| [infection of alouatta carayá (mono aullador) by junín virus]. | | 1978 | 98811 |
| [infection of new world primates with junin virus. i. alouatta carayá]. | | 1978 | 105225 |
| oncornavirus particles in lymphoid cultures from a howler monkey with herpesvirus saimiri-induced disease. | budding and extracellular oncornavirus particles were observed in cells of lymphoid cultures derived from the spleen, lymph node, and blood of a howler monkey (alouatta caraya) that developed a malignant lymphoproliferative disease after infection with herpesvirus saimiri. the various possible sources of origin of these particles are discussed. | 1976 | 187783 |
| herpesvirus saimiri-induced lymphoproliferative disease in howler monkeys. | four of 5 howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) experimentally infected with herpesvirus saimiri (hvs) developed a rapidly fatal malignant lymphoma accompanied by peripheral t-cell lymphocytosis. hvs was isolated from fresh and tissue cultured blood and tissue lymphocytes and from cell cultures derived from nonlymphoid organs. humoral antibodies against hvs-induced antigens were detected in the sera of the animals. the in vitro response of the peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulants was ... | 1977 | 195067 |
| repeated sedation of the howler monkey (alouatta caraya) with ketamine hydrochloride. | | 1978 | 416291 |
| in vitro survival of howler monkey (alouatta caraya) and other simian lymphocytes. | lymphoid cell cultures from normal howler monkey (alouatta caraya) lymph nodes or peripheral blood were found to survive for over four months. several-fold increase in cell numbers occurred during the first two months of culture. the cells were predominantly of t-cell origin. herpes or c-type virus or viral genomes were not detected in these lymphoid type cultures. | 1976 | 826637 |
| [characteristics of the absorption surface of the intestinal epithelium of alouatta caraya]. | electron microscopy of the absorption surface of the jejunal epithelium of the howler monkey alouatta caraya showed the presence of core filaments implanted at the level of the terminal web in the microvilli. these microvilli are 5 to 7 mum long and up to 5 mum thick, their extraordinary development is attributed to a conditioned adaptation of the species to its feeding habits and nature of absorption. | 1976 | 828283 |
| drinking behavior in the black howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | | 1992 | 1612535 |
| eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to angiostrongylus cantonensis as the cause of death in captive non-human primates. | fatal eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to angiostrongylus cantonensis is reported in captive non-human primates. a howler monkey (alouatta caraya) at the audubon park and zoological gardens, new orleans, la, died 21 days after initial clinical symptoms. a white-handed gibbon (hylobates lar) died at the ardastra gardens and zoo, nassau, bahamas, 17 days after onset of symptoms. both had access to free-ranging gastropods within the zoos. these are the first reported cases of natural infection ... | 1990 | 2301708 |
| human occlusofacial form commonality: race-related traits, ontogeny, paedomorphism, and functional correlates. | previous cephalometric studies of occlusofacial angular and metric data show small variability within and between population samples of caucasian children and adults. comparable results were obtained by use of standardized x-ray cephalometry and direct craniometric measurements of skulls of mature specimens of alouatta caraya and cebus capucinus. these data measure facial and occlusofacial form and form relationships. identical measuring techniques are applied to compare data derived from headpl ... | 1989 | 2929735 |
| experimental technique for the conservation of private lands. | a community-based sanctuary for the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) has been established on 18 square miles of riverine forest along the belize river, belize. it is based on voluntary signed pledges by subsistence farmers to abide by management plans for their lands. conservation-education programs which impact favorably on the villagers are being carried out. | 1988 | 3184168 |
| [simian malaria in the state of goiãs, brazil: findings of alouatta caraya monkeys infected with plasmodium brazillianum]. | | 1973 | 4200148 |
| spontaneous coronary lesions in howler monkeys (alouatta caraya). | | 1968 | 4232394 |
| blood clotting in the howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | | 1968 | 4233371 |
| a subcutaneous abscess associated with salmonella typhimurium in a black howler monkey (alouatta villosa). | | 1971 | 4329305 |
| hematologic values of the black spider monkey (ateles fusciceps), red spider monkey (ateles geoffroyi), white face monkey (cebus capucinus), and black howler monkey (alouatta villosa). | | 1971 | 4329310 |
| prenatal dental development in the black howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | | 1973 | 4632074 |
| postnatal changes in the aorta of howler monkeys (alouatta caraya). | | 1966 | 4955012 |
| growth of the lens in howler monkeys (alouatta caraya). | | 1966 | 4955606 |
| occlusofacial relationships in the mature howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | | 1966 | 4957120 |
| the chromosome complement of the howler monkey (alouatta caraya, humboldt 1812). | | 1966 | 4959870 |
| the population characteristics of howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) in northern argentina. | | 1966 | 4960172 |
| odontometric characteristics of the howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | | 1967 | 4964189 |
| the functional anatomy of the lower limb of the howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | | 1968 | 4970511 |
| functional and phylogenetic significance of integrated growth and form in occluding monkey canine teeth (alouatta caraya and macaca mulatta). | | 1968 | 4970939 |
| plasmodium falciparum infection induced in the black spider monkey, ateles fusciceps, and black howler monkey, alouatta villosa. | | 1970 | 4986058 |
| [disease reservoirs and wild vectors of trypanosoma cruzi. xlii. natural infection of the monkey, alouatta caraya (humboldt, 1812) by t. cruzi]. | | 1970 | 4991071 |
| aortic atherosclerosis in free-ranging howler monkeys (alouatta caraya). | | 1965 | 5839860 |
| seminoma in a howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | | 1966 | 5949573 |
| aortic mediocalcinosis in a howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | | 1966 | 6006014 |
| dissecting aneurysm of the aorta in a howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | | 1966 | 6007205 |
| naturally occurring atherosclerosis in howler monkeys (alouatta caraya). | | 1966 | 6008954 |
| [infection of new world primates with junín virus. iv. aotus trivirgatus]. | owl monkeys (aotus trivirgatus) were inoculated with xj, a pathogenic strain of junin virus, seeking new animal models for argentine hemorrhagic fever. nine monkeys were inoculated intramuscularly with 30 or 300,000 tcid50 of junin virus. hematological and virological studies showed no alteration in blood elements such as red cell, reticular cell and platelets, up to 28 days after inoculation. hemoglobin and hematocrit determinations also remained constant. however, significant neutropenia was s ... | 1983 | 6101070 |
| locomotion of black howlers in a habitat with discontinuous canopy. | the locomotor behaviour of howler monkeys (genus alouatta) has been the subject of several detailed field studies [1-6]. this paper describes the locomotor behaviour of black howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) living in a small area of forested habitat characterized by a discontinuous canopy. | 1995 | 7665122 |
| allomaternal care in the black howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | | 1993 | 8188120 |
| feeding postures in the black howler monkey, alouatta caraya. | | 1993 | 8225122 |
| feeding on a marsh-living herbaceous plant by black howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) in central brazil. | | 1995 | 8707230 |
| genetic diversity in black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) from belize. | to assess the level of genetic variation in a threatened black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) population, we examined 36 allozyme loci and restriction fragment profiles of mitochondrial dna (mtdna). mean heterozygosity at allozyme loci was only 0.021 and 5.6 percent of the loci were polymorphic. analyses of mtdna also revealed low genetic diversity compared with other primates. f-statistics revealed no significant genetic heterogeneity among troops within the bermudian landing preserve, but did ... | 1997 | 9098502 |
| revised karyotype of alouatta caraya (primates: platyrrhini) based on synaptonemal complex and banding analyses. | most primates studied have the usual xx/xy sex-chromosome system. however, exceptions to this rule among howler monkeys have been suggested by several authors. recently a quadrivalent was discovered in male meiosis of alouatta caraya and it was established that this species has an x1x2y1y2 sex chromosome system. on that basis, a cytogenetic analysis of 25 males of this species is described, showing the corrected karyotype of this species. each chromosome involved in the particular sex-chromosome ... | 1998 | 9602537 |
| feeding ecology of the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) in northern belize. | we studied the feeding ecology of the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) from march 1994 to april 1995 in the community baboon sanctuary in northern belize, central america. activity and diet composition were recorded using continuous focal animal sampling. diet composition was compared with the relative abundance of plant parts eaten by the howlers within the study site. the study animals spent an average of 24.4% of their time feeding, 61.9% resting, and approximately 9.8% traveling. in cont ... | 1998 | 9651649 |
| effects of black howler monkey (alouatta caraya) seed ingestion on insect larvae. | fig (ficus monckii) and laurel (ocotea puberula) seeds were obtained from alouatta caraya feces (ingested seeds) and from trees (noningested) in northeastern argentina. seeds were examined to detect the presence (infested) or absence (noninfested) of larvae. sixty percent (n = 315) of noningested fig seeds were galls with insect larvae inside, while 23% (n = 331) were encountered in the ingested group. eighty-two percent (n = 28) of noningested laurel seeds were infested, and only 19% (n = 63) o ... | 1998 | 9702285 |
| behavioral thermoregulation in a sexually and developmentally dichromatic neotropical primate, the black-and-gold howling monkey (alouatta caraya). | behavioral thermoregulation in primates may provide a means for the conservation of heat during periods of low ambient temperature and/or food shortage as well as a way to dissipate heat under hot conditions. this article focuses on behavioral thermoregulation in a sexually dichromatic primate, the black-and-gold howling monkey (alouatta caraya). two models have been proposed to explain the evolution of sexual dichromatism in this species: thermoregulation and sexual selection. five hypotheses a ... | 1998 | 9712481 |
| group size and population density of the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) in muchukux forest, quintana roo, mexico. | | 1998 | 9751828 |
| [prevalence of flavivirus antibodies in alouatta caraya primate autochthonous of argentina]. | flavivirus constitute a human health problem in our country. primates are known to participate in the maintenance of dengue and yellow fever viruses. however, these animals play a role which still remains to be determined in the maintenance of other viruses with potential pathogenicity for human beings and/or animals. detección of antibodies was performed for different flavivirus in 105 sera samples of alouatta caraya primates by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. the neutralization (nt) ... | 2000 | 11050814 |
| germination of seeds from three species dispersed by black howler monkeys (alouatta caraya). | | 2000 | 11093038 |
| conservation of absolute foveal area in new world monkeys. a constraint on eye size and conformation. | the foveal specializations of five new world monkeys, the marmoset, callithrix jacchus; the golden-handed tamarin, saguinus midas niger; the squirrel monkey, saimiri ustius; the capuchin monkey, cebus apella; and the howler monkey, alouatta caraya were compared. although retinal area varies by over a factor of two in these monkeys, the area of the fovea does not covary with retinal area and remains approximately the same absolute size, as measured by the dimensions of the high density region of ... | 2000 | 11251320 |
| characterizing the reproductive physiology of the male southern black howler monkey, alouatta caraya. | limited reproductive data are available for any species of howler monkey, including those listed as threatened (alouatta pigra) and endangered (a. palliata) by the convention on international trade in endangered species status (cites) report. the southern black howler monkey (a. caraya) is being considered as a model species to develop assisted reproductive technology (art) for vulnerable howler species. specific objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of 1) time of year on ejaculat ... | 2001 | 11330639 |
| meiosis and chromosome painting of sex chromosome systems in ceboidea. | the identity of the chromosomes involved in the multiple sex system of alouatta caraya (aca) and the possible distribution of this system among other ceboidea were investigated by chromosome painting of mitotic cells from five species and by analysis of meiosis at pachytene in two species. the identity of the autosome #7 (x2) involved in the multiple system of aca and its breakage points were demonstrated by both meiosis and chromosome painting. these features are identical to those described by ... | 2001 | 11376445 |
| survey of the black howler monkey, alouatta pigra, population at the mayan site of palenque, chiapas, mexico. | a survey of the population of the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) present at the mayan site of palenque was conducted during 2000. a total of 911 man/hours, spread over 112 days were spent surveying the 600 ha area of pristine forest at the site for howler troops. we detected the presence of 136 individuals of which 131 were members of 20 troops, the rest were 3 solitary adult males and 2 adult males travelling as a pair. ecological density was estimated at 23 individuals/km(2). mean troop ... | 2002 | 12091747 |
| population of the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) in a fragmented landscape in palenque, chiapas, mexico. | little is known about the population characteristics of alouatta pigra under conditions of forest fragmentation-information that is important to understanding its tolerance to habitat loss. in this work we present data on forest loss and on troop size, age, and sex composition for a population of black howler monkeys existing in the fragmented landscape surrounding the mayan site of palenque, chiapas, mexico. two aerial photos (1:70,000) of the study area (261 km(2)) taken in 1984 and 2001 were ... | 2002 | 12386913 |
| molecular systematics and biogeography of the neotropical monkey genus, alouatta. | we take advantage of the broad distribution of howler monkeys from mexico to argentina to provide a historical biogeographical analysis on a regional scale that encompasses the entire neotropics. the phylogenetic relationships among 9 of the 10 recognized alouatta species were inferred using three mitochondrial and two nuclear genes. the nuclear gene regions provided no phylogenetic resolution among howler monkey species, and were characterized by very low levels of sequence divergence between a ... | 2003 | 12470939 |
| ticks (acari: ixodidae) on wild animals from the porto-primavera hydroelectric power station area, brazil. | from june 2000 to june 2001, a total of 741 ticks were collected from 51 free-living wild animals captured at the porto-primavera hydroelectric power station area, located alongside an approximately 180 km course of the paran river, between the states of s o paulo and mato grosso do sul, comprising 9 species of 3 genera: ambly-omma (7 species), boophilus (1) and anocentor (1). a total of 421 immature amblyomma ticks were reared in laboratory until the adult stage, allowing identification of the ... | 2003 | 12563479 |
| isolations of yellow fever virus from haemagogus leucocelaenus in rio grande do sul state, brazil. | following howling monkey (alouatta caraya) deaths and yellow fever (yf) antigen detection by immunohistochemistry in the liver sample of a dead monkey in april and may 2001 in the municipalities of garruchos and santo antônio das missões, rio grande do sul state, brazil, epidemiological field investigations were initiated. two strains of yf virus were isolated in suckling mice from 23 haemagogus (conopostegus) leucocelaenus dyar & shannon mosquitoes collected from the study sites. the yf virus w ... | 2003 | 12892055 |
| brain expansion and comparative prenatal ontogeny of the non-hominoid primate cranial base. | the basicranium is the keystone of the primate skull, and understanding its morphological interdependence on surrounding soft-tissue structures, such as the brain, can reveal important mechanisms of skull development and evolution. in particular, several extensive investigations have shown that, across extant adult primates, the degree of basicranial flexion and petrous orientation are closely linked to increases in brain size relative to cranial base length. the aim of this study was to determi ... | 2003 | 14585243 |
| diet and activity in black howler monkeys ( alouatta pigra) in southern belize: does degree of frugivory influence activity level? | this study reports on the diet and activity budgets of central american black howling monkeys ( alouatta pigra) at monkey river, belize. this is a previously unstudied population, close to the southern boundary of the species range, and it provides comparative data on a. pigra from a new study site. both diet and activity are within the ranges reported for other a.pigra sites and for mantled howlers ( a. palliata). no age-sex differences could be discerned in either diet or activity, though mont ... | 2004 | 14735392 |
| expression of common fragile sites in two ceboidea species: saimiri boliviensis and alouatta caraya (primates: platyrrhini). | fragile sites are points of preferential breakage that may be involved in chromosome rearrangements. induction of common fragile sites (c-fra) and spontaneous breakage were analyzed in two new world monkeys species: saimiri boliviensis (sbo) and alouatta caraya (aca). spontaneous chromosome aberrations were analyzed on untreated lymphocyte cultures with brögger's formula (1977). sbo presented a low level of spontaneous breakage, while higher frequencies were detected in aca in which bands 1q23; ... | 2000 | 14736409 |
| population density of black howlers (alouatta caraya) in the gallery forests of the argentinean chaco: a preliminary assessment. | | 2004 | 15010581 |
| collection and evaluation of semen from captive howler monkeys (alouatta caraya). | semen samples (n=58) were collected by electroejaculation from nine adult male howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) between november 2000 and august 2001 at the national primates center, ananindeua, brazil. the ejaculates were free of coagulum. mean (+/-s.d.) values were: volume, 0.09 +/- 0.05 ml; ph, 8.1 +/- 0.5; concentration 649.5 +/- 926.7 x 10(6) sperm/ml; progressive motility, 75.8 +/- 18.1%; forward progressive sperm motility (scale, 0-5), 3.5 +/- 1.0; live spermatozoa, 68.3 +/- 15.0%; primar ... | 2004 | 15159108 |
| hunting restraint by creoles at the community baboon sanctuary, belize: a preliminary survey. | this study surveyed 33 male hunters between the ages of 17 and 54 at the community baboon sanctuary (cbs), belize, to evaluate attitudes and behaviors in relation to hunting black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra). the study defined hunting restraint as a learned predisposition not to hunt 1 or more species of nonhuman animal. consistent with belizean folklore, creoles at the cbs exhibited hunting restraint with respect to black howlers, preferring to kill bushmeat other than monkeys. the most cit ... | 2004 | 15234888 |
| observed case of infanticide committed by a resident male central american black howler monkey (alouatta pigra). | although infanticide has been witnessed in other species of howler monkey, and has been inferred for alouatta pigra, an observed case of infanticide has not previously been recorded for this species. here we describe the killing of a 2-week-old infant by the resident male of a small social group in southern belize. the infanticide was witnessed as part of an intensive observational study that began in january 2003. the male was known to have resided in the group for at least 4 months, but it is ... | 2004 | 15300711 |
| retrospective evaluation of renal disease in captive black howler monkeys (alouatta caraya). | six of 15 (40%) inactive medical records of adult black howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) at one zoological institution included either a pre- or postmortem diagnosis of renal disease. in these six cases, significantly abnormal hematologic and serum chemistry values were reported at onset of azotemia, onset of clinical signs, and at euthanasia. average age of onset of azotemia was 14.8 +/- 2.9 yr, with clinical signs of disease noted at 17 +/- 4.7 yr. in four of the cases (66.6%), azotemia was do ... | 2004 | 15526883 |
| extensive enlargement of the maxillary sinus in alouatta caraya (mammalia, primates, cebidae): an allometric approach to skull pneumatization in atelinae. | in contrast to the paranasal sinuses of old world monkeys and hominoids, little information is available about the paranasal sinuses of new world monkeys. because this information is crucial in order to draw further conclusions about the evolution and biological role of skull pneumatization, this study investigates the morphology of the paranasal sinuses in adult black-and-gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya). volumes of the paranasal sinuses were calculated using computer software (surfdriver ... | 2005 | 15599931 |
| phylogenetic relationships among some ateles species: the use of chromosomic and molecular characters. | as with most platyrrhines, the systematics of ateles is under discussion. in order to help clarify its systematic, we employed chromosomic and molecular characters to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among some species of the genus ateles. chromosomic studies were conducted on 14 atelid specimens: eight ateles from a. paniscus, a. chamek, a. belzebuth and a. geoffroyi, and six alouatta caraya. ateles paniscus showed 2n=32, whereas a. chamek, a. belzebuth and a. geoffroyi presented 2n=34, xx ... | 2005 | 15657638 |
| sero-epidemiological survey for toxoplasmosis in wild new world monkeys (cebus spp.; alouatta caraya) at the paraná river basin, paraná state, brazil. | in this study, we captured 60 wild new world monkeys (cebus spp.; alouatta caraya) at the paraná river basin, paraná state, brazil, and modified agglutination test (mat) was performed to evaluate anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies. prevalence was 30.2% (13/43) in cebus spp. (capuchin monkeys) and 17.6% (3/17) for a. caraya (black and golden howler monkeys). mat showed antibody titers of 16 (15/16) and 64 (1/16). herein, we have observed an odds ratio (or)=4.67 (1.06<or<21.42, p<0.01) among monkey ... | 2005 | 16006040 |
| hand-holding by belizean black howler monkeys: intentional communication in a neotropical primate. | | 2005 | 16088190 |
| experimental test of female black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) responses to loud calls from potentially infanticidal males: effects of numeric odds, vulnerable offspring, and companion behavior. | during group defense, the contribution of female black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) may help deter male intruders; however, their involvement during natural intergroup encounters is facultative. experimental playback trials simulating potentially infanticidal males were used to examine whether a female's reproductive investment and/or her group's relative fighting ability would influence her participation in loud call displays. female howlers never responded to recordings without alpha male a ... | 2006 | 16485303 |
| light microscopical and ultrastructural characterization of black howler monkey (alouatta caraya) ovarian follicles. | the present study describes the morphological characteristics of black howler monkey (alouatta caraya) ovarian follicles. one ovary of an adult healthy black howler monkey was collected and processed for light and electron microscopy. primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary and pre-ovulatory follicles were evaluated for their morphometrical aspects. the ovary of black howler monkey presented a distinct conformation with a uniform distribution of the follicles mostly in the peripheric cortex. th ... | 2006 | 16677216 |
| [presence of igm antibodies for leptospira interrogans in wild animals from tocantins state, 2002]. | four hundred and twenty-seven serum samples of wild animals were tested against 18 serovars of leptospira interrogans. of 286 samples of cebus apella, 46 (16.1%) were positive for the serovars pomona, brasiliensis, mini, swajizak, grippotyphosa, sarmin, fluminense, autumnalis, hebdomadis, guaratuba, javanica and icterohaemorrhagiae. of 82 samples of alouatta caraya, 2 (2.4%) were positive for the serovars mangus and fluminense. of 31 samples of nasua nasua, 4 (12.9%) were positive for the serova ... | 2006 | 16906258 |
| the primate subarcuate fossa and its relationship to the semicircular canals part i: prenatal growth. | studies have reported a functional link between the arc size of the semicircular canals and locomotor agility across adult primates. however, canal size is spatially interlinked with the subarcuate fossa. this fossa can house the petrosal lobule of the paraflocculus, which also plays a role in coordinating head and eye movements. consequently, it could be that it is the size of the petrosal lobule and fossa that are directly associated with locomotor agility, and not canal arc size. the apparent ... | 2006 | 16950498 |
| parasites of free-ranging black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) from belize and mexico. | parasites are important members of the ecological web within which an animal lives, and can be used as indicators of ecosystem health. however, few baseline parasitological data are available for free-ranging animals, particularly for the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra). in this study a total of 283 fecal samples were collected from 50 individually identified a. pigra during 2003 and 2004 and examined for parasites. the samples were processed using standard quantitative centrifugation conce ... | 2006 | 17044010 |
| mitochondrial sequence diversity of the southernmost extant new world monkey, alouatta caraya. | variability in mitochondrial dna sequences was analyzed in the howler monkey, alouatta caraya, in order to delineate evolutionary relationships among populations in the most southerly distributed new world monkey. based on new and previously published sequence data, fourteen cytochrome b haplotypes were observed among 33 howlers sampled in argentina, paraguay and brazil, and grouped in two main haplogroups. in northeastern argentina and southern paraguay, new sequence data on 73 specimens sample ... | 2007 | 17126568 |
| movement and resource use by a group of alouatta pigra in a forest fragment in balancán, méxico. | uncommonly observed behaviors were systematically recorded in a troop (n = 9 individuals) of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) inhabiting a small forest fragment (1.7 ha) in leona vicario, balancán, tabasco, mexico. between february 2002 and january 2003 (n = 499 h), we observed behaviors such as ground travel (85 occasions, total = 269 min/10.8% of total locomotion time), ground foraging (eight occasions, total = 50 min/0.84% of total feeding time) and drinking water pooled in tree holes (2 ... | 2007 | 17136475 |
| the capuchin, the howler, and the caatinga: seed dispersal by monkeys in a threatened brazilian forest. | regeneration of the brazilian caatinga forest may be restricted by the naturally low diversity and density of fruit-eating animals, which has been aggravated by local faunal extinction induced by human activities. we made a preliminary evaluation of the potential seed-dispersal role of capuchin (cebus apella libidinosus) and howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) in serra da capivara national park. the monkeys dispersed at least 26 species. alouatta dispersed larger seeds than cebus, and the two speci ... | 2007 | 17146800 |
| use of traps to capture black and gold howlers (alouatta caraya) on the islands of the upper paraná river, southern brazil. | howlers (genus alouatta) are widely captured with the use of anesthetic projectiles; however, no capture protocol involving the use of traps has been described to date. in the present study we describe the first efficient capture program for black and gold howlers (alouatta caraya) using traps, which was implemented on the islands of the upper paraná river in southern brazil. we constructed two trap models with either manual or automatic activation (trap a with two entrances and guillotine-type ... | 2007 | 17177316 |
| sympatry between alouatta caraya and alouatta clamitans and the rediscovery of free-ranging potential hybrids in southern brazil. | records of sympatry between alouatta caraya and a. clamitans are rare despite their extensive range overlap. an example of their current sympatry and the rediscovery of free-ranging potential hybrids of a. caraya and a. clamitans in the forests of the upper paraná river, southern brazil, are reported in this paper. eight groups were observed in the study area: five monospecific groups of a. caraya, two of a. clamitans, and a group containing two adult males and two adult females of a. caraya and ... | 2007 | 17310403 |
| population genetic studies of alouatta caraya (alouattinae, primates): inferences on geographic distribution and ecology. | cytochrome b dna sequence data (ca. 1,140 bp) of 44 alouatta caraya, including 42 specimens from three localities of brazil and two from bolivia, were used for phylogenetic reconstructions and population studies. seventeen haplotypes were identified, eight of which were present in more than one individual. seven of these eight haplotypes were shared by individuals from a same locality and one by individuals from two localities. we found 26 variable sites along the entire gene, consisting of 18 t ... | 2007 | 17330870 |
| habitat fragmentation and population size of the black and gold howler monkey (alouatta caraya) in a semideciduous forest in northern argentina. | a population of black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) living near the southern limit of its distribution in a semideciduous forest located in northern argentina was studied in 2003 to evaluate the possible effects of habitat fragmentation - owing to logging - on its density and social organization within it. aerial photographs taken in 1982, 1992, and 2001 were used to compare maps of vegetation. these maps were used to evaluate changes in the area covered by forest fragments. from mar ... | 2007 | 17358009 |
| scaling of neuron number and volume of the pulvinar complex in new world primates: comparisons with humans, other primates, and mammals. | the lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar (lp-pulvinar complex) are the principal thalamic nuclei associated with the elaborate development of the dorsal and ventral streams of the parietal cortex in primates. in humans, a novel site of origin for a subpopulation of pulvinar neurons has been observed, the ganglionic eminence of the telencephalon. this additional site of neuron origin has been proposed to contribute to the pulvinar's evolutionary expansion (letinic and rakic [2001] nat neurosci ... | 2007 | 17640049 |
| infection by una virus (alphavirus; togaviridae) and risk factor analysis in black howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) from paraguay and argentina. | a neutralizing antibody (ntab) survey on una and mayaro viruses in black howler monkeys (aloutta caraya) from subtropical regions of argentina and paraguay was carried out. risk factors for infection in monkeys were analyzed. no positive sera for mayaro virus were detected. a prevalence of 73% (61/84) of ntab against unav was detected with titers ranging from 20 to 1280. according to the statistical analysis performed, the monkey's age was a significant risk factor, but not the origin or sex. th ... | 2007 | 17658571 |
| demographic survey of black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) in the lachuá eco-region in alta verapaz, guatemala. | guatemala harbors three species of primates (alouatta palliata, alouatta pigra and ateles geoffroyi), but the distribution and state of conservation of populations of these species are poorly documented. in the case of a. pigra, populations have been studied recently and documented in several sites in mexico and belize, and only in one site in guatemala (tikal national park). in this study, we report first-time population data for a. pigra existing in the lachuá eco-region in northwestern guatem ... | 2008 | 17823920 |
| paracoccidioidomycosis in wild monkeys from paraná state, brazil. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in wild new world monkeys (cebus sp. and alouatta caraya). a total of 93 animals (cebus sp., n = 68 and alouatta caraya, n = 25) were captured in the paraná river basin, paraná state, brazil and the serum samples were analyzed by elisa and immunodiffusion using p. brasiliensis gp43 and exoantigen as antigens, respectively. the seropositivity observed by elisa was 44.1% and 60% for cebus sp. and a. ... | 2007 | 17914662 |
| behavioral effects of introducing pied tamarin (saguinus bicolor) to black howler monkey (alouatta caraya) and white-faced saki (pithecia pithecia) in a zoological park. | mixed-species primate exhibits are becoming more common in zoological parks as a means to display a diverse array of animals both more naturalistically and with more economy of space. here, we describe behavioral changes during the introduction process of a pair of pied tamarins (saguinus bicolor) to an established group of black howler monkeys (allouatta caraya) and white-faced saki monkeys (pithecia pithecia). data were collected during six phases, representing introductions among the various ... | 2008 | 18176938 |
| group size and composition influence male and female reproductive success in black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra). | it has been argued that grouping patterns might influence the reproductive performance of individuals. increasing group size results in greater travel costs and competition over depletable food resources, which could lead to reduced individual reproductive success. however, in groups with an increasing number of males, female reproductive success is predicted to augment because larger male groups might better protect immatures from infanticidal attacks. in contrast, male reproductive success is ... | 2008 | 18293377 |
| color vision in the black howler monkey (alouatta caraya). | electrophysiological and molecular genetic studies have shown that howler monkeys (alouatta) are unique among all studied platyrrhines: they have the potential to display trichromatic color vision among males and females. this study examined the color discrimination abilities of four howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) through a series of tasks involving a behavioral paradigm of discrimination learning. the animals were maintained and housed as a group in the zoological gardens of brasília and were ... | 2008 | 18598395 |
| number and topography of cones, rods and optic nerve axons in new and old world primates. | to better understand the evolution of spatial and color vision, the number and spatial distributions of cones, rods, and optic nerve axon numbers were assessed in seven new world primates (cebus apella, saimiri ustius, saguinus midas niger, alouatta caraya, aotus azarae, calllithrix jacchus, and callicebus moloch). the spatial distribution and number of rods and cones was determined from counts of retinal whole mounts. optic axon number was determined from optic nerve sections by electron micros ... | 2008 | 18598400 |
| natural plasmodium infections in brazilian wild monkeys: reservoirs for human infections? | four hundred and forty-eight samples of total blood from wild monkeys living in areas where human autochthonous malaria cases have been reported were screened for the presence of plasmodium using microscopy and pcr analysis. samples came from the following distinct ecological areas of brazil: atlantic forest (n=140), semideciduous atlantic forest (n=257) and cerrado (a savannah-like habitat) (n=51). thick and thin blood smears of each specimen were examined and plasmodium infection was screened ... | 2008 | 18620330 |
| survey of alouatta caraya, the black-and-gold howler monkey, and alouatta guariba clamitans, the brown howler monkey, in a contact zone, state of rio grande do sul, brazil: evidence for hybridization. | sympatry and natural hybridization between howler monkey taxa (alouatta spp.) has only recently being confirmed in the wild. surveys in areas of potential contact between the distribution of two taxa have shown that sympatry is rare, although more common than previously known. here we report the results of a survey conducted in a contact zone between the only two sexually dichromatic howler monkey taxa, alouatta caraya and a. guariba clamitans, in são francisco de assis, state of rio grande do s ... | 2008 | 18654738 |
| current status of the habitat and population of the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) in balancán, tabasco, mexico. | we evaluated the habitat and populations of the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) in the municipality of balancán, tabasco, southeastern mexico, using a combination of field surveys and remotely sensed data. we identified 21,937 ha of remnant vegetation composed of 1,348 fragments. fragments separated by up to 200 m were grouped into "clusters" of fragments in accordance with the maximum observed open distance crossed by a. pigra. a total of 11% or 84 of the 772 clusters identified through re ... | 2008 | 18850585 |
| infant hybrids in a newly formed mixed-species group of howler monkeys (alouatta guariba clamitans and alouatta caraya) in northeastern argentina. | natural hybridisation between species has been reported in several primate taxa. in the neotropics, there is increasing evidence of this phenomenon in howler monkeys (genus alouatta) in contact zones between species. we describe the first known case of formation of a mixed-species group, and two cases of putative infant hybrids between the brown howler (alouatta guariba clamitans) and the black howler (a. caraya) in misiones, argentina. for 2 years, we followed a group consisting of one adult ma ... | 2008 | 18855099 |
| sexual behavior across ovarian cycles in wild black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra): male mate guarding and female mate choice. | we studied two multimale-multifemale groups of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) during a 14-month study (june 2006-july 2007) in palenque national park, mexico to evaluate the ways in which their sexual behavior changes across ovarian cycles. we analyzed 231 fecal samples, collected every 2.2+/-1.4 days from five females. for four females, estradiol and progesterone profiles revealed an average (+/-se) cycle length of 18.3+/-1.4 days. copulations occurred significantly more frequently durin ... | 2009 | 19016487 |
| group size and composition of black-and-gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) on the upper paraná river, southern brazil. | in social mammals, group size, sex and age-class composition are important parameters that are required to understand population dynamics and determine conservation strategies. these parameters are known only poorly for the black-and-gold howler monkey (alouatta caraya). here, we studied groups of a. caraya on islands and adjacent banks of the upper paraná river of southern brazil, to examine variability in group size and composition. this location is important for this species because of the hi ... | 2009 | 19034383 |
| births in wild black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) in northern argentina. | previous studies on births in nonhuman primates suggest that births are expected to occur at night to avoid predators. here, we describe birth-related behaviors in wild black and gold howler monkeys, alouatta caraya and address the various ideas proposed in the literature about the timing of births in group-living nonhuman primates. we collected data on females' birth-related behaviors through continuous focal observations and scan samples. focal observations on females giving birth were taken f ... | 2009 | 19048613 |
| the karyotype of alouattapigra (primates: platyrrhini): mitotic and meiotic analyses. | we describe for the first time the karyotype of the black howler monkey, alouatta pigra. conventional staining, g- and c-banding, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with a peptide nucleic acid (pna) pantelomeric probe were performed. eight free ranging adult individuals, four males and four females, within the natural distribution of the species presented a diploid karyotype with 2n = 58. mitotic analyses showed an autosomal complement composed of 6 submetacentric, 3 metacentric, and ... | 2008 | 19096205 |
| noninvasive collection of fresh hairs from free-ranging howler monkeys for dna extraction. | the use of noninvasive collected samples as source of dna in studies of wild primate populations has increased in recent years. fresh-plucked hairs represent an important source of dna, with relatively high quality and concentration. in this study, we describe a low-cost noninvasive technique for collecting fresh-plucked hairs used to obtain dna samples from free-ranging black howler monkey populations (alouatta pigra). we designed and manufactured darts made of wooden dowels, with the anterior ... | 2009 | 19125389 |
| pheochromocytoma in six new world primates. | six new world primates, including 2 golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia), 2 cotton-top tamarins (saguinus o. oedipus), 1 black howler monkey (alouatta caraya), and 1 black-handed spider monkey (ateles g. geoffroyi), were diagnosed with unilateral (4/6) or bilateral (1/6) adrenal or extra-adrenal (1/6) pheochromocytoma by light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for chromogranin a. overt invasive behavior or metastases were not observed in any primate, and thus these neoplasms w ... | 2009 | 19276065 |
| social and hormonal mechanisms underlying male reproductive strategies in black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra). | we investigated the social and hormonal mechanisms underlying male reproductive strategies in two multimale-multifemale groups of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) during a 14-month study in palenque national park, mexico. fecal glucocorticoid (fgc) and androgen (fa) levels were analyzed for 343 fecal samples collected from 14 males during their presence in the study groups. neither immigrating males nor resident males that remained in the group had elevated fgc and fa levels during 11 obser ... | 2009 | 19712675 |
| are howler monkey species ecologically equivalent? trophic niche overlap in syntopic alouatta guariba clamitans and alouatta caraya. | according to the principle of competitive exclusion, niche differentiation allows the stable coexistence of closely related species. we analyzed dietary profile and diversity, and dietary overlap between syntopic brown howlers (br; alouatta guariba clamitans) and black and gold howlers (blg; a. caraya) in the atlantic forest of ne argentina, with the objective of evaluating the degree of trophic niche overlap and potential interspecific competition for food. during 12 months, we collected data o ... | 2010 | 19953557 |
| [diversity of wild and domestic mammal's intestinal helminths from the caatinga of the parque nacional serra da capivara, southeast of piauí, brazil]. | biodiversity studies allow ecosystem assessment and monitoring of environmental changes and impacts. parasite diversity could reflect the host/ parasite coevolutionary process and the environment changes that permit the loss, gain or maintenance of species. this survey used species/morphotypes of helminths eggs found in feces from seven wild mammal species (the groups dasypodidae and large cats, and tamandua tetradactyla, cebus apella, alouatta caraya, cerdocyon thous, pecari tajacu) and from tw ... | 2009 | 20040186 |
| black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) as sentinels of ecosystem health: patterns of zoonotic protozoa infection relative to degree of human-primate contact. | exponential expansion of human populations and human activities within primate habitats has resulted in high potential for pathogen exchange creating challenges for biodiversity conservation and global health. under such conditions, resilient habitat generalists such as black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) may act as effective sentinels to overall ecosystem health and alert us to impending epidemics in the human population. to better understand this potential, we examined noninvasivel ... | 2011 | 20084672 |
| impact of yellow fever outbreaks on two howler monkey species (alouatta guariba clamitans and a. caraya) in misiones, argentina. | two yellow fever outbreaks (yfos) occurred in northeastern argentina between november 2007 and october 2008, seriously affecting populations of two howler monkey species: the brown howler alouatta guariba clamitans and the black howler alouatta caraya. both howlers live syntopically in el piñalito provincial park, misiones, where four groups (36 individuals) were studied since january 2005. the first dead howlers were found on january 20, 2008, in el piñalito. systematic searches found 14 dead h ... | 2010 | 20095025 |