| the behavioral repertoire of the black-and-white ruffed lemur, varecia variegata variegata (primates: lemuridae). | a stable social group of 7 semifree-ranging black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) was studied for 4 months to catalog the behavioral repertoire of this species. observations focussed on particular aspects of behavior were conducted before and after this 4-month period to supplement information gathered. behavior in 11 major categories is detailed: postures, terrestrial locomotion, arboreal locomotion, feeding behavior, vocalizations, scent-marking, affinitive social behavio ... | 1988 | 3251818 |
| [cytogenetic study of varecia variegata and of lemur rubriventer]. | | 1971 | 4258276 |
| yersinia enterocolitica infection in breeding colonies of ruffed lemurs. | two outbreaks of yersiniosis caused by yersinia enterocolitica occurred in breeding colonies of red ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata rubra) and black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) housed in outdoor enclosures during the winter breeding season and spring birth season, respectively. seven of 11 animals at risk in the combined outbreaks became ill, and 3 died of acute to chronic infection. clinical signs included anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and hyperpyrexia ... | 1984 | 6511581 |
| enamel microstructure in lemuridae (mammalia, primates): assessment of variability. | this study describes the molar enamel microstructure of seven lemurid primates: hapalemur griseus, varecia variegata, lemur catta, lemur macaco, lemur fulvus rufus, lemur fulvus fulvus, and lemur fulvus albifrons. contrary to earlier accounts, which reported little or no prism decussation in lemurid enamel, both lemur and varecia molars contain a prominent inner layer of decussating prisms (hunter-schreger bands), in addition to an outer radial prism layer, and a thin, nonprismatic enamel surfac ... | 1994 | 7802097 |
| phylogeny of the lemuridae revisited: evidence from communication signals. | phylogenetic relationships among the extant lemurid prosimians were assessed cladistically using stereotyped vocal, olfactory, and visual communication characters. among our results are 3 findings of particular importance. first, our data are consistent with those from several recent studies of highly repeated dna fragments in supporting a close phyletic affinity between lemur catta and the genus hapalemur. moreover, our results indicate that l. catta is nested within the hapalemur clade as the ... | 1994 | 7813970 |
| prevalence of shigellosis and other enteric pathogens in a zoologic collection of primates. | an epidemiologic study of shigellosis was the preliminary step in the formulation of a plan for the control of devastating infectious diseases in nonhuman primates at the national zoological park. data were collected from primate groups with enzootic shigellosis and included the following species: white-cheeked and siamong gibbons (hylobates concolor and h syndactylies); lion-tailed, celebes, and barbary macaques (macaca silenus, m nigera, and m sylvanus); black and white colobus monkeys (colobu ... | 1993 | 8407446 |
| reproductive activity of ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) in a madagascar rain forest. | mating activity was observed during four breeding seasons in two groups of black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) living in lowland rain forest on nosy mangabe island, madagascar. the onset of the may-july breeding season was signalled by behavioral changes in adult males. males made forays outside their usual home ranges, were more aggressive to other males, and performed appetitive and other sex-specific behaviors more frequently. females showed receptive and proceptive be ... | 1993 | 8512055 |
| milk composition reflects pattern of maternal care in prosimian primates. | hypothesized relationships between milk composition and life history traits were examined by analyzing mid-lactation milks of seven lemurs (eulemur fulvus, e. macaco, e. rubriventer, e. mongoz, varecia variegata, hapalemur griseus, lemur catta), three bushbabies (otolemur crassicaudatus, o. garnettii, galago moholi), and two lorises (nycticebus coucang, loris tardigradus); partial data were also obtained for the lemuroid cheirogaleus medius. there were no significant differences in milk composit ... | 1997 | 9057965 |
| naturally occurring cerebral nematodiasis due to baylisascaris larval migration in two black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) and suspected cases in three emus (dromaius novaehollandiae). | during september and october 1992, two black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) were housed in an outdoor wire enclosure at the tulsa zoological park. the following february and april, both lemurs developed head tilt and ataxia, and they were euthanized. necropsy revealed multifocal malacia of the white matter of the pons, cerebellum, internal capsule, and cerebral and cerebellar peduncles. nematode larvae consistent with baylisascaris spp. were observed in the brain of one le ... | 1997 | 9279412 |
| chromosome painting: a method for testing chromosomal changes in lemur evolution. | chromosome painting using commercially available human chromosome-specific dna libraries was performed to elucidate chromosomal rearrangements in lemur evolution. human-specific probes for chromosomes 3, 14, 15, and 21 were used to paint chromosomes of six species: eulemur fulvus mayottensis, varecia variegata, lemur catta, hapalemur simus, h. griseus griseus, and h. aureus. all human chromosome libraries hybridized specifically to chromosome segments of varying length or to whole arms of lemur ... | 1997 | 9371411 |
| trypanosoma cruzi infection of free-ranging lion-tailed macaques (macaca silenus) and ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta) on st. catherine's island, georgia, usa. | free-ranging old world primates released on st. catherine's island, georgia (usa), were tested for infection with trypanosoma cruzi as part of a study of the epizootiology of sylvatic t. cruzi in the southeastern usa. the parasite was observed in liver infusion tryptose medium cultures of blood from seven of 11 lion-tailed macaques (macaca silenus) and one of 19 ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta). cultures of blood from 10 black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata) were all negative. analys ... | 1998 | 9638621 |
| genetically engineered mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species. | encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. the audubon park zoo, (new orleans, louisiana, usa) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed emcv vaccine with mixed results. this paper reports an attempt at vaccination against emcv using a genetically engineered, live attenuated mengo virus (vmc0) at the audubon park zoo and miami metro zoo, (miami, florida, usa) from december 1996 to june 1997. seve ... | 1999 | 10231768 |
| captive breeding, reintroduction, and the conservation genetics of black and white ruffed lemurs, varecia variegata variegata. | a character-based phylogenetic species concept approach was used to examine conservation unit status for three wild populations of black and white ruffed lemurs, varecia vareigata variegata, from betampona (n = 3), manombo (n = 6), and ranomafana (n = 14), madagascar. population aggregation analysis was performed on 548 bp from the control region (d-loop) of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna). twenty-one diagnostic sites were found to differentiate the betampona (northern) population from the manombo ... | 1999 | 10703554 |
| diet and feeding behaviour of the black-and-white ruffed lemur (varecia variegata variegata) in the betampona reserve, eastern madagascar. | the feeding behaviour and diet of the black-and-white ruffed lemur (varecia variegata variegata) was investigated in the betampona reserve, eastern madagascar. the highly frugivorous diet of this subspecies was confirmed - feeding on fruits accounting for 92.0% of feeding records. most feeding at betampona was observed at 10-25 m above the forest floor amongst flexible, small (0.5-5.0 cm diameter) and oblique/horizontal (0-45 degrees ) supports. the varecia spent on average 21.7% (+/- 1.5) of th ... | 2000 | 10828690 |
| niche separation in varecia variegata rubra and eulemur fulvus albifrons: i. interspecific patterns. | niche separation was documented in a year-long study of varecia variegata rubra and eulemur fulvus albifrons on the masoala peninsula, madagascar. feeding trees were measured, and diet, forest height, and forest site were recorded at 5-min time points on focal animals. for time point data, multivariate and bivariate analysis of frequencies was employed to examine how niche dimensions vary between species according to sex, season, and reproductive stage. v. v. rubra feeds in larger trees than e. ... | 2000 | 10861356 |
| description of the gastrointestinal tract of five lemur species: propithecus tattersalli, propithecus verreauxi coquereli, varecia variegata, hapalemur griseus, and lemur catta. | the objective of this project was to better define the similarities and differences in gastrointestinal morphology present in lemur species. measurements of the gastrointestinal tract of lemurs were obtained at necropsy from the captive population at duke university primate center. measurements of body length and weight, as well as gastrointestinal length, were recorded from five prosimian species: propithecus tattersalli, propithecus verreauxi, varecia variegata, hapalemur griseus, and lemur ca ... | 2000 | 11078027 |
| alpha1,4-fucosyltransferase activity: a significant function in the primate lineage has appeared twice independently. | in the animal kingdom the enzymes that catalyze the formation of alpha1,4 fucosylated-glycoconjugates are known only in apes (chimpanzee) and humans. they are encoded by fut3 and fut5 genes, two members of the lewis fut5-fut3-fut6 gene cluster, which had originated by duplications of an alpha3 ancestor gene. in order to explore more precisely the emergence of the alpha1,4 fucosylation, new lewis-like fucosyltransferase genes were studied in species belonging to the three main primate groups. two ... | 2002 | 12032237 |
| detection of virus-like particles in the liver of black and white ruffed lemurs with hepatitis. | two young black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) died at the san diego zoo (san diego, california, usa) with extensive liver lesions suggestive of acute viral infection. immunoassays performed to detect hepatitis b virus (hbv) markers were negative. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers overlapping the hbv core gene produced an amplicon of approximately 411 base pairs (bp) from serum dna of a hbv-positive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) but not from serum ... | 2002 | 12038123 |
| reconstructing the mechanics of quadrupedalism in an extinct hominoid. | traditionally, analogising comparative anatomical approaches, working on features of individual bony elements, have led to the miocene hominoids proconsul heseloni and p. nyanzae being described as arboreal, with a variety of possible locomotion modes. whilst most researchers seemingly agree that quadrupedal was one of the most frequently adopted modes, any deeper knowledge about the kinematical characteristics of such quadrupedalism is very limited. based on the previous studies and a computer ... | 2002 | 12050897 |
| fecal inoculum can be used to determine the rate and extent of in vitro fermentation of dietary fiber sources across three lemur species that differ in dietary profile: varecia variegata, eulemur fulvus and hapalemur griseus. | to estimate fermentative capacity among lemur species, four fiber substrates were tested across three species, eulemur fulvus, hapalemur griseus and varecia variegata. the substrates, cellulose, beet pulp, citrus pulp and citrus pectin, ranged in composition from completely insoluble fiber (if) to completely soluble fiber (sf), respectively. the lemurs consumed a nutritionally complete biscuit formulated for primates [85 g/100 g diet dry matter (dm)] and locally available produce (15 g/100 g die ... | 2002 | 12368398 |
| healthy skin of many animal species harbors papillomaviruses which are closely related to their human counterparts. | papillomaviruses associated with clinical symptoms have been found in many vertebrate species. in this study, we have used an l1 gene consensus pcr test designed to detect a broad spectrum of human skin papillomaviruses to analyze swab samples from healthy skin of 111 animals belonging to 19 vertebrate species. in eight of the species, papillomavirus dna was found with the following prevalences: chimpanzees, 9 of 11 samples positive; gorillas, 3 of 4; long-tailed macaques, 14 of 16; spider monke ... | 2002 | 12438579 |
| naturally occurring ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in two prosimian primate species: ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta) and ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata). | a naturally occurring infection of ehrlichia chaffeensis in lemurs is described. dna of ehrlichia chaffeensis was identified by polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood from six of eight clinically ill lemurs. organisms were cultured from the blood of one lemur exhibiting clinical and hematologic abnormalities similar to those of humans infected with e. chaffeensis. | 2002 | 12498671 |
| characterizing gastrointestinal transit time in four lemur species using barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (bips). | differences in dietary profiles and gastrointestinal (gi) morphologies observed across lemur species suggest that there may be variation in patterns of digesta flow through the gi tract related to the method of digesta processing. using radio-opaque barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (bips), we characterized such patterns in four lemur species: varecia variegata (vv), eulemur fulvus (ef), propithecus verreauxi (pv), and hapalemur griseus (hg) (n = 2 per species). after an initial radiograph ... | 2004 | 15538763 |
| use of total dietary fiber across four lemur species (propithecus verreauxi coquereli, hapalemur griseus griseus, varecia variegata, and eulemur fulvus): does fiber type affect digestive efficiency? | in vivo digestibility and transit of two experimental diets were compared across four lemur species for which gastrointestinal morphology and preliminary data on physiology differ:varecia variegata (vv), eulemur fulvus (ef), propithecus verreauxi (pv), and hapalemur griseus (hg). since free-ranging groups consume varied amounts of slowly fermentable insoluble fiber (if) and rapidly fermentable soluble fiber (sf), differences in digestibility may be related to variation in the fiber types consume ... | 2004 | 15538767 |
| molecular and serologic evidence of tick-borne ehrlichiae in three species of lemurs from st. catherines island, georgia, usa. | in recent years, several species of ehrlichiae have been recognized as tick-borne disease agents of veterinary and medical importance. clinically normal free-ranging or previously free-ranging lemurs, including 46 ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) from st. catherines island, georgia, were tested for evidence of exposure to tick-borne ehrlichiae. all 52 adult lemurs were se ... | 2004 | 15732591 |
| effects of forest structure and composition on food availability for varecia variegata at ranomafana national park, madagascar. | we present a summary of a long-term field study that examined the effects of forest disturbance on the availability of palatable fruit and its utilization by v. variegata. forest structure and tree species composition were measured in three adjacent study areas, with different histories of disturbance, in ranomafana national park (rnp), madagascar. v. variegata abundance was monitored by frequent encounters with resident groups and periodic censuses conducted along trails. finally, the abundance ... | 2005 | 15898066 |
| preliminary biomedical evaluation of wild ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata and v. rubra). | complete medical examinations were performed on 11 wild ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata and v. rubra) from three sites in madagascar. each animal received a complete physical examination, several physiological parameters were analyzed (complete blood count, serum biochemical profile, and fecal bacterial culture), and the animals were examined for endo-, ecto-, and hemoparasites. additional tests were performed as samples were available, including fat-soluble vitamin analysis, trace mineral anal ... | 2005 | 15898067 |
| environmental enrichment to address behavioral differences between wild and captive black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata). | i compared the behaviors of wild varecia variegata living in a malagasy rain forest with those of caged groups living in zoos in the united kingdom in order to design environmental enrichment to encourage more natural behaviors. comparisons were made between wild and captive animals in terms of activity budgets (instantaneously sampled at 1-min intervals) and social and solitary behaviors, which were continuously recorded for focal individuals. i followed the same sampling protocol during behavi ... | 2005 | 15898068 |
| does female dominance facilitate feeding priority in black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata) in southeastern madagascar? | although many malagasy lemurs are thought to be female dominant and to have female feeding priority, to date the relationship between these behaviors has been rigorously established only in lemur catta, and other ways that females might achieve feeding priority have not been examined closely. erhart and overdorff [international journal of primatology 20:927-940, 1999] suggested that one way female primates achieve feeding priority is to initiate and lead groups to food, thereby gaining access to ... | 2005 | 15898069 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis neurona, and encephalitozoon cuniculi in three species of lemurs from st. catherines island, ga, usa. | in the current study, we determined the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis neurona, and encephalitozoon cuniculi in three species of lemurs from st. catherines island, georgia. serum samples were tested from 52 ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) using an agglutination assay. three ring-tailed lemurs (5.8%) were positive for t. gondii (titer of 1:50); one ring- ... | 2007 | 17052854 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantitate serum ferritin in black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata). | lemurs in captivity progressively accumulate iron deposits in a variety of organs (hemosiderosis) including duodenum, liver, and spleen throughout their lives. when excessive, the toxic effects of intracellular iron on parenchymal cells, particularly the liver, can result in clinical disease and death. the pathogenesis of excessive iron storage in these species has been attributed to dietary factors related to diets commonly fed in captivity. tissue iron stores can be directly estimated by tissu ... | 2005 | 17312722 |
| telemetered electromyography of peroneus longus in varecia variegata and eulemur rubriventer: implications for the functional significance of a large peroneal process. | a foot specialized for grasping small branches with a divergent opposable hallux (hallucal grasping) represents a key adaptive complex characterizing almost all arboreal non-human euprimates. evolution of such grasping extremities probably allowed members of a lineage leading to the common ancestor of modern primates to access resources available in a small-branch niche, including angiosperm products and insects. a better understanding of the mechanisms by which euprimates use their feet to gras ... | 2007 | 17349678 |
| trypanosoma cruzi prevalence and epidemiologic trends in lemurs on st. catherines island, georgia. | lemurs on st. catherines island, georgia were tested for trypanosoma cruzi infection to develop a better understanding of the epizootiology of the parasite in nonhuman primates in the southeastern united states. fifty-six ring-tailed (lemur catta), blue-eyed black (eulemur macaco flavifrons), and black-and-white ruffed (varecia variegata variegata) lemurs were tested by hemoculture and serology to determine the prevalence of t. cruzi in the population. of those tested 3 (5%) were identified as c ... | 2007 | 17436947 |
| high diversity in functional properties of melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r) in divergent primate species is more strongly associated with phylogeny than coat color. | we have characterized the biochemical function of the melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r), a critical regulator of melanin synthesis, from 9 phylogenetically diverse primate species with varying coat colors. there is substantial diversity in melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh) binding affinity and basal levels of activity in the cloned mc1rs. msh binding was lost independently in lemur and new world monkey lineages, whereas high basal levels of mc1r activity occur in lemurs and some new world monkey ... | 2007 | 17609536 |
| distribution of caveolin isoforms in the lemur retina. | the distribution of caveolin isoforms was previously evaluated in the retinas of different species, but has not yet been described in the primate retina. in this study, the distribution of caveolins was assessed via immunochemistry using isoform-specific antibodies in the retina of the black-and-white ruffed lemur. here, we report the presence of a variety of caveolin isoforms in many layers of the lemur retina. as normal human retinas were not available for research and the retinas of primates ... | 2007 | 17679778 |
| seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in selected zoos in the midwestern united states. | toxoplasma gondii infections in zoo animals are of interest because many captive animals die of clinical toxoplasmosis and because of the potential risk of exposure of children and elderly to t. gondii oocysts excreted by cats in the zoos. seroprevalence of t. gondii antibodies in wild zoo felids, highly susceptible zoo species, and feral cats from 8 zoos of the midwestern united states was determined by using the modified agglutination test (mat). a titer of 1:25 was considered indicative of t. ... | 2008 | 18605803 |
| morphometrics of wild black-and-white ruffed lemurs [varecia variegata; kerr, 1792]. | this study presents the first detailed morphometric measurements of wild caught black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata) from the eastern rainforests of madagascar and aims to quantify the morphological variation present throughout their recognized range. one hundred and forty-four adult and juvenile individuals from 15 sites were sampled for 20 cranial, dental and postcranial morphometric and body mass measurements. data were collected from an equal number of male and female individual ... | 2008 | 18623117 |
| [animal reservoirs of human virulent microsporidian species]. | the main objective of the present study was to determined the occurrence of encephalitozoon intestinalis, e. hellem, e. cuniculi, and enterocytozoon bieneusi in poland in animal faecal using the fish (fluorescent in situ hybridization) and multiplex fish techniques. additional objectives included: (1) identification of animal hosts of microsporidia that are infectious to humans amongst free-ranging, captive, livestock and domestic animals; (2) a molecular analysis of randomly selected parasite i ... | 2009 | 19579789 |
| nutrient composition of plants consumed by black and white ruffed lemurs, varecia variegata, in the betampona natural reserve, madagascar. | the purpose of this study was to quantify the concentrations of crude protein, fat, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, nonstructural carbohydrates, and gross energy in plant foods consumed by wild black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata). calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and selenium concentrations were also determined. a total of 122 samples from 33 plant families and more than 60 species were collec ... | 2010 | 19645044 |
| laterality in semi-free-ranging black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata): head-tilt correlates with hand use during feeding. | previous studies in human and chimpanzee infants have identified a predictive relationship between early rightward head orientation and later right hand use. data from lemurs suggest a leftward bias in hand preference, but there are no data on head positioning. the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between head and hand preferences in the black and white ruffed lemur (varecia variegata variegata). ruffed lemurs rotate the head vertically during chewing in a behavior called he ... | 2009 | 19771585 |
| 'emerging' mycobacteria in south africa. | disease can be caused by various species of the genus mycobacterium. a number of reports, both published and unpublished, of rarely reported mycobacteria have surfaced in south africa in the last few years. some unusual hosts have also been involved, causing concern in some quarters.these include reports on mycobacterium goodii in a spotted hyaena (crocuta crocuta), m. xenopi in a ruffed lemur (varecia variegata), m. intracellulare in wild-caught chacma baboons (papio ursinus), the 'dassie bacil ... | 2009 | 20458859 |
| evidence of social learning in black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata). | although many studies have examined social learning capabilities in apes and monkeys, experiments involving prosimians remain largely absent. we investigated the potential for social learning in black-and-white ruffed lemurs using a two-action foraging task. eight individuals were divided into two experimental groups and exposed to conspecifics using one of two techniques to access food. subjects were then given access to the apparatus and their retrieval techniques were recorded and compared. a ... | 2011 | 21227976 |
| occurrence and genetic characterization of giardia duodenalis from captive nonhuman primates by multi-locus sequence analysis. | giardia is the most common enteric protozoan that can be pathogenic to both humans and animals. transmission can be direct through the faecal-oral route, or through ingestion of contaminated water or food. genetic characterization of giardia duodenalis isolates has demonstrated the existence of seven groups (assemblages a to g) which differ in their host distribution. assemblages a and b are present in humans and other primates, dogs, cats, rodents, and other species of wild mammals, but the rol ... | 2011 | 21327988 |
| a 12-month survey of gastrointestinal helminth infections of lemurs kept in two zoos in madagascar. | infections with gastrointestinal parasites may be a major threat to lemurs kept in captivity, as they are a common cause of diarrhea. in this study, fecal egg count patterns and clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal nematodes were assessed for 12 mo in 40 lemurs kept under different husbandry and climatic conditions at two sites in madagascar. involved species were black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata), eastern grey bamboo lemurs (hapalemur griseus), greater bamboo lemurs ( ... | 2010 | 21370644 |
| sex ratio affects sex-specific innovation and learning in captive ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata and varecia rubra). | recent years have witnessed extensive research into problem solving and innovation in primates, yet lemurs have not been subjected to the same level of attention as apes and monkeys, and the social context in which novel behavior appears has rarely been considered. we gave novel foraging puzzlebox devices to seven groups of ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata and varecia rubra) to examine the factors affecting rates of innovation and social learning. we found, across a range of group sex ratios, th ... | 2011 | 21898514 |
| intertemporal choice in lemurs. | different species vary in their ability to wait for delayed rewards in intertemporal choice tasks. models of rate maximization account for part of this variation, but other factors such as social structure and feeding ecology seem to underly some species differences. though studies have evaluated intertemporal choice in several primate species, including old world monkeys, new world monkeys, and apes, prosimians have not been tested. this study investigated intertemporal choices in three species ... | 2011 | 22024661 |
| middle ear morphology of lemur variegatus. some implications for primate paleontology. | the middle ear morphology of lemur variegatus, a strepsirhine primate, is described. although no promontory branch of the internal carotid artery appears, there is a well-developed "promontory canal" containing a nerve trunk. this structure, which is previously undescribed in strepsirhines, is made up of the tympanic nerve and the internal carotid nerve. the implications of this discovery for paleontology, systematics, and future research are discussed. | 2000 | 95996 |
| aspects of reproduction in ruffed lemurs (lemur variegatus). | results of breeding of ruffed lemurs (lemur variegatus) at the duke primate facility provide information concerning estrous cycle, sexual behavior, age of first conception, gestation period, parturition, litter size. l. variegatus differs from other lemur species in these respects. | 1974 | 414980 |
| species-specific transmission of novel picornaviruses in lemurs. | the roles of host genetics versus exposure and contact frequency in driving cross-species transmission remain the subject of debate. here, we used a multitaxon lemur collection at the saint louis zoo in the united states as a model to gain insight into viral transmission in a setting of high interspecies contact. lemurs are a diverse and understudied group of primates that are highly endangered. the speciation of lemurs, which are endemic to the island of madagascar, occurred in geographic isola ... | 2015 | 25631076 |
| systemic blastomycosis in a captive red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra). | a 5-yr-old, intact male red ruffed lemur ( varecia rubra ) presented for evaluation as the result of a 1-wk history of lethargy and hyporexia. physical examination findings included thin body condition, muffled heart sounds, harsh lung sounds, and liquid brown diarrhea. complete blood count and serum biochemistry showed an inflammatory leukogram, mild hyponatremia, and mild hypochloremia. orthogonal trunk radiographs revealed a severe alveolar pattern in the right cranial lung lobes with cardiac ... | 2016 | 27691971 |
| fatal echinococcosis in three lemurs in the united kingdom--a case series. | tapeworms of the genus echinococcus reside in the small intestine of a number of carnivorous species, predominantly canids. in enzootic areas, hydatidosis caused by taeniid metacestodes can present a significant problem in accidental intermediate hosts, including humans. whereas the united kingdom is currently considered free of echinococcus multilocularis, echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) and echinococcus equinus are endemic in the uk and have been reported in a variety of captive m ... | 2016 | 26872922 |
| occurrence of encephalitozoon intestinalis in the red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra) and the ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta) housed in the poznan zoological garden, poland. | encephalitozoon intestinalis is one of the most common microsporidial species found in humans worldwide but it has rarely been identified in animals. the presence of this pathogen has been detected in a few species of domestic, captive and wild mammals as well as in three species of birds. the aim of the present study was to examine fecal samples obtained from mammals housed in the poznan zoological garden, poland, for the presence of potentially human-infectious microsporidia. a total of 339 fr ... | 2012 | 23094336 |
| peracute bacterial meningitis due to infection with klebsiella pneumoniae in captive-bred ruffed lemurs (varecia variegate). | we describe the development of neurological signs in four juvenile black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegate), housed at a petting zoo in japan. the clinical course was severe, with three lemurs dying within 1 day of the appearance of clinical signs. the other lemur was treated and survived. pathological analyses demonstrated meningitis and the presence of gram-negative bacilli in the cerebrum, cerebellum, palatine tonsil and liver. klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from the brain of all ... | 2017 | 28161098 |
| distribution of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in a german zoological garden determined by is900 semi-nested and quantitative real-time pcr. | little data concerning the distribution of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) in zoological gardens is available. the presence of map in captured wildlife might provide further information on non-ruminant hosts and expand the list of animals susceptible to map being potential sources of map transmission. therefore, a german zoological garden with recent history of clinical paratuberculosis in barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia) and an alpaca (lama pacos) was selected to estimate the d ... | 2013 | 23298700 |
| gastrointestinal parasites of captive and free-living lemurs and domestic carnivores in eastern madagascar. | fecal samples from captive and free-living lemurs at ivoloina zoological park (izp) and domestic carnivores from six villages surrounding izp were evaluated between july and august 2012. free-living lemurs from betampona natural reserve (bnr), a relatively pristine rainforest fragment 40 km away, were also evaluated in november 2013. all 33 dogs sampled (100%) and 16 of 22 cats sampled (72.7%) were parasitized, predominantly with nematodes (strongyles, ascarids, and spirurids) as well as cestode ... | 2016 | 27010275 |
| non-human primates avoid the detrimental effects of prenatal androgen exposure in mixed-sex litters: combined demographic, behavioral, and genetic analyses. | producing single versus multiple births has important life history trade-offs, including the potential benefits and risks of sharing a common in utero environment. sex hormones can diffuse through amniotic fluid and fetal membranes, and females with male littermates risk exposure to high levels of fetal testosterone, which are shown to have masculinizing effects and negative fitness consequences in many mammals. whereas most primates give birth to single offspring, several new world monkey and s ... | 2016 | 27434275 |
| lateral bending of the lumbar spine during quadrupedalism in strepsirhines. | much research has been devoted to spinal kinematics of nonmammalian vertebrates, while comparatively little is known about the locomotor role of spinal movements in mammals, especially primates. this study, conducted at the duke university primate center, examines the function of lateral spinal bending during quadrupedal walking among a diverse sample of strepsirhines. the taxa studied include loris tardigradus (1), nycticebus coucang (1), n. pygmaeus (1), cheirogaleus medius (2), varecia varieg ... | 2001 | 11180987 |
| the instantaneous center of rotation of the mandible in nonhuman primates. | kinematic analyses of mandibular movement in humans demonstrate that the mandibular instantaneous center of rotation (icor) is commonly located near the level of the occlusal plane and varies in its position during a chewing sequence. few data are available regarding the location of the icor in nonhuman primates and it remains unclear how the position of the icor varies in association with mastication and/or gape behaviors. icor was quantified throughout the gape cycle in five species of nonhuma ... | 2011 | 21622946 |
| illegal captive lemurs in madagascar: comparing the use of online and in-person data collection methods. | although it is illegal to capture, sell, and trade lemurs, the live capture of lemurs in madagascar is ongoing and may have impacted over 28,000 lemurs between 2010 and 2013. only one study has examined this trade and did so using in-person interviews in northern madagascar. the current study sought to expand this existing dataset and examine the comparability of online surveys to more traditional on-location data collection methods. in this study, we collected data through a web-based survey re ... | 2016 | 26927567 |
| brief communication: effect of size biases in the coefficient of variation on assessing intraspecific variability in the prosimian skeleton. | this study examines the effect of a measurement size bias in coefficients of variation on the evaluation of intraspecific skeletal variability in a sample of eight prosimian species (eulemur fulvus, hapalemur griseus, lemur catta, varecia variegata, galago senegalensis, otolemur crassicaudatus, nycticebus coucang, and tarsius syrichta). measurements with smaller means were expected to have higher coefficients of variation (cvs) due to the impact of instrumental precision on the ability to assess ... | 2013 | 23900852 |
| population demography and social structure changes in eulemur fulvus rufus from 1988 to 2003. | eulemur fulvus rufus has been described as having stable multi-male/multi-female groups, a male-biased sex ratio, and female philopatry. however, in a 16-year study of this subspecies we documented a great deal of demographic change as several groups permanently fissioned, some groups disappeared, and new groups formed. we split the dataset into two periods, 1988 to 1993 and 1994 to 2003, which coincided with the first disappearance of a study group (in august 1994) and the first permanent group ... | 2008 | 18257015 |
| circadian rhythms in diet and habitat use in red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra) and white-fronted brown lemurs (eulemur fulvus albifrons). | daily variation in niche use among vertebrates is attributed to a variety of factors, including thermoregulatory, reproductive, and nutritional requirements. lemuriform primates exhibit many behavioral and physiological adaptations related to thermoregulation and sharp, seasonal reproduction, yet they have rarely been subjects of a quantitative analysis of circadian (or daily) rhythms in niche use. in this study, i document daily rhythms in diet and microhabitat use over an annual cycle in two s ... | 2004 | 15252863 |
| niche separation in varecia variegata rubra and eulemur fulvus albifrons: ii. intraspecific patterns. | based on a year-long field study in northeastern madagascar, i summarize annual patterns of niche use (food patch size, diet, forest height, and forest site) in two sympatric lemurs, varecia variegata rubra and eulemur fulvus albifrons. furthermore, i examine intraspecific patterns of niche use according to sex, season, and reproductive stage in these two lemurs that differ in terms of energetic investment in reproduction. lemurs as a group provide a special opportunity to test hypotheses concer ... | 2002 | 12012369 |
| pair-bonding, female aggression and the evolution of lemur societies. | lemur societies have been described as convergent with those of anthropoids, including papio-like female-bonded multi-male groups. recent research, however, shows at least 5 pair-bonded species among the lemuridae and indriidae. three more, eulemur mongoz, eulemur fulvus and varecia variegata, have societies combining aspects of pairing with aspects of troop life. the best-known female-bonded societies, those of lemur catta, propithecus diadema edwardsi and propithecus verreauxi, may be assembla ... | 1998 | 9595685 |
| opsin gene polymorphism predicts trichromacy in a cathemeral lemur. | recent research has identified polymorphic trichromacy in three diurnal strepsirrhines: coquerel's sifaka (propithecus coquereli), black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata), and red ruffed lemurs (v. rubra). current hypotheses suggest that the transitions to diurnality experienced by propithecus and varecia were necessary precursors to their independent acquisitions of trichromacy. accordingly, cathemeral lemurs are thought to lack the m/l opsin gene polymorphism necessary for trichromac ... | 2009 | 18837042 |
| evaluation of iron status in lemurs by analysis of serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation. | to assess serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation as indicators of iron metabolic status in 3 genera of lemurs and determine whether these variables are useful for screening for iron overload. | 2008 | 18279098 |
| the ecology of spatial memory in four lemur species. | evolutionary theories suggest that ecology is a major factor shaping cognition in primates. however, there have been few systematic tests of spatial memory abilities involving multiple primate species. here, we examine spatial memory skills in four strepsirrhine primates that vary in level of frugivory: ruffed lemurs (varecia sp.), ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta), mongoose lemurs (eulemur mongoz), and coquerel's sifakas (propithecus coquereli). we compare these species across three studies targ ... | 2014 | 24469310 |
| daily activity and light exposure levels for five species of lemurs at the duke lemur center. | light is the primary synchronizer of all biological rhythms, yet little is known about the role of the 24-hour luminous environment on nonhuman primate circadian patterns, making it difficult to understand the photic niche of the ancestral primate. here we present the first data on proximate light-dark exposure and activity-rest patterns in free-ranging nonhuman primates. four individuals each of five species of lemurs at the duke lemur center (eulemur mongoz, lemur catta, propithecus coquereli, ... | 2014 | 24318943 |
| patterns of movement and seed dispersal by three lemur species. | we combined data on gut-passage times, feeding, and movement to explore the patterns of seed dispersal by eulemur rubriventer, eulemur rufrifrons, and varecia variegata editorum lemurs in ranomafana national park, madagascar. these lemur species deposited less than half of their consumed seeds >100 m away from conspecific trees (40-50%). long-distance dispersal (>500 m) was rare and average dispersal distances were short relative to those reported of similar-sized haplorrhine primates. the three ... | 2014 | 24038313 |
| testing positional behavior of malagasy lemurs: a randomization approach. | studies of primate positional behavior have only occasionally employed statistical testing because these data sets violate the assumptions underlying most standard statistical tests. as currently practiced, both common methods of collecting data on positional behavior involve sequential observations of a limited number of individuals, leading to data sets consisting of interdependent observations. data collected from sequential observations may not be as dependent as currently accepted; however, ... | 1994 | 8085611 |
| prosimian hemoglobins. iii. the primary structures of the duplicated alpha-globin chains of lemur variegatus. | the amino acid sequences of the alpha chains of hemoglobins purified from lemur variegatus erythrocytes have been determined. the sequences were determined primarily from peptides generated from treatment of the isolated alpha chains with cyanogen bromide or warm formic acid. the ordering of the peptides from both alpha globins was based on the homology between lemur hemoglobins and those of other primates. the genetic difference at position 15 (asn vs. lys) explains the phenotypic characteristi ... | 1986 | 3756186 |
| patterns of maternal care in lemurs. iii. lemur variegatus. | lemur fulvus, l. catta, and l. variegatus differ markedly in the details of mother-infant relations. do these differences account for those seen in adult life? we hope to determine this through interspecific cross-fostering. here we describe the normal pattern of rearing of 5 infants among two groups of 2 and 5 adult l. variegatus, reared in the laboratory. the descriptions cover the first 7 months of life, and include the effects of maternal separation at 150 days of age, when estrus normally d ... | 1976 | 817532 |
| social inhibitory control in five lemur species. | we tested five lemur species-ring-tailed lemurs, ruffed lemurs, mongoose lemurs, black lemurs, and coquerel's sifakas-(n = 52) in an experiment that evaluated skills for inhibitory control in a social context. first, two human experimenters presented identical food rewards; the "generous" experimenter allowed the subject to eat from her hand, whereas the "competitive" experimenter always withheld the reward. lemurs quickly learned to approach the generous experimenter and avoid the competitive o ... | 2015 | 25822664 |
| a comparison of the reproductive cycle of three species of lemur. | the duration of the luteal phase and the 'proestrus' phase in three species of lemurs (lemur macaco, lemur catta, and lemur variegatus) was determined by serum progesterone measurement. total immunoreactive estrogens were measured and remained below 0.20 ng/ml except for an apparent peak of short duration during estrus. circulating testosterone levels in males confirm previously described seasonal gonadal function. the reproductive cycle of the female lemur is discussed and compared to the cycle ... | 1977 | 410710 |
| diurnal distribution of loud calls in sympatric wild indris (indri indri) and ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata): implications for call functions. | we carried out a short study on the diurnal call distribution of two sympatric lemurs in the réserve naturelle intégrale zahamena (eastern madagascar). whereas indris (indri) song bouts were clearly concentrated in the early morning hours, the roar/shriek choruses of ruffed lemurs (varecia) exhibited a much more even distribution throughout the day. these differences in distribution pattern support earlier claims that indri song bouts are more likely to serve territorial functions, whereas ruffe ... | 2006 | 16736264 |
| functional morphology of indrid lumbar vertebrae. | indrids are primarily vertical clingers and leapers but also engage to various extents in climbing, suspensory postures, bimanual movement, bipedal hopping, and quadrupedalism. it has been demonstrated that these behaviors are well reflected in the appendicular anatomy of these primates, while indrid vertebral anatomy has received relatively little attention. in this morphometric study, biomechanically relevant aspects of the lumbar vertebrae of indri indri, propithecus diadema, and propithecus ... | 1995 | 8572156 |
| patterns of quadrupedal locomotion in a vertical clinging and leaping primate (propithecus coquereli) with implications for understanding the functional demands of primate quadrupedal locomotion. | many primates exhibit a suite of characteristics that distinguish their quadrupedal gaits from non-primate mammals including the use of a diagonal sequence gait, a relatively protracted humerus at touchdown, and relatively high peak vertical forces on the hindlimbs compared to the forelimbs. these characteristics are thought to have evolved together in early, small-bodied primates possibly in response to the mechanical demands of navigating and foraging in a complex arboreal environment. it rema ... | 2016 | 27062049 |
| gait kinetics of above- and below-branch quadrupedal locomotion in lemurid primates. | for primates and other mammals moving on relatively thin branches, the ability to effectively adopt both above- and below-branch locomotion is seen as critical for successful arboreal locomotion, and has been considered an important step prior to the evolution of specialized suspensory locomotion within our order. yet, little information exists on the ways in which limb mechanics change when animals shift from above- to below-branch quadrupedal locomotion. this study tested the hypothesis that v ... | 2016 | 26739686 |
| patterns of gut bacterial colonization in three primate species. | host fitness is impacted by trillions of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract that facilitate development and are inextricably tied to life history. during development, microbial colonization primes the gut metabolism and physiology, thereby setting the stage for adult nutrition and health. however, the ecological rules governing microbial succession are poorly understood. in this study, we examined the relationship between host lineage, captive diet, and life stage and gut microbiota characte ... | 2015 | 25970595 |
| sight or scent: lemur sensory reliance in detecting food quality varies with feeding ecology. | visual and olfactory cues provide important information to foragers, yet we know little about species differences in sensory reliance during food selection. in a series of experimental foraging studies, we examined the relative reliance on vision versus olfaction in three diurnal, primate species with diverse feeding ecologies, including folivorous coquerel's sifakas (propithecus coquereli), frugivorous ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata spp), and generalist ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta). we us ... | 2012 | 22870229 |
| prevention of urethral blockage following semen collection in two species of lemur, varecia variegata variegata and lemur catta. | lemurs are a diverse group of primates comprised of five families, all of which are found only on madagascar and the comoro islands. of the 60 known species, 17 are endangered and 5 of these are considered critically endangered. the effects of inbreeding on population health and viability have been well described; though negative inbreeding effects can be ameliorated through the introduction of new genetic material. introduction of new individuals into a population can be extremely challenging b ... | 2007 | 17679512 |
| molecular remodeling of members of the relaxin family during primate evolution. | employing comparative analysis of the cdna-coding sequences of the unique preprorelaxin of the afro-lorisiform galago crassicaudatus and the malagasy lemur varecia variegata and the relaxin-like factor (rlf) of g. crassicaudatus, we demonstrated distinct differences in the dynamics of molecular remodeling of both hormones during primate evolution. the lorisiform and lemuriform preprorelaxin sequences encoded identical hormones, providing the first endocrinological evidence for the monophyletic o ... | 2001 | 11230540 |
| comparative rna sequencing reveals substantial genetic variation in endangered primates. | comparative genomic studies in primates have yielded important insights into the evolutionary forces that shape genetic diversity and revealed the likely genetic basis for certain species-specific adaptations. to date, however, these studies have focused on only a small number of species. for the majority of nonhuman primates, including some of the most critically endangered, genome-level data are not yet available. in this study, we have taken the first steps toward addressing this gap by seque ... | 2012 | 22207615 |
| single-limb force data for two lemur species while vertically clinging. | vertical clinging and climbing have been integral to hypotheses about primate origins, yet little is known about how an animal with nails instead of claws resists gravity while on large, vertical, and cylindrical substrates. here we test models of how force is applied to maintain posture, predicting (1) the shear component force (fs ) at the hands will be higher than the feet; (2) the normal component force (fn ) at the feet will be relatively high compared to the hands; (3) the component force ... | 2015 | 26174130 |
| high reproductive effort is associated with decreasing mortality late in life in captive ruffed lemurs. | evolutionary theories of senescence predict that a high allocation to reproduction during early life should have long-term deleterious consequences on future reproduction or survival because individuals have to face an energy allocation trade-off between reproductive effort and the maintenance of body condition. using a high-quality dataset from 1,721 red ruffed lemurs (rrl, varecia rubra) and 3,637 black and white ruffed lemurs (bwrm, v. variegata) living in captivity, we tested the existence o ... | 2017 | 28608982 |
| distinct functional roles of primate grasping hands and feet during arboreal quadrupedal locomotion. | it has long been thought that quadrupedal primates successfully occupy arboreal environments, in part, by relying on their grasping feet to control balance and propulsion, which frees their hands to test unstable branches and forage. if this interlimb decoupling of function is real, there should be discernible differences in forelimb versus hind limb musculoskeletal control, specifically in how manual and pedal digital flexor muscles are recruited to grasp during arboreal locomotion. new electro ... | 2015 | 26553820 |
| frugivory and seed dispersal patterns of the red-ruffed lemur, varecia rubra, at a forest restoration site in masoala national park, madagascar. | frugivorous primates can play a critical role in the regeneration of degraded habitats by dispersing seeds of their food plants. we studied the diet and seed dispersal patterns of 3 groups of habituated red-ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra) in a rain forest restoration site in masoala national park, madagascar, to assess the species' seed dispersal effectiveness. fruits accounted for 61% of the diet, with an average foraging time of 10 min per fruit patch per day. seeds from 75% of the consumed frui ... | 2014 | 25323399 |
| urethral obstruction with a copulatory plug following natural breeding in a ruffed lemur, varecia rubra. | an 18-year old captive male lemur (varecia rubra) housed in a breeding situation presented for lethargy and anorexia. | 2014 | 24372394 |
| surgical and medical management for fractures of the second through fifth metacarpals in a red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra). | a 21-yr-old female red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra) was presented with swelling and disuse of the right manus. severely displaced fractures of metacarpals ii-v were diagnosed radiographically. the fractures were surgically stabilized with intramedullary kirschner wires attached externally with an acrylic external fixator and a bone plate on the dorsal aspect of metacarpal iii. the fractures of metacarpals ii-v were predominantly healed on radiographs obtained 12 wk after surgery. however, diffus ... | 2013 | 23505733 |
| survey of minerals and fat-soluble vitamins in captive black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata). | serum and whole blood samples from 64 clinically normal captive black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata), aged 6 mo to 32 yr, were analyzed to survey mineral and fat-soluble vitamin concentrations. all animals were fed a commercial primate food and a wide range of fruits and vegetables. specific commercial diet information was available for 52 animals that were fed one of 10 different diets. data analysis showed no differences in the analytes attributable to sex or access to natural ult ... | 2009 | 20063808 |
| genetic architecture of two red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra) populations of masoala national park. | the current range of the red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra) population is primarily restricted to forests of the masoala peninsula on the northeastern coast of madagascar. whereas much of the peninsula is protected as masoala national park, parts of the forest are at risk from anthropogenic pressures and habitat fragmentation. we sampled 32 individual red ruffed lemur from two sites: ambatoledama (dama), a narrow forest corridor across an area of degraded habitat connecting larger blocks of forest ... | 2010 | 19821011 |
| biomedical evaluation of free-ranging red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra) within the masoala national park, madagascar. | complete health assessments were performed on 22 adult red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra), comprising nine males and 13 females, found within the masoala national park in northeast madagascar. each animal was anesthetized using tiletamine and zolazepam and underwent a thorough physical examination, including measurement of its weight and vital signs; blood collection for hematology, plasma total protein concentration, serum chemistries, fat-soluble vitamins, trace minerals, assessment of iron met ... | 2008 | 18432099 |
| the breeding system of wild red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra): a preliminary report. | captive studies have shown that ruffed lemurs (varecia) have an unusual suite of reproductive traits combined with extremely high maternal reproductive costs. these traits include the bearing of litters, nesting of altricial young, and absentee parenting. to characterize the breeding system of this enigmatic lemur, reproductive traits must be contextualized in the wild. here, i provide a preliminary report of mating and infant care in one community of wild red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra). obse ... | 2007 | 17024514 |
| activity budgets and activity rhythms in red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra) on the masoala peninsula, madagascar: seasonality and reproductive energetics. | the activity budgets and daily activity rhythms of varecia rubra were examined over an annual cycle according to season and reproductive stage. given the relatively high reproductive costs and patchy food resources of this species, i predicted that v. rubra would 1) travel less and feed more during seasonal resource scarcity in an attempt to maintain energy balance, and 2) show sex differences in activity budgets due to differing reproductive investment. contrary to the first prediction, v. rubr ... | 2005 | 15898071 |
| automatic monitoring of primate locomotor behaviour using accelerometers. | accelerometry data were transmitted by a radio collar attached to a hand-reared red-ruffed lemur housed in a large indoor/outdoor enclosure at chester zoo. an observer simultaneously recorded locomotor behaviour using a manually operated event recorder. both data streams were recorded directly to hard disk to ensure accurate synchrony. leaps were modelled using a y = x2 - x3 formulation for the take-off acceleration, to link peak acceleration to leap distance. cyclic locomotor modes were analyse ... | 2013 | 15316155 |
| use of desferoxamine and s-adenosylmethionine to treat hemochromatosis in a red ruffed lemur (varecia variegata ruber). | hemochromatosis was diagnosed in a 14-year-old, male, red ruffed lemur (varecia variegata ruber) on the basis of abnormal results of serum biochemical analysis, including high serum ferritin and transferrin saturation values, and of liver biopsy. therapy included chelation, using desferoxamine to remove excess iron and s-adenosylmethionine to improve liver function, and monthly peripheral blood removal by phlebotomy to reduce total body iron content. response to treatment was assessed by changes ... | 2004 | 15027625 |
| female dominance in captive red ruffed lemurs, varecia variegata rubra (primates, lemuridae). | | 2006 | 10640883 |
| [hepatocellular carcinoma in a lemur (varecia variegata rubra x variegata)--a case report]. | this case report describes a spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma in a six years-old female lemur (varecia variegata rubra x variegata) with widespread metastases. potential causes of hepatic neoplasms are discussed. | 1996 | 8964241 |
| gastric pneumatosis in a red ruffed lemur. | | 1986 | 3505989 |
| hematology and serum chemistry values of juvenile and adult ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata). | hematologic and serum chemistry values are presented for adult and juvenile red ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata rubra) and black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) maintained in a zoological collection. hematologic and serum chemical values are compared between age groups and subspecies and with other primate species. elevated hematocrit, total protein, and serum albumin values were noted. significant differences in cholesterol, total protein, and serum albumin values between ... | 1985 | 3981623 |