| epidemiological patterns of cutaneous leishmaniasis in panama. iii. endemic persistence of the disease. | endemic persistence of cutaneous leishmaniasis is described in el aguacate, a community established in the forest of central panama about 75 years ago. physiographic pecularities partially isolate el aguacate from other villages in the region. some of the original forest environment has been preserved and man-biting species of phlebotomine sandflies were abundant as was the two-toed sloth, choloepus hoffmanni, the principal reservoir host of leishmania braziliensis in panama. the inhabitants, as ... | 1976 | 816214 |
| trypanosoma (herpetosoma) leeuwenhoeki in choloepus hoffmanni and didelphis marsupialis of the pacific coast of colombia. | trypanosoma (herpetosoma) leeuwenhoeki, originally described in panamanian sloths, was isolated from didelphis marsupialis (marsupialia) and choloepus hoffmanni (edentata) inhabiting the pacific coast of colombia. trypanosomes were characterized by their large blood forms (total length 51-53 microns), poor infectivity for mice, and lack of development in rhodnius prolixus. isoenzyme studies, with either strains or clones, revealed homogeneous profiles clearly distinct from trypanosoma cruzi and ... | 1989 | 2926591 |
| [kininogens and kinino-forming enzymes in the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni peters)]. | | 1964 | 4157548 |
| [study of thyroid function by use of na i-131 in choloepus hoffmanni peters. iv. biological half-life of t4 i-131 and pbi-127 values]. | | 1964 | 4157751 |
| [concentration power of the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni peters) kidney]. | | 1965 | 4158407 |
| leishmania braziliensis isolated from sloths in panama. | two edentates, the twotoed sloth choloepus hoffmanni and the three-toed sloth bradypus infuscatus, infected with leishmania were found in panama. the rates of infection were 14.1 and 1.3 percent in choloepus and bradypus, respectively. leishmania braziliensis sensu lato was cultured from skin, blood, spleen, liver, or bone marrow of 13 sloths often from two or more tissues from the same animal. this strain is indistinguishable from leishmania strains isolated from hunmanis in panama. | 1969 | 5783717 |
| viruses isolated from panamanian sloths. | seven virus strains were isolated in vero cells from whole blood samples from 80 wild-caught sloths, bradypus variegatus and choloepus hoffmanni, from central panamá. four strains of at least two different serotypes are related to changuinola virus; two of these were associated with prolonged or recrudescent viremias. one strain is an antigenic subtype of punta toro virus, and another, described here as bradypus-4 virus, is a new, antigenically ungrouped virus. a second new virus from sloths, ut ... | 1983 | 6316795 |
| experimental st. louis encephalitis virus infection of sloths and cormorants. | experimental infection of 11 bradypus variegatus and choloepus hoffmanni sloths with st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus produced detectable viremias of seven to 27 (median 13) days duration and maximum titers of 2.7 to 6.5 (median 5.1) log10 median suckling mouse intracranial lethal doses (smicld50) per ml. experimental sle viremia onset was delayed and maximum titer depressed in two sloths concurrently infected with naturally acquired viruses. sle viremias in four experimentally inoculated corm ... | 1983 | 6881434 |
| respiratory disease associated with bordetella bronchiseptica in a hoffmann's two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni). | a 2-yr-old female captive-born hoffmann's two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni) presented with respiratory disease. a severe inspiratory dyspnea with nasal congestion was observed with open-mouthed breathing and bilateral mucopurulent nasal exudate. despite initial treatment with broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy and anti-inflammatory and supportive care, the dyspnea persisted. the animal was anesthetized for bronchoscopy to obtain a deep tracheal sample. based on culture of bordetella bronchi ... | 2009 | 19569489 |
| cytoarchitectonic study of the isocortex in the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni peters). | | 2010 | 4163788 |
| [vestibular function in the two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni peters)]. | | 2014 | 4175383 |
| serosurvey of selected arboviral pathogens in free-ranging, two-toed sloths (choloepus hoffmanni) and three-toed sloths (bradypus variegatus) in costa rica, 2005-07. | we screened for antibodies to 16 arboviruses in four populations of free-ranging sloths in costa rica. blood samples were taken from 16 hoffman's two-toed sloths (htss; choloepus hoffmanni ) and 26 brown-throated sloths (btss; bradypus variegatus ) over a 3-yr period. we used serologic assays to detect antibodies against 10 arboviruses previously described in sloths (st. louis encephalitis [slev], changuinola, venezuelan equine encephalitis, ilheus [ilhv], oropouche, mayaro, utinga, murutucu, pu ... | 2016 | 27479900 |
| pseudogenization of the tooth gene enamelysin (mmp20) in the common ancestor of extant baleen whales. | whales in the suborder mysticeti are filter feeders that use baleen to sift zooplankton and small fish from ocean waters. adult mysticetes lack teeth, although tooth buds are present in foetal stages. cladistic analyses suggest that functional teeth were lost in the common ancestor of crown-group mysticeti. dna sequences for the tooth-specific genes, ameloblastin (ambn), enamelin (enam) and amelogenin (amel), have frameshift mutations and/or stop codons in this taxon, but none of these molecular ... | 2010 | 20861053 |
| molecular decay of enamel matrix protein genes in turtles and other edentulous amniotes. | secondary edentulism (toothlessness) has evolved on multiple occasions in amniotes including several mammalian lineages (pangolins, anteaters, baleen whales), birds, and turtles. all edentulous amniote clades have evolved from ancestors with enamel-capped teeth. previous studies have documented the molecular decay of tooth-specific genes in edentulous mammals, all of which lost their teeth in the cenozoic, and birds, which lost their teeth in the cretaceous. by contrast with mammals and birds, t ... | 2013 | 23342979 |
| trypanosoma rangeli genotypes association with rhodnius prolixus and r. pallescens allopatric distribution in central america. | previous kdna polymorphism-based reports have revealed the existence of two trypanosoma rangeli genotypes (kp1+ and kp1-): sl and ssu rrna gene polymorphism-based studies have revealed that five genotypes (a-e) are distributed throughout different latin-american countries. some evidence has shown that the genotypes' biogeographical distribution is associated with sympatric rhodnius species. 12 t. rangeli isolates from humans and reservoirs from el salvador, guatemala, honduras, costa rica and pa ... | 2009 | 19778637 |
| gastrointestinal parasites and ectoparasites of bradypus variegatus and choloepus hoffmanni sloths in captivity from costa rica. | sloths may serve as host to a wide range of parasites. however, there is little information available on the types of parasites that affect costa rica's sloth population. during a 1-yr period, 65 specimens of costa rican sloth species (choloepus hoffmanni; n = 56) and bradypus variegates; n = 9) from a local zoo were sampled. fecal samples were evaluated using two different diagnostic techniques, sheather's flotation and sedimentation. concurrently, these sloths were examined for ectoparasites. ... | 2009 | 19368244 |
| identification of endotrypanum species from a sloth, a squirrel and lutzomyia sandflies in ecuador by pcr amplification and sequencing of the mini-exon gene. | pcr amplification and nucleotide sequencing of the mini-exon gene revealed that four strains isolated from a sloth (choloepus hoffmanni), a squirrel (sciurus granatensis) and two sandflies (lutzomyia hartmanni) in ecuador were indistinguishable from endotrypanum monterogeii. another strain isolated from lu. hartmanni showed the high sequence similarity to e. schaudinni. since three of these strains have been previously identified as leishmania (viannia) equatorensis, the results demonstrate that ... | 2003 | 12808222 |
| the eye of the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni peters). | | 1969 | 5407706 |
| [so-called aberrant gonosomic formulas in placental mammals. the special case of the sloth choloepus hoffmanni peters (edentata, xenartha, family bradypodidae)]. | | 1969 | 5365538 |
| brazilian distribution of amblyomma varium koch, 1844 (acari: ixodidae), a common parasite of sloths (mammalia: xenarthra). | amblyomma varium, commonly known in brazil as the "carrapato-gigante-da-pregui a" (sloth's giant tick) is found from southern central america to argentina. the present study adds information on the geographical distribution of a. varium, as well as on their hosts, based on material deposited in the main brazilian collections and on the available literature. eighty-two vials, containing 191 adult specimens, deposited in five acari collections between 1930 and 2001, were examined. these vials incl ... | 2003 | 12563481 |
| leishmania braziliensis in the panamanian two-toed sloth, choloepus hoffmanni. | a total of 498 two-toed sloths, choloepus hoffmanni, collected in central panama was examined for leishmania braziliensis over a 10-year period. isolations of the parasite from 96 (19.3%) of the animals were confirmed by culture and inoculation of golden hamsters. improved culture techniques developed toward the end of the study assisted in determining a greater prevalence of the disease. infectins were completely cryptic in all animals, and the parasite was isolated from skin, blood, liver, spl ... | 1980 | 7446811 |
| the tree-buttress biotope: a pathobiocenose of leishmania braziliensis. | a total of 52,033 sandflies, comprising 33 species, was collected in tree buttresses in panama. of the 18,025 females collected, 1,592 (8.8%) engorged phlebotomines of 18 species contained sufficient blood for identification of their vertebrate hosts by the microcapillary precipitin method. lutzomyia ylephiletor and lu. trapidoi, vectors of leishmania braziliensis, had fed predominantly on sloths (47.0% and 65.1%, respectively). lutzomyia shannoni, a common non-anthropophilic sandfly in tree but ... | 1982 | 7072887 |
| sensory projections of somatic, auditory and visual origin to the cerebral cortex of the sloth choloepus hoffmanni peters). | | 1966 | 5960281 |
| [the adreno-sympathetic system in the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni peters)]. | | 1965 | 4158574 |
| [physiological implications of the structure of the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni perers) eye]. | | 1965 | 4158458 |
| [the metabolism of the sloth, choloepus hoffmanni pet., is not a result of a primary hypothyroidism]. | | 1964 | 4157749 |
| a possible vector of endotrypanum schaudinni of the sloth choloepus hoffmanni, in panama. | | 1964 | 14110021 |
| [determination of sensorial projections of somatic, visual and auditory origin on the cerebral cortex of the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni, peters)]. | | 1963 | 14097326 |
| [thyrotropic hormone content of the pituitary gland of the unau (choloepus hoffmanni peters)]. | | 1963 | 13958627 |
| [new research on the properties of the skeletal muscle of the 3-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni peters)]. | | 1963 | 13932950 |
| [research on bile from the unau, choloepus hoffmanni pet]. | | 1963 | 13966413 |
| [adrenal activity in the sloth unau, choloepus hoffmanni pet]. | | 1962 | 14483317 |
| [primary structural characteristics of the isocortex of the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni peters)]. | | 1962 | 13897922 |
| [preliminary research on the chromosomal matching in choloepus hoffmanni peters]. | | 1962 | 13894820 |
| occurrence of dopa, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in the adrenal medulla of the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni peters). | | 1962 | 13887792 |
| [study of thyroid function by means of na-i-131, in choloepus hoffmanni peters. ii. thyroglobulinic labeled iodoaminoacids]. | | 1962 | 13879989 |
| [study of thyroid function by means of i-131-labeled sodium iodide, in choloepus hoffmanni peters. i. thyroid fixation and excretion of i-131 nai]. | | 1962 | 13879990 |
| serologic evidence of natural togavirus infections in panamanian sloths and other vertebrates. | plasmas of sloths and other central panamanian wild vertebrates were tested for plaque-reduction neutralizing (prn) antibodies against four flaviviruses and one alpha-virus. forty percent of 97 two-toed sloths, choloepus hoffmanni, and 8% of 168 three-toed sloths, bradypus variegatus, were specifically positive against st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus. the prevalence of antibody against sle virus was considerably higher in sloths than in any other group of wild vertebrates tested, including bi ... | 1983 | 6309027 |
| epidemiology of a natural focus of leishmania braziliensis in the pacific lowlands of colombia. iii. natural infections in wild mammals. | a natural infection of leishmania braziliensis panamensis in the edentate, choloepus hoffmanni is recorded from the pacific coast of columbia. | 1988 | 3232170 |
| description of leishmania equatorensis sp. n (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae), a new parasite infecting arboreal mammals in ecuador. | characterization is given of a new parasite, leishmania equatorensis sp. n., which was isolated from the viscera of a sloth (choloepus hoffmanni) and a squirrel (sciurus granatensis), captured in humid tropical forest on the pacific coast of ecuador. data based on biological and molecular criteria, as well as numerical zymotaxonomical analysis, indicate that this parasite is a new species of the l. braziliensis complex. l. equatorensis is clearly distinguishable from all other known species with ... | 1992 | 1308568 |
| infrequency of gross skin lesions among panamanian forest mammals with cutaneous leishmaniasis. | natural leishmanial infections among feral mammals in the republic of panama were studied in relation to gross skin alterations. three dermatotropic species of leishmania, l. braziliensis, l. mexicana and l. hertigi, isolated from 230 sylvatic animals of 5 mammalian orders were involved. in 205 (89%) of the cases there were no gross skin alterations. cryptic infections of all three leishmanial species among wild animals were confirmed by culture and hamster inoculation. this type of infection wa ... | 1975 | 1178222 |
| the isolation of leishmania braziliensis from sloths in costa rica. | eight out of 47 bradypus griseus and 14 out of 18 choloepus hoffmanni yielded positive cultures for flagellates from blood, skin, liver or spleen. in some cases, more than one species of flagellate was isolated from one animal or site. although amastigotes were obtained in tissue cultures from several isolates containing different types of promastigotes, only four of these strains (two from each species of host) were infective for hamsters and considered as leishmania braziliensis. infection wit ... | 1975 | 1155705 |
| leishmania herreri sp. n. from sloths and sandflies of costa rica. | leishmania herreri sp. n. is described after isolation in pure culture from blood, viscera and skin of two-toed (choloepus hoffmanni) and three-toed (bradypus griseus) sloths from costa rica. also, it was isolated from the following sandflies: lutzomyia trapidoi, l. ylephiletor and l. shannoni. the amastigote forms were not seen in the final hosts but they were obtained in tissue culture at 33 c. both promastigotes and amastigotes failed to infect hamsters. the new parasite is isolated frequentl ... | 1979 | 448612 |
| ventilatory responses to co2 and hypoxia in the two-toes sloth (choloepus hoffmanni). | | 1974 | 4475470 |
| chromosome studies in edentata. | the karyotypes of three additional species of edentata are described. the differences in karyotype between tolypeutes matacus (2n = 38), and other species of armadillo is remarkable. three species of euphractini were compared through g- and c-banding patterns. chaetophractus villosus appears to be much closer to zaedyus pichiy than suggested by taxonomy. on the other hand, tamandua tetradactyla and tamandua longicaudata, two different species of anteater, possess the same karyotypes. the presenc ... | 1978 | 679723 |
| genomic evidence for rod monochromacy in sloths and armadillos suggests early subterranean history for xenarthra. | rod monochromacy is a rare condition in vertebrates characterized by the absence of cone photoreceptor cells. the resulting phenotype is colourblindness and low acuity vision in dim-light and blindness in bright-light conditions. early reports of xenarthrans (armadillos, sloths and anteaters) suggest that they are rod monochromats, but this has not been tested with genomic data. we searched the genomes of dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo), choloepus hoffmanni (hoffmann's two-toed slot ... | 2015 | 25540280 |
| hypoadrenocorticism (addison's disease) in a hoffmann's two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni). | a 22-yr-old, captive-born, presumed female hoffmann's two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni) presented in respiratory distress with severe dehydration and symptoms of hypotension. during treatment, dysphagia was noted and oral examination revealed enlarged palatine tonsils and mucosal plaques. bloodwork showed a decreased sodium:potassium ratio, a low baseline cortisol, a decreased adrenocorticotropin response test, and a blunted aldosterone stimulation test. all values were compared to a healthy ... | 2015 | 25831596 |
| survey of wild mammal hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis parasites in panamá and costa rica. | the eco-epidemiology of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) is driven by animal reservoir species that are a source of infection for sand flies that serve as vectors infecting humans with leishmania spp parasites. the emergence and re-emergence of this disease across latin america calls for further studies to identify reservoir species associated with enzootic transmission. here, we present results from a survey of 52 individuals from 13 wild mammal species at endemic sites in costa rica and ... | 2015 | 25859156 |
| inactivation of c4orf26 in toothless placental mammals. | previous studies have reported inactivated copies of six enamel-related genes (ambn, amel, amtn, enam, klk4, mmp20) and one dentin-related gene (dspp) in one or more toothless vertebrates and/or vertebrates with enamelless teeth, thereby providing evidence that these genes are enamel or tooth-specific with respect to their critical functions that are maintained by natural selection. here, we employ available genome sequences for edentulous and enamelless mammals to evaluate the enamel specificit ... | 2016 | 26596502 |
| finding the right coverage: the impact of coverage and sequence quality on single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping error rates. | restriction-enzyme-based sequencing methods enable the genotyping of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) loci in nonmodel organisms. however, in contrast to traditional genetic markers, genotyping error rates in snps derived from restriction-enzyme-based methods remain largely unknown. here, we estimated genotyping error rates in snps genotyped with double digest rad sequencing from mendelian incompatibilities in known mother-offspring dyads of hoffman's two-toed sloth (choloepus h ... | 2016 | 26946083 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of the hoffmann's two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni). | the hoffmann's two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni), a member of folivora suborder, is found in the rainforest canopy of south america. both the hoffmann's two-toed sloth and human belong to eutheria subclass. in this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of c. hoffmanni is reported . the whole mitochondrial genome is 16 466 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna genes and 2 ribosomal rna genes. comparison between the mitochondrial genome of the c. hoffmanni and that ... | 2016 | 26404730 |
| morphology of hair of two- and three- toed sloths (edentata: bradypodidae). | micromorphological differences between hairs of the two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni) and of the three-toed sloth (bradypus variegatus) were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy. hairs of the two-toed had longitudinal grooves which exposed a uniform cortex when viewed in cross section. hairs of the three-toed sloth have irregular transverse fissures and a cortex that contains scattered fusi. these morphological differences support the placement of the two sloth genera into separa ... | 1986 | 3423336 |
| immobilization of free-ranging hoffmann's two-toed and brown-throated three-toed sloths using ketamine and medetomidine: a comparison of physiologic parameters. | free-ranging hoffmann's two-toed sloths (choloepus hoffmanni; n=26) and brown-throated three-toed sloths (bradypus variegatus; n=15) were manually captured and immobilized with 2.5 mg/kg ketamine + 0.02 mg/kg medetomidine administered intramuscularly. physical examinations were conducted on each sloth 10 min after initial injection, and blood, fecal, and ectoparasite samples were collected. heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, indirect systolic blood pressure, and indirect peripheral ... | 2008 | 18957650 |
| physiologic and serum biochemistry values in free-ranging hoffmann's two-toed (choloepus hoffmanni) and brown-throated three-toed (bradypus variegatus) sloths immobilized using dexmedetomidine and ketamine. | dexmedetomidine, a highly selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist and dextrorotary enantiomer of medetomidine, was combined with ketamine and used to immobilize 14 free-ranging choloepus hoffmanni (hoffmann's two-toed sloths) and 11 bradypus variegatus (brown-throated three-toed sloths) in upala, costa rica. following intramuscular injection of ketamine (2.1 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (11 microg/kg), heart rate, respiratory rate, and indirect systolic blood pressure were measured every 5 min for a ... | 2013 | 24063084 |
| pesticide exposure on sloths (bradypus variegatus and choloepus hoffmanni) in an agricultural landscape of northeastern costa rica. | between 2005 and 2008, wild bradypus variegatus and choloepus hoffmanni inhabiting an agricultural landscape and captive animals from a rescue center in northeastern costa rica were studied to assess exposure to pesticides. a total of 54 animals were sampled: 42 wild sloths captured at an agricultural landscape and 12 captive animals from a rescue center. pesticides' active ingredients were determined in three sample matrices: hair, aqueous mixture (paws' wash) and cotton gauze (mouth clean) bas ... | 2014 | 24579518 |
| blood chemistry of the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni and bradypus tridactylus). | | 1972 | 4334432 |
| activity patterns and rates of movement of two-toed and three-toed sloths (choloepus hoffmanni and bradypus infuscatus). | | 1973 | 4761371 |
| some observations on the circadian rhythm of choloepus hoffmanni, the two-toed sloth. | | 1973 | 4351475 |
| the problem of slothfulness in the didactyl sloth (choloepus hoffmanni pet.). | | 2003 | 5738611 |
| [the complex hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of the sloth (choloepus hoffmanni pet. and brandypus tridactylus l.)]. | | 1968 | 5639255 |
| [circadian variation of temperature in sloths: the unau (choloepus hoffmanni peters)]. | | 1967 | 5629429 |
| genomics meets applied ecology: characterizing habitat quality for sloths in a tropical agroecosystem. | understanding how habitat quality in heterogeneous landscapes governs the distribution and fitness of individuals is a fundamental aspect of ecology. while mean individual fitness is generally considered a key to assessing habitat quality, a comprehensive understanding of habitat quality in heterogeneous landscapes requires estimates of dispersal rates among habitat types. the increasing accessibility of genomic approaches, combined with field-based demographic methods, provides novel opportunit ... | 2018 | 29080363 |
| west nile virus associations in wild mammals: an update. | although west nile virus (wnv) is generally thought to circulate among mosquitoes and birds, several historic and recent works providing evidence of wnv activity in wild mammals have been published. indeed, a previous review tabulated evidence of wnv exposure in at least 100 mammalian species. herein, we provide an update on wnv activity in wild and select other mammals that have been reported since the last major review article on this subject was published in early 2013. of interest, new speci ... | 2019 | 31117189 |
| the role of sloths and anteaters as leishmania spp. reservoirs: a review and a newly described natural infection of leishmania mexicana in the northern anteater. | for years, mammals of the order pilosa have been considered leishmania reservoirs. but while most studies have focused on sloth species, anteaters have been overlooked, and in many leishmania endemic countries like mexico, no studies have been carried out. the aims of this work were to identify the presence of leishmania spp. in tissue samples from road-killed northern tamanduas (tamandua mexicana), using pcr amplification and sequencing of its1 dna, and to discuss the role of pilosa mammals as ... | 2019 | 30770980 |
| sloths host anhanga virus-related phleboviruses across large distances in time and space. | sloths are genetically and physiologically divergent mammals. phleboviruses are major arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) causing disease in humans and other animals globally. sloths host arboviruses, but virus detections are scarce. a phlebovirus termed anhanga virus (anhv) was isolated from a brazilian linnaeus's two-toed sloth (choloepus didactylus) in 1962. here, we investigated the presence of phleboviruses in sera sampled in 2014 from 74 hoffmann's two-toed (choloepus hoffmanni, n = 65) ... | 2020 | 31420970 |
| evaluation of 25-hydroxyvitamin d in hoffmann's two-toed sloths (choloepus hoffmanni) using dried blood spots analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. | although biochemical analytes have typically been measured using serum or whole blood samples, an increasing number of assays are validated for measurement of analytes from dried blood spots (dbs) on filter paper. dbs techniques are minimally invasive, require only a small sample volume, and simplify processing, storage, and shipment of samples. these qualities make dbs-based assays ideal for sampling of wildlife species in both captive and field settings. in this study, a liquid chromatography- ... | 2020 | 31926504 |
| [comparative analysis of gene family size provides insight into the adaptive evolution of vertebrates]. | copy numbers of homologous gene families vary greatly among different species, which is caused by the differences in the rates of gene gain and loss. it is well known that gene copy number variation can be responsible for the phenotypic novelties of particular species. in this study, 64 species that represent the main vertebrate groups spanning evolutionary period of about 600 million years were selected and the homology of gene families across these species were established, thereby revealing t ... | 2019 | 30803946 |
| cheap labor: myosin fiber type expression and enzyme activity in the forelimb musculature of sloths (pilosa: xenarthra). | sloths are canopy-dwelling inhabitants of american neotropical rainforests that exhibit suspensory behaviors. these abilities require both strength and muscular endurance to hang for extended periods of time; however, the skeletal muscle mass of sloths is reduced, thus requiring modifications to muscle architecture and leverage for large joint torque. we hypothesize that intrinsic muscle properties are also modified for fatigue resistance and predict a heterogeneous expression of slow/fast myosi ... | 2018 | 29722617 |
| genetic divergence and evidence of human-mediated translocation of two-fingered sloths (choloepus hoffmanni) in costa rica. | sloths are notoriously slow and consequently have limited dispersal ability, which makes them particularly vulnerable to the effects of habitat fragmentation and degradation. sloths in costa rica are considered of conservation concern due to habitat loss, livestock production and increasing urbanization. reintroductions from rescue centres are commonplace across the country, yet their genetic diversity and population structure are unknown, and there is currently little consideration of the genet ... | 2020 | 33005232 |
| renal evaluation in choloepus species. | two species of sloths in the family megalonychidae, hoffmann's (choloepus hoffmanni) and linnaeus's (choloepus didactylus) two-toed sloths, are commonly held in zoological institutions. despite frequent published reports of urinary tract disease in these species, reports of diagnostics are mostly limited to descriptions of hematology and serum chemistry. in this study, repeated urinalysis, urinary chemistry, serum chemistry, and radiographs were collected opportunistically from six hoffmann's an ... | 2020 | 31926532 |