| thermoregulatory responses of the peruvian penguin, spheniscus humboldti. | | 1971 | 4400027 |
| heart rate and aerobic metabolism in humboldt penguins, spheniscus humboldti, during voluntary dives. | heart rate and aerobic metabolism have been recorded from three humboldt penguins, spheniscus humboldti, freely diving on a freshwater pond (9 x 4.6 x 2.7 m deep), using an implanted radiotransmitter and an open circuit respirometer. oxygen uptake at mean dive duration (46.2s) was 26% greater than the resting value, but the difference was not statistically significant. heart rate was also similar to the resting value. it is concluded that voluntary dives of penguins are completely aerobic and th ... | 1984 | 6423763 |
| changes in circulating lh, sex steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and corticosterone in relation to breeding and molting in captive humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) kept in an outdoor open display. | penguins are highly adapted to marine life. their hydrodynamic efficiency depends on feathers which wear with age and need to be replaced regularly. during molting, penguins can not enter the sea to forage and are forced to fast. therefore the duration of molting is necessarily brief. to better understand molting in penguins, we collected plasma samples from 16 (8 pairs) humboldt penguins kept in an open display pen at tokyo sea life park from may to september, 1994 and estimated circulating con ... | 1998 | 9615622 |
| development of an indirect elisa for the detection of serum antibodies to aspergillus fumigatus in captive penguins. | aspergillosis is a significant cause of mortality in captive penguins (sphenisciformes). an indirect elisa for the detection of aspergillus fumigatus-specific immunoglobulin in penguins was developed and standardised by making use of a family-specific antiserum (anti-aptenodyptes patagonica patagonicus). the results were calculated quantitatively as elisa units, derived by polynomial regression analysis, and semi-quantitatively as end titres. serum samples from 61 captive penguins were tested wi ... | 2002 | 12017526 |
| [infections with plasmodium praecox in spheniscus humboldti and spheniscus demersus]. | | 1963 | 14112882 |
| analysis of the sequence variations in the mhc drb1-like gene of the endangered humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti). | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genomic region of many vertebrates is known to contain at least one highly polymorphic class ii gene that is homologous in sequence to one or other of the human mhc drb1 class ii genes. the diversity of the avian mhc class ii gene sequences have been extensively studied in chickens, quails, and some songbirds, but have been largely ignored in the oceanic birds, including the flightless penguins. we have previously reported that several penguin species h ... | 2005 | 15714307 |
| the first record of dirofilaria immitis infection in a humboldt penguin, spheniscus humboldti. | dirofilaria immitis infection is an important parastic disease in many mammals, especially canids, but has not been reported in bird hosts. filarial worms were isolated from the lumen of the right atrium of the heart and the connective tissue of the lung of a captive female humboldt penguin, spheniscus humboldti, that died at a zoo in japan. one of these worms was observed morphologically and identified as d. immitis by features such as 4 pairs of cephalic papillae, 1 pair of cervical papillae, ... | 2005 | 16419779 |
| low mhc variation in the endangered galápagos penguin (spheniscus mendiculus). | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is one of the most polymorphic regions of the genome, likely due to balancing selection acting to maintain alleles over time. lack of mhc variability has been attributed to factors such as genetic drift in small populations and relaxed selection pressure. the galápagos penguin (spheniscus mendiculus), endemic to the galápagos islands, is the only penguin that occurs on the equator. it relies upon cold, nutrient-rich upwellings and experiences severe pop ... | 2007 | 17457582 |
| health evaluation of free-ranging humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) in peru. | as part of ongoing ecological studies of humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) at punta san juan, ica department, peru, health surveys were conducted in november 1992, 1993, and 1994. in the three surveys, 98 birds in total were handled for examination, and blood was collected for laboratory analysis from 90 of these birds. all birds seemed to be in good condition. body weights of females were significantly lower in 1994 than in the other years. fleas (parapsyllus humboldti) and ticks (ornith ... | 2008 | 18459309 |
| west nile virus seroconversion in penguins after vaccination with a killed virus vaccine or a dna vaccine. | to investigate the serologic response of penguins to west nile virus (wnv) vaccines, four species of exclusively indoor-housed penguins, negative for wnv by serology, were evaluated: humboldt (spheniscus humboldti), magellanic (spheniscus magellanicus), gentoo (pygoscelis papua), and rockhopper (eudyptes chrysoscome) penguins. birds were inoculated with either a killed virus vaccine or a plasmid-mediated dna wnv vaccine, and postinoculation serology was evaluated. both vaccines induced seroconve ... | 2008 | 19110700 |
| ocular bacterial flora, tear production, and intraocular pressure in a captive flock of humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). | the purpose of this study was to determine normal ocular surface bacterial flora, tear production, and intraocular pressure in a captive flock of humboldt penguins, spheniscus humboldti. twenty-eight healthy penguins were studied and equally divided between fresh- and saltwater habitats. the population consisted of 15 female and 13 male penguins, ranging from 3-20 years of age. following complete ophthalmic exam, 4 penguins with cataracts were removed from the study. eight penguins from each hab ... | 2009 | 19746856 |
| evaluation of oral itraconazole administration in captive humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). | aspergillus spp. fungal infections are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in captive penguins. itraconazole has been the drug of choice for both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment; however, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters can be highly variable in different species, and it has not been evaluated in penguins. in this study, four preliminary steady-state trials were performed to compare two oral formulations of itraconazole (commercial capsules compared with ge ... | 2009 | 19746867 |
| vision of the humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) in air and water. | refractive states measured by retinoscopy and photorefraction indicate that the eyes of the humboldt penguin, spheniscus humboldti, are approximately emmetropic in air and water. extensive myopia in air, as predicted by earlier authors and by a recent anatomical study, is non-existent. photorefractive measurements of the refractive state, in water, of the humboldt penguin indicate that it can accommodate sufficiently to make up the loss of the refractive power of the cornea. the cornea of the hu ... | 2010 | 2881308 |
| malignant lymphoma of t-cell origin in a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and a pink-backed pelican (pelecanus rufescens). | multicentric t-cell lymphomas were diagnosed in two birds from separate zoological collections: one in a 27-year-old female humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and the second in an adult pink-backed pelican (pelecanus rufescens). the main clinical sign in the penguin was dysphagia caused by lymphoma formation in the esophagus. besides the esophageal lymphoma, neoplastic lymphoid cells were observed in the adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, lung, proventriculus, and gizzard. the pelican was foun ... | 2012 | 22872983 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a group of captive humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti ). | nine humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti ), between 1 and 1.5 years old and kept at zoo dresden, developed local and systemic infections with various opportunistic pathogens within a period of 4 months. affected birds died peracutely without preceding symptoms or showed various clinical signs, including separation from conspecifics, reduced food intake, lethargy, dyspnea, swelling of the salt glands, and ocular discharge. one bird showed central nervous signs, including seizures. pathologic ... | 2016 | 27315388 |
| the passage and duration of antibodies to west nile virus in humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). | west nile virus (genus flavivirus) outbreaks and mortality events have been documented in both wild and captive avian species, including penguins. serologic response to vaccination in avian species has varied and appears to be largely species dependent; however, humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti ) previously showed excellent rates of seroconversion. the goal of this study was to determine virus neutralization titers of 17 humboldt penguin hens and their subsequent eggs, chicks, or both fo ... | 2017 | 28363037 |
| voriconazole toxicity in multiple penguin species. | aspergillosis is a common respiratory fungal disease in penguins managed under human care. triazole antifungal drugs, including itraconazole, are most commonly used for treatment; however, itraconazole treatment failures from drug resistance are becoming more common, requiring newer treatment options. voriconazole, a newer triazole, is being used more often. until recently, no voriconazole pharmacokinetic studies had been performed in penguins, leading to empiric dosing based on other avian stud ... | 2015 | 26667545 |
| proventricular adenocarcinoma in a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and a great horned owl (bubo virginianus); identification of origin by mucin histochemistry. | cases of proventricular neoplasm in a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and a great horned owl (bubo virginianus) were observed. microscopically, the neoplastic cells formed branching tubules or acini in both cases. galactose oxidase-schiff (gos) staining revealed that the cytoplasm of the normal surface epithelium and surface mucosubstances of the proventriculus adjacent to the neoplasm were positive in both cases. the neoplastic cells in both cases were also classified as gos-positive. t ... | 2004 | 14681071 |
| diversity of mhc class i alleles in spheniscus humboldti. | the major histocompatibility complex locus (mhc) is a gene region related to immune response and exhibits a remarkably great diversity. we deduced that polymorphisms in mhc genes would help to solve several issues on penguins, including classification, phylogenetic relationship, and conservation. this study aimed to elucidate the structure and diversity of the so far unknown mhc class i gene in a penguin species. the structure of an mhc class i gene from the humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldt ... | 2017 | 27654451 |
| thromboelastography in selected avian species. | currently available assay methods and reagents are not optimized for evaluating avian hemostasis; therefore, assessing avian coagulopathies is challenging. recently, thromboelastography (teg), which measures the viscoelastic properties of blood, has been used clinically in mammalian species to diagnose and characterize hemostatic disorders. to evaluate teg in healthy individuals of 6 avian species, we modified existing mammalian teg protocols to allow analysis of citrated, avian whole-blood samp ... | 2015 | 26771317 |
| malignant melanoma in the penguin: characterization of the clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of malignant melanoma in 10 individuals from three species of penguin. | malignant melanomas are aggressive neoplasms that are relatively common in penguins compared to other avian species. in this study, the clinical and pathologic characteristics of melanocytic neoplasms in five macaroni (eudyptes chrysolophus), three rock hopper (eudyptes chrysocome), and two humboldt (spheniscus humboldti) penguins are described. tumors most commonly occurred in the skin of the foot or hock, and were seen in the subcutaneous muscle, especially near the beak/oral cavity. gross les ... | 2014 | 25314820 |
| ornithodoros (alectorobius) spheniscus n. sp. [acarina: ixodoidea: argasidae: ornithodoros (alectorobius) capensis group], a tick parasite of the humboldt penguin in peru. | ornithodoros (alectorobius) spheniscus n. sp., described from wild-caught and laboratory-reared females, males, nymphs, and larvae parasitizing the humboldt penguin, spheniscus humboldti meyen, is the fifth species of the ornithodoros (alectorobius) capensis group to be recognized in the neotropical region. a related peruvian species, ornithodoros (alectorobius) amblus chamberlin, also parasitizes s. humboldti but is recorded from a wider range of marine birds breeding on the pacific coast and o ... | 1985 | 4057008 |
| the humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) rete tibiotarsale - a supreme biological heat exchanger. | humans are unable to survive low temperature environments without custom designed clothing and support systems. in contrast, certain penguin species inhabit extremely cold climates without losing substantial energy to self-heating (emperor penguins ambient temperature plummets to as low as -45°c). penguins accomplish this task by relying on distinct anatomical, physiological and behavioral adaptations. one such adaptation is a blood vessel heat exchanger called the 'rete tibiotarsale' - an inter ... | 2017 | 28558939 |
| husbandry and enclosure influences on penguin behavior and conservation breeding. | multi-zoo comparisons of animal welfare are rare, and yet vital for ensuring continued improvement of zoo enclosures and husbandry. methods are not standardized for the development of zoo enclosures based on multiple indicators, and case study species are required. this study compares behavior and breeding success to various enclosure and husbandry parameters for the humboldt penguin, spheniscus humboldti, for the development of improved enclosure design. behavioral sampling was completed at fla ... | 2016 | 27486862 |
| a novel alphaherpesvirus associated with fatal diseases in banded penguins. | a novel avian alphaherpesvirus, preliminarily designated sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1 (spahv-1), has been independently isolated from juvenile humboldt and african penguins (spheniscus humboldti and spheniscus demersus) kept in german zoos suffering from diphtheroid oropharyngitis/laryngotracheitis and necrotizing enteritis (collectively designated as penguin-diphtheria-like disease). high-throughput sequencing was used to determine the complete genome sequences of the first two spahv-1 isolates ... | 2017 | 28036249 |
| mycoplasma tullyi sp. nov., isolated from penguins of the genus spheniscus. | a mycoplasma isolated from the liver of a dead humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and designated strain 56a97t, was investigated to determine its taxonomic status. complete 16s rrna gene sequence analysis indicated that the organism was most closely related to mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma imitans(99.7 and 99.9 % similarity, respectively). the average dna-dna hybridization values between strain 56a97t and m. gallisepticum and m. imitans were 39.5 and 30 %, respectively and the gen ... | 2017 | 28895509 |
| determination of tear production and intraocular pressure with rebound tonometry in wild humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti ). | tear production and intraocular pressures (iops) were determined in 38 and 102 wild humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti), respectively, from the punta san juan marine protected area in ica, peru. tear production was measured by schirmer tear test, and iop was measured with a tonovet rebound tonometer. adult (n = 90) and chick (n = 12) penguins were sampled from 2 different beaches (north and south facing) during 2 sampling years (2010 and 2011). results showed a mean ± sd (range) of 9 ± 4 (2 ... | 2017 | 28358613 |
| a case of endoscopic retrieval of a long bamboo stick from a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti). | an eighteen-month-old female humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) that was 50 cm in length and 4.5 kg in weight was presented with anorexia and vomiting. the hematological and blood biochemical profiles revealed no remarkable findings, and no salmonella, shigella or vibrio spp. were isolated from the fecal culture. however, radiographic imaging revealed a long linear foreign body presenting from the lower esophagus to the stomach. to retrieve this foreign body, flexible endoscopic extraction ... | 2017 | 27990010 |
| eisenmenger ventricular septal defect in a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti). | the eisenmenger ventricular septal defect is an uncommon type of ventricular septal defect characterised in humans by a traditionally perimembranous ventricular septal defect, anterior deviation (cranioventral deviation in small animal patients) of the muscular outlet septum causing malalignment relative to the remainder of the muscular septum, and overriding of the aortic valve. this anomaly is reported infrequently in human patients and was identified in a 45-day-old humboldt penguin, sphenisc ... | 2016 | 27286906 |
| comparison of air sac volume, lung volume, and lung densities determined by use of computed tomography in conscious and anesthetized humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) positioned in ventral, dorsal, and right lateral recumbency. | to determine the effects of recumbency on air sac volume, lung volume, and lung densities in ct images of healthy, conscious and anesthetized spontaneously breathing humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). | 2014 | 25061705 |
| assessment of trace metals and porphyrins in excreta of humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) in different locations of the northern coast of chile. | to add data on trace metal contamination of humboldt penguins in the south pacific, levels of trace metals (as, hg, pb, cu, zn, and cd) and porphyrins (copro-, uro-, and proto-) in excreta of humboldt penguins that inhabit some important nesting sites on the northern coast of chile were determined. fresh excreta were collected on pan de azúcar island, chañaral island, and cachagua island, from december 2011 to january 2012. concentration of metals was determined by flame atomic absorption spectr ... | 2014 | 24464330 |
| odor-based recognition of familiar and related conspecifics: a first test conducted on captive humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). | studies of kin recognition in birds have largely focused on parent-offspring recognition using auditory or visual discrimination. recent studies indicate that birds use odors during social and familial interactions and possibly for mate choice, suggesting olfactory cues may mediate kin recognition as well. here, we show that humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti), a natally philopatric species with lifetime monogamy, discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar non-kin odors (using prior assoc ... | 2011 | 21957471 |
| haematological and clinical biochemistry findings in captive humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). | haematological and clinical biochemistry values were determined in 15 healthy humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) captured at isla de cachagua, v region, chile and maintained at the metropolitan zoo of santiago, chile. blood samples were obtained at 3 days and 3, 7 and 15 weeks post-capture. the confinement did not affect the red blood cell parameters (rbc, pcv, hb, mcv, mchc, p<0.05). slight changes in the absolute number of heterophils and lymphocytes were observed. albumin, fibrinogen an ... | 1997 | 18484267 |
| gizzard adenocarcinoma in an aged humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti). | spontaneous gizzard adenocarcinoma was found in a 15-year-old male humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti). the lesser curvature of the gizzard wall was extensively and markedly thickened with a hard white tumour mass. histopathologically, the tumour in the gizzard consisted of two structures: small to large acini lined by cuboidal or flattened cells with poor stroma in the mucosa, and undifferentiated tumour cells arranged singly or in cords with acinar structures separated by dense fibrous tis ... | 1998 | 18483971 |
| dna sexing in humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) from feather samples. | humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) show little sexual dimorphism, and although males are usually heavier and larger than females, sexing by direct observation may be difficult, especially in young subjects. in this paper we evaluate the utility of the molecular approach, for sexing impuberal humboldt penguins from feathers. firstly, a pcr test was used employing primers that amplify the homologous region of the chd-w gene, unique in female, and the chd-z gene, occurring in the two sexes. t ... | 2008 | 18258392 |
| metabolic bone disease in juvenile humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti): investigation of ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin d3 as diagnostic parameters. | three cases of metabolic bone disease (mbd) were identified in juvenile humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) in a zoological collection. diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment were challenging, in part because radiographs and traditional serum biochemistries did not provide adequate information to guide appropriate clinical management. normal values for ionized calcium (ica), 25-hydroxyvitamin d3 [25-(oh) d3], and parathyroid hormone (pth) have not been reported for any species in the order sp ... | 2007 | 17469280 |
| neuronal storage disease in a group of captive humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). | a neuronal storage disease affecting 5 captive humboldt penguins is described. one bird died after 3 days of lethargy and anorexia. the 4 remaining birds died after a slowly progressing course of disease with signs that included lethargy, weakness, and neurologic dysfunction. neurologic signs included dysphagia and ataxia. gross lesions in the first animal to die consisted of hepatosplenomegaly indicative of avian malaria, which was confirmed histologically. the 4 remaining animals were mildly t ... | 2006 | 17099167 |
| hormonal correlations at transition from reproduction to molting in an annual life cycle of humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). | to understand the hormonal mechanism behind a unique strategy of breeding and molting in humboldt penguins, six pairs of captive humboldt penguins kept in an outdoor open display pen were observed and blood collected weekly for a year. they all molted between the middle of june and the middle of august within 10 days except one pair that molted about a month later. the late pair had been rearing a hatchling until july due to the successful second clutch after the first clutch failed. a peak of p ... | 2004 | 14697303 |
| malignant melanoma in a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti). | | 2003 | 12956301 |
| patterns of respiration in diving penguins: is the last gasp an inspired tactic? | humboldt penguins spheniscus humboldti in captivity and free-living magellanic penguins s. magellanicus were fitted with loggers to determine beak angles during breathing. the humboldt penguins were also fitted with masks for determining rates of air flow during breathing. during periods of higher gas exchange requirement, humboldt penguins opened their beaks during inspiration, where tidal volume was linearly correlated with both change in beak angle and maximum beak angle, closed them slightly ... | 2003 | 12682106 |
| influence of dietary vitamins a and e on serum alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, retinol, retinyl palmitate and carotenoid concentrations in humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). | serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol were measured in 18 captive humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) prior to and following the removal of columbia river (cr) smelt (thaleichthys pacificus) from the diet. dietary vitamin a was reduced from 59.8 to 13.5 iu g-1 (dry matter basis) when cr smelt was removed from the diet. minimal changes were noted in dietary vitamin e. serum samples without-cr smelt had significantly lowe ... | 1998 | 10048186 |
| the eye of the humboldt penguin, spheniscus humboldti: visual fields and schematic optics. | construction of a schematic eye indicates that the eye of spheniscus humboldti is aquatic in design. the lens has a power of 100 dioptres (d) while (in air) the cornea has a power of 29 d. in air, the eye is myopic (approximately 28 d) but in water it is emmetropic. minimum pupil size would seem insufficient to allow the pupil to function as a stenopaic aperture and increase depth of focus sufficiently to overcome the eye's aerial myopia. entry into water reduces maximum image brightness by appr ... | 1984 | 6151660 |
| nasal mites (mesostigmata: rhinonyssidae) in african penguins (spheniscus demersus). | rhinonyssids are obligate haematophagous mites that parasitize the nasal cavity of vertebrates, and occur in a wide range of birds worldwide. two species of nasal mites are known to occur in penguins: rhinonyssus sphenisci, which has been recorded from humboldt and magellanic penguins (spheniscus humboldti and s. magellanicus, respectively), and rhinonyssus schelli, which has been recorded in adélie and gentoo penguins (pygoscelis adeliae and p. papua, respectively). we examined the nasal cavity ... | 2019 | 29921335 |
| landscape genomics: natural selection drives the evolution of mitogenome in penguins. | mitochondria play a key role in the balance of energy and heat production, and therefore the mitochondrial genome is under natural selection by environmental temperature and food availability, since starvation can generate more efficient coupling of energy production. however, selection over mitochondrial dna (mtdna) genes has usually been evaluated at the population level. we sequenced by ngs 12 mitogenomes and with four published genomes, assessed genetic variation in ten penguin species distr ... | 2018 | 29338715 |
| genetic evidence of hybridization between magellanic (sphensicus magellanicus) and humboldt (spheniscus humboldti) penguins in the wild. | the process of hybridization between closely related species plays an important role in defining the genetic integrity and overall genetic diversity of species. the distribution range of magellanic (spheniscus magellanicus) and humboldt (spheniscus humboldti) penguins is predominantly allopatric; however, the species share a region of sympatry where they may hybridize. we analyzed four types of genetic markers (including nuclear and mitochondrial markers) to assess their utility in detecting hyb ... | 2020 | 33070222 |
| effects of nest type and sex on blood saccharide profiles in humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti): implications for habitat conservation. | reproductive success of endangered humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) colonies in peru has been associated with nesting habitat type, presumably due to differences in environmental exposure and activity patterns that may affect energy demands and metabolism. gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to determine serum concentrations of 19 saccharides from 30 humboldt penguins nesting at punta san juan, peru in order to evaluate differences in metabolic state between penguins nestin ... | 2020 | 32437361 |
| circulating nutrient concentrations in free-ranging humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) in punta san juan, peru. | free-ranging humboldt penguin (hp, spheniscus humboldti) populations are under pressure from resource competition with industrial fisheries, habitat loss, and el niño southern oscillation events. foraging patterns for this top marine predator change during periods of aberrant oceanographic conditions and scarce fish stock numbers. these radical dietary fluctuations can lead to poor fertility, early embryonic death, poor hatchability, suppressed immune function, high chick mortality, and illness. ... | 2020 | 32227365 |
| objective gait analysis in humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) using a pressure-sensitive walkway. | assessment of pododermatitis, osteoarthritis, and other causes of lameness in penguins can be challenging. subjective gait analysis using visual observation and response to analgesic therapy can be affected by observer variation and caregiver placebo bias. a pressure-sensitive walkway (psw), however, allows for objective gait analysis and assessment of analgesic therapeutic response. in this study, a 3-m-long psw was used to analyze gait in 21 adult humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). medi ... | 2020 | 31926523 |
| erysipelothrix septicaemia and hepatitis in a colony of humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). | this report describes an outbreak of erysipelas in a colony of captive humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti). the only previously reported case in a related species was of an individual little blue penguin (eudyptula minor). five humboldt penguins in a mixed colony displayed non-specific signs of illness, including lethargy, inappetence and regurgitation after movement for exhibit upgrading. there was no improvement after 5 days of treatment with oral enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg q24h). four humbol ... | 2019 | 31690415 |
| inter-annual isotopic niche segregation of wild humboldt penguins through years of different el niño intensities. | the humboldt current system presents high interannual variability, influenced by the el niño southern oscillation (enso), whose implications in wildlife are not fully understood. we studied the isotopic niche of wild humboldt penguins at punta san juan (peru) during the pre-moult foraging trip in 4 consecutive years (2008-2011) under known oceanographic (enso) conditions. our results show that there is a clear isotopic niche segregation (on both δ13c and δ15n values) of wild humboldt penguins am ... | 2019 | 31299541 |
| feathers of humboldt penguin are suitable bioindicators of rare earth elements. | rare earth elements (rees), also called lanthanides, are emerging contaminants worldwide, due to their unique physical and chemical characteristics that make them essential in a variety of industrial applications. however, there is still a gap in the knowledge of occurrence and accumulation of rees in biota, and no investigations have yet been performed in penguin feathers, which have already been widely utilized as a non-invasive tool for the biomonitoring of trace elements. the concentrations ... | 2019 | 31078853 |
| uncovering population structure in the humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) along the pacific coast at south america. | the upwelling hypothesis has been proposed to explain reduced or lack of population structure in seabird species specialized in food resources available at cold-water upwellings. however, population genetic structure may be challenging to detect in species with large population sizes, since variation in allele frequencies are more robust under genetic drift. high gene flow among populations, that can be constant or pulses of migration in a short period, may also decrease power of algorithms to d ... | 2019 | 31075106 |
| humboldt penguins' feathers as bioindicators of metal exposure. | avian feathers have the potential to accumulate trace elements originating from contaminated food and polluted environments. in fact, in feathers, metals bind to keratin, a sulphur-containing protein for which several metals have a strong affinity. here, the concentrations of 18 essential and non-essential elements were investigated in a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) colony housed at the acquario di cattolica (italy). this species is listed as vulnerable in the red list of the internat ... | 2019 | 30273732 |
| analysis of toxic and essential elements in the blood and feathers of humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti) at punta san juan, peru. | whole blood, serum, and feather samples from 29 humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti) at the punta san juan marine protected area, peru, were analyzed for 55 toxic and essential elements by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. mercury (hg) was analyzed by cold vapor atomic fluorescence. maximum hg concentrations in serum (0.0056 mg/g), whole blood (0.297 mg/kg), and feathers (1.8 mg/kg dry weight) were at levels generally not considered to cause health impairment. of the eleme ... | 2019 | 30265588 |
| plasma concentrations of vitamin a1, b1, d3, and e in humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti) before and after dietary vitamin supplementation of their fish diet. | in a practical feeding trial at ouwehand zoo, plasma concentrations of vitamin a1, calcidiol (d3), α-tocopherol (e), and b1 in 17 humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti) were measured before and after supplementation to gain insight into the effect of supplementing these vitamins in animals being fed thawed frozen-fish diets. none of the penguins received vitamin supplements for at least 6 mo before the supplementation trial, which was conducted prior to their normal nesting and molting period ... | 2018 | 30212350 |
| radiographic evaluation of cardiac silhouette in clinically healthy humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti). | wild populations of humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti) on the coasts of chile and peru have been declining because of food scarcity caused by the el niño southern oscillation and human interference. part of conserving this vulnerable and threatened species is maintaining the health of penguins within zoo collections. a variety of cardiovascular diseases has been reported in individuals from the spheniscidae family including ventricular septal defects, dirofilaria immitis infection, pulmon ... | 2018 | 30212330 |
| mercury exposure in humboldt (spheniscus humboldti) and chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus) penguins throughout the chilean coast and antarctica. | penguins are reliable sentinels for environmental assessments of mercury (hg) due to their longevity, abundance, high trophic level, and relatively small foraging areas. we analyzed hg concentrations from blood and feathers of adult humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) and feathers of chinstrap penguins (pygoscelis antarcticus) from different reproductive colonies with variable degrees of urbanization and industrialization along the chilean and antarctic coasts. we evaluated hg concentration ... | 2018 | 29725722 |
| assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the blood of humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti) from the punta san juan marine protected area, peru. | persistent organic pollutants were assessed in humboldt penguins ( spheniscus humboldti) from the punta san juan marine protected area, peru, in the austral winter of 2009. plasma samples from 29 penguins were evaluated for 31 polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congeners and 11 organochlorine pesticides (ocps) by using gas chromatography coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer and for 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) congeners by using gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spe ... | 2018 | 29303683 |
| metabolite profiles of male and female humboldt penguins. | we examined 185 metabolites in 30 adult humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) nesting at the punta san juan marine protected area, peru, in order to examine gender differences in metabolome profiles, particularly those involved in metabolism and energetics. the majority of the compounds identified were fatty (26% of total identified compounds), organic (19%), and amino (16%) acids. we were able to differentiate male and female penguins with 96.6% accuracy on the basis of 12 metabolites, most ... | 2015 | 29061948 |