| leishmania herreri sp. n. from sloths and sandflies of costa rica. | leishmania herreri sp. n. is described after isolation in pure culture from blood, viscera and skin of two-toed (choloepus hoffmanni) and three-toed (bradypus griseus) sloths from costa rica. also, it was isolated from the following sandflies: lutzomyia trapidoi, l. ylephiletor and l. shannoni. the amastigote forms were not seen in the final hosts but they were obtained in tissue culture at 33 c. both promastigotes and amastigotes failed to infect hamsters. the new parasite is isolated frequentl ... | 1979 | 448612 |
| the isolation of leishmania braziliensis from sloths in costa rica. | eight out of 47 bradypus griseus and 14 out of 18 choloepus hoffmanni yielded positive cultures for flagellates from blood, skin, liver or spleen. in some cases, more than one species of flagellate was isolated from one animal or site. although amastigotes were obtained in tissue cultures from several isolates containing different types of promastigotes, only four of these strains (two from each species of host) were infective for hamsters and considered as leishmania braziliensis. infection wit ... | 1975 | 1155705 |
| an immunohistochemical study on the pancreatic endocrine cells of the three-toed sloth, bradypus variegatus. | the cellular composition and relative frequency of the occurrence of pancreatic endocrine cells were studied immunohistochemically in a primitive eutherian and arboreal folivore, the three-toed sloth, since previous histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the endocrine pancreas of the sloth have detected only a single islet cell type, the a cell. in the sloth pancreas, four types of endocrine cells immunoreactive for glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) were f ... | 1992 | 1353979 |
| serologic evidence of natural togavirus infections in panamanian sloths and other vertebrates. | plasmas of sloths and other central panamanian wild vertebrates were tested for plaque-reduction neutralizing (prn) antibodies against four flaviviruses and one alpha-virus. forty percent of 97 two-toed sloths, choloepus hoffmanni, and 8% of 168 three-toed sloths, bradypus variegatus, were specifically positive against st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus. the prevalence of antibody against sle virus was considerably higher in sloths than in any other group of wild vertebrates tested, including bi ... | 1983 | 6309027 |
| viruses isolated from panamanian sloths. | seven virus strains were isolated in vero cells from whole blood samples from 80 wild-caught sloths, bradypus variegatus and choloepus hoffmanni, from central panamá. four strains of at least two different serotypes are related to changuinola virus; two of these were associated with prolonged or recrudescent viremias. one strain is an antigenic subtype of punta toro virus, and another, described here as bradypus-4 virus, is a new, antigenically ungrouped virus. a second new virus from sloths, ut ... | 1983 | 6316795 |
| experimental st. louis encephalitis virus infection of sloths and cormorants. | experimental infection of 11 bradypus variegatus and choloepus hoffmanni sloths with st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus produced detectable viremias of seven to 27 (median 13) days duration and maximum titers of 2.7 to 6.5 (median 5.1) log10 median suckling mouse intracranial lethal doses (smicld50) per ml. experimental sle viremia onset was delayed and maximum titer depressed in two sloths concurrently infected with naturally acquired viruses. sle viremias in four experimentally inoculated corm ... | 1983 | 6881434 |
| circadian rhythms in blood pressure in free-ranging three-toed sloths (bradypus variegatus). | blood pressure (bp) profiles were monitored in nine free-ranging sloths (bradypus variegatus) by coupling one common carotid artery to a bp telemetry transmitter. animals moved freely in an isolated and temperature-controlled room (24 degrees c) with 12/12-h artificial light-dark cycles and behaviors were observed during resting, eating and moving. systolic (sbp) and diastolic (dbp) blood pressures were sampled for 1 min every 15 min for 24 h. bp rhythm over 24 h was analyzed by the cosinor meth ... | 2003 | 12563531 |
| comparative phylogeography of the atlantic forest endemic sloth (bradypus torquatus) and the widespread three-toed sloth (bradypus variegatus) (bradypodidae, xenarthra). | the comparative phylogeographic study of the maned sloth (bradypus torquatus) and the three-toed sloth (bradypus variegatus) was performed using a segment of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region. we examined 19 b. torquatus from two regions and 47 b. variegatus from three distant regions of atlantic forest. this first characterization of molecular diversity indicates a great diversity (b. torquatus: h = 0.901 +/- 0.039 and pi = 0.012 +/- 0.007; b. variegatus: h = 0.699 +/- 0.039 and pi = 0.0 ... | 2006 | 16502095 |
| stomach lysozymes of the three-toed sloth (bradypus variegatus), an arboreal folivore from the neotropics. | lysozymes are antimicrobial defences that act as digestive enzymes when expressed in the stomach of herbivores with pre-gastric fermentation. we studied this enzyme in the complex stomach of the three-toed sloth (bradypus variegatus), a folivore with pre-gastric fermentation. lysozymes were identified by sds-page and immunoblotting in all portions: diverticulum, pouch, glandular and muscular prepyloric area with 14.3 kda of molecular mass. purified lysozymes from all areas but the diverticulum w ... | 2007 | 16959513 |
| identifying management units in non-endangered species: the example of the sloth bradypus variegatus schinz, 1825. | in this study we propose the analysis of genetic diversity of the common three-toed sloth, bradypus variegatus, in an attempt to understand population structure, identify divergent intraspecific units, and contribute to the knowledge of biodiversity in the neotropical forests. we analyzed a 387 bp segment of the mitochondrial dna control region in 28 individuals distributed in different localities of both atlantic and amazon forests. our results demonstrated that the genetic diversity of b. vari ... | 2007 | 18278349 |
| gastrointestinal parasites and ectoparasites of bradypus variegatus and choloepus hoffmanni sloths in captivity from costa rica. | sloths may serve as host to a wide range of parasites. however, there is little information available on the types of parasites that affect costa rica's sloth population. during a 1-yr period, 65 specimens of costa rican sloth species (choloepus hoffmanni; n = 56) and bradypus variegates; n = 9) from a local zoo were sampled. fecal samples were evaluated using two different diagnostic techniques, sheather's flotation and sedimentation. concurrently, these sloths were examined for ectoparasites. ... | 2009 | 19368244 |
| otoacariasis due to edentalges bradypus fonseca 1954 (acari; psoroptidae) infestation in the brown-throated three-toed sloth bradypus variegatus from brazil. | the aim of this paper is to report the first description of gross pathological aspects of otoacariasis due to edentalges bradypus fonseca 1954 (acari; psoroptidae) infestation in the brown-throated three-toed sloth bradypus variegatus schinz, 1825 (xenarthra; bradypodidae) in brazil. mites were collected from massive skin crusts seen in both external ear canals and around both eyes of an extremely debilitated advanced-aged female sloth brought to the wildlife care section of universidade estácio ... | 2009 | 19471963 |
| ticks infesting wildlife species in northeastern brazil with new host and locality records. | from september 2008 to march 2010, 397 ticks (315 larvae, 33 nymphs, 23 females, and 26 males) were collected from captive and free-living wildlife species in northeastern brazil. six tick species were identified, including amblyomma auricularium (conil) on tamandua tetradactyla (l.), amblyomma dubitatum neumann on hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (l.), nectomys rattus (pelzen) and t. tetradactyla, amblyomma parvum aragão on t. tetradactyla, amblyomma rotundatum koch on boa constrictor l., chelonoidis ... | 2010 | 21175080 |
| rickettsial infection in ticks collected from road-killed wild animals in rio de janeiro, brazil. | during 2008-2010, ticks were collected from road-killed wild animals within the serra dos orgãos national park area in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. in total, 193 tick specimens were collected, including amblyomma dubitatum neumann and amblyomma cajennense (f.) from four hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (l.), amblyomma calcaratum neumann and a. cajennense from four tamandua tetradactyla (l.), amblyomma aureolatum (pallas) and a. cajennense from five cerdocyon thous l., amblyomma longirostre (koc ... | 2012 | 23270184 |
| sloth hair as a novel source of fungi with potent anti-parasitic, anti-cancer and anti-bacterial bioactivity. | the extraordinary biological diversity of tropical forests harbors a rich chemical diversity with enormous potential as a source of novel bioactive compounds. of particular interest are new environments for microbial discovery. sloths--arboreal mammals commonly found in the lowland forests of panama--carry a wide variety of micro- and macro-organisms on their coarse outer hair. here we report for the first time the isolation of diverse and bioactive strains of fungi from sloth hair, and their ta ... | 2014 | 24454729 |
| serosurvey of selected arboviral pathogens in free-ranging, two-toed sloths (choloepus hoffmanni) and three-toed sloths (bradypus variegatus) in costa rica, 2005-07. | we screened for antibodies to 16 arboviruses in four populations of free-ranging sloths in costa rica. blood samples were taken from 16 hoffman's two-toed sloths (htss; choloepus hoffmanni ) and 26 brown-throated sloths (btss; bradypus variegatus ) over a 3-yr period. we used serologic assays to detect antibodies against 10 arboviruses previously described in sloths (st. louis encephalitis [slev], changuinola, venezuelan equine encephalitis, ilheus [ilhv], oropouche, mayaro, utinga, murutucu, pu ... | 2016 | 27479900 |
| dermatophytosis caused by microsporum canis and microsporum gypseum in free-living bradypus variegatus (schiz, 1825) in the state of pernambuco, brazil. | three cases of dermatophytosis in free living brown-throated three-toed sloths (bradypus variegatus) in the zona da mata, north of pernambuco state, brazil, were studied. two animals presented areas of alopecia on the pelvic member and thorax and one animal on the pelvic member only. the three animals presented scabs. hair and scabs samples were submitted to microscopical examination after treatment with a 30 % koh and cultivated in mycosel agar. the direct examination indicated the presence of ... | 2008 | 24031255 |
| morphological description of the nymphal stage of amblyomma geayi and new nymphal records of amblyomma parkeri. | the external morphology of the nymph of amblyomma geayi neumann is described by optical and scanning electron microscopy. unfed nymphs were obtained from an engorged a. geayi female, which had been collected on a sloth (bradypus variegatus) from belém municipality, state of pará, northern brazil, and was kept under laboratory conditions. with the present description, we propose a modification of a taxonomic key published in 2010 for the amblyomma nymphs that occur in brazil, through the inclusio ... | 2013 | 23414796 |
| unusual distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of the three-toed sloth (bradypus variegatus). | 1. the distribution and size of retinal ganglion cells labelled with horseradish peroxidase (hrp) were studied in flat-mounted retinas of three-toed sloths. 2. massive injections of hrp solution were made throughout the thalamus and midbrain in anesthetized sloths in order to retrogradely label the retinal ganglion cell population. twenty to thirty h later the eyes were excised and the retinas flat-mounted and reacted with phenylenediamine-hcl and h2o2 to label ganglion cells, thus distinguishin ... | 1987 | 3455252 |
| ulcerative and necrotizing gastritis in a captive sloth (bradypus variegatus, xenarthra, bradypodidae) due to severe parasitism with paraleiuris locchii (nematoda, spirocercidae). | this is the first reported case of lethal gastric parasitism by the nematode paraleiuris locchii in a captive sloth ( bradypus variegatus ). there were more than 600 parasites in the stomach of the sloth, associated with extensive areas of ulceration and necrosis. the animal developed emaciation, dehydration, and anemia that progressed to death. | 2017 | 28363065 |
| mitogenomics phylogenetic relationships of the current sloth's genera and species (bradypodidae and megalonychidae). | we sequenced the complete mitogenome of 39 sloths (19 bradypus variegatus, 4 b. tridactylus, 1 b. pygmaeus, 1 b. torquatus, 4 choloepus didactylus, and 10 c. hoffmanni). a bayesian tree (bi) indicated a temporal split between bradypus and choloepus around 31 million years ago (mya, oligocene) and the other major splits within each genera during the miocene and pliocene. a haplotype network (mjn) estimated a lower temporal split between the sloth genera (around 23.5 mya). both methods detected th ... | 2017 | 28129732 |
| reproductive system of brown-throated sloth (bradypus variegatus, schinz 1825, pilosa, xenarthra): anatomy and histology. | in recent years, habitat degradation led to the decline of some populations of brown-throated sloth. the aim of this study was to describe morphological features of the female reproductive system of the species. the oval ovaries were partially surrounded by ovarian bursa. an external cortex and an inner medulla were present. corpora lutea and corpora albicans together with follicles at various stages of development each with a single oocyte were found in the cortex. uterine tubes were tortuous, ... | 2016 | 26250652 |
| sloths like it hot: ambient temperature modulates food intake in the brown-throated sloth (bradypus variegatus). | sloths are considered to have one of the lowest mass-specific metabolic rates of any mammal and, in tandem with a slow digestive rate, have been theorized to have correspondingly low rates of ingestion. here, we show in a study conducted over five months, that three captive bradypus variegatus (brown-throated sloths) had a remarkably low mean food intake of 17 g kg(-1)day(-1) (sd 4.2). food consumption was significantly affected by ambient temperature, with increased intake at higher temperature ... | 2015 | 25861559 |
| ecology and neurophysiology of sleep in two wild sloth species. | interspecific variation in sleep measured in captivity correlates with various physiological and environmental factors, including estimates of predation risk in the wild. however, it remains unclear whether prior comparative studies have been confounded by the captive recording environment. herein we examine the effect of predation pressure on sleep in sloths living in the wild. | 2014 | 24899764 |
| patterns of morphological variation of extant sloth skulls and their implication for future conservation efforts. | several studies have shown an increased morphological variability of sloths from mammalian norms, affecting varied phenotypic traits from skeletal parts to soft tissues. we present here the first descriptive comparison of the whole skull morphology within the two extant sloth genera, combining geometric morphometric approaches with comparative anatomy. we used these methods to explore the patterns of the intra- and interspecific morphological variation of the skull with regard to several factors ... | 2014 | 24764236 |
| mitigating the squash effect: sloths breathe easily upside down. | sloths are mammals renowned for spending a large proportion of time hanging inverted. in this position, the weight of the abdominal contents is expected to act on the lungs and increase the energetic costs of inspiration. here, we show that three-fingered sloths bradypus variegatus possess unique fibrinous adhesions that anchor the abdominal organs, particularly the liver and glandular stomach, to the lower ribs. the key locations of these adhesions, close to the diaphragm, prevent the weight of ... | 2014 | 24759371 |
| pesticide exposure on sloths (bradypus variegatus and choloepus hoffmanni) in an agricultural landscape of northeastern costa rica. | between 2005 and 2008, wild bradypus variegatus and choloepus hoffmanni inhabiting an agricultural landscape and captive animals from a rescue center in northeastern costa rica were studied to assess exposure to pesticides. a total of 54 animals were sampled: 42 wild sloths captured at an agricultural landscape and 12 captive animals from a rescue center. pesticides' active ingredients were determined in three sample matrices: hair, aqueous mixture (paws' wash) and cotton gauze (mouth clean) bas ... | 2014 | 24579518 |
| towards a standard framework to describe behaviours in the common-sloth (bradypus variegatus schinz, 1825): novel interactions data observed in distinct fragments of the atlantic forest, brazil. | the common three-toed sloth is a widespread species, but the location and the observation of its individuals are greatly hindered by its biological features. their camouflaged pelage, its slow and quiet movements, and the strictly arboreal habits resulted in the publication of sparse, fragmented and not patterned information on the common sloth behaviour. thus, herein we propose an updated standardized behavioural categories' framework to the study of the species. furthermore we describe two nev ... | 2013 | 24212693 |
| physiologic and serum biochemistry values in free-ranging hoffmann's two-toed (choloepus hoffmanni) and brown-throated three-toed (bradypus variegatus) sloths immobilized using dexmedetomidine and ketamine. | dexmedetomidine, a highly selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist and dextrorotary enantiomer of medetomidine, was combined with ketamine and used to immobilize 14 free-ranging choloepus hoffmanni (hoffmann's two-toed sloths) and 11 bradypus variegatus (brown-throated three-toed sloths) in upala, costa rica. following intramuscular injection of ketamine (2.1 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (11 microg/kg), heart rate, respiratory rate, and indirect systolic blood pressure were measured every 5 min for a ... | 2013 | 24063084 |
| unexpected strong polygyny in the brown-throated three-toed sloth. | promiscuous mating strategies are much more common than previously appreciated. so much so, that several authors have proposed that promiscuity is the "rule" rather than the exception in vertebrate mating systems. decreasing species mobility and increasing habitat fragmentation have both been suggested to reduce the "polygyny potential" of the environment and promote other mating strategies like promiscuity in females. we explored the social and genetic mating system for one of the most sedentar ... | 2012 | 23284687 |
| temporal and spatial resource use by female three-toed sloths and their young in an agricultural landscape in costa rica. | the information on ecological behavior of wild sloths is very scarce. in this study we determined the home ranges and resources used by three adult female three-toed sloths (bradypus variegatus) and their four young in an agricultural matrix of cacao (theobroma cacao), pasture, riparian forests and living fencerows in costa rica. births occurred during november-december and the young became independent at five to seven months of age. initially, mothers remained fixed in one or a few trees, but e ... | 2011 | 22208090 |
| functional morphology of the muscular sling at the pectoral girdle in tree sloths: convergent morphological solutions to new functional demands? | recent phylogenetic analyses imply a diphyly of tree sloths and a convergent evolution of their obligatory suspensory locomotion. in mammals the extrinsic shoulder musculature forms a 'muscular sling' to support the trunk in quadrupedal postures. in addition, the extrinsic pectoral muscles are responsible for moving the proximal forelimb elements during locomotion. due to the inverse orientation of the body in regard to the gravitational force, the muscular sling as configured as in pronograde m ... | 2011 | 21615397 |
| immobilization of free-ranging hoffmann's two-toed and brown-throated three-toed sloths using ketamine and medetomidine: a comparison of physiologic parameters. | free-ranging hoffmann's two-toed sloths (choloepus hoffmanni; n=26) and brown-throated three-toed sloths (bradypus variegatus; n=15) were manually captured and immobilized with 2.5 mg/kg ketamine + 0.02 mg/kg medetomidine administered intramuscularly. physical examinations were conducted on each sloth 10 min after initial injection, and blood, fecal, and ectoparasite samples were collected. heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, indirect systolic blood pressure, and indirect peripheral ... | 2008 | 18957650 |
| sleeping outside the box: electroencephalographic measures of sleep in sloths inhabiting a rainforest. | the functions of sleep remain an unresolved question in biology. one approach to revealing sleep's purpose is to identify traits that explain why some species sleep more than others. recent comparative studies of sleep have identified relationships between various physiological, neuroanatomical and ecological traits, and the time mammals spend in rapid eye movement (rem) and non-rem sleep. however, owing to technological constraints, these studies were based exclusively on animals in captivity. ... | 2008 | 18482903 |
| blood pressure regulation in the three-toed sloth, bradypus variegatus. | the aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the baroreflex in blood pressure control in sloths, bradypus variegatus, since these animals show labile levels in this parameter. unanesthetized cannulated sloths were positioned in an experimental chair and the arterial catheter was coupled to a strain gauge pressure transducer. blood pressure was monitored before, during and after the administration of phenylephrine (0.0625 to 4 microg/kg) and sodium nitroprusside (0.0625 to 2 microg/kg), bri ... | 2007 | 17329135 |
| fecal estradiol and progesterone metabolite levels in the three-toed sloth (bradypus variegatus). | the present study was carried out to assess the possibility of measuring fecal steroid hormone metabolites as a noninvasive technique for monitoring reproductive function in the three-toed sloth, bradypus variegatus. levels of the estradiol (e2) and progesterone (p4) metabolites were measured by radioimmunoassay in fecal samples collected over 12 weeks from 4 captive female b. variegatus sloths. the validation of the radioimmunoassay for evaluation of fecal steroid metabolites was carried out by ... | 2006 | 16470318 |
| electrocardiographic studies of the three-toed sloth, bradypus variegatus. | electrocardiograms (ecg) obtained with standard limb leads and augmented unipolar limb leads were recorded from 17 unanesthetized adult sloths. the animals were held in their habitual position in an experimental chair. we determined heart rate and rhythm from the r-r intervals, the amplitude and duration of each wave, and the duration of the segments and intervals of the ecg. the mean electrical axes of p and t waves and qrs complex were calculated on the basis of the amplitude of these waves in ... | 2005 | 16302104 |
| cardiovascular responses to locomotor activity and feeding in unrestrained three-toed sloths, bradypus variegatus. | heart rate (hr) and systolic (sbp), diastolic (dbp) and mean (mbp) blood pressure were recorded by biotelemetry in nine conscious unrestrained sloths for 1 min every 15 min over a 24-h period. the animals were allowed to freely move in an acoustically isolated and temperature-controlled (24 +/- 1 degree c) experimental room with light-dark cycle (12/12 h). behavior was closely monitored through a unidirectional visor and classified as resting (sitting or suspended), feeding (chewing and swallowi ... | 2004 | 15448878 |
| social behavior between mothers x young of sloths bradypus variegatus schinz, 1825 (xenarthra: bradypodidae). | this study is a contribution to the ex situ and in situ conservation and preservation of sloths. the behavioral records of the social interaction between mothers and offspring allow the detection of important learning interactions and psychomotor development. the results provide valuable information that may assist in improving management conditions of captive orphan progeny. they also favor a more effective monitoring of released or transferred specimens. age is of fundamental importance in dec ... | 2002 | 12489397 |
| the effect of feeding on the respiratory activity of the sloth. | the aim of the present study was to confirm whether feeding influences the resting breathing rate and to observe possible alterations in blood gas and ph levels produced by feeding in unanesthetized sloths (bradypus variegatus). five adult male sloths (4.1 +/- 0.6 kg) were placed daily in an experimental chair for a period of at least 4 h for sitting adaptation. five measurements were made for each sloth. however, the sloths one, two and five were studied once and the sloths three and four were ... | 2002 | 12131927 |
| rate of digesta passage in the philippine flying lemur, cynocephalus volans. | the rate of digesta passage was measured in five captive philippine flying lemurs (cynocephalus volans). these animals were force fed capsules containing known quantities of either particulate or soluble markers. the volumes of the gastrointestinal tracts of three flying lemurs were determined based on the wet weight of the contents of each section of the gut. the mean rate of digesta passage was 14.37 +/- 3.31 h when determined using the particulate marker and 21.9 +/- 0.03 h when determined us ... | 1994 | 8089309 |
| morphology of hair of two- and three- toed sloths (edentata: bradypodidae). | micromorphological differences between hairs of the two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni) and of the three-toed sloth (bradypus variegatus) were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy. hairs of the two-toed had longitudinal grooves which exposed a uniform cortex when viewed in cross section. hairs of the three-toed sloth have irregular transverse fissures and a cortex that contains scattered fusi. these morphological differences support the placement of the two sloth genera into separa ... | 1986 | 3423336 |
| infection of a three-toed sloth (bradypus variegatus) by a pneumocystis-like organism in panama. | | 1986 | 3509728 |
| neotropical xenarthrans: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the neotropics. | xenarthrans-anteaters, sloths, and armadillos-have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. the neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. our data set includes the families chlamy ... | 2019 | 31013542 |
| the role of sloths and anteaters as leishmania spp. reservoirs: a review and a newly described natural infection of leishmania mexicana in the northern anteater. | for years, mammals of the order pilosa have been considered leishmania reservoirs. but while most studies have focused on sloth species, anteaters have been overlooked, and in many leishmania endemic countries like mexico, no studies have been carried out. the aims of this work were to identify the presence of leishmania spp. in tissue samples from road-killed northern tamanduas (tamandua mexicana), using pcr amplification and sequencing of its1 dna, and to discuss the role of pilosa mammals as ... | 2019 | 30770980 |
| identification and characterization of satellite dnas in two-toed sloths of the genus choloepus (megalonychidae, xenarthra). | choloepus, the only extant genus of the megalonychidae family, is composed of two living species of two-toed sloths: choloepus didactylus and c. hoffmanni. in this work, we identified and characterized the main satellite dnas (satdnas) in the sequenced genomes of these two species. satcho1, the most abundant satdna in both species, is composed of 117 bp tandem repeat sequences. the second most abundant satdna, satcho2, is composed of ~ 2292 bp tandem repeats. fluorescence in situ hybridization i ... | 2020 | 33154538 |
| hematology and serum biochemistry of free-range brown-throated sloths in two urban areas in brazil. | the brown-throated sloth (bradypus variegatus) is widely distributed in three biomes: the amazon, atlantic forest, and caatinga. some subpopulations are isolated in urban areas in brazil, usually in squares and small woods. due to the scarcity of reference values, an investigation was carried out on the hematology and blood biochemistry of brown-throated sloths from urban areas. | 2020 | 33132622 |
| fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a brown-throated sloth (bradypus variegatus) from northern brazil - case report. | the clinical and pathological findings of a case of fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a captive brown-throated sloth (bradypus variegatus) from the northern region of brazil are reported. clinical signs were nonspecific and included apathy, prostration, dyspnoea, and loss of appetite. treatment with penicillin was attempted, but the animal died within five days of the onset of clinical signs. microscopically, there was acute inflammation in the liver, spleen, and lungs associated with necrosis ... | 2020 | 33128522 |
| sloths (bradypus variegatus) as a polygastric mammal. | fermentative herbivorous animals have peculiar conformations of the digestive system. it is known that b. variegatus obtained the capacity for evolutionary adaptation, due to their ecology and eating habits. however, despite the literature on feeding management for this species, there is a lack of published information regarding its gastric morphology, and such information would support a better understanding on the diet and digestion of these individuals. we found seven gastric compartments, wh ... | 2020 | 32914926 |
| keep calm and hang on: emg activation in the forelimb musculature of three-toed sloths (bradypus variegatus). | sloths exhibit below branch locomotion whereby their limbs are loaded in tension to support the body weight. suspensory behaviors require both strength and fatigue resistance from the limb flexors; however, skeletal muscle mass of sloths is reduced compared with other arboreal mammals. although suspensory locomotion demands that muscles are active to counteract the pull of gravity, it is possible that sloths minimize muscle activation and/or selectively recruit slow motor units to maintain suppo ... | 2020 | 32527958 |
| sloths host anhanga virus-related phleboviruses across large distances in time and space. | sloths are genetically and physiologically divergent mammals. phleboviruses are major arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) causing disease in humans and other animals globally. sloths host arboviruses, but virus detections are scarce. a phlebovirus termed anhanga virus (anhv) was isolated from a brazilian linnaeus's two-toed sloth (choloepus didactylus) in 1962. here, we investigated the presence of phleboviruses in sera sampled in 2014 from 74 hoffmann's two-toed (choloepus hoffmanni, n = 65) ... | 2020 | 31420970 |
| the demography of a resource specialist in the tropics: cecropia trees and the fitness of three-toed sloths. | resource specialists persist in a narrow range of resources. consequently, the abundance of key resources should drive vital rates, individual fitness, and population viability. while neotropical forests feature both high levels of biodiversity and numbers of specialist species, no studies have directly evaluated how the variation of key resources affects the fitness of a tropical specialist. here, we quantified the effect of key tree species density and forest cover on the fitness of three-toed ... | 2019 | 30963880 |
| the impact of 'selfie' tourism on the behaviour and welfare of brown-throated three-toed sloths. | the use of wild animals as photo props is prevalent across the globe and is widely recognised to represent a potential animal welfare concern. however, detailed information regarding the specific impacts of such activity on wild animal behaviour is currently lacking. herein, we investigated how brown-throated three-toed sloths (bradypus variegatus) were handled by tourists, and how sloths behaved during wildlife 'selfies' taken in manaus, brazil and puerto alegria and iquitos in peru. in total, ... | 2018 | 30463203 |
| the metabolic response of the bradypus sloth to temperature. | poikilotherms and homeotherms have different, well-defined metabolic responses to ambient temperature (ta ), but both groups have high power costs at high temperatures. sloths (bradypus) are critically limited by rates of energy acquisition and it has previously been suggested that their unusual departure from homeothermy mitigates the associated costs. no studies, however, have examined how sloth body temperature and metabolic rate vary with ta . here we measured the oxygen consumption (vo2) of ... | 2018 | 30258712 |
| surveillance of arboviruses in primates and sloths in the atlantic forest, bahia, brazil. | from 2006 through 2014, we conducted seroepidemiological surveys on non-human primates and sloths to investigate the possible circulation of arboviruses in bahia atlantic forest, brazil. we collected a total of 196 samples from 103 leontopithecus chrysomelas, 7 sapajus xanthosternos, 22 bradypus torquatus and 7 bradypus variegatus. serum samples were tested using neutralization test and hemagglutination inhibition test to detect total antibodies against 26 different arboviruses. the overall prev ... | 2018 | 30117001 |
| urban sloths: public knowledge, opinions, and interactions. | free-range sloths living in an urban environment are rare. in this study, the opinions, attitudes, and interactions with a population of bradypus variegatus were investigated through short, structured interviews of people in the pubic square where the sloths live, in addition to informal, opportunistic observations of human-sloth interactions. a questionnaire was applied to people in the square where the sloths reside, and informal, opportunistic observations of human-sloth interactions were mad ... | 2018 | 29890623 |
| cheap labor: myosin fiber type expression and enzyme activity in the forelimb musculature of sloths (pilosa: xenarthra). | sloths are canopy-dwelling inhabitants of american neotropical rainforests that exhibit suspensory behaviors. these abilities require both strength and muscular endurance to hang for extended periods of time; however, the skeletal muscle mass of sloths is reduced, thus requiring modifications to muscle architecture and leverage for large joint torque. we hypothesize that intrinsic muscle properties are also modified for fatigue resistance and predict a heterogeneous expression of slow/fast myosi ... | 2018 | 29722617 |