| further characterization of the pituitary-adrenocortical responses to stress in chiroptera. | previous studies on bats from this laboratory have revealed the presence of exceptionally high circulating levels of glucocorticoids in two species of the sub-order megachiroptera. in the present study, the following questions were asked: (1) what effect does the routine handling and examination of captive bats have on the activity of their hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (hpa) axis?; (2) are the unusually high plasma levels of cortisol and corticosterone found in pteropus hypomelanus asso ... | 1994 | 8057075 |
| isolation of nipah virus from malaysian island flying-foxes. | in late 1998, nipah virus emerged in peninsular malaysia and caused fatal disease in domestic pigs and humans and substantial economic loss to the local pig industry. surveillance of wildlife species during the outbreak showed neutralizing antibodies to nipah virus mainly in island flying-foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) and malayan flying-foxes (pteropus vampyrus) but no virus reactive with anti-nipah virus antibodies was isolated. we adopted a novel approach of collecting urine from these island f ... | 2002 | 11880045 |
| nipah virus encephalitis outbreak in malaysia. | emerging infectious diseases involving zoonosis have become important global health problems. the 1998 outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis among pig farmers in malaysia caused by a newly emergent paramyxovirus, nipah virus, is a good example. this disease has the potential to spread to other countries through infected animals and can cause considerable economic loss. the clinical presentation includes segmental myoclonus, areflexia, hypertension, and tachycardia, and histologic evidence incl ... | 2002 | 11938496 |
| full length genome sequence of tioman virus, a novel paramyxovirus in the genus rubulavirus isolated from fruit bats in malaysia. | a novel paramyxovirus in the genus rubulavirus, named tioman virus (tiv), was isolated in 1999 from a number of pooled urine samples of island flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) during the search for the reservoir host of nipah virus. tiv is antigenically related to menangle virus (menv) that was isolated in australia in 1997 during disease outbreak in pigs. sequence analysis of the full length genome indicated that tiv is a novel member of the genus rubulavirus within the subfamily paramyxovir ... | 2002 | 12111411 |
| a pasteurella-like bacterium associated with pneumonia in captive megachiropterans. | a novel pasteurella-like organism was recovered postmortem from lung tissue of two captive wahlberg's epauleted fruit bats (epomophorus wahlbergi), with severe, unilateral pneumonia. the bats had been recently shipped and died shortly after release from a 30-day quarantine. one presented with clinical signs of anorexia and lethargy before death; the other died without prior clinical symptoms. the same pasteurella-like organism was recovered antemortem from subcutaneous abscesses in two captive l ... | 2004 | 15193080 |
| detection of specific antibody responses to vaccination in variable flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus). | megachiropteran bats are biologically important both as endangered species and reservoirs for emerging human pathogens. reliable detection of antibodies to specific pathogens in bats is thus epidemiologically critical. eight variable flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) were immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (dnp-bsa). each bat received monthly inoculations for 2 months. affinity-purified igg was used for production of polyclonal and monoclonal anti-variable flying fox igg ... | 2009 | 18242703 |
| detection of hepatocystis sp. in southeast asian flying foxes (pteropodidae) using microscopic and molecular methods. | three species of flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus, p. vampyrus, and p. lylei) from malaysia and vietnam were screened for apicomplexan parasites by thin blood smears and polymerase chain reaction. only 1 of 16 bats sampled from 3 localities in southeast asia was found to be infected (p. hypomelanus from pulau pangkor, malaysia). we observed micro- and macrogametocytes, with morphology consistent with hepatocystis sp. parasites, using light microscopy. phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome b ge ... | 2007 | 18314711 |
| lessons from the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia. | the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia (september 1998 to may 1999) resulted in 265 cases of acute encephalitis with 105 deaths, and near collapse of the billion-dollar pig-farming industry. because it was initially attributed to japanese encephalitis, early control measures were ineffective, and the outbreak spread to other parts of malaysia and nearby singapore. the isolation of the novel aetiological agent, the nipah virus (niv), from the cerebrospinal fluid of an outbreak victim was the turnin ... | 2007 | 19108397 |
| generation of tioman virus nucleocapsid-like particles in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. | tioman virus (tiov) was isolated from a number of pooled urine samples of tioman island flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) during the search for the reservoir host of nipah virus. studies have established tiov as a new virus in the family paramyxoviridae. this novel paramyxovirus is antigenically related to menangle virus that was isolated in australia in 1997 during disease outbreak in pigs. tiov causes mild disease in pigs and has a predilection for lymphoid tissues. recent serosurvey showed ... | 2009 | 19559738 |
| duration of maternal antibodies against canine distemper virus and hendra virus in pteropid bats. | old world frugivorous bats have been identified as natural hosts for emerging zoonotic viruses of significant public health concern, including henipaviruses (nipah and hendra virus), ebola virus, and marburg virus. epidemiological studies of these viruses in bats often utilize serology to describe viral dynamics, with particular attention paid to juveniles, whose birth increases the overall susceptibility of the population to a viral outbreak once maternal immunity wanes. however, little is unde ... | 2013 | 23826322 |
| molecular characterization of nipah virus from pteropus hypomelanus in southern thailand. | nipah virus (niv) first emerged in malaysia in 1998, with two bat species (pteropus hypomelanus and p. vampyrus) as the putative natural reservoirs. in 2002, niv igg antibodies were detected in these species from thailand, but viral rna could not be detected for strain characterization. two strains of niv (malaysia and bangladesh) have been found in p. lylei in central thailand, although bangladesh strain, the causative strain for the outbreak in bangladesh since 2001, was dominant. to understan ... | 2016 | 27016237 |
| flying-fox (pteropus spp.) sperm membrane fatty acid composition, its relationship to cold shock injury and implications for cryopreservation success. | the very large acrosome of pteropus species spermatozoa is prone to damage during cooling procedures. cryogenic succuss has been linked to membrane composition, therefore the lipid composition of five pteropus species sperm acrosomal and plasma membranes were investigated to provide insight into reasons for cold shock susceptibility. rapid chilling and re-warming of spermatozoa from three pteropus species resulted in a decrease (p<0.05) in acrosomal integrity. biochemical analysis of lipids reve ... | 2012 | 22771758 |
| the effects of short-term physical restraint and isoflurane anesthesia on hematology and plasma biochemistry in the island flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus). | the effects of short-term physical restraint and isoflurane anesthesia on hematologic and serum biochemistry parameters were evaluated in 12 island flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus). physical restraint was associated with significantly decreased calcium, cholesterol, globulin, albumin, hemoglobin concentrations, red blood cell count, and hematocrit and increased glucose, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations. isoflurane restraint was associated with significantly decreased calcium, choleste ... | 1998 | 9638618 |
| tioman virus, a novel paramyxovirus isolated from fruit bats in malaysia. | a search for the natural host of nipah virus has led to the isolation of a previously unknown member of the family paramyxoviridae. tioman virus (tiv) was isolated from the urine of fruit bats (pteropus hypomelanus) found on the island of the same name off the eastern coast of peninsular malaysia. an electron microscopic study of tiv-infected cells revealed spherical and pleomorphic-enveloped viral particles (100--500 nm in size) with a single fringe of embedded peplomers. virus morphogenesis oc ... | 2001 | 11336547 |
| characterization of a novel alphaherpesvirus isolated from the fruit bat pteropus lylei in vietnam. | herpesviruses exist in nature within each host animal. ten herpesviruses have been isolated from bats and their biological properties reported. a novel bat alphaherpesvirus, which we propose to name "pteropus lylei-associated alphaherpesvirus (plahv)," was isolated from urine of the fruit bat pteropus lylei in vietnam and characterized. the entire genome sequence was determined to be 144,008 bp in length and predicted to include 72 genes. plahv was assigned to genus simplexvirus with other bat a ... | 2020 | 32669329 |
| pollination by the locally endangered island flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus) enhances fruit production of the economically important durian (durio zibethinus). | fruit bats provide valuable pollination services to humans through a unique coevolutionary relationship with chiropterophilous plants. however, chiropterophily in the old world and the pollination roles of large bats, such as flying foxes (pteropus spp., acerodon spp., desmalopex spp.), are still poorly understood and require further elucidation. efforts to protect these bats have been hampered by a lack of basic quantitative information on their role as ecosystem service providers. here, we inv ... | 2017 | 29152168 |
| interspecific and intraspecific variation in proximate, mineral, and fatty acid composition of milk in old world fruit bats (chiroptera: pteropodidae). | we examine the effect of body mass on milk composition among old world fruit bats, including pteropus pumilus (0.175 kg), pteropus rodricensus (0.265 kg), pteropus hypomelanus (0.571 kg), and pteropus vampyrus (1.133 kg). we describe intra- and interspecific differences in the proximate composition of milk among these four species and the minerals and fatty acids in the milk of the latter two species. there were no differences between species in the concentrations of dry matter, fat, or lactose ... | 2013 | 11226022 |
| plasma fat-soluble vitamin and mineral concentrations in relation to diet in captive pteropodid bats. | circulating plasma fat-soluble vitamin and mineral concentrations were compared in captive females of three species for fruit bats (pteropus vampyrus, pteropus hypomelanus, and pteropus pumilus) fed the same diet. daily total food intake averaged 28% of body weight on an as-fed basis or 7% on a dry matter basis. dietary leftovers contained higher concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc than the diet offered, suggesting some nutrient selectivity. additionally, fecal mineral concentratio ... | 2000 | 11237137 |
| the effect of time at which plasma separation occurs on biochemical values in small island flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus). | heparinized blood samples from 15 adult small island flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) were stored at 22 degrees c for 0-, 6-, and 24-hr intervals prior to centrifugation and separation of plasma from erythrocytes. mean plasma biochemical values of 16 analytes were determined from all samples. mean values of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, cholesterol, calcium, sodium, and bilirubin did not c ... | 2001 | 12790422 |
| baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoids during reproduction in the variable flying fox, pteropus hypomelanus (chiroptera: pteropodidae). | baseline and stress-responsive glucocorticoid (gc) levels were assessed during early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and lactation in female variable flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) and in males over the same time period. animals were maintained in a breeding colony in captivity. high levels of both cortisol and corticosterone were detected, with total plasma gc levels being among the highest documented in vertebrates (up to 3000 ng/ml in individual animals, with cortisol being the primary gc, ac ... | 2004 | 15286948 |
| evaluation of medetomidine/ketamine for short-term immobilization of variable flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus). | four medetomidine/ketamine (m/k) doses (30 microg/kg/3 mg/kg; 40/4; 50/5; 60/6), administered by intramuscular injection, were evaluated for short-term immobilization of adult male variable flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus). the highest dose (60 microg/kg/6 mg/kg) produced a significantly faster induction (31 +/- 46 sec) than the lowest dose (30/3) (125 +/- 62 sec). the highest dose levels (50/5, 60/6) produced significantly longer immobilization times (52.5 +/- 25.7 min and 60.6 +/- 20.8 min, ... | 2006 | 16870872 |
| ocular parameters in a captive colony of fruit bats. | to establish normal reference ranges of ocular parameters including phenol read thread, palpebral fissure length, horizontal and vertical corneal diameter, upright and hanging intraocular pressure (iop) and to report ophthalmic examination findings of the anterior segment and lens, in a population of captive fruit bats. | 2010 | 20840093 |
| comparison of intravenous medetomidine and medetomidine/ketamine for immobilization of free-ranging variable flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus). | medetomidine (0.03 mg/kg) and medetomidine/ketamine (0.05/5.0 and 0.025/2.5 mg/kg), administered by intravenous injection, were evaluated for short-term immobilization of wild-caught variable flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus). medetomidine alone produced incomplete chemical restraint and a stressful, prolonged induction. both ketamine/medetomidine doses produced a smooth induction and complete immobilization. the combined medetomidine/ketamine dose of 0.025/2.5 mg/kg produced a rapid induction ... | 2011 | 22065987 |
| chemical characterization of milk oligosaccharides of the island flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus) (chiroptera: pteropodidae). | although a considerable amount of information has accumulated about oligosaccharides in the milk and colostrum of representatives of various mammalian orders, nothing is so far known concerning these sugars in the milk of any bat species (order chiroptera). in this study, we determined that the following oligosaccharides occur in milk of the island flying fox, pteropus hypomelanus (chiroptera: pteropidae): gal(α1-3)gal(β1-4)glc (isoglobotriose), gal(β1-4)glcnac(β1-3)gal(β1-4)glc (lacto-n-neotetr ... | 2011 | 22111635 |
| diagnosis and management of atypical hypoadrenocorticism in a variable flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus). | a 19-yr-old intact female variable flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus) presented with lethargy, behavior changes, and substantial weight loss. initial clinical pathology revealed hypoglycemia and reduced ionized serum calcium, and imaging, including computed tomography, did not lead to a diagnosis. an adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) stimulation test revealed baseline and post-acth cortisol concentrations that were lower than reported normal baseline cortisol concentrations in this species. trea ... | 2013 | 23805580 |
| lack of population genetic structure and host specificity in the bat fly, cyclopodia horsfieldi, across species of pteropus bats in southeast asia. | population-level studies of parasites have the potential to elucidate patterns of host movement and cross-species interactions that are not evident from host genealogy alone. bat flies are obligate and generally host-specific blood-feeding parasites of bats. old-world flies in the family nycteribiidae are entirely wingless and depend on their hosts for long-distance dispersal; their population genetics has been unstudied to date. | 2013 | 23924629 |
| hematologic and plasma biochemical reference values for three flying fox species (pteropus sp.). | reference hematologic and plasma biochemical values from island (pteropus hypomelanus), malaysian (p. vampyrus), and rodriquez island (p. rodricensis) flying foxes were determined. in comparison to other mammals, these bats had very low plasma cholesterol and urea levels, which may be related to diet. the predominant white blood cells observed in p. hypomelanus and p. vampyrus were lymphocytes, while in p. rodricensis they were neutrophils. elevated plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, and alka ... | 1997 | 9523641 |
| iron storage disease in captive egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus): relationship of blood iron parameters to hepatic iron concentrations and hepatic histopathology. | this study evaluated the relationship between blood iron parameters and hepatic iron concentrations, and correlation of histologic findings with hepatic iron concentrations in a captive population of egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) and island flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus). blood samples were collected for complete blood counts, plasma biochemical profiles, serum iron concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, whole-blood lead concentrations, and plasma ferritin assays. liver ... | 2005 | 17323561 |
| preliminary evaluation of deslorelin, a gnrh agonist for contraception of the captive variable flying fox pteropus hypomelanus. | this study was conducted to study the effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) agonist, deslorelin, on luteinizing hormone (lh), testosterone (males), semen characteristics and pregnancy in the variable flying fox pteropus hypomelanus. | 2008 | 18847585 |
| ketamine and xylazine combinations for short-term immobilization of wild variable flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus). | collection of biological samples from pteropid bats requires chemical restraint of the bats to minimize risks to humans and stress to the bat. the effectiveness of an intravenous combination of ketamine and xylazine for short-term restraint of wild-caught variable flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) in a field situation was evaluated. eight adult male variable flying foxes were injected intravenously with 0.1 ml of ketamine and xylaxine containing 5 mg of ketamine and 1 mg of xylazine. the mean ... | 2008 | 19110718 |
| effects of sunlight on behavior and 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels in two species of old world fruit bats. | it has long been accepted that most vertebrate animals meet their vitamin d requirements from exposure of skin to uv-b (uv-b) radiation. many factors affect this endogenous synthesis of vitamin d, including season, latitude, time of day, age, presence of hair, and degree of skin pigmentation. most bats roost in dark places by day and forage at night, and thus have little or no potential for sunlight exposure. notwithstanding, some tropical species are diurnal and are known to roost in the canopy ... | 2013 | 24494054 |
| elucidating the diet of the island flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus) in peninsular malaysia through illumina next-generation sequencing. | there is an urgent need to identify and understand the ecosystem services of pollination and seed dispersal provided by threatened mammals such as flying foxes. the first step towards this is to obtain comprehensive data on their diet. however, the volant and nocturnal nature of bats presents a particularly challenging situation, and conventional microhistological approaches to studying their diet can be laborious and time-consuming, and provide incomplete information. we used illumina next-gene ... | 2017 | 28413729 |
| coexistence and conflict between the island flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus) and humans on tioman island, peninsular malaysia. | as tropical landscapes become increasingly human-dominated, conflicts between people and wildlife threaten ecological processes. old world fruit bats such as flying foxes are especially susceptible to extinction risk because there is low interest in their conservation, particularly when they are considered pests. in order to arrest fruit bat declines, there is an urgent need to understand human-bat conflict and its implications. on a tropical island in peninsular malaysia, we conducted a questio ... | 2017 | 28680192 |