| studies on monotreme proteins. vi. amino acid sequence of the beta-chain of haemoglobin from the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus. | the amino acid sequence of the 146 residues of the beta-chain of the major haemoglobin from the platypus has been determined. the soluble peptides derived from the chain by tryptic digestion were isolated by paper ionophoresis and chromatography. the amino acid sequences were determined by the dansyl-edman procedure or by further digestion with other enzymes. the tryptic peptides were aligned by homology with other beta-globins. there were 14 changes in sequence compared with echidna beta-chain. ... | 1975 | 1191127 |
| morphology of the kidney of the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus: monotremata). | the platypus kidney shows morphological similarities to those of other mammals. macroscopically, the cortex is easily distinguishable from the fairly wide medulla. within the medulla, no clear border is observed between the inner and outer zones. light and transmission electron microscopically, the glomeruli show quite similar architecture to those of other mammals; however, the glomerular lobulation is very clear. the glomerular tufts are rather simple, but capillary lumen varies widely in size ... | 1992 | 1443663 |
| platypus envenomation--a painful learning experience. | to describe in detail for the first time, the clinical course and medical management of a significant human envenomation by the australian platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | 1992 | 1454022 |
| sparganosis in the monotremes tachyglossus aculeatus and ornithorhynchus anatinus in australia. | sparganosis in the echidna, tachyglossus aculeatus, is characterized by large subcutaneous masses that may be confused with neoplasms. plerocercoids, believed to be spirometra erinacei, were found in the ventral or lateral subcutaneous tissues of three echidnas. in each case there was a prominent fibrous mass < or = 12 cm in diameter enclosing plerocercoids, which were surrounded by an intense inflammatory infiltrate dominated by plasma cells and lymphocytes, with focal suppuration. multiple, sm ... | 1992 | 1474663 |
| the evolution of human chromosome 21: evidence from in situ hybridization in marsupials and a monotreme. | we have mapped five human chromosome 21 (hsa 21) markers in marsupials and a monotreme, two major groups of mammals that diverged from eutherians 130-150 and 150-170 million years before present (myrbp), respectively. we have found that these genes map to two distinct autosomal sites, one containing sod1/cbr/bcei and the other containing ets2/infar, in the marsupials macropus eugenii and sminthopsis macroura (which belong to orders that diverged 40-80 myrbp), as well as in the monotreme ornithor ... | 1992 | 1505947 |
| cartilaginous bone extremities of growing monotremes appear unique. | cartilage canals are present in the epiphyseal cartilage of most mammals and birds. they are considered necessary for the maintenance of chondrocytes and for the formation of epiphyseal ossification centers. the epiphyseal cartilage of marsupials was recently shown not to contain cartilage canals, and placental rats appear not to have cartilage canals, although some confusion exists in the literature. the present study examines the cartilaginous epiphyses and physes from the knee and hip of the ... | 1991 | 2048749 |
| a viral infection causing cytomegalic inclusion disease in the renal epithelium of the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | cytomegaly and intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in the renal collecting duct epithelium in three of four wild caught platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus) from new south wales using light and electron microscopy during routine pathological studies. non-enveloped, spherical virions measuring about 80 nm in diameter were present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of affected cells as well as in the lumen of the renal tubule. a single enveloped virion measuring about 150 nm in diameter was fou ... | 1990 | 2154629 |
| the x chromosome of monotremes shares a highly conserved region with the eutherian and marsupial x chromosomes despite the absence of x chromosome inactivation. | eight genes, located on the long arm of the human x chromosome and present on the marsupial x chromosome, were mapped by in situ hybridization to the chromosomes of the platypus ornithorhynchus anatinus, one of the three species of monotreme mammals. all were located on the x chromosome. we conclude that the long arm of the human x chromosome represents a highly conserved region that formed part of the x chromosome in a mammalian ancestor at least 150 million years ago. since three of these gene ... | 1990 | 2402495 |
| responses of electroreceptors in the platypus bill to steady and alternating potentials. | 1. this is a report of further observations on the response characteristics of electroreceptors in the bill of the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus, first described by gregory, iggo, mcintyre & proske (1987). 2. the main finding is that, with the bill immersed in water, applying a potential difference between large plate electrodes on either side of the bill, produced detectable responses in a population of electroreceptors to field strengths as low as 4 mv cm-1. threshold for individual recep ... | 1989 | 2778734 |
| lesions associated with metazoan parasites of wild platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | pathological findings associated with helminth and arthropod parasites of four wild platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus) are described. fourth-stage larval rhabditoid nematodes (?cylindrocorporidae) found partially embedded in the stratum corneum were associated with mild acanthosis, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and inconstant subacute dermatits. a filarioid nematode (?lemdaninae) was found in hypodermal lymphoid tissue. a larval trichostrongyloid nematode was found in the dermis, with no evid ... | 1989 | 2810552 |
| receptors in the bill of the platypus. | 1. afferent responses were recorded from filaments of the trigeminal nerve in each of two platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus) anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose. all receptive fields were located along the lateral border of the upper bill. discrete receptive fields could be identified as belonging to two distinct classes of sensory receptor. 2. the most prominent response was an irregular resting discharge which could be increased or decreased by weak electric pulses. these receptors were ins ... | 1988 | 3418529 |
| theileria ornithorhynchi mackerras, 1959 in the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus (shaw). | blood smears from 54 platypuses in southeastern australia were examined by light microscopy. protozoa were found in erythrocytes in 53 platypuses; all infections were sparse. a few parasites were found in leukocytes. intraerythrocytic forms examined by electron microscopy contained vacuoles, micronemes, rhoptries and cytostomes with double unit membranes. merozoites were identified in leukocytes. the parasites were identified as theileria ornithorhynchi mackerras, 1959. | 1986 | 3951057 |
| leptospiral titres in wild platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus) in new south wales. | | 1985 | 3994609 |
| temperature regulation in the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus (shaw). | | 1973 | 4147924 |
| the gastric mucosa of two monotremes: the duck-billed platypus and echidna. | | 1974 | 4814644 |
| active cation transport and na+k+mg atpase of the monotreme erythrocytes. | the erythrocytes of the echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus) and platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus), which are practically devoid of intracellular atp content (1), were examined for active rb86 influx and for the presence of na+k+mg atpase. we found that intact erythrocytes of both species possess the ability to actively transport cations. ouabain sensitive rb86 influx in the echidna was approximately 0.17 mumoles/ml cells x hr, whereas the platypus exhibited a higher value of 0.43 mumoles/ml cells ... | 1984 | 6143557 |
| an immunohistochemical survey of endocrine cells and nerves in the proximal small intestine of the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus. | the relative frequencies of endocrine cells and peptidergic nerve elements in the proximal small intestine of the adult platypus were studied by immunohistochemistry. six kinds of endocrine cells - serotonin (5-ht)-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, motilin-, cholecystokinin (cck)- and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bpp)-immunoreactive cells - were identified in this study. these endocrine cells were found most frequently in the intestinal glands, in moderate numbers in the tubular ducts and were infreq ... | 1983 | 6196117 |
| aspiration pneumonia in a wild platypus ornithorhynchus anatinus. | | 1983 | 6360119 |
| thyroid hormone levels in an egg-laying mammal, the platypus ornithorhynchus anatinus. | serum thyroxine (t4) and triiodothyronine (t3) levels were measured in wild-caught platypuses in southeastern australia in summer (february) and late winter (september). there was little seasonal difference in thyroid hormone levels. males had lower levels of both t4 and t3 than did females, but this was only statistically significant for t3. juveniles had higher levels than adults. the levels of thyroxine ranged from 37 to 136 nmol . liter-1, and triiodothyronine from 0.3 to 1.7 nmol . liter-1. ... | 1983 | 6628969 |
| severe ulcerative dermatitis in platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | | 1983 | 6644940 |
| pathology in captive platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) in victoria, australia. | between 1978 and 1981, 20 platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) which had been held in exhibits for varying periods, were submitted for necropsy. the most common gross and histologic lesions were adrenal enlargement, pulmonary pathology consistent with shock or aspiration pneumonia, intestinal coccidiosis, the presence of trypanosomes, myocarditis and nephritis. other conditions encountered included infestation with ticks (ixodes ornithorhynchi), a mild infection of intestinal trematodes (mehlisia ... | 1983 | 6887433 |
| a pharmacological and biochemical investigation of the venom from the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | in this study several activities of the venom of ornithorhynchus anatinus have been investigated. whole venom induced local oedema after subplantar injection and produced relaxation of the rat uterus in vitro. the relaxant activity was partially purified by gel permeation hplc and subsequent analyses by sds-page revealed that this activity was associated with a 4200 mol. wt peptide. the n-terminal partial sequence of this peptide exhibited substantial identity with human and porcine c-type natri ... | 1995 | 7597719 |
| wild platypus attack in the antipodes. a case report. | the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a furry duck-billed mammal that inhabits the waterways of eastern australia. the male may reach 60 cm in length with a 20 cm beaver-like tail. we report the case of an american naturalist stung whilst trying to study the male in the wild. this resulted in an intense local reaction. warning signs should therefore be erected at air and sea ports warning tourists of the dangers of these venomous australians. | 1994 | 8014539 |
| isolation, partial characterisation, and amino acid sequence of alpha-lactalbumin from platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) milk. | alpha-lactalbumin was isolated from the whey fraction of platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) milk by successive ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction and gel-permeation chromatography. the purified protein modified the action of partially-purified galactosyltransferase from platypus milk to promote the synthesis of lactose, but had very little modifier effect on bovine galactosyltransferase. platypus alpha-lactalbumin has 126 amino-acid residues (molecular mass about 14.3 kda), including a three ... | 1993 | 8431467 |
| platypus insulin: indications from the amino acid sequence of significant differences in structure from porcine insulin. | insulin from a monotreme, the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus), was isolated and the amino acid sequence determined. it differs from pig insulin at eleven amino acid sites, mainly on the surface of the monomer. substitutions relative to pig insulin occur in the monomer-monomer interface, the dimer-dimer interface and the receptor binding region. the residues a5 glu, a8 lys and a13 met have not been reported before in any insulin. multiple sequence comparison studies reveal a relatively close ... | 1996 | 8868070 |
| the mitochondrial genome of a monotreme--the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of a platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) was determined. its overall genomic organization is similar to that of placental mammals, xenopus laevis, and fishes. however, it contains an apparently noncoding sequence of 88 base pairs located between the genes for trna(leu)(uur) and nd1. the base composition of this sequence and its conservation among monotremes, as well as the existence of a transcript from one of the strands, indicate tha ... | 1996 | 8919867 |
| pharmacological action of australian animal venoms. | 1. australia has some of the most venomous fauna in the world. although humans are not usually perceived as being predators against these animals they are often envenomated, accidentally or otherwise. this has led to the development of antivenoms against some of the potentially lethal venoms. however, further understanding of the mechanism(s) of action of these and other venoms is important, not only for developing new treatment strategies but also in the search for novel research tools. 2. the ... | 1997 | 9043799 |
| lactose synthesis in a monotreme, the echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus): isolation and amino acid sequence of echidna alpha-lactalbumin. | alpha-lactalbumin and lysozyme were each isolated from echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus) milk by gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography. the alpha-lactalbumin modified the action of echidna milk galactosyltransferase to promote the synthesis of lactose but had very little effect on bovine galactosyltransferase. echidna alpha-lactalbumin is a glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 20,000 (sds-page) whose concentration in the milk is very low compared with the concentrati ... | 1997 | 9440233 |
| the natriuretic peptide (ovcnp-39) from platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) venom relaxes the isolated rat uterus and promotes oedema and mast cell histamine release. | in this study we characterise the ability of a c-type natriuretic peptide from platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) venom (ovcnp-39) to relax the rat uterus in vitro and we investigate the possibility that ovcnp-39 contributes to the acute effects of envenomation, which include oedema, pain and erythema. we have found that both ovcnp-39 and the endogenous c-type natriuretic peptide, cnp-22, produce oedema in the rat paw and release histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells. two synthetic peptides, ... | 1998 | 9663691 |
| field biology of the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus): historical and current perspectives. | the field biology of the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus, was first studied by a number of expatriate biologists who visited the australian colonies to collect specimens in the 1800s. their work was followed in the early to mid-1900s by a group of resident natural historians and later by an increasing number of academic biologists. all of these workers contributed significantly to the current understanding of the field biology of this unique australian species. the platypus occupies much the ... | 1998 | 9720106 |
| disease conditions and subclinical infections of the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | before the arrival of european settlers in australia, the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus, probably suffered from little disease. among other things, european settlement has involved substantial environmental perturbation, introduction of large predators, introduction of motor vehicles and translocation of potential pathogens. as a result, platypuses are now killed by motor vehicles, dogs, foxes and discarded plastic litter. information programmes targeting appropriate segments of the public ... | 1998 | 9720107 |
| early development and embryology of the platypus. | information on the pre-hatching development of the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus, is reliant on a small number of specimens, whose precise age is unknown. material collected for j. p. hill and now housed in the hubrecht international embryological laboratory, utrecht, contributes a major source of specimens. this paper presents new observations on developmental stages from the hill collection, which allow for a more complete description of pre-hatching development. a feature of the pre-embr ... | 1998 | 9720108 |
| a c-type natriuretic peptide from the venom of the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus): structure and pharmacology. | a peptide which relaxes rat uterine smooth muscle and exhibits homology with the mammalian c-type natriuretic peptide (cnp) has previously been identified in platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) venom from its partial n-terminal amino acid sequence. in this study we describe the purification, detailed structure, synthesis and pharmacological characteristics of this peptide, which has been designated ovcnp-39 (ornithorhynchus venom c-type natriuretic peptide). elucidation of the 39-residue amino a ... | 1998 | 9827022 |
| a nested pcr for the ssrrna gene detects trypanosoma binneyi in the platypus and trypanosoma sp. in wombats and kangaroos in australia. | trypanosome infections in their natural hosts are frequently difficult to detect by microscopy, and culture methods are unreliable and not suitable for all species of trypanosoma. a nested pcr strategy for detecting and identifying trypanosoma species, suitable for detecting both known and unknown trypanosomes, is presented. thirty-two blood samples from 23 species of australian birds and mammals were screened by a nested pcr for the presence of trypanosoma sp. ssrrna. three infections were dete ... | 1999 | 10221634 |
| isolation of mucor circinelloides from a case of ulcerative mycosis of platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus), and a comparison of the response of mucor circinelloides and mucor amphibiorum to different culture temperatures. | the fungus mucor circinelloides was isolated from a platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) suffering from ulcerative mycosis. on horse blood agar at 20, 25 and 30 degrees c, the fungus formed sphaerule-like bodies, a morphology previously associated with mucor amphibiorum, the species thought to be responsible for the disease in platypus. a biopsy taken from the ulcer was fixed, cut and stained. the sections were compared with sections taken from other platypuses suffering from ulcerative mycosis, ... | 1999 | 10421852 |
| defensin-like peptide-2 from platypus venom: member of a class of peptides with a distinct structural fold. | the venom of the male australian duck-billed platypus contains a family of four polypeptides of appox. 5 kda, which are referred to as defensin-like peptides (dlps). they are unique in that their amino acid sequences have no significant similarities to those of any known peptides; however, the tertiary structure of one of them, dlp-1, has recently been shown to be similar to beta-defensin-12 and to the sodium neurotoxin peptide shi (stichodactyla helianthus neurotoxin i). although dlps are the m ... | 2000 | 10839998 |
| identification and structural analysis of four serine proteases in a monotreme, the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus. | to study the emergence of the major subfamilies of serine proteases during vertebrate evolution, we present here the primary structure of four serine proteases expressed in the spleen of a monotreme, the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus. partial cdna clones for four serine proteases were isolated by a pcr-based strategy. this strategy is based on the high level of sequence identity between various members of the large gene family of trypsin-related serine proteases, over two highly conserved r ... | 2000 | 11132153 |
| venom from the platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus, induces a calcium-dependent current in cultured dorsal root ganglion cells. | the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus), a uniquely australian species, is one of the few living venomous mammals. although envenomation of humans by many vertebrate and invertebrate species results in pain, this is often not the principal symptom of envenomation. however, platypus envenomation results in an immediate excruciating pain that develops into a very long-lasting hyperalgesia. we have previously shown that the venom contains a c-type natriuretic peptide that causes mast cell degranula ... | 2001 | 11248005 |
| phylogenetic analysis of 18s rrna and the mitochondrial genomes of the wombat, vombatus ursinus, and the spiny anteater, tachyglossus aculeatus: increased support for the marsupionta hypothesis. | the monotremes, the duck-billed platypus and the echidnas, are characterized by a number of unique morphological characteristics, which have led to the common belief that they represent the living survivors of an ancestral stock of mammals. analysis of new data from the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of a second monotreme, the spiny anteater, and another marsupial, the wombat, yielded clear support for the marsupionta hypothesis. according to this hypothesis marsupials are more closely rela ... | 2002 | 11734900 |
| heavy chain v region diversity in the duck-billed platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus): long and highly variable complementarity-determining region 3 compensates for limited germline diversity. | in this work, to study the emergence of the h chain v region repertoire during mammalian evolution, we present an analysis of 25 independent h chain v regions from a monotreme, the australian duck-billed platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus. all the sequences analyzed were found to form a single branch within the clan iii of mammalian v region sequences in a distance tree. however, compared with a classical v gene family this branch was more diversified in sequence. sequence analysis indicates tha ... | 2002 | 11994470 |
| serological responses against the pathogenic dimorphic fungus mucor amphibiorum in populations of platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) with and without ulcerative mycotic dermatitis. | mucor amphibiorum, a dimorphic fungus, causes ulcerative dermatitis and systemic infections in the platypus ornithorhynchus anatinus in some river systems in tasmania but apparently not in other regions of australia. as yet there are no suitable tests for population surveys, nor for detection of internal lesions in live animals. consequently, immunoglobulins were purified from the serum of platypuses and anti-immunoglobulin antisera were prepared in rabbits in order to develop an enzyme-linked i ... | 2002 | 12079747 |
| evidence for an early appearance of modern post-switch immunoglobulin isotypes in mammalian evolution (ii); cloning of ige, igg1 and igg2 from a monotreme, the duck-billed platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus. | to trace the emergence of the modern post-switch immunoglobulin (ig) isotypes in vertebrate evolution we have studied ig expression in mammals distantly related to eutherians. we here present an analysis of the ig expression in an egg-laying mammal, a monotreme, the duck-billed platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus). fragments of platypus igg and ige cdna were obtained by a pcr-based screening using degenerate primers. the fragments obtained were used as probes to isolate full-length cdna clones of ... | 2002 | 12209626 |
| the major histocompatibility complex in monotremes: an analysis of the evolution of mhc class i genes across all three mammalian subclasses. | we report the isolation and characterization of cdna clones of expressed, functional major histocompatibility complex class-i ( mhc-i) genes from two species of monotremes: the duck-billed platypus and the short-beaked echidna. the cdna clones were isolated from libraries constructed from spleen rna, clearly establishing their expression in at least this one peripheral lymphoid organ. from the presence of conserved amino acid residues, it appears the expressed sequences encode molecules that lik ... | 2002 | 12242589 |
| "managing nature is about managing people". | the 18th general assembly of the iucn (world conservation union) at perth, australia in december 1990 had for its for its logo the duck-billed platypus, and for its theme: "conservation in a changing world," which the director-general interpreted to mean "managing nature is about managing people." this organization of 400 non-governmental groups and 60 governments, had 75 diverse resolutions on the agenda. unifying these moves is the new population and natural resources programme which as a ... | 1991 | 12283997 |
| review of the monotreme fossil record and comparison of palaeontological and molecular data. | monotremes have traditionally been considered a remnant group of mammals descended from archaic mesozoic stock, surviving to the present day on the relatively isolated australian continent. challenges to this orthodoxy have been spurred by discoveries of 'advanced' cretaceous monotremes (steropodon galmani, archer, m., et al., 1985. first mesozoic mammal from australia-an early cretaceous monotreme, nature. 318, 363-366) as well as by results from molecular data linking monotremes to therian mam ... | 2003 | 14667856 |
| phylogenetic footprint analysis of igf2 in extant mammals. | genomic imprinting results in monoallelic gene transcription that is directed by cis-acting regulatory elements epigenetically marked in a parent-of-origin-dependent manner. we performed phylogenetic sequence and epigenetic comparisons of igf2 between the nonimprinted platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) and imprinted opossum (didelphis virginiana), mouse (mus musculus), and human (homo sapiens) to determine if their divergent imprint status would reflect differences in the conservation of genomi ... | 2004 | 15342558 |
| in the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird z and mammal x chromosomes. | two centuries after the duck-billed platypus was discovered, monotreme chromosome systems remain deeply puzzling. karyotypes of males, or of both sexes, were claimed to contain several unpaired chromosomes (including the x chromosome) that form a multi-chromosomal chain at meiosis. such meiotic chains exist in plants and insects but are rare in vertebrates. how the platypus chromosome system works to determine sex and produce balanced gametes has been controversial for decades. here we demonstra ... | 2004 | 15502814 |
| resolution and evolution of the duck-billed platypus karyotype with an x1y1x2y2x3y3x4y4x5y5 male sex chromosome constitution. | the platypus (2n = 52) has a complex karyotype that has been controversial over the last three decades. the presence of unpaired chromosomes and an unknown sex-determining system especially has defied attempts at conventional analysis. this article reports on the preparation of chromosome-specific probes from flow-sorted chromosomes and their application in the identification and classification of all platypus chromosomes. this work reveals that the male karyotype has 21 pairs of chromosomes and ... | 2004 | 15534209 |
| possible differences in pathogenicity between cane toad-, frog- and platypus-derived isolates of mucor amphibiorum, and a platypus-derived isolate of mucor circinelloides. | platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus) in the north of the island state of tasmania, australia, suffer from a serious disease called ulcerative mycosis, which is responsible for high morbidity and, presumably, mortality rates in areas where it occurs. the disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus mucor amphibiorum, which is also found in queensland, new south wales and victoria. however, it does not cause disease in platypuses in those states. it has been previously reported that a closely relate ... | 2005 | 15832556 |
| first evidence of a venom delivery apparatus in extinct mammals. | numerous non-mammalian vertebrates have evolved lethal venoms to aid either in securing prey or as protection from predators, but modern mammals that use venoms in these ways are rare, including only the duck-billed platypus (ornithorhynchus), the caribbean solenodon, and a few shrews (soricidae) (order insectivora). here we report evidence of a venom delivery apparatus in extinct mammals, documented by well-preserved specimens recovered from late palaeocene rocks in alberta, canada. although cl ... | 2005 | 15973406 |
| autosomal location of genes from the conserved mammalian x in the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus): implications for mammalian sex chromosome evolution. | mammalian sex chromosomes evolved from an ancient autosomal pair. mapping of human x- and y-borne genes in distantly related mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates has proved valuable to help deduce the evolution of this unique part of the genome. the platypus, a monotreme mammal distantly related to eutherians and marsupials, has an extraordinary sex chromosome system comprising five x and five y chromosomes that form a translocation chain at male meiosis. the largest x chromosome (x1), which li ... | 2005 | 15973504 |
| high variability in complementarity-determining regions compensates for a low number of v gene families in the lambda light chain locus of the platypus. | based on the analysis of a panel of variable (v) region sequences from the australian duck-billed platypus and the australian short beaked echidna, the monotremes were found to express a highly diversified vlambda repertoire. high variability was observed both in sequence and in length of all three cdr regions. however, all monotreme sequences were found to form a separate branch on a distance tree, and the monotremes appear to express only two vlambda gene families. the appearance of all vlambd ... | 2005 | 16143985 |
| how did the platypus get its sex chromosome chain? a comparison of meiotic multiples and sex chromosomes in plants and animals. | the duck-billed platypus is an extraordinary mammal. its chromosome complement is no less extraordinary, for it includes a system in which ten sex chromosomes form an extensive meiotic chain in males. such meiotic multiples are unprecedented in vertebrates but occur sporadically in plant and invertebrate species. in this paper, we review the evolution and formation of meiotic multiples in plants and invertebrates to try to gain insights into the origin of the platypus meiotic multiple. we descri ... | 2006 | 16344965 |
| evolution of the "or37" subfamily of olfactory receptors: a cross-species comparison. | genes encoding the olfactory receptors of the "or37" subfamily of the mouse are characterized by special features including a clustered expression pattern, assembly in two distinct gene clusters, and highly conserved putative promoter motifs. mining the rat and dog databases revealed that these two species possess highly conserved clusters of or37 genes at two syntenic genomic loci. in a prototherian mammal, the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus), none of the characteristic or37 genes were foun ... | 2006 | 16547640 |
| body temperature-related structural transitions of monotremal and human hemoglobin. | in this study, temperature-related structural changes were investigated in human, duck-billed platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus, body temperature t(b) = 31-33 degrees c), and echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus, body temperature t(b) = 32-33 degrees c) hemoglobin using circular dichroism spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. the average hydrodynamic radius (r(h)) and fractional (normalized) change in the ellipticity (f(obs)) at 222 +/- 2 nm of hemoglobin were measured. the temperature was vari ... | 2006 | 16844747 |
| retrotransposon silencing by dna methylation can drive mammalian genomic imprinting. | among mammals, only eutherians and marsupials are viviparous and have genomic imprinting that leads to parent-of-origin-specific differential gene expression. we used comparative analysis to investigate the origin of genomic imprinting in mammals. peg10 (paternally expressed 10) is a retrotransposon-derived imprinted gene that has an essential role for the formation of the placenta of the mouse. here, we show that an orthologue of peg10 exists in another therian mammal, the marsupial tammar wall ... | 2007 | 17432937 |
| the pretectal nuclei in two monotremes: the short-beaked echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus) and the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | we have examined the organization of the pretectal area in two monotremes (the short beaked echidna-tachyglossus aculeatus, and the platypus-ornithorhynchus anatinus) and compared it to that in the wistar strain rat, using nissl staining in conjunction with enzyme histochemistry (acetylcholinesterase and nadph diaphorase) and immunohistochemistry for parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin and non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (smi-32 antibody). we were able to identify distinct anterior, medi ... | 2007 | 17717686 |
| search for the sex-determining switch in monotremes: mapping wt1, sf1, lhx1, lhx2, fgf9, wnt4, rspo1 and gata4 in platypus. | the duck-billed platypus has five pairs of sex chromosomes, but there is no information about the primary sex-determining switch in this species. as there is no apparent sry orthologue in platypus, another gene must acquire the function of a key regulator of the gonadal male or female fate. sox9 was ruled out from being this key regulator as it maps to an autosome in platypus. to check whether other genes in mammalian gonadogenesis could be the primary switch in monotremes, we have mapped a numb ... | 2007 | 17717721 |
| disruption and pseudoautosomal localization of the major histocompatibility complex in monotremes. | the monotremes, represented by the duck-billed platypus and the echidnas, are the most divergent species within mammals, featuring a flamboyant mix of reptilian, mammalian and specialized characteristics. to understand the evolution of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (mhc), the analysis of the monotreme genome is vital. | 2007 | 17727704 |
| imprinting of opossum igf2r in the absence of differential methylation and air. | phylogenetic comparison of extant mammals with divergent imprint status is a powerful method for identifying critical components of imprint regulation at individual loci. the entire genomic region of igf2r in the imprinted marsupials, didelphis virginiana and monodelphis domestica, and the non-imprinted monotreme, ornithorhynchus anatinus, was isolated and sequenced. genetic and epigenetic comparisons of over 160 kb of sequence were then performed in five distinct mammalian species. surprisingly ... | 2006 | 17998818 |
| conservation of a vitellogenin gene cluster in oviparous vertebrates and identification of its traces in the platypus genome. | vitellogenin (vtg) derivatives are the main egg-yolk proteins in most oviparous animal species, and are, therefore, key players in reproduction and embryo development. conserved synteny and phylogeny were used to identify a vtg gene cluster (vgc) that had been evolutionarily conserved in most oviparous vertebrates, encompassing the three linked vtgs on chicken (gallus gallus) chromosome 8. tandem arranged homologs to chicken vtgii and vtgiii were retrieved in similar locations in xenopus (xenopu ... | 2008 | 18343608 |
| retroposed snofall--a mammalian-wide comparison of platypus snornas. | diversification of mammalian species began more than 160 million years ago when the egg-laying monotremes diverged from live bearing mammals. the duck-billed platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) and echidnas are the only potential contemporary witnesses of this period and, thereby, provide a unique insight into mammalian genome evolution. it has become clear that small rnas are major regulatory agents in eukaryotic cells, and the significant role of non-protein-coding (npc) rnas in transcription, ... | 2008 | 18463303 |
| loss of genes implicated in gastric function during platypus evolution. | the duck-billed platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) belongs to the mammalian subclass prototheria, which diverged from the theria line early in mammalian evolution. the platypus genome sequence provides a unique opportunity to illuminate some aspects of the biology and evolution of these animals. | 2008 | 18482448 |
| serological survey for evidence of leptospira interrogans in free-living platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | to survey free-living platypuses for evidence of leptospira interrogans. | 2008 | 18498563 |
| cone visual pigments of monotremes: filling the phylogenetic gap. | we have determined the sequence and genomic organization of the genes encoding the cone visual pigment of the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus), and inferred their spectral properties and evolutionary pathways. we prepared platypus and echidna retinal rna and used primers of the middle-wave-sensitive (mws), long-wave-sensitive (lws), and short-wave sensitive (sws1) pigments corresponding to coding sequences that are highly conserved among mammals; to pc ... | 2008 | 18598396 |
| reproductive biology in egg-laying mammals. | the duck-billed platypus and short-beaked echidna are iconic species in australia. their morphology and physiology have puzzled scientists all over the world for more than 200 years. recent genetic studies, particularly the platypus whole-genome sequencing project, have revealed the molecular basis of some of the extraordinary characteristics of monotremes. this and other works demonstrate the great value of research on our most distantly related mammalian relatives for comparative genomics and ... | 2008 | 18769071 |
| survey of microsatellite clustering in eight fully sequenced species sheds light on the origin of compound microsatellites. | compound microsatellites are a special variation of microsatellites in which two or more individual microsatellites are found directly adjacent to each other. until now, such composite microsatellites have not been investigated in a comprehensive manner. | 2008 | 19091106 |
| phylogeny of tec family kinases identification of a premetazoan origin of btk, bmx, itk, tec, txk, and the btk regulator sh3bp5. | it is generally considered mammals and birds have five tec family kinases (tfks): btk, bmx (also known as etk), itk, tec, and txk (also known as rlk). here, we discuss the domains and their functions and regulation in tfks. over the last few years, a large number of genomes from various phyla have been sequenced making it possible to study evolutionary relationships at the molecular and sequence level. using bioinformatics tools, we for the first time demonstrate that a tfk ancestor exists in th ... | 2008 | 19161832 |
| characterization and evolution of vertebrate indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenases idos from monotremes and marsupials. | indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (tdo) are tryptophan-degrading enzymes that catalyze the first step in tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway. tdo is widely distributed in both eukaryotes and bacteria. in contrast, ido has been found only in mammals and yeast. in 2007, a third enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 (ido2), was discovered. ido2 is found not only in mammals but also in lower vertebrates. interestingly, the km value of ido2 for l-trp was 5 ... | 2009 | 19402226 |
| characterization and evolution of vertebrate indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenases idos from monotremes and marsupials. | indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (tdo) are tryptophan-degrading enzymes that catalyze the first step in tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway. tdo is widely distributed in both eukaryotes and bacteria. in contrast, ido has been found only in mammals and yeast. in 2007, a third enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 (ido2), was discovered. ido2 is found not only in mammals but also in lower vertebrates. interestingly, the k(m) value of ido2 for l-trp was ... | 2009 | 19416693 |
| characterisation of atrx, dmrt1, dmrt7 and wt1 in the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | one of the most puzzling aspects of monotreme reproductive biology is how they determine sex in the absence of the sry gene that triggers testis development in most other mammals. although monotremes share a xx female/xy male sex chromosome system with other mammals, their sex chromosomes show homology to the chicken z chromosome, including the dmrt1 gene, which is a dosage-dependent sex determination gene in birds. in addition, monotremes feature an extraordinary multiple sex chromosome system. ... | 2009 | 19874722 |
| cloning and structural analysis of two highly divergent iga isotypes, iga1 and iga2 from the duck billed platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus. | to trace the emergence of modern iga isotypes during vertebrate evolution we have studied the immunoglobulin repertoire of a model monotreme, the platypus. two highly divergent iga-like isotypes (iga1 and iga2) were identified and their primary structures were determined from full-length cdnas. a comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences for iga from various animal species showed that the two platypus iga isotypes form a branch clearly separated from their eutherian (placental) counterpar ... | 2010 | 19913303 |
| duck-billed platypus venom peptides induce ca2+ influx in neuroblastoma cells. | the duck-billed platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) is one of the few venomous australian mammals. we previously found that its crude venom potently induces ca(2+) influx in human neuroblastoma imr-32 cells. guided by this bioassay, we identified 11 novel peptides, including the heptapeptide h-his-asp-his-pro-asn-pro-arg-oh (1). compounds 1-4 and 5-11 coincided with the 6-9 n-terminal residues of ornithorhynchus venom c-type natriuretic peptide (ovcnp) and the 132-150 part of ovcnp precursor pep ... | 2009 | 19928958 |
| genotypic analysis of mucor from the platypus in australia. | mucor amphibiorum is the only pathogen known to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the free-living platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) in tasmania. infection has also been reported in free-ranging cane toads (bufo marinus) and green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) from mainland australia but has not been confirmed in platypuses from the mainland. to date, there has been little genotyping specifically conducted on m. amphibiorum. a collection of 21 mucor isolates representing isolates fro ... | 2010 | 20090018 |
| preliminary investigation into the prevalence of mucormycosis in the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) in three catchments in north-west tasmania. | to investigate the distribution and prevalence of mucormycosis in platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) from the inglis, emu and black-detention catchment areas in north-west tasmania. | 2010 | 20529030 |
| mammalian peptide isomerase: platypus-type activity is present in mouse heart. | male platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) venom has a peptidyl aminoacyl l/d-isomerase (hereafter called peptide isomerase) that converts the second amino acid residue in from the n-terminus from the l- to the d-form, and vice versa. a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) assay has been developed to monitor the interconversion using synthetic hexapeptides derived from defensin-like peptide-2 (dlp-2) and dlp-4 as substrates. it was hypothesised that animals other than th ... | 2010 | 20564672 |
| epigenetic modifications on x chromosomes in marsupial and monotreme mammals and implications for evolution of dosage compensation. | x chromosome dosage compensation in female eutherian mammals is regulated by the noncoding xist rna and is associated with the differential acquisition of active and repressive histone modifications, resulting in repression of most genes on one of the two x chromosome homologs. marsupial mammals exhibit dosage compensation; however, they lack xist, and the mechanisms conferring epigenetic control of x chromosome dosage compensation remain elusive. oviparous mammals, the monotremes, have multiple ... | 2010 | 20861449 |
| comparative retinal morphology of the platypus. | the purpose of this study is to identify evolutionary origin and fate of anatomic features of the duck-billed platypus eye. eyes from the duck-billed platypus and four key evolutionary basal vertebrates (pacific hagfish, north hemisphere sea lamprey, and australian and south american lungfishes) were prepared for light microscopy. in addition to a standard panel of stains, tissues were immunostained against a variety of rod and cone opsins. finally, published opsin sequences of platypus and seve ... | 2011 | 21567446 |
| feature importance analysis in guide strand identification of micrornas. | microrna (mirna) is the negative regulator of gene expression, also known as guide strand of transient mirna:mirna* duplex. it is critical in maintaining the normal physiological processes such as development, differentiation, and apoptosis in many organisms. with increasing mirna data, it is desirable to design methods to identify guide strand based on machine learning algorithms. in this study, the random forest models based on local sequence-structure features were proposed to identify mirna ... | 2011 | 21704258 |
| thermal fluctuations of haemoglobin from different species: adaptation to temperature via conformational dynamics. | thermodynamic stability, configurational motions and internal forces of haemoglobin (hb) of three endotherms (platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus; domestic chicken, gallus gallus domesticus and human, homo sapiens) and an ectotherm (salt water crocodile, crocodylus porosus) were investigated using circular dichroism, incoherent elastic neutron scattering and coarse-grained brownian dynamics simulations. the experimental results from hb solutions revealed a direct correlation between protein resil ... | 2012 | 22696485 |
| platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals. | vertebrate alpha (alpha)- and beta (beta)-globin gene families exemplify the way in which genomes evolve to produce functional complexity. from tandem duplication of a single globin locus, the alpha- and beta-globin clusters expanded, and then were separated onto different chromosomes. the previous finding of a fossil beta-globin gene (omega) in the marsupial alpha-cluster, however, suggested that duplication of the alpha-beta cluster onto two chromosomes, followed by lineage-specific gene loss ... | 2008 | 18657265 |
| acp5 (uteroferrin): phylogeny of an ancient and conserved gene expressed in the endometrium of mammals. | type 5 acid phosphatase (acp5; also known as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase or uteroferrin) is a metalloprotein secreted by the endometrial glandular epithelium of pigs, mares, sheep, and water buffalo. in this paper, we describe the phylogenetic distribution of endometrial expression of acp5 and demonstrate that endometrial expression arose early in evolution (i.e., before divergence of prototherian and therian mammals ~166 million years ago). to determine expression of acp5 in the pregnan ... | 2012 | 22278982 |
| the genomes of the south american opossum (monodelphis domestica) and platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) encode a more complete purine catabolic pathway than placental mammals. | the end product of purine catabolism varies amongst vertebrates and is a consequence of independent gene inactivation events that have truncated the purine catabolic pathway. mammals have traditionally been grouped into two classes based on their end product of purine catabolism: most mammals, whose end product is allantoin due to an ancient loss of allantoinase (alln), and the hominoids, whose end product is uric acid due to recent inactivations of urate oxidase (uox). however little is known a ... | 0 | 20161190 |
| the expansion and functional diversification of the mammalian ribonuclease a superfamily epitomizes the efficiency of multigene families at generating biological novelty. | the ribonuclease (rnase) a superfamily is a vertebrate-specific gene family. because of a massive expansion that occurred during the early mammalian evolution, extant mammals in general have much more rnase genes than nonmammalian vertebrates. mammalian rnases have been associated with diverse physiological functions including digestion, cytotoxicity, angiogenesis, male reproduction, and host defense. however, it is still uncertain when their expansion occurred and how a wide array of functions ... | 0 | 24162010 |
| controlling wildlife fungal disease spread: in vitro efficacy of disinfectants against batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and mucor amphibiorum. | chytridiomycosis in amphibians, and mucormycosis in the platypus ornithorhynchus anatinus and amphibians, are serious fungal diseases affecting these aquatic taxa. in tasmania, australia, the fungi that cause these diseases overlap in range along with phytophthora cinnamomi (pc), an invasive fungal plant pathogen. to identify disinfectants that may be useful to reduce anthropogenic spread of these fungi to uninfected wilderness areas, for example by bush walkers and forestry or fire-fighting ope ... | 2012 | 22691980 |
| dermatophilus congolensis infection in platypus ( ornithorhynchus anatinus ), tasmania, australia, 2015. | we report disease due to dermatophilus congolensis infection in three of 13 (23%) platypuses ( ornithorhynchus anatinus ) from a catchment in tasmania, australia. this pathogen has not previously been reported in platypuses. two of the three infected platypuses had extensive scab formations, but no substantial hair loss was apparent. | 2016 | 27505040 |
| phylogenetic analysis and positive-selection site detecting of vascular endothelial growth factor family in vertebrates. | vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf), known to play an important role in vascular homeostasis, vascular integrity and angiogenesis, is little known about the evolutionary relationship of its five members especially the role of gene duplication and natural selection in the evolution of the vegf family. in this study, seventy-five full-length cdna sequences from 33 vertebrate species were extracted from the ncbi's genbank, uniprot protein database and the ensembl database. by phylogenetic ana ... | 2014 | 24200960 |
| novel genotypes of trypanosoma binneyi from wild platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus) and identification of a leech as a potential vector. | little is known about the prevalence and pathogenesis of trypanosomes in australian monotremes, and few genetic characterisation studies have been conducted with these haemoparasites. during the present investigation, molecular and microscopic methods were used to screen peripheral blood (n=28) and ectoparasites (n=10 adult ticks; n=5 tick nymphs; n=1 leech; and n>500 tick eggs) collected from wild tasmanian platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus), for the presence of trypanosomatid-specific dna a ... | 2014 | 25045852 |
| phylogenetic relationships of trypanosoma chelodina and trypanosoma binneyi from australian tortoises and platypuses inferred from small subunit rrna analyses. | trypanosome infections are often difficult to detect by conventional microscopy and their pleomorphy often confounds differential diagnosis. molecular techniques are now being used to diagnose infections and to determine phylogenetic relationships between species. complete small subunit rrna gene sequences were determined for isolates of trypanosoma chelodina from the brisbane river tortoise (emydura signata), the saw-shelled tortoise (elseya latisternum), and the eastern snake-necked tortoise ( ... | 2001 | 11719959 |
| haematological, serum biochemical and serological features of platypuses with and without mycotic granulomatous dermatitis. | to determine whether there are haematological, serum biochemical and serological differences between platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus) with and without granulomatous dermatitis due to mucor amphibiorum infection. an additional objective was to establish reference haematological and serum biochemical ranges for the species in tasmania. | 1999 | 10685184 |
| close association between paralogous multiple isomirs and paralogous/orthologues mirna sequences implicates dominant sequence selection across various animal species. | micrornas (mirnas) are crucial negative regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. next-generation sequencing technologies have identified a series of mirna variants (named isomirs). in this study, paralogous isomir assemblies (from the mirna locus) were systematically analyzed based on data acquired from deep sequencing data sets. evolutionary analysis of paralogous (members in mirna gene family in a specific species) and orthologues (across different animal species) mirna ... | 2013 | 23856130 |
| molecular evolution of the neurohypophysial hormone precursors in mammals: comparative genomics reveals novel mammalian oxytocin and vasopressin analogues. | among vertebrates the neurohypophysial hormones show considerable variation. however, in eutherian mammals they have been considered rather conserved, with arginine vasopressin (avp) and oxytocin (ot) in all species except pig and some relatives, where lysine vasopressin replaces avp. the availability of genomic data for a wide range of mammals makes it possible to assess whether these peptides and their precursors may be more variable in eutheria than previously suspected. a survey of these dat ... | 2012 | 22995712 |
| picosecond dynamics in haemoglobin from different species: a quasielastic neutron scattering study. | dynamics in haemoglobin from platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus), chicken (gallus gallus domesticus) and saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) were measured to investigate response of conformational motions on the picosecond time scale to naturally occurring variations in the amino acid sequence of structurally identical proteins. | 2014 | 24954308 |
| comparative nmr studies of diffusional water permeability of red blood cells from different species: xviii platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) and saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus). | as part of a programme of comparative measurements of pd (diffusional water permeability) the rbcs (red blood cells) from an aquatic monotreme, platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus), and an aquatic reptile, saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) were studied. the mean diameter of platypus rbcs was estimated by light microscopy and found to be approximately 6.3 microm. pd was measured by using an mn2+-doping 1h nmr (nuclear magnetic resonance) technique. the pd (cm/s) values were relatively low: ... | 2010 | 20187871 |
| the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in the platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus). | immunoglobulins loci in mammals are well known to be organized within a translocon, however their origin remains unresolved. four of the five classes of immunoglobulins described in humans and rodents (immunoglobulins m, g, e and a-igm, igg, ige and iga) were found in marsupials and monotremes (immunoglobulin d-igd was not found) thus showing that the genomic structure of antibodies in mammals has remained constant since its origin. we have recently described the genomic organization of the immu ... | 2009 | 19505725 |
| igy: a key isotype in antibody evolution. | immunoglobulin y (igy) is central to our understanding of immunoglobulin evolution. it has links to antibodies from the ancestral igm to the mucosal igx and iga, as well as to mammalian serum igg and ige. igy is found in amphibians, birds and reptiles, and as their most abundant serum antibody, is orthologous to mammalian igg. however, igy has the same domain architecture as igm and ige, lacking a hinge region and comprising four heavy-chain constant domains. the relationship between igy and the ... | 2017 | 28299878 |
| haemolytic anaemia associated with theileria sp. in an orphaned platypus. | the clinical and laboratory findings in an orphaned juvenile female platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) that presented with a severe anaemia and tick infestation are reported. the animal developed a terminal septicaemia and died. antemortem clinical pathology, postmortem histopathology and 18s rdna sequencing supported a diagnosis of extravascular haemolytic anaemia secondary to theileria ornithorhynchi infection. | 2014 | 25123825 |
| marsupial and monotreme enamel structure. | we present some recent developments in our understanding of two basic questions: the origin, extent, nature and course of marsupial enamel tubules; and the characterisation of monotreme enamel, more particularly, the prismatic nature of platypus enamel. methods used included sem of methacrylate casts of marsupial enamel tubules, worn and cut surfaces of whole marsupial teeth, developing and erupted platypus teeth, and a well-developed molar of the newly discovered miocene ornithorhynchid obdurod ... | 1987 | 3589612 |
| passive electroreception in aquatic mammals. | passive electroreception is a sensory modality in many aquatic vertebrates, predominantly fishes. using passive electroreception, the animal can detect and analyze electric fields in its environment. most electric fields in the environment are of biogenic origin, often produced by prey items. these electric fields can be relatively strong and can be a highly valuable source of information for a predator, as underlined by the fact that electroreception has evolved multiple times independently. th ... | 2013 | 23187861 |
| cloning, expression analysis, and antibacterial propertiesof three serum amyloid a in common carp (cyprinus carpio). | three serum amyloid a (saa) genes were identified from the common carp (cyprinus carpio) by pcr and rt-pcr. considering both direction and sequence similarity with mammal's orthologs, they were named ccsaa3a, ccsaa3b and ccsaa1. ccsaa3b and ccsaa1 are adjacent on contig lhqp01017858, suggesting that the prototype of or the simplest saa multigene family have occurred in common carp. a phylogenetic analysis of the saas indicated that the fish saas were closer to those of invertebrates and ornithor ... | 2017 | 28442417 |