| high frequency distortion products from the ears of two bat species, megaderma lyra and carollia perspicillata. | in two echolocating bat species, megaderma lyra and carollia perspicillata 2f1-f2 distortion products were measured acoustically in the outer ear canal for f1 frequencies between 5 and 95 khz in an attempt to study nonlinear cochlear processes at high frequencies. similar to other mammals, the input/output (i/o) functions of 2f1-f2 show non-monotonicities and notches at f1 levels between 40-70 db spl. the slope of the initial rise of the 2f1-f2 i/o functions increased with f1 frequency from 0.73 ... | 1992 | 1639726 |
| the primary structure of the hemoglobin from the australian ghost bat (macroderma gigas, microchiroptera). | the australian ghost bat (macroderma gigas, microchiroptera) has two hemoglobin components in the ratio 3:2. they share identical beta-chains and differ by three replacements in the alpha-chains. the primary structures of all three chains are presented. they could be separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. the sequences were determined by automatic liquid and gas phase edman degradation of the chains and their tryptic peptides. the two alpha-chains show 18 and 19 and the beta-chains ... | 1991 | 1789934 |
| the primary structure of the hemoglobin of the indian false vampire (megaderma lyra, microchiroptera). | the hemoglobin of the indian false vampire megaderma lyra contains only one component. in this paper, we are presenting its primary structure. the globin chains were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and the sequences determined by automatic liquid and gas phase edman degradation of the chains and their tryptic peptides, as well as of the prolyl-peptides obtained by acid hydrolysis of the asp-pro bond in the alpha- and beta-chains. the alpha-chains show 23 and the beta-chains 2 ... | 1988 | 3348887 |
| affect cues in vocalizations of the bat, megaderma lyra, during agonistic interactions. | some features of emotional prosody in human speech may be traced back to affect cues in mammalian vocalizations. the present study addresses the question whether affect intensity, as expressed by the intensity of behavioral displays, is encoded in vocal cues, i.e., changes in the structure of associated calls, in bats, a group evolutionarily remote from primates. a frame-by-frame video analysis of 109 dyadic agonistic interactions recorded in approach situations was performed to categorize displ ... | 2008 | 18647002 |
| evidence for a perception of prosodic cues in bat communication: contact call classification by megaderma lyra. | the perception of prosodic cues in human speech may be rooted in mechanisms common to mammals. the present study explores to what extent bats use rhythm and frequency, typically carrying prosodic information in human speech, for the classification of communication call series. using a two-alternative, forced choice procedure, we trained megaderma lyra to discriminate between synthetic contact call series differing in frequency, rhythm on level of calls and rhythm on level of call series, and mea ... | 2009 | 19387652 |
| identification of diverse groups of endogenous gammaretroviruses in mega- and microbats. | a previous phylogenetic study suggested that mammalian gammaretroviruses may have originated in bats. here we report the discovery of rna transcripts from two putative endogenous gammaretroviruses in frugivorous (rousettus leschenaultii retrovirus, rlrv) and insectivorous (megaderma lyra retrovirus, mlrv) bat species. both genomes possess a large deletion in pol, indicating that they are defective retroviruses. phylogenetic analysis places rlrv and mlrv within the diversity of mammalian gammaret ... | 2012 | 22694899 |
| detection of nipah virus rna in fruit bat (pteropus giganteus) from india. | the study deals with the survey of different bat populations (pteropus giganteus, cynopterus sphinx, and megaderma lyra) in india for highly pathogenic nipah virus (niv), reston ebola virus, and marburg virus. bats (n = 140) from two states in india (maharashtra and west bengal) were tested for igg (serum samples) against these viruses and for virus rnas. only niv rna was detected in a liver homogenate of p. giganteus captured in myanaguri, west bengal. partial sequence analysis of nucleocapsid, ... | 2012 | 22802440 |
| serological evidence of toxoplasma gondii infection in five species of bats in china. | toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals and humans with a worldwide distribution. bats are reservoirs for an increasing number of emerging zoonotic viruses, such as henipaviruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). however, little is known of t. gondii infection in bats. the objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in bats in china. a total of 217 s ... | 2013 | 23473226 |
| histological convergent evolution of the accessory submandibular glands in four species of frog-eating bats. | the accessory submandibular glands in four species of bats were examined by electron microscopy. these four species represent two independently evolved lineages. the fringe-lipped bat, trachops cirrhosis, is a neotropical phyllostomid species, whereas the false vampire bats of southeast asia, megaderma lyra and m. spasma, and the heart-nosed bat, cardioderma cor, of east africa are megadermatid species. these glands show extreme deviation from typical salivary gland histology: their secretory en ... | 1996 | 8874090 |
| diversity of coronavirus in bats from eastern thailand. | bats are reservoirs for a diverse range of coronaviruses (covs), including those closely related to human pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) cov and middle east respiratory syndrome cov. there are approximately 139 bat species reported to date in thailand, of which two are endemic species. due to the zoonotic potential of covs, standardized surveillance efforts to characterize viral diversity in wildlife are imperative. | 2015 | 25884446 |
| light-induced cop9 signalosome expression in the indian false vampire bat megaderma lyra. | the cop9 signalosome (csn) is a multi-subunit protein complex conserved in plants and animals. csn subunits have been identified as light-mediated master regulators of eukaryotic circadian clocks from fungi to animals. the indian false vampire bat megaderma lyra is completely adapted to an anthropic biotope and behavioral studies have reported that m. lyra exhibits light-sampling behavior to assess environmental light. lc-ms-ms results for a 36 kda protein were analyzed using the sequest search ... | 2010 | 19787423 |
| parturition and mother-infant relations in the indian false vampire bat megaderma lyra. | the onset and duration of parturition were studied in megaderma lyra for two successive periods during the years 1989 and 1990. the period of parturition fell between january and may in 1989, and between march and may in 1990. this change in the length of parturition period was not due to variations in the pattern of rainfall when prey items are abundant. the young m. lyra clung continuously for 5-7 days from birth to their mothers whose foraging modality seemed unaffected. grown-up infants were ... | 1998 | 24896725 |
| temporal integration in the echolocating bat, megaderma lyra. | temporal integration is a crucial feature of auditory temporal processing. we measured the psychophysical temporal integration of acoustic intensity in the echolocating bat megaderma lyra using a two-alternative forced-choice procedure. a measuring paradigm was chosen in which the absolute threshold for pairs of short tone pips was determined as a function of the temporal separation between the pips. the time constants determined with this paradigm are a crucial characteristic of the sonar syste ... | 1996 | 8951448 |
| a new genus and species of false vampire (chiroptera: megadermatidae) from peninsular thailand. | a new genus and associated species of false vampire, family megadermatidae, are described based on three specimens from bala forest, narathiwat province, peninsular thailand. the new taxon is characterised by a unique combination of distinctive dental, cranial, and external characters, some of which are shared with exclusively african genera and some with asian genera. these characters are comparable to, or exceed in number, those differentiating currently recognised genera in the family megader ... | 2015 | 25781844 |
| auditory pre-experience modulates classification of affect intensity: evidence for the evaluation of call salience by a non-human mammal, the bat megaderma lyra. | immediate responses towards emotional utterances in humans are determined by the acoustic structure and perceived relevance, i.e. salience, of the stimuli, and are controlled via a central feedback taking into account acoustic pre-experience. the present study explores whether the evaluation of stimulus salience in the acoustic communication of emotions is specifically human or has precursors in mammals. we created different pre-experiences by habituating bats (megaderma lyra) to stimuli based o ... | 2013 | 24341839 |
| perception of individuality in bat vocal communication: discrimination between, or recognition of, interaction partners? | different cognitive processes underlying voice identity perception in humans may have precursors in mammals. a perception of vocal signatures may govern individualised interactions in bats, which comprise species living in complex social structures and are nocturnal, fast-moving mammals. this paper investigates to what extent bats recognise, and discriminate between, individual voices and discusses acoustic features relevant for accomplishing these tasks. in spontaneous presentation and habituat ... | 2013 | 23649522 |
| carbonic anhydrase-related protein xi: structure of the gene in the greater false vampire bat (megaderma lyra) compared with human and domestic pig. | carbonic anhydrase-related protein xi (ca-rp xi) is a member of the α-carbonic anhydrase family (encoded by the gene ca-11), which has lost features of the active site required for enzymatic activity. using pcr, we amplified ca-11 from genomic dna of the bat megaderma lyra. to elucidate the gene structure, we sequenced pcr products and compared their sequences with genomic and mrna sequences known from human and domestic pig. we identified and sequenced eight introns in the bat ca-11. five intro ... | 2013 | 23417223 |
| ectoparasite raymondia lobulata infestation in relation to the reproductive cycle of its host--the greater false vampire bat megaderma lyra. | to study variation of infestations by the bat fly raymondia lobulata (diptera: streblidae) on the greater false vampire bat megaderma lyra (chiroptera: megadermatidae), we captured individual bats at their day roost in the south of india and recorded their rate of infestation continuously for a year. all examined bats (n = 72 individuals, 202 captures) were infested with parasites (n = 3,008). however, the recorded intensity of infestation (range 1-33) was gender-related and statistically higher ... | 2012 | 21923461 |
| echolocation behaviour of megaderma lyra during typical orientation situations and while hunting aerial prey: a field study. | bats modify the structure and emission pattern of their calls to cope with the functional constraints of a given echolocation situation. as a consequence, the flexibility in sonar call use affects the potential niche use of a species. the present paper addresses call use in megaderma lyra, a species with a short, broadband multiharmonic basic call, in typical orientation situations, when emerging from and re-entering a day roost, in cruising flight and when passing through vegetation, and during ... | 2011 | 20582420 |
| time-variant spectral peak and notch detection in echolocation-call sequences in bats. | bats are able to recognize and discriminate three-dimensional objects in complete darkness by analyzing the echoes of their ultrasonic emissions. bats typically ensonify objects from different aspects to gain an internal representation of the three-dimensional object shape. previous work suggests that, as a result, bats rely on the echo-acoustic analysis of spectral peaks and notches. dependent on the aspect of ensonification, this spectral interference pattern changes over time in an object-spe ... | 2008 | 18083726 |
| the absence of spatial echo suppression in the echolocating bats megaderma lyra and phyllostomus discolor. | acoustic orientation most often takes place in echoic environments. the mammalian auditory system shows a variety of specializations to suppress misleading spatial information mediated by echoes. psychophysically these specializations are summarized as the precedence effect. this study investigates how echolocating bats deal with multiple reflections of their sonar emissions from different spatial positions. in a two-alternative, forced choice paradigm, a study was made of the extent to which th ... | 2006 | 16354786 |
| classification of virtual objects in the echolocating bat, megaderma lyra. | using echolocation, bats can not only locate objects in space but also discriminate objects of different shape. the acoustic image of an object is its impulse response (ir). the current experiments investigate whether bats just perceive changes in echo composition or whether bats perceive the ir itself through a detailed comparison of the emitted sound with the echo. the bat megaderma lyra was trained to classify unknown virtual objects according to learned reference objects of different tempora ... | 2003 | 12931967 |
| the effect of temporal structure on rustling-sound detection in the gleaning bat, megaderma lyra. | for a gleaning bat hunting prey from the ground, rustling sounds generated by prey movements are essential to invoke a hunting behaviour. the detection of prey-generated rustling sounds may depend heavily on the time structure of the prey-generated and the masking sounds due to their spectral similarity. here, we systematically investigate the effect of the temporal structure on psychophysical rustling-sound detection in the gleaning bat, megaderma lyra. a recorded rustling sound serves as the s ... | 2003 | 12665992 |
| the effect of preceding sonar emission on temporal integration in the bat, megaderma lyra. | the present study investigated whether and to which extent temporal integration in bats is influenced by echolocation behavior. one way to quantify temporal integration is to measure the detection threshold for a pair of short tone pips as a function of the temporal separation between the pips. to asses the effect of preceding sonar emission on temporal integration in the bat, megaderma lyra, the detection thresholds of identical subjects were measured in a passive as well as in an active paradi ... | 2002 | 11919696 |
| evidence for an analytic perception of multiharmonic sounds in the bat, megaderma lyra, and its possible role for echo spectral analysis. | for echolocation, the gleaning bat megaderma lyra relies on short and broadband calls consisting of multiple harmonic components, each of which is downward frequency modulated. the harmonic components in m. lyra's calls have a relatively small frequency excursion and do not overlap spectrally. broadband calls of other bat species, on the other hand, often consist of only a few harmonics which are modulated over broad and sometimes overlapping frequency ranges. a call consisting of narrow and non ... | 2001 | 11325138 |
| the role of echolocation in the hunting of terrestrial prey--new evidence for an underestimated strategy in the gleaning bat, megaderma lyra. | the observation that gleaning bats detect prey by its noises, together with difficulties in recording their faint sonar calls, have led some authors to conclude that gleaning bats may not use echolocation in certain hunting situations. in particular, it is conjectured that echolocation plays no role in the classification and tracking of prey. in the present study, we show that the gleaning bat, megaderma lyra, is able to find silent and motionless prey on the ground. the significance of sonar fo ... | 2000 | 11138799 |
| perception of complex tones and its analogy to echo spectral analysis in the bat, megaderma lyra. | the gleaning bat megaderma lyra emits broadband echolocation sounds consisting of multiple frequency components. the present study investigates into which perceptual qualities the spectral characteristics of echoes may be translated in the auditory system of m. lyra. three bats were trained in a 2-afc behavioral experiment to classify nine complex tones, which spectrally resembled m. lyra's sonar calls, into two perceptual categories. then the bats' spontaneous responses to unknown complex tones ... | 1999 | 9972574 |
| spontaneous classification of complex tones at high and ultrasonic frequencies in the bat, megaderma lyra. | megaderma lyra, a bat species using harmonically structured calls for echolocation, exploits the spectral content of its echoes for texture discrimination. it is the aim of the present study to test according to which sensory qualities harmonic complex tones are spontaneously classified by this bat. the applied experimental paradigm is especially adapted to the preference of m. lyra to use absolute pitch cues. three animals were trained in a 2-afc procedure to classify three-component stimuli as ... | 1998 | 9604354 |
| perception of structured phantom targets in the echolocating bat, megaderma lyra. | bats can discriminate among objects with different texture using echolocation. the mechanisms involved in texture discrimination are unknown. in real echoes reflected from three-dimensional objects, the spatial structure of the target creates a specific temporal and spectral pattern. in the experiments described here, simply structured phantom targets mimicking echoes reflected from an object with two parallel planes were generated by adding two differentially delayed copies of the bat's vocaliz ... | 1992 | 1597609 |
| histochemical observations on the female reproductive tract of bats. iv. mucopolysaccharides in the uterus of three species of bats. | the three species of bats studied show glycogen, neutral, sialo- and sulfomucins in the cells of the uterine epithelium and glands. elaboration of these mucins occurs during anestrus in pteropus giganteus and during proestrus in taphozous longimanus. in megaderma lyra lyra only glycogen is observed during anestrus and proestrus. neutral, and sialomucins in addition to glycogen are observed during estrus. the concentration of these mucins increases progressively and is maximum at the time of impl ... | 1981 | 6453476 |
| histochemical observations on the female reproductive tract of bats. iii. mucosubstances in the fallopian tube of three species of bats. | the epithelium of the three species of bats studied shows the presence of ciliated and nonciliated cells both in the ovarian and uterine segments of the fallopian tube of the functional uterine horn. the cytoplasm of these two cells types shows small amount of glycogen during anestrus, the amount increasing during proestrus and estrus. at estrus, the nonciliated cells show the presence of neutral and sialomucins in addition to glycogen in pteropus giganteus giganteus and megaderma lyra lyra. the ... | 1980 | 7203263 |
| histochemical observations on the ovaries of some indian bats. | ovarian follicles of the three species of bats, pteropus giganteus giganteus, taphozous longimanus and megaderma lyra lyra were studied with regard to the distribution and nature of mucopolysaccharides. oocyte contained only glycogen. zona pellucida showed the presence of glycogen, neutral mucosubstances, sialo- and sulfomucins. follicle cells showed the presence of glycogen and sialic acid except in megaderma lyra lyra where the follicle cells of the graafian follicle showed the presence of sul ... | 1980 | 6451992 |
| morphometrics of the indian false vampire bat (megaderma lyra) from district jhelum, pakistan. | during the present study thirteen megaderma lyra bats were observed roosting in dark, domed shaped room of rohtas fort, district jhelum. out of these, six specimens were captured from the roosting site, using hand net. all captured specimens were male. these bats were identified through their unique facial features, an erect and elongated nose-leaf, large oval ears that joined above the forehead and no tail. mean head and body length of captured specimens was 80 mm, forearm length was 67 mm whil ... | 2020 | 33146253 |
| maxilloturbinal aids in nasophonation in horseshoe bats (chiroptera: rhinolophidae). | horseshoe bats (family rhinolophidae) show an impressive array of morphological traits associated with use of high duty cycle echolocation calls that they emit via their nostrils (nasophonation). delicate maxilloturbinal bones inside the nasal fossa of horseshoe bats have a unique elongated strand-like shape unknown in other mammals. maxilloturbinal strands also vary considerably in length and cross-sectional shape. in other mammals, maxilloturbinals help direct respired air and prevent respirat ... | 2020 | 30365875 |
| ultrastructural hair morphology: a supplemental tool for species recognition in bats. | mukesh kumar, yuvana s. priya, virendra mathur, harendra kumar, and vadamalai elangovan (2016) the ultrastructural hair morphology of 09 insectivorous bats such as pipistrellus coromandra, p. ceylonicus, scotophilus kuhlii, s. heathii, hipposideros fulvus, h. lankadiva, megaderma lyra, rhinopoma micorphyllum and r. hardwickii were examined through scanning electron microscope to validate the use of hair characteristics as supplemental taxonomic tools for species recognition. the results suggest ... | 2016 | 31966170 |