm from sooty mangabey) or hiv-2sbl6669-infected cynomolgus macaques were tested for neutralizing activity against autologous and heterologous reisolates. in the neutralization assay, the virus dose r ...19968811351
experimental leprosy in the mangabey (cercocebus atys): necropsy findings.a mangabey monkey (cercocebus atys) was inoculated intravenously and intracutaneously with acid-fast bacilli (afb) from a mangabey with spontaneously acquired leprosy. it developed generalized lepromatous leprosy and died 46 months after inoculation. necropsy revealed severe lepromatous infiltrates in the skin, nasal mucosa, peripheral nerves, and testicles. internal organs were only minimally involved. the lesions seen at necropsy were very similar to those seen in untreated cases of human lepr ...19854020216
the history of simian aids.retrospective data indicate that two separate outbreaks of simian aids and associated lymphoma were caused by simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac and sivstm, respectively) in group-housed macaques at the california regional primate research center (crprc) in the early and mid-1970s. because these epizootics were not then recognized as infectious in nature, surviving healthy siv carriers were sent to other primate centers where they transmitted the viruses to resident macaques. the source of si ...19968892035
detection of intracellular signal transduction molecules in pbmc from rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys.one of the manifestations of human hiv-1 and nonhuman primate siv infection that lead to disease is reasoned to be secondary to generalized t-cell dysfunction. the molecular mechanisms associated with the t-cell dysfunction remain to be elucidated. to address this issue, we sought to utilize the nonhuman primate model to study intracellular signaling events in cells from disease-susceptible rhesus macaques and disease-resistant sooty mangabeys. because relatively little is known about these even ...19968892042
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) seroprevalence and characterization of a distinct hiv-2 genetic subtype from the natural range of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected sooty mangabeys.the extent of zoonotic infections in rural sierra leone, where both feral and pet sooty mangabeys harbor divergent members of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-sooty mangabey simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm) family, was tested in blood samples collected from 9,309 human subjects in 1993. using hiv-1- and hiv-2-specific enzyme immunoassays and confirmatory western blot analysis to test for antibodies to sivsm-related lentiviruses, we found only nine subjects (0.096%) who tested ...19979094672
conservation and host specificity of vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest suggest a fundamental role in primate lentivirus evolution and biology.the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpr protein prevents infected cells from passing through mitosis by arresting them in the g2 phase of the cell cycle. vpr is conserved among all primate lentiviruses, suggesting an important role in the virus life cycle. moreover, in this study we show that the ability to cause cell cycle arrest is also conserved in vpr proteins from a wide variety of both tissue culture-passaged and uncultured human (hiv-1 and hiv-2), sooty mangabey (simian immuno ...19979151821
uracil dna glycosylase specifically interacts with vpr of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabeys, but binding does not correlate with cell cycle arrest.the vpr protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is important for growth of virus in macrophages and prevents infected cells from passing into mitosis (g2 arrest). the cellular target for these functions is not known, but vpr of hiv-1 and the related vpr from simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabeys (siv(sm)) bind the dna repair enzyme ung, while the vpx protein of siv(sm) does not. nonetheless, a mutational analysis of vpr showed that binding to ung is neither nece ...19979151883
isolation of sooty mangabey simian t-cell leukemia virus type i [stlv-i(sm)] and characterization of a mangabey t-cell line coinfected with stlv-i(sm) and simian immunodeficiency virus sivsmmpbj14.it has been postulated that dual infections of humans with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and human t-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus (htlv) may potentiate disease progression. counterparts of both of these pathogenic human retroviruses have been identified in various simian species indigenous to asia and africa, including sooty mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys). using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from a mangabey naturally infected with both siv and stlv-i, t-cell lines were e ...19979281507
leprosy in a mangabey monkey--naturally acquired infection.naturally acquired leprosy was detected in an otherwise normal "sooty" mangabey monkey (cercocebus atys). this animal was imported from west africa in 1975 and developed clinical symptoms of leprosy in 1979. histopathologic findings were those of subpolar-lepromatous to borderline-lepromatous leprosy in the ridley-jopling classification. the disease was progressive, with crippling neuropathic deformities of the hands and feet. the disease regressed under specific therapy. the etiologic agent was ...19853889184
relation between phylogeny of african green monkey cd4 genes and their respective simian immunodeficiency virus genes.an apparent species-specific relatedness of sivagm suggests a coevolution with their natural hosts. however, the exact species or subspecies classification of african green monkeys, agm, is uncertain because current classification schemes rely on phenotype markers, while more definitive genetic data are lacking. in this study, the cd4 protein involved in tissue type recognition was genetically cloned and sequenced from pbmc rna from all agm species, including barbados green monkeys (bgm). phylog ...19979379478
natural infection of a household pet red-capped mangabey (cercocebus torquatus torquatus) with a new simian immunodeficiency virus.a seroprevalence survey was conducted for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) antibody in household pet monkeys in gabon. twenty-nine monkeys representing seven species were analyzed. by using human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)/sivsm, sivmnd, and sivagm antigens, one red-capped mangabey (rcm) (cercocebus torquatus torquatus) was identified as harboring siv-cross-reactive antibodies. a virus isolate, termed sivrcm, was subsequently established from this seropositive rcm by cocultivation ...19989420264
structured-tree topology and adaptive evolution of the simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm envelope during serial passage in rhesus macaques according to likelihood mapping and quartet puzzling.species-specific strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) are nonpathogenic in african primates. the siv strain most closely related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is sivsm, the strain specific to the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys). infection of asian primates with siv causes aids and allows the study of the adaptive evolution of a lentivirus to replicate efficiently in a new host, providing a useful animal model of hiv infection and aids in humans. serial passage of sivs ...19989557648
simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in sooty mangabeys without inducing disease.a serologic survey of primates living in a french zoo allowed identification of three cases of infection with simian immunodeficiency virus in sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) (sivsm). viral isolates, which were designated sivsmfr66, sivsmfr74, and sivsmfr85, were obtained after short-term culture of mangabey lymphoid cells. phylogenetic analysis of gag and env sequences amplified directly from mangabey tissues showed that the three sivsmfr were genetically close and that they constituted a new ...19989557672
naturally acquired leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo: a decade of experience 1975-1985.a decade has passed since our first report of naturally acquired leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo. our studies and those of others during this period confirm the identification of the etiologic agent as mycobacterium leprae. confirmation is based on the results of histopathologic examination and microbiologic evaluations that included attempts to culture the organism, flourescent antibody studies, mycolic acid analysis, and dna determinations demonstrating complete relatedness between the na ...19863534127
a second sooty mangabey monkey with naturally acquired leprosy: first reported possible monkey-to-monkey transmission.the existence of naturally acquired leprosy in a second sooty mangabey monkey has been documented. the disease has the clinical and histopathological characteristics of subpolar lepromatous leprosy (lls), and microbiological studies thus far confirm the etiologic agent as mycobacterium leprae. this mangabey had been housed in direct contact with the first mangabey in which naturally acquired leprosy was diagnosed in 1979. clinical symptoms appeared in the second mangabey in 1986, almost 7 years ...19883373087
the function of simian chemokine receptors in the replication of siv.the long sought co-receptors for primate lentiviruses were identified as belonging to a large family of cell surface proteins - the seven transmembrane proteins. these proteins normally function as cell surface receptors for chemokines and other ligands. the families of genetically divergent simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv), which include the origins of hiv-1 and hiv-2, use simian and human chemokine receptors as their co-receptors. sivmac, sivsm, sivagm and sivcpz use monkey and human ccr5 ...19989653048
primary sivsm isolates use the ccr5 coreceptor from sooty mangabeys naturally infected in west africa: a comparison of coreceptor usage of primary sivsm, hiv-2, and sivmac.genetically divergent strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from macaques (mac), chimpanzees, and sooty mangabeys (sm) efficiently used rhesus and human ccr5 (r5), but not cxcr4 (xr4), for cell entry. thus far, however, no studies have characterized primary sivsm strains for their use of coreceptors derived from their own natural host. coreceptor usage of two primary, blood-derived sivsm isolates, sivsmsl92b and sivsmfns from naturally infected sooty mangabeys, was determined. primary s ...19989656999
different evolution of simian immunodeficiency virus in a natural host and a new host.to address the mechanisms of host-virus adaptation and pathogenesis of lentiviral infections, we compared the evolution of the same isolate of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsmm9) in two different situations: nonpathogenic infection of its natural host, the sooty mangabey, and aids-inducing infection of a new host, the rhesus macaque. samples were obtained at 6, 12, and 23 or 30 months postinfection from three animals of each species. sequences were derived from the v1 and v2 domains of the s ...19989683570
parallel evolution of ccr5-null phenotypes in humans and in a natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus.the c-c chemokine receptor ccr5 in humans and rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) serves as the primary coreceptor for cellular entry by macrophagetropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and all reported strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) [1-6]. humans homozygous for a 32 bp deletion allele of ccr5, resulting in a null phenotype, are highly resistant to infection by hiv-1 [7-9], prompting development of therapies and vaccines targeting ccr5. we now report a novel d ...19989707408
seed-eating by west african cercopithecines, with reference to the possible evolution of bilophodont molars.data on tooth use in eating fruits and seeds were collected on 12 west african monkeys representing five species of cercopithecines, cercopithecus aethiops, cercopithecus campbelli, cercocebus atys, erythrocebus patas, and papio papio. field observations and information in the published literature were used to select fruits for captive feeding trials. a total of over 27,000 tests were conducted to determine the preferences of the monkeys for 78 fruits. data were collected on the selection of fru ...19883364545
isolation and characterization of a neuropathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus derived from a sooty mangabey.transfusion of blood from a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)- and simian t-cell lymphotropic virus-infected sooty mangabey (designated fgb) to rhesus and pig-tailed macaques resulted in the development of neurologic disease in addition to aids. to investigate the role of siv in neurologic disease, virus was isolated from a lymph node of a pig-tailed macaque (designated pgm) and the cerebrospinal fluid of a rhesus macaque (designated ron2) and passaged to additional macaques. siv-related neuro ...19989765429
molecular cloning and expression of rhesus macaque and sooty mangabey interleukin 16: biologic activity and effect on simian immunodeficiency virus infection and/or replication.interleukin 16 (il-16) has been shown to diminish hiv and siv replication through inhibition of hiv and siv mrna transcription. to evaluate its role further, we compared il-16 cloned from disease-susceptible rhesus macaques and disease-resistant sooty mangabeys. recombinant rhesus macaque (rr) il-16 was compared with recombinant sooty mangabey (rm), human, and other nonhuman primate il-16 sequences and evaluated for its ability to induce chemotaxis and inhibit the mixed lymphocyte response (mlr) ...19989788673
diverse host responses and outcomes following simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac239 infection in sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques.sooty mangabeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) do not develop immunodeficiency despite the presence of viral loads of 10(5) to 10(7) rna copies/ml. to investigate the basis of apathogenic siv infection in sooty mangabeys, three sooty mangabeys and three rhesus macaques were inoculated intravenously with sivmac239 and evaluated longitudinally for 1 year. sivmac239 infection of sooty mangabeys resulted in 2- to 4-log-lower viral loads than in macaques and did not repro ...19989811693
natural infection of a homozygous delta24 ccr5 red-capped mangabey with an r2b-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus.a homozygous 24-bp deletion (delta24) was found in the cc chemokine receptor 5 (ccr5) of 11 out of 15 red-capped mangabeys (rcms), cercocebus torquatus torquatus, both in africa and in an american zoo. the ccr5 delta24 defect encompassed eight amino acids in frame in the fourth transmembrane region. unexpectedly, rcm-009, one of 11 homozygotes (delta24ccr5/ delta24ccr5), was found to be naturally infected with a divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strain, which was not r5-tropic, but u ...19989841919
vpx is required for dissemination and pathogenesis of siv(sm) pbj: evidence of macrophage-dependent viral amplification.the viral accessory protein vpx is required for productive in vitro infection of macrophages by simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey monkeys (siv(sm)). to evaluate the roles of vpx and macrophage infection in vivo, we inoculated pigtailed macaques intravenously or intrarectally with the molecularly cloned, macrophage tropic, acutely pathogenic virus siv(sm) pbj 6.6, or accessory gene deletion mutants (deltavpr or deltavpx) of this virus. both wild-type and siv(sm) pbj deltavpx virus ...19989846578
leprosy as a zoonosis: an update.naturally-acquired leprosy has been reported in nine-banded armadillos captured in the southern united states, a chimpanzee from sierra leone, and in two "sooty" mangabey monkeys from nigeria. a significant prevalence of leprosy in wild armadillos establishes this animal as a reservoir of m. leprae, and exposure to armadillos has been implicated as a source of leprosy in humans. current evidence suggests that leprosy is a zoonosis in certain nonhuman primate species. control and eradication prog ...19883051854
control mechanisms of virus replication in naturally sivsmm infected mangabeys and experimentally infected macaques.as a close cousin to asian macaques, the african sooty mangabey monkey, a species naturally infected with siv without ever developing disease, represents an intriguing and thought provoking model for the study of lentiviral infection and disease development. pursuant to our previous findings that documented the presence of high frequencies of cd8+ t-cells capable of inhibiting lentiviral replication in vitro via a soluble factor, the potential contribution of beta-chemokines and their receptor w ...199910203032
identification of multiple simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-specific ctl epitopes in sooty mangabeys with natural and experimentally acquired siv infection.host immune responses to siv infection in sooty mangabeys are likely to be an important determinant of how such nonhuman primate species maintain asymptomatic lentivirus infection. we have previously described two patterns of asymptomatic siv infection in sooty mangabeys: low viral loads with vigorous siv-specific ctl activity in sivmac239-infected sooty mangabeys, and high viral loads with generally weak or absent siv-specific ctl activity in naturally infected sooty mangabeys. to define the sp ...200010623842
normal t-cell turnover in sooty mangabeys harboring active simian immunodeficiency virus infection.sooty mangabeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) remain healthy though they harbor viral loads comparable to those in rhesus macaques that progress to aids. to assess the immunologic basis of disease resistance in mangabeys, we compared the effect of siv infection on t-cell regeneration in both monkey species. measurement of the proliferation marker ki-67 by flow cytometry showed that mangabeys harbored proliferating t cells at a level of 3 to 4% in peripheral blood ir ...200010627531
aids as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications.evidence of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection has been reported for 26 different species of african nonhuman primates. two of these viruses, sivcpz from chimpanzees and sivsm from sooty mangabeys, are the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in humans. together, they have been transmitted to humans on at least seven occasions. the implications of human infection by a diverse set of sivs and of exposure to a plethora of additional human immunodeficiency virus-related vir ...200010649986
simian immunodeficiency virus utilizes human and sooty mangabey but not rhesus macaque strl33 for efficient entry.it has been established that many simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) isolates utilize the orphan receptors gpr15 and strl33 about as efficiently as the chemokine receptor ccr5 for entry into target cells. most studies were performed, however, with coreceptors of human origin. we found that siv from captive rhesus macaques (sivmac) can utilize both human and simian ccr5 and gpr15 with comparable efficiencies. strikingly, however, only human strl33 (hustrl33), not rhesus macaque strl33 (rhstrl33) ...200010799581
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