| measurement of hemolytic complement and the third component of complement in nonhuman primates. | complement, determined by hemolytic assay, and the third component of complement (c3), determined by radial immunodiffusion assay, were measured in nine nonhuman primate species. the species studied were the titi (callicebus mollach). the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys), the thick-tailed galago or bushbaby (galago crassicaudatus panganiensis), the crab-eating monkey (macaca fascicularis), the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta), the bonnet monkey (macaca radiata), the stumptailed macaque (macaca spe ... | 1977 | 414024 |
| shared antigenic epitopes of the major core proteins of human and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates. | antigenic epitopes on the major core (gag) protein of isolates of simian and human immunodeficiency virus (siv and hiv) were compared using a panel of eleven mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that recognized nine distinct gag epitopes. viral isolates used for comparison were hiv-1iiib, hiv-2rod, and siv isolates from macaque (sivmac), sooty mangabey (sivsm-ucd), african green monkey (sivagm), and stump-tailed macaque (sivstm-ucd). the relatedness of the various hiv and siv isolates, as determin ... | 1992 | 1383547 |
| cloning and sequences of primate cd4 molecules: diversity of the cellular receptor for simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus. | to study the interaction between the primate lentiviruses simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the cd4 receptor we have cloned and sequenced the cd4 molecule from six non-human primate species: african green monkeys (three subspecies: sabeus, pytherethrus, aethiops), sooty mangabeys, patas monkeys, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and pig-tail macaques. molecular cdna clones representing cd4 mrna were generated from total rna from peripheral blood mononucle ... | 1992 | 1425921 |
| infection of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with a rapidly fatal siv (sivsmm/pbj) isolate from sooty mangabeys. | a variant of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsmm/pbj), isolated from a chronically infected pig-tailed macaque has been shown in previous studies to produce acutely fatal disease uniformly in pig-tailed macaques and in some rhesus macaques. the present study extends investigation of sivsmm/pbj pathogenesis in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. cynomolgus and rhesus macaques were found to be uniformly susceptible to infection, but as previously reported, the rhesus were found to not be uniform in t ... | 1992 | 1457209 |
| molecular clones from a non-acutely pathogenic derivative of sivsmmpbj14: characterization and comparison to acutely pathogenic clones. | molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency viruses capable of inducing acute, fatal disease in pig-tailed macaques had been derived previously from a biological clone (bcl-3) of the pbj14 isolate of siv from sooty mangabey monkeys (sivsmmpbj14). the present study was undertaken in order to characterize virus from a second biological clone of sivsmmpbj14, bcl-1, which fails to induce acute or fatal disease. polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify 5' and 3' viral genome halves. the dna seque ... | 1992 | 1503826 |
| relationship of neurologic status in macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus to cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid. | increased concentrations of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (quin) have been implicated in the neurologic deficits and brain atrophy that may accompany infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1. key neuropathologic features of the aids encephalitis are replicated in some macaques following infection with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). in the present studies, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) quin concentrations increased within 2 weeks following infection of 11 rhesus macaques (ma ... | 1992 | 1535532 |
| human infection by genetically diverse sivsm-related hiv-2 in west africa. | our understanding of the biology and origins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) derives from studies of cultured isolates from urban populations experiencing epidemic infection and disease. to test the hypothesis that such isolates might represent only a subset of a larger, genetically more diverse group of viruses, we used nested polymerase chain reactions to characterize hiv-2 sequences in uncultured mononuclear blood cells of two healthy liberian agricultural workers, from whom vi ... | 1992 | 1641038 |
| prevention of hiv-2 and sivsm infection by passive immunization in cynomolgus monkeys. | infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are useful models for studies of immunotherapy and vaccination against hiv as well as for testing of antiviral drugs. vaccine research showing protective immunity in immunized monkeys has indicated that it will be possible to develop a vaccine for prevention of human hiv infection, although many hurdles remain. the design of an hiv vaccine would be helped if the basis of the protective ... | 1991 | 1677743 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibodies that distinguish simian immunodeficiency virus isolates from each other and from human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against p27 and one against p17 of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from rhesus macaques were produced and characterized by reacting with disrupted, viral antigens on immunoblots. human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2 and siv isolates from sooty mangabey, stump-tailed macaque, rhesus macaque and african green monkey (sivsm, sivstm, sivmac and sivagm) were used for comparative analysis. the p27 monoclonal antibodies he3 and fa2 reacted with sivmac ... | 1990 | 1689369 |
| humoral response to siv/smm infection in macaque and mangabey monkeys. | natural infection of sooty mangabey monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus, designated siv/smm, results in long-term persistent infections with little or no disease. in contrast, experimental infection of macaques with isolates of siv/smm induces chronic and progressive disease that terminates in an aids-like illness and death in most animals. to determine whether antibodies might be important in preventing the development of disease in mangabeys or progression of disease in macaques, humora ... | 1990 | 1690284 |
| evolutionary origin of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | from what viruses the human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs) originated is an extremely controversial question. to address this question, we have analyzed nucleotide sequences of simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) and hivs by using the techniques for understanding molecular evolution. in particular, we compared the nucleotide sequences of whole genomes, gene region by gene region, between a given pair of viruses, including four types of sivs--isolated from mandrills (papio sphinx), african gr ... | 1990 | 1693430 |
| inhibition of siv/smm replication in vitro by cd8+ cells from siv/smm infected seropositive clinically asymptomatic sooty mangabeys. | several investigators have demonstrated the ability of cd8+ t cells from hiv-1 infected humans and siv infected rhesus macaques to inhibit viral replication in vitro. in this report we show that cd8+ cells from naturally siv infected sooty mangabeys also have the ability to inhibit viral replication in vitro. in addition, initial experiments which seek to elucidate the mechanism and antigen specificity of cd8-mediated suppression are described. | 1990 | 1700128 |
| genetic differences accounting for evolution and pathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus from a sooty mangabey monkey after cross-species transmission to a pig-tailed macaque. | we determined the nucleotide sequences of two related isolates of simian immunodeficiency virus from the sooty mangabey monkey (sivsmm) that exhibit dramatic differences in virulence. these isolates are separated by one experimental cross-species transmission, from sooty mangabey to pig-tailed macaque. the parental virus (sivsmm9), nonpathogenic in the original host (sooty mangabeys), causes a chronic aids-like disease in macaques. in contrast, the variant virus (sivsmmpbj14) induces an acute le ... | 1992 | 1727495 |
| siv from stump-tailed macaques: molecular characterization of a highly transmissible primate lentivirus. | over the past 6 years, simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) have been isolated from four distinct species of macaques (macaca mulatta, m. fascicularis, m. nemestrina, and m. arctoides) in captivity in the united states. however, the epidemiologic and genetic relationships among sivs from the four species are not well understood. siv from stump-tailed macaques (m. arctoides) (sivstm) is unusual in that it has been associated with outbreaks of infection characterized by aggressive spread within ... | 1992 | 1733112 |
| experimental borderline lepromatous leprosy with intraneural erythema nodosum leprosum in a mangabey monkey (cercocebus atys). | a sooty mangabey monkey (cercocebus atys) was inoculated with mycobacterium leprae and developed borderline lepromatous leprosy and intraneural erythema nodosum leprosum. previously studied mangabeys have developed only disseminated lepromatous leprosy without reactions. this case broadens the spectrum of leprosy seen in experimentally inoculated animals and further characterizes the nonhuman primate model of leprosy. | 1991 | 1802944 |
| isolation of a simian immunodeficiency virus related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from a west african pet sooty mangabey. | two of 25 healthy pet sooty mangabey (sm) monkeys (cercocebus atys) living in west africa were seropositive by immunoblot when surveyed for antibody to simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac). sivsmlib1 was isolated from one of the pet sooty mangabeys. nucleotide sequence data showed that this isolate is a member of the sivsm/human immunodeficiecy virus type 2 (hiv-2)/sivmac group of primate lentiviruses. furthermore, sequence comparisons revealed extensive genetic diversity among siv ... | 1991 | 1840620 |
| replication of an acutely lethal simian immunodeficiency virus activates and induces proliferation of lymphocytes. | a variant of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey monkeys (sivsmm), termed sivsmmpbj14, was previously identified and shown to induce acute disease and death within 1 to 2 weeks of inoculation of pig-tailed macaques and mangabey monkeys (p. n. fultz, h. m. mcclure, d. c. anderson, and w. m. switzer, aids res. hum. retroviruses 5:397-409, 1989). sivsmmpbj14 differed from its parent virus, sivsmm9, not only in pathogenicity but also in multiple in vitro properties. as a first approach ... | 1991 | 1870205 |
| a highly divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (sivstm) recovered from stored stump-tailed macaque tissues. | we report here the results of molecular analysis of a simian immunodeficiency virus (designated sivstm) which was isolated from a rhesus monkey inoculated with stored lymph node tissue of an asian stump-tailed macaque. the latter monkey had died in 1977 during an epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency and lymphoma at the california regional primate research center (l. j. lowenstine, n. w. lerche, p. a. marx, m. b. gardner, and n. c. pedersen, p. 174-176, in m. girard and l. valette, ed., retrovir ... | 1991 | 1942258 |
| sequence analysis and acute pathogenicity of molecularly cloned sivsmm-pbj14. | the pbj14 isolate of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey monkeys (sivsmm-pbj14) is the most acutely pathogenic primate lentivirus so far described, always causing fatal disease in pig-tailed macaques (macaca nemestrina) within 8 days of inoculation. as a first step in identifying viral genes and gene products that influence pathogenicity, the sivsmm-pbj14 genome was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction as 5' and 3' genomic halves of 5.1 and 5.8 kilobases, respectively, and mo ... | 1990 | 1971917 |
| sivsmm infection of macaque and mangabey monkeys: correlation between in vivo and in vitro properties of different isolates. | simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey monkeys (sivsmm), a lentivirus closely related to siv from macaques and the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), is pathogenic for various species of macaques but is nonpathogenic for mangabeys. comparison of in vivo and in vitro responses of macaques and mangabeys or their lymphocytes, respectively, to sivsmm infection indicated that lack of disease in mangabeys apparently was not due to effective control of virus expression by the immun ... | 1990 | 1980901 |
| geographically distinct isolates of mycobacterium leprae exhibit no genotypic diversity by restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis. | differentiation of microorganisms for taxonomic purposes is based primarily on phenotypic characteristics, which are the direct or cumulative result of gene expression. since expression of phenotypic characteristics usually relies on in vitro growth of a microorganism, non-cultivable organisms, such as mycobacterium leprae, present major problems for the identification of potential variants based on phenotypic similarities or differences between individual isolates. we have employed the use of r ... | 1990 | 1981802 |
| detection of occult simian immunodeficiency virus sivsmm infection in asymptomatic seronegative nonhuman primates and evidence for variation in siv gag sequence between in vivo- and in vitro-propagated virus. | polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to identify simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) sivsmm gag sequences in genomic dna isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from naturally infected asymptomatic seropositive and seronegative sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) and from experimentally infected but asymptomatic rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). the results indicate that most if not all siv-seronegative mangabeys from the colony at the yerkes primate center are in fact infected ... | 1991 | 2002546 |
| experimental onchocerca volvulus infections in mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) compared to infections in humans and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | three chimpanzees, three mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys), and 14 patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) were inoculated with l3 onchocerca volvulus of guatemalan origin. one chimpanzee and two mangabey monkeys developed antibody activity to at least three different antigens. both mangabey monkeys recognized a 20 kda antigen 3.5-5 months post-inoculation, and the monkeys and the chimpanzee developed antibody activity to 14 and 22 kda antigens 7.5-13 months post-inoculation. one mangabey monkey and ... | 1991 | 2012258 |
| transmission of retroviral infection by transfusion of seronegative blood in nonhuman primates. | techniques such as polyclonal b cell activation with pokeweed mitogen (pwm) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis have documented the existence of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-and human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seronegative but infected humans and nonhuman primates. to establish whether blood from such seronegative but pwm- and pcr-positive monkeys can transmit infection, naive macaques were transfused with whole blood (n = 2) or cultured cells and supernatant fluid (n = 2) fr ... | 1991 | 2037788 |
| naturally acquired and experimental leprosy in nonhuman primates. | naturally-acquired leprosy has been observed in chimpanzees and sooty mangabey monkeys. experimental multibacillary leprosy was established in 24 of 36 mangabey monkeys, 7 of 34 rhesus monkeys, and 15 of 19 african green monkeys following intravenous and intradermal inoculation of mycobacterium leprae. the experimental disease strongly resembles leprosy in humans clinically, histopathologically, and immunologically. thus, in addition to nine-banded armadillos in louisiana and texas, chimpanzees ... | 1991 | 2042709 |
| requirements for simian immunodeficiency virus antigen-specific in vitro proliferation of t cells from infected rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys. | the measurement of cell-mediated immunity against the etiologic agent of human aids (hiv) in the non-human primate model of aids (simian immunodeficiency virus, siv) has been difficult. in general, culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from hiv-1- and siv-infected humans and monkeys, respectively, with purified inactivated hiv and siv virus preparations has given inconsistent or negative proliferative responses. however, we describe herein an assay which consists of coculturing monocytes ... | 1990 | 2164818 |
| pathology of dual mycobacterium leprae and simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys. | three rhesus monkeys were experimentally inoculated with sooty-mangabey-derived mycobacterium leprae and were inadvertently infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) as well. they died of an immunodeficiency syndrome, and at autopsy all had lesions caused by m. leprae. one monkey was inoculated twice with m. leprae, initially with an inoculum from a sooty mangabey that was not infected with siv and, subsequently, with an inoculum from a mangabey that was siv infected. the monkey did ... | 1990 | 2165511 |
| prevalence of natural infection with simian immunodeficiency virus and simian t-cell leukemia virus type i in a breeding colony of sooty mangabey monkeys. | the seroprevalence of antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsmm) and simian t-cell leukemia virus type i (stlv-i) in a captive breeding colony of sooty mangabey monkeys was determined, and infection by sivsmm was confirmed in all cases by virus isolation. among 138 animals tested, 57 and 33% were infected with sivsmm and stlv-i, respectively. while the proportion of female mangabeys (66%) differed significantly (p less than 0.01) from the proportion of male mangabeys (42%) infected wit ... | 1990 | 2168716 |
| antibodies to lipoarabinomannan antigen in sooty mangabey monkeys experimentally inoculated with mycobacterium leprae. | igg and igm antibody levels to mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (lam) antigen were determined by elisa in eight sooty mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) prior to and at intervals after experimental inoculation with mycobacterium leprae. high levels of anti-lam igg were present before inoculation and increased thereafter in the five mangabeys that developed lepromatous (ll) forms of leprosy; lower levels of anti-lam igg were observed in two mangabeys that developed indeterminate leprosy and tuberc ... | 1990 | 2181045 |
| antibody-dependent enhancement of siv infection: further characterization and cross reactivity between macaque and sooty mangabey isolates. | plasma from four rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), of which two were experimentally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) isolate sivmac251, one with isolate sivsmf236, and another with a sivsmf236 molecular clone, sivsmh-4, enhanced sivmac infection of mt-2 cells. in addition to siv-positive plasma, infection-enhancement required complement, cd4, and cr2. titers of infection-enhancing antibodies appeared to correlate with disease progression. the mt-2/sivmac251 system should be ... | 1990 | 2231684 |
| glycosylation of the envelope glycoprotein gp130 of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys). | the envelope glycoprotein 130 ('130' referring to an mr of 130,000) of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys) (sivsm) was isolated from the cell-free supernatant of the sivsm-infected human t-cell line h9, metabolically labelled with d-[6-3h]glucosamine. after digestion with staphylococcus aureus v8 proteinase, radiolabelled n-glycans were liberated from resulting glycopeptides by sequential treatment with endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase h and peptide:n-glycosidase ... | 1990 | 2339985 |
| seroepidemiologic survey of captive old-world primates for antibodies to human and simian retroviruses, and isolation of a lentivirus from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys). | sera from 526 old-world monkeys and apes, representing 50 species and 20 genera and living in us zoos and vivaria, were screened for antibodies to htlv-i, htlv-iii/lav, and simian-aids retrovirus, type i (srv-i). sera were screened initially by elisa, and elisa-positive sera, as well as elisa-negative sera from cage contacts, were further tested by western blotting. a large number of false-positive and a small number of false-negative elisa sera were identified. although most true positive react ... | 1986 | 2428760 |
| serologic responses to mycobacterium leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid-i antigen in sooty mangabey monkeys with experimental leprosy. | four pairs of sooty mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) were inoculated with serial, 10-fold dilutions of mycobacterium leprae. the highest-dose pair received 4.8 x 10(10) m. leprae. serum samples were obtained and clinical signs of leprosy were recorded at intervals of 35 months. longitudinal serum samples were assayed by an elisa method for the presence of igg and igm antibodies to the m. leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid-i (pgl-i) antigen. in general, the onset of disease symptoms paralleled ... | 1988 | 2464657 |
| experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with siv isolated from african green monkeys. | to establish an animal model for aids, 6 juvenile rhesus monkeys were infected intravenously with cell-free sivagmtyo-1, 5, or 7. one animal was infected with siv of known pathogenicity isolated from a sooty mangabey (sivsmm). the 2 animals infected with tyo-1, 1 of 2 infected with tyo-7 and the 1 infected with sivsmm seroconverted within 4-8 weeks after infection and infectious virus could be recovered 8-10 or 44 weeks after infection. three of the 4 seroconverted monkeys developed a persistent ... | 1989 | 2540114 |
| interactions between simian immunodeficiency virus and mycobacterium leprae in experimentally inoculated rhesus monkeys. | thirty-four rhesus monkeys were inoculated with mycobacterium leprae inoculum isolated from sooty mangabey monkeys with leprosy. later it was learned that one of the m. leprae-donor mangabeys was asymptomatically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). thus, five of the rhesus monkey were coinoculated with m. leprae and siv. three of the five became siv-positive and developed signs of leprosy and an aids-like illness. two animals remained healthy. the coinoculated leprosy-positive rhe ... | 1989 | 2547881 |
| molecular cloning of siv from sooty mangabey monkeys. | we derived two infectious molecular clones of siv from sooty mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) and compared them by restriction enzyme mapping and limited dna sequencing to other known primate lentiviruses. these analyses show that sivsmm is closely related to, but distinct from, sivmac and hiv-2. our data suggest that sivmac may have been derived from sivsmm by cross-species transmission in captivity. | 1989 | 2547963 |
| behavioral and physiological response of juvenile sooty mangabeys to reunion with their mothers following a year's absence. | the return of 6 juvenile mangabey monkeys to their social group following an absence of a year resulted in increased basal cortisol secretion for both the offspring and the mothers and in significant decrements in the absolute number of lymphocyte subsets for the offspring. six 9-month-old sooty mangabeys were removed from their socially housed mothers, subsequently peer housed, and returned to the maternal social group 1 year later. offspring showed a significant increase in cortisol levels 24 ... | 1992 | 1487085 |
| activity patterns in a sooty mangabey group. | diurnal, temperature and weather influences on the activity profiles of a sooty mangabey group were compared to similar data previously reported for geladas and pigtail monkeys. distinct behavioral profiles for each group were obtained despite the near identity of living conditions. mangabey patterns in captivity appeared very similar to those reported for mangabeys in the wild. sexually dimorphic behavioral patterns were demonstrated as well as the independence of several social orders. infant ... | 1976 | 824181 |
| phenotypic and functional differences in nk and lak cells in the peripheral blood of sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques. | greater than 75% of the sooty mangabey monkeys at the yerkes regional primate research center are naturally infected with siv without any apparent clinical symptomology. on the other hand, experimental infection of rhesus macaques with siv results in a clinical syndrome similar to human aids. these differences with regard to siv infection prompted us to examine the natural immunosurveillance system of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from siv-infected and uninfected monkeys of these two ... | 1989 | 2553275 |
| genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus. | we have demonstrated that the genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys (sivagm) is much greater than that observed previously for individual hiv-1, hiv-2, or sivmac isolates. extensive genetic variation among sivagm isolates and the high prevalence of green monkey infection without disease suggest that the virus has been in the green monkey population for a long time. we have also demonstrated that siv from a sooty mangabey monkey (isolate smm-7) is closer to ... | 1989 | 2569537 |
| a highly divergent hiv-2-related isolate. | it has been suggested that the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus macaques (sivmac) evolved from the sooty mangabey virus sivsm (ref. 1). we now describe an hiv-2-related isolate, hiv-2-d205, from a healthy ghanaian woman that is genetically equidistant to the prototypic hiv-2 strains and to sivsm and sivmac. supported by the observation that hiv-2d205 differs in a step of envelope glycoprotein processing, our data indicate that it could ... | 1989 | 2594088 |
| identification and biologic characterization of an acutely lethal variant of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabeys (siv/smm). | a virus pool isolated from lymphoid tissue of a macaque (pbj) infected for 14 months with siv/smm was found to be associated with acute disease and death. six of six pig-tailed macaques, one of three rhesus macaques, and three of four siv/smm-seronegative mangabeys developed acute disease within 5 days and died from 7 to 13 days postinoculation; however, neither of two siv/smm-infected mangabeys died or developed disease. the virus associated with acute disease and death was shown by electron mi ... | 1989 | 2765298 |
| an african primate lentivirus (sivsm) closely related to hiv-2. | the ancestors of the human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) may have evolved from a reservoir of african nonhuman primate lentiviruses, termed simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv). none of the siv strains characterized so far are closely related to hiv-1. hiv-2, however, is closely related to siv (sivmac) isolated from captive rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). siv infection of feral asian macaques has not been demonstrated by serological surveys. thus, macaques may have acquired siv i ... | 1989 | 2786147 |
| sequence of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from a wild-caught african mandrill. | since the isolation of an hiv-2-related virus from captive macaques (sivmac), the origin of human immunodeficiency viruses, a much debated subject, has been attributed to monkeys. the sequence of sivagm, which is derived from a naturally infected african green monkey, shows equal relatedness to hiv-1 and hiv-2, suggesting that the derivation of these viruses from sivagm is unlikely. recent sequence analysis of siv from a captive sooty mangabey (sivmac), however, shows its close relatedness to hi ... | 1989 | 2797181 |
| serological and structural comparison of immunodeficiency viruses from man, african green monkey, rhesus monkey and sooty mangabey. | we have studied the serological relationship among the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), and three simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv). sivagm was isolated from african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops), and compared with the previously described isolates of sivmac from a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) and sivsm from a sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys). with respect to the glycoproteins, the simian viruses represent a subgroup apparently different from hiv. to classify hiv and ... | 1988 | 2844030 |
| animal models for hiv infection and aids: memorandum from a who meeting. | the human immunodeficiency virus is a member of the lentivirus subfamily of the retrovirus family. retroviruses are rna viruses which code for an rna-dependent dna polymerase (reverse transcriptase), which transcribes the rna genome into a dna provirus which, on integration with the host dna, directs the synthesis of new virions. the rna genome consists of a gag gene, which codes for the viral core proteins, a pol gene, which codes for the reverse transcriptase, an env gene, which codes for th ... | 1988 | 2850118 |
| isolation of an htlv-iii-related retrovirus from macaques with simian aids and its possible origin in asymptomatic mangabeys. | acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) has become a worldwide epidemic, so the development of vaccines and antiviral agents effective against the causative agent, human t-lymphotropic virus type iii (htlv-iii), is vital. this work would be greatly simplified if a suitable animal model could be developed. here we report the isolation of an htlv-iii-related retrovirus, stlv-iii/delta, from rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) with transmissible simian aids (saids) and from asymptomatic sooty manga ... | 1986 | 3012358 |
| transmissible lymphoma and simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in rhesus monkeys. | four rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were inoculated with a homogenate of a cutaneous lepromatous leprosy lesion from a mangabey monkey (cercocebus atys). one died of b-cell lymphoma, and another died of an immunodeficiency syndrome. cell suspensions prepared from the tumor and spleen of the monkey with lymphoma induced lymphoma or an immunodeficiency syndrome when inoculated into additional young rhesus monkeys. the immunodeficiency syndrome was similar to simian acquired immunodeficiency syndr ... | 1986 | 3014195 |
| isolation of a t-lymphotropic retrovirus from naturally infected sooty mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys). | healthy mangabey monkeys in a colony at the yerkes regional primate research center were found to be infected with a retrovirus related to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). virus was isolated from peripheral blood cells of 14 of 15 randomly selected mangabeys. all virus-positive animals had antibodies to the mangabey virus at the time of virus isolation and, in a retrospective study, 82% of mangabey serum samples obtained in 1981 had antibodies to the virus. the newly isolated retrovirus is (i ... | 1986 | 3014542 |
| leprosy as a zoonosis: an update. | naturally-acquired leprosy has been reported in nine-banded armadillos captured in the southern united states, a chimpanzee from sierra leone, and in two "sooty" mangabey monkeys from nigeria. a significant prevalence of leprosy in wild armadillos establishes this animal as a reservoir of m. leprae, and exposure to armadillos has been implicated as a source of leprosy in humans. current evidence suggests that leprosy is a zoonosis in certain nonhuman primate species. control and eradication prog ... | 1988 | 3051854 |
| cloning of htlv-4 and its relation to simian and human immunodeficiency viruses. | although much is now known of the strain variation among the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1), which is the cause of aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) in the united states, europe, and central africa, much less is yet known about a second group of viruses that have been found in west africans. one member of this group, named human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 4 (htlv-4), has been isolated from healthy senegalese. another is the virus isolated from west africans with aids-li ... | 1987 | 3104797 |
| seed-eating by west african cercopithecines, with reference to the possible evolution of bilophodont molars. | data on tooth use in eating fruits and seeds were collected on 12 west african monkeys representing five species of cercopithecines, cercopithecus aethiops, cercopithecus campbelli, cercocebus atys, erythrocebus patas, and papio papio. field observations and information in the published literature were used to select fruits for captive feeding trials. a total of over 27,000 tests were conducted to determine the preferences of the monkeys for 78 fruits. data were collected on the selection of fru ... | 1988 | 3364545 |
| a second sooty mangabey monkey with naturally acquired leprosy: first reported possible monkey-to-monkey transmission. | the existence of naturally acquired leprosy in a second sooty mangabey monkey has been documented. the disease has the clinical and histopathological characteristics of subpolar lepromatous leprosy (lls), and microbiological studies thus far confirm the etiologic agent as mycobacterium leprae. this mangabey had been housed in direct contact with the first mangabey in which naturally acquired leprosy was diagnosed in 1979. clinical symptoms appeared in the second mangabey in 1986, almost 7 years ... | 1988 | 3373087 |
| naturally acquired leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo: a decade of experience 1975-1985. | a decade has passed since our first report of naturally acquired leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo. our studies and those of others during this period confirm the identification of the etiologic agent as mycobacterium leprae. confirmation is based on the results of histopathologic examination and microbiologic evaluations that included attempts to culture the organism, flourescent antibody studies, mycolic acid analysis, and dna determinations demonstrating complete relatedness between the na ... | 1986 | 3534127 |
| sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from macaque and its relationship to other human and simian retroviruses. | because of the growing incidence of aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), the need for studies on animal models is urgent. infection of chimpanzees with the retroviral agent of human aids, the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), will have only limited usefulness because chimpanzees are in short supply and do not develop the disease. among non-human primates, both type d retroviruses and lentiviruses can be responsible for immune deficiencies. the d-type retroviruses, although important pat ... | 1987 | 3649576 |
| leprosy in a mangabey monkey--naturally acquired infection. | naturally acquired leprosy was detected in an otherwise normal "sooty" mangabey monkey (cercocebus atys). this animal was imported from west africa in 1975 and developed clinical symptoms of leprosy in 1979. histopathologic findings were those of subpolar-lepromatous to borderline-lepromatous leprosy in the ridley-jopling classification. the disease was progressive, with crippling neuropathic deformities of the hands and feet. the disease regressed under specific therapy. the etiologic agent was ... | 1985 | 3889184 |
| experimental leprosy in the mangabey (cercocebus atys): necropsy findings. | a mangabey monkey (cercocebus atys) was inoculated intravenously and intracutaneously with acid-fast bacilli (afb) from a mangabey with spontaneously acquired leprosy. it developed generalized lepromatous leprosy and died 46 months after inoculation. necropsy revealed severe lepromatous infiltrates in the skin, nasal mucosa, peripheral nerves, and testicles. internal organs were only minimally involved. the lesions seen at necropsy were very similar to those seen in untreated cases of human lepr ... | 1985 | 4020216 |
| [immediate and late effects of 17-beta-estradiol on prolactin in the mangabey]. | thirty seven mature mangabeys (cercocebus atys lunulatus), 33 females (5-6 kg) and 4 males (6-7 kg) received large doses of 17-beta-oestradiol by intravenous tracts (continued perfusion and single dose injection) and by subcutaneous implantation in a silastic tube. the cb 154 and trh tests under oestrogenic treatment were the object of an integrated study. all these experiments began 5 days after menstruation in the case of the females. the experiments were preceded, for each monkey, by a contro ... | 1985 | 4094439 |
| psorergatic mange in the sooty mangabey (cercocebus torquates atys) monkey. | | 1966 | 4225479 |
| physalopterid (abreviata poicilometra) infection in a sooty mangabey monkey. | | 1969 | 4240231 |
| coccidioidomycosis naturally acquired by a monkey, cercocebus atys, in davis, california. | | 1973 | 4634061 |
| developmental patterns of serum luteinizing hormone, gonadal and adrenal steroids in the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys). | serum levels of luteinizing hormone (lh), testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (dhas), androstenedione and cortisol were determined in multiple samples from 86 sooty mangabeys of varying ages (0-17 years). testosterone, androstenedione, dhas and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay; lh was determined by in vitro bioassay. serum lh concentrations were elevated in neonates (less than 6 months) and in animals older than 72 months of age. the higher lh levels were associated with incre ... | 1983 | 6220747 |
| effects of tactile and electrical stimuli upon release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the mammalian penis. | plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip) in the corpora cavernosa penis and dorsal penile veins greatly exceeded those measured in the limb or caudal veins during anaesthesia in various mammals (bennett's wallaby, barbary sheep, cheetah, puma, sooty mangabey, pigtail macaque and chimpanzee). tactile stimulation of the penis immediately before or during collection of blood samples resulted in an increase. in the wallaby, vip levels (mean +/- s.e.m.) in blood samples collected from ... | 1984 | 6420493 |
| the distribution of serum high density lipoprotein subfractions in non-human primates. | the ultracentrifugal flotation patterns in 1.2 g/ml solvent and ultracentrifugal gradient distribution of high density lipoproteins (hdl) from the primates--human, apes and monkeys--were determined, with emphasis on the gorilla species of apes and rhesus monkeys. diets for non-human primates were commercial chow, which is low in cholesterol. molecular weights and protein, cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride compositions of various density fractions were determined on human, gorilla and rh ... | 1984 | 6438429 |
| serum prolactin concentrations in mangabey (cercocebus atys lunulatus) and patas (erythrocebus patas) monkeys in response to stress, ketamine, trh, sulpiride and levodopa. | an homologous radioimmunoassay for human serum prolactin was validated to measure serum prolactin in 10 mangabey and 7 patas monkeys. mean basal levels of serum prolactin were almost identical in the males of both species and in immature and mature males. however, basal levels were higher in females than in males. serum prolactin was enhanced by stress, i.v. injection of trh and intramuscular injection of a potent dopamine antagonist (sulpiride). the rise in serum prolactin observed after i.m. i ... | 1981 | 6785431 |
| changes in concentrations of serum prolactin, fsh, oestradiol and progesterone and of the sex skin during the menstrual cycle in the mangabey monkey (cercocebus atys lunulatus). | daily blood samples were collected from 6 regularly menstruating mangabey monkeys. because serum lh could not be measured by a radioimmunoassay for human lh, day 0 was taken as the day of maximum serum oestradiol concentration. the hormone patterns were very similar to those of other cercopithecids and women. however, the peak of serum progesterone was lower in mangabeys than in women. there was no distinct peak of serum oestradiol during the luteal phase of mangabeys but the average levels were ... | 1981 | 6788948 |
| effects of cholesterol feeding on primate serum lipoproteins. iii. the change in high density lipoprotein components. | sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys) monkeys had a lower serum hdl cholesterol concentration than any other old world monkey species reported. in addition, they had a higher serum lp(a) concentration than other species. the mangabeys were fed a cholesterol-fat diet for 5 weeks. hdl2 and hdl3 amounts were determined from the two peaks apparent upon analytical ultracentrifugation. in the first 1-3 weeks, 13 of the 14 mangabeys increased 30% (mean) in total hdl, this increase occurring only in the hdl2 ... | 1983 | 6860320 |
| experimental leprosy in monkeys. ii. longitudinal serological observations in sooty mangabey monkeys. | in this study, 11 smm were grouped and inoculated with differing doses of smm-origin mycobacterium leprae (ml) between 4.5 x 10(8) and 1 x 10(9) by either combined iv/ic routes or by iv or ic route alone. the combined route was the most effective in eliciting progressive, disseminated ll leprosy. in all, 6 of 7 smm inoculated by the combined routes developed leprosy requiring treatment at some point. only 1 of 4 inoculated by a single route developed persisting leprosy requiring chemotherapy. ei ... | 1995 | 7637522 |
| experimental leprosy in monkeys. i. sooty mangabey monkeys: transmission, susceptibility, clinical and pathological findings. | a total of 31 sooty mangabey monkeys (smm) (cercocebus torquatus atys) inoculated by various routes with differing numbers of smm-origin mycobacterium leprae (ml) and 4 smm inoculated with human-origin ml were observed for 4-12 years. smm-origin ml was more pathogenic in smm than human-origin ml. the spectrum of disease ranged from indeterminate to borderline and lepromatous in different animals. some animals developed pure neural leprosy. erythema nodosum leprosum (snl) was also observed. combi ... | 1995 | 7637533 |
| international collaboration comparing neutralization and binding assays for monoclonal antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus. | thirteen laboratories characterized a coded panel of 10 mabs to sivmac251 envelope protein in a collaboration organized by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases (niaid). the mabs were examined against siv isolates in neutralization and radioimmune precipitation, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and radioimmune assays. although laboratories employed diverse neutralization assays that varied in sensitivity there was agreement on the relative ability of the mabs to neutr ... | 1993 | 7686385 |
| onchocerca volvulus: parasitologic and serologic responses in experimentally infected chimpanzees and mangabey monkeys. | six chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and six mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) were inoculated with onchocerca volvulus third-stage larvae (l3) of west african origin. two chimpanzees each received 200, 300, or 400 l3, while three mangabeys each received either 50 or 250 l3. all six chimpanzees became microfilaria positive between 11 and 25 months postinoculation (pi), while two of the six mangabeys were skin-snip positive at 24 and 37 months pi, respectively. all chimpanzees developed antibodies ... | 1995 | 7729480 |
| [aids. hypothesis on the origin and emergence of hiv]. | cross-species transfer of simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv) may occur accidentally. this transfer, with the possible exception of the virus of the sooty mangabey monkey, leads to a biological dead-end. thus, only serial passages of the virus from man to man, through blood inoculation, could explain its progressive evolution from siv to hiv. such an artificial cycle may have been initiated, in the 1910s, following the introduction of syringes and needles into the region of the african great l ... | 1995 | 7787456 |
| isolation of simian immunodeficiency viruses from two sooty mangabeys in côte d'ivoire: virological and genetic characterization and relationship to other hiv type 2 and sivsm/mac strains. | to search for the presence of siv in sooty mangabeys and other monkey species in côte d'ivoire, west africa, and to compare viral isolates with hiv-2 strains from the same region. | 1994 | 7848684 |
| the u3 promoter region of the acutely lethal simian immunodeficiency virus clone smmpbj1.9 confers related biological activity on the apathogenic clone agm3mc. | infection with the acutely pathogenic molecular virus clone sivsmmpbj1.9, cloned from isolate pbj14 of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from sooty mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys), leads to acute viral and often lethal disease within days or weeks. sivsmmpbj1.9 has the unique property of replicating in nonstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pig-tailed macaques. in contrast, molecular virus clone sivagm3mc of siv from african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops), which is ap ... | 1995 | 7877983 |
| molecular and biological analyses of quasispecies during evolution of a virulent simian immunodeficiency virus, sivsmmpbj14. | a prototypic simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsmm9), isolated from a naturally infected sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys), was passaged in vivo in a pig-tailed macaque (macaca nemestrina) having the identifier pbj. when pbj died of a typical aids-like syndrome 14 months after infection, the virus isolated from its tissues was subsequently shown to differ from sivsmm9 genetically and biologically. most notably, this isolate, sivsmmpbj14 (siv-pbj14), is the most virulent primate lentivirus known: ... | 1995 | 7884848 |
| genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence for distinct sequence subtypes with differences in virus biology. | the virulence properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are known to vary significantly and to range from relative attenuation in certain individuals to high-level pathogenicity in others. these differences in clinical manifestations may, at least in part, be determined by genetic differences among infecting virus strains. evaluation of the full spectrum of hiv-2 genetic diversity is thus a necessary first step towards understanding its molecular epidemiology, natural history of ... | 1994 | 7933127 |
| viral genetic determinants in sivsmmpbj pathogenesis. | a variant simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from sooty mangabeys, sivsmmpbj, induces an acutely lethal disease in pigtailed macaques (macaca nemestrina). this study further characterizes the viral genetic determinants involved in this acutely lethal disease. we have generated chimeric molecular clones constructed between sivsmmpbj and either sivsmh4 or sivsmm9 to analyze the role of the 5' half of the genome and the envelope gene in the induction of acute disease. these studies suggest that th ... | 1994 | 7966228 |
| mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from west african green monkeys. | elucidation of the phylogenetic origins of simian and human immunodeficiency viruses (siv and hiv) is fundamental to the understanding of hiv pathogenesis and the spread of aids worldwide. in this study, we molecularly characterized multiple sivagm isolates from four different african green monkey species (vervet, grivet, sabaeus and tantalus monkeys). phylogenetic analysis of partial (1 kb) env sequences indicated that all sivagm strains cluster together, and that they fall into four distinct s ... | 1994 | 8026477 |
| genetic analysis and molecular phylogeny of simian t-cell lymphotropic virus type i: evidence for independent virus evolution in asia and africa. | type c retroviruses, designated simian t-cell lymphotropic virus type i (stlv-i), have been isolated from several genera of old world monkeys and apes, but not from new world monkeys and prosimians. to determine the genomic diversity and molecular evolution of stlv-i and to clarify their genetic relationship to human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i), we enzymatically amplified, then directly sequenced selected regions of the gag, pol, env, and px genes of stlv-i strains from asia and af ... | 1994 | 8116255 |
| biphasic in vitro regulation of retroviral replication by cd8+ cells from nonhuman primates. | cd8+ t cells from naturally infected disease-resistant sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) secrete a soluble factor which inhibits the in vitro replication of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). to gain further insight on the mechanism(s) involved, cd8+ effector t cells and target cells from sooty mangabeys were immortalized and cloned. the target cells were then stably transfected with an siv-ltr-cat construct or with the parental cat plasmid as a control. a quantitative rt-pcr method, provi ... | 1994 | 8158536 |
| evidence for simian immunodeficiency virus-specific igm and igg response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-negative nonhuman primates. | in vitro polyclonal activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from 70% of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) serum enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (elisa)-negative sooty mangabeys leads to synthesis and release of low but significant and reproducible levels of siv-reactive antibodies, as determined by elisa and western blot analysis. the predominant isotype of siv-reactive antibodies in the pokeweed mitogen (pwm) supernatant fluids from serum elisa-negative mangabeys is ig ... | 1994 | 8176639 |
| serologic responses to nerve antigens in sooty mangabey monkeys with experimental leprosy. | eight sooty mangabey monkeys were inoculated intravenously and intradermally with varying doses of mycobacterium leprae from 4.8 x 10(7) to 4.8 x 10(10). serum samples were obtained from the animals at intervals of about 3 months for 90 months, and were examined for igm and igg antibodies to nerve antigens, including ceramide, galactocerebroside (gc), and asialo-gm1 (agm1), using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the serological results were then compared with clinical findings, part ... | 1993 | 8371033 |
| a distinct african lentivirus from sykes' monkeys. | asymptomatic infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been demonstrated in african sykes' monkeys (cercopithecus mitis albogularis), and virus isolation confirmed infection with a novel siv from sykes' monkeys (sivsyk). macaques inoculated with sivsyk became persistently infected but remained clinically healthy. we utilized polymerase chain reaction amplification to generate a full-length, infectious molecular clone of sivsyk. the genome organization of sivsyk is similar to that of ... | 1993 | 8382307 |
| inhibition of cellular activation of retroviral replication by cd8+ t cells derived from non-human primates. | to test the hypothesis that cd8+ t cells inhibit viral replication at the level of cellular activation, an epstein-barr virus (ebv)-transformed cell line (fec1) from a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-seropositive sooty mangabey monkey was transfected with a human cd4 gene and shown to be replication-competent for hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv. utilizing a dual-chamber culture system, it was found that inhibition of viral replication can be mediated by a soluble factor. the fec1 cell line was transien ... | 1993 | 8383022 |
| rates of amino acid change in the envelope protein correlate with pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses. | a spectrum of pathogenicity has been observed for primate lentiviruses in their natural hosts. for example, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is a potent etiologic agent for aids in man, whereas there is no evidence to date which indicates that simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys (sivagm) causes immunodeficiency in agm. we measured the relative rates of amino acid change, as the ratio of the number of nonsynonymous to synonymous (silent) nucleotide substitutions, f ... | 1993 | 8395604 |
| a simple method to distinguish between simian immunodeficiency virus isolates by restriction analysis of pcr products. | a simple method to distinguish between simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) isolates of experimentally infected rhesus macaques is reported. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were prepared from a rhesus macaque infected with sivstm isolated originally from a stump-tailed macaque, or from a rhesus monkey infected with sivsm from a sooty mangabey monkey. pbmc were cocultivated with cem x 174 cells and a region of the siv envelope (env) gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (pc ... | 1993 | 8397819 |
| isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus from african white-crowned mangabey monkeys (cercocebus torquatus lunulatus). | forty-eight of 236 sera from seven species of african non-human primates in kenya, including those of white-crowned mangabey monkeys (cercocebus torquatus lunulatus) had antibodies to simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). isolates of simian lentivirus were obtained from seropositive white-crowned mangabey monkeys which are indigenous in west africa. this virus, designated as sivwcm, appeared morphologically similar to hiv by electron microscopy, showed mg(2+)-dependent reverse transcriptase ac ... | 1993 | 8470959 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus variants: threat of new lentiviruses. | infection in humans with the lentivirus hiv-1 typically results in the development of a chronic disease state characterized by the slow decline of cd4+ lymphocytes, the development of immunosuppression, and the development of opportunistic infections, ultimately leading to death. although the average course of disease runs approximately 10 years, shorter and longer progression times have been noted. these alterations are presumed to be, at least partially, a factor of viral variation. the simian ... | 1996 | 8571984 |
| genetic characterization of new west african simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm: geographic clustering of household-derived siv strains with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop. | it has been proposed that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) that are natural infections of sooty mangabeys (cercocebus torquatus atys). to test this hypothesis, sivs from eight sooty mangabeys, including six new viruses from west africa, were genetically characterized. gag and env sequences showed that while the viruses of all eight sooty mangabeys belonged to the sivsm/hiv-2 family, each was widely divergent from sivs found earlie ... | 1996 | 8648696 |
| phylogeny and natural history of the primate lentiviruses, siv and hiv. | studies of primate lentivirus phylogeny over the past decade have established a minimum of five related, but genetically distinct, groups of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), each originating from a different african primate species. the hypothesis that hiv-2 (and sivmac) arose by cross-species transmission from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys has been strengthened by a more detailed characterization of the sivsm/sivmac/hiv-2 group of viruses. siv from all four subspecies of african green mo ... | 1995 | 8745080 |
| cross-species transmission and recombination of 'aids' viruses. | acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is caused by two different human immunodeficiency viruses, hiv-1 and hiv-2. closely related viruses (sivs) are found in many species of non-human primates. phylogenetic analyses indicate that cross-species transmission events have been quite frequent. both hiv-1 and hiv-2 appear to have resulted from multiple transfers of lentiviruses naturally infecting other primates; the source of hiv-2 appears to have been sooty mangabeys, whereas for hiv-1 the sour ... | 1995 | 8748018 |
| isolation and characterization of the first simian immunodeficiency virus from a feral sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys) in west africa. | the lineage of hiv-2-like viruses was studied in feral sooty mangabeys (sms) by serological and genetic methods. four feral sooty mangabeys were positive for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) antibodies and a new isolate, sivsmsl92a, was obtained. genetic analysis of gag genes showed that sivsmsl92a was highly diverse and a distinct sequence subtype within the siv sm/hiv-2 family. the results showed that sivsm is the most diverse group of sivs found thus far in a single monkey species. | 1995 | 8751049 |
| immunological and virological studies of natural siv infection of disease-resistant nonhuman primates. | nonhuman primates naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), while maintaining chronic viremia, do not develop any disease associated with lentiviral infection. thus they provide a unique model to define the mechanism(s) by which they remain infected but disease-resistant. the purpose of this article is to summarize our current knowledge of the virological and immunological studies that have been performed in sooty mangabeys naturally infected with sivsmm and in disease-suscept ... | 1996 | 8811346 |
| broad cross-neutralizing activity in serum is associated with slow progression and low risk of transmission in primate lentivirus infections. | sera from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2)-infected humans were tested with autologous (from the same individual) and heterologous (from other individuals) virus isolates in a neutralization assay. similarly, sera from experimentally simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm from sooty mangabey) or hiv-2sbl6669-infected cynomolgus macaques were tested for neutralizing activity against autologous and heterologous reisolates. in the neutralization assay, the virus dose r ... | 1996 | 8811351 |
| rna splice site utilization by simian immunodeficiency viruses derived from sooty mangabey monkeys. | alternative splicing of the full-length, primary transcript into numerous subgenomic mrnas is one way that lentiviral gene expression is regulated. because the behaviors of different viral isolates might reflect in part differences in splicing, we investigated the patterns of splice site utilization by simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs)-originally isolated from sooty mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), molecular cloning, and dn ... | 1996 | 8862432 |
| the history of simian aids. | retrospective data indicate that two separate outbreaks of simian aids and associated lymphoma were caused by simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac and sivstm, respectively) in group-housed macaques at the california regional primate research center (crprc) in the early and mid-1970s. because these epizootics were not then recognized as infectious in nature, surviving healthy siv carriers were sent to other primate centers where they transmitted the viruses to resident macaques. the source of si ... | 1996 | 8892035 |
| detection of intracellular signal transduction molecules in pbmc from rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys. | one of the manifestations of human hiv-1 and nonhuman primate siv infection that lead to disease is reasoned to be secondary to generalized t-cell dysfunction. the molecular mechanisms associated with the t-cell dysfunction remain to be elucidated. to address this issue, we sought to utilize the nonhuman primate model to study intracellular signaling events in cells from disease-susceptible rhesus macaques and disease-resistant sooty mangabeys. because relatively little is known about these even ... | 1996 | 8892042 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) seroprevalence and characterization of a distinct hiv-2 genetic subtype from the natural range of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected sooty mangabeys. | the extent of zoonotic infections in rural sierra leone, where both feral and pet sooty mangabeys harbor divergent members of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-sooty mangabey simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm) family, was tested in blood samples collected from 9,309 human subjects in 1993. using hiv-1- and hiv-2-specific enzyme immunoassays and confirmatory western blot analysis to test for antibodies to sivsm-related lentiviruses, we found only nine subjects (0.096%) who tested ... | 1997 | 9094672 |
| conservation and host specificity of vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest suggest a fundamental role in primate lentivirus evolution and biology. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpr protein prevents infected cells from passing through mitosis by arresting them in the g2 phase of the cell cycle. vpr is conserved among all primate lentiviruses, suggesting an important role in the virus life cycle. moreover, in this study we show that the ability to cause cell cycle arrest is also conserved in vpr proteins from a wide variety of both tissue culture-passaged and uncultured human (hiv-1 and hiv-2), sooty mangabey (simian immuno ... | 1997 | 9151821 |
| uracil dna glycosylase specifically interacts with vpr of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabeys, but binding does not correlate with cell cycle arrest. | the vpr protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is important for growth of virus in macrophages and prevents infected cells from passing into mitosis (g2 arrest). the cellular target for these functions is not known, but vpr of hiv-1 and the related vpr from simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabeys (siv(sm)) bind the dna repair enzyme ung, while the vpx protein of siv(sm) does not. nonetheless, a mutational analysis of vpr showed that binding to ung is neither nece ... | 1997 | 9151883 |