| correlates of helminth community in the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa l.) in spain. | between 1992 and 1996, 587 wild red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) from 16 spanish provinces were examined to study the variations of helminth communities in this game species across a broad geographical area. the survey revealed 13 species of helminth parasites. dicrocoelium sp.. rhabdometra nigropunctata, and cheilospirura gruweli were the most common species, whereas raillietina bolivari, choanotaenia infundibulum, tetrameres sp., and capillaria anatis were the most rare. subulura suctori ... | 2003 | 12880240 |
| sarcocystis sp. in the red-legged partridge, alectoris rufa, and the pheasant, phasianus colchicus. | | 1957 | 13493498 |
| [a strain of virus resembling plague virus isolated from the partridge alectoris rufa]. | | 1954 | 14351483 |
| attaching and effacing escherichia coli o103:k+:h- in red-legged partridges. | | 2004 | 15499813 |
| how effective is pre-release nematode control in farm-reared red-legged partridges alectoris rufa? | game bird farming is associated with high parasite levels that reduce farm productivity, reduce survival after releasing, and may pose a health risk for natural populations. the efficacy of albendazole (orally, 20 mg kg(-1) was evaluated in farmed red-legged partridges naturally infected with the nematodes aonchotheca caudinflata and heterakis gallinarum. in treated birds body condition improved, nematode egg deposition was reduced and the proportion of gravid a. caudinflata females was reduced, ... | 2007 | 17381875 |
| detecting hybridization between wild species and their domesticated relatives. | the widespread occurrence of free-ranging domestic or feral carnivores (dogs, cats) or ungulates (pigs, goats), and massive releases of captive-reproduced game stocks (galliforms, waterfowl) is raising fear that introgressive hybridization with wild populations might disrupt local adaptations, leading to population decline and loss of biodiversity. detecting introgression through hybridization is problematic if the parental populations cannot be sampled (unlike in classical stable hybrid zones), ... | 2008 | 18173502 |
| isolation of mycoplasma synoviae from the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa). | following an outbreak of respiratory disease in a group of red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) and chickens (gallus domesticus) housed in the same unit, a mycoplasma was isolated. its biochemical profile and the growth-inhibition test enabled it to be identified as mycoplasma synoviae. histopathological analysis revealed an intense inflammatory reaction in the respiratory tract, together with epithelial hyperplasia and lymphocyte infiltration. the rapid serum plate agglutination test, and the ... | 1986 | 18766582 |
| interspecific variation in dietary carotenoid assimilation in birds: links to phylogeny and color ornamentation. | many birds use carotenoid pigments to acquire rich red, orange, and yellow coloration in feathers and bare parts that is used as a signal of mate quality. because carotenoids are derived from foods, much attention has been paid to the role of diet in generating color variation both within and among avian species. less consideration has been given to physiological underpinnings of color variability, especially among species. here, i surveyed published literature (e.g. captive feeding studies) on ... | 2005 | 16129640 |
| experimental toxoplasmosis in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) fed toxoplasma gondii oocysts. | thirty red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa), 5-month-old, were orally inoculated with oocysts of the ov-51/95 strain of toxoplasma gondii. birds were distributed into five groups and received, respectively, 10 (group a, 4 birds), 50 (group b, 14 birds), 10(2) (group c, 4 birds), 10(3) (group d, 4 birds) and 10(4) (group e, 4 birds) oocysts. one partridge from group b and one from group e died suddenly of acute toxoplasmosis at 7 day after inoculation (dai) with demonstrable t. gondii in severa ... | 2005 | 15893069 |
| identification of raw and heat-processed meats from game bird species by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the mitochondrial d-loop region. | polymerase chain reaction-rflp analysis has been applied to the identification of meats from quail (coturnix coturnix), pheasant (phasianus colchicus), red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa), chukar partridge (alectoris chukar), guinea fowl (numida meleagris), capercaillie (tetrao urogallus), eurasian woodcock (scolopax rusticola), and woodpigeon (columba palumbus). polymerase chain reaction amplification was carried out using a set of primers flanking a conserved region of approximately 310 bp f ... | 2009 | 19211540 |
| pathology and experimental prophylaxis of avian poxvirus in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). | | 2004 | 15478503 |
| first occurrence of mesocestoides sp. in a bird, the red-legged partridge, alectoris rufa, in spain. | larvae of mesocestoides sp. were found in the celomic cavity of one red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) from azuara (aragón, north-eastern spain). this is the first report of this larval cestode occurring in birds from spain. none of the other 36 partridges from this area nor 150 partridges from other spanish localities were affected. the red-legged partridge does not seem to be an important link in the mesocestoides sp. life-cycle. | 2003 | 12743808 |
| ectoparasite ticks and chewing lice of red-legged partridge, alectoris rufa, in spain. | during the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 shooting seasons, 212 wild red-legged partridge, alectoris rufa (galliformes: phaisanide) were captured in 18 spanish provinces and examined for chewing lice and ticks. three tick species and six species of chewing lice were found. ticks (acari: ixodidae) haemaphysalis punctata canestrini & fanzago, hyalomma lusitanicum koch and ixodes frontalis panzer were found at the lowest prevalence (1.4% overall tick prevalence). the louse (mallophaga) species, goniodes d ... | 2003 | 12680922 |
| captivity diets alter egg yolk lipids of a bird of prey (the american kestrel) and of a galliforme (the red-legged partridge). | the salient feature of the fatty acid profile of kestrel eggs collected in the wild was the very high proportion of arachidonic acid (15.2%+/-0.7% of fatty acid mass, n=5) in the phospholipid fraction of the yolk. kestrels in captivity fed on day-old chickens produced eggs that differed from those of the wild birds in a number of compositional features: the proportion of linoleic acid was increased in all the lipid fractions; the proportion of arachidonic acid was increased in yolk phospholipid ... | 2001 | 11247734 |
| virulence factors in enterococci from partridges (alectoris rufa) representing a food safety problem. | forty-three enterococcus isolates recovered from fecal samples of partridges, during the partridge hunting season, were studied for gelatinase and β-hemolysis activities. the presence of fsr-gele genes and the cyl operon was studied by polymerase chain reaction and correlated with gelatinase and β-hemolysis production, respectively. in addition, genes encoding additional virulence factors (cpd, hyl, agg, esp, and ace) was also analyzed in all enterococci. most of our enterococcus faecalis isolat ... | 2011 | 21214387 |
| molecular cytogenetic analysis of the chicken and red-legged partridge chromosome 4 repatterning. | conserved genome homologies between the chicken and partridge have been demonstrated for chromosomes 1 and z in previous studies. morphological differences between the chicken and partridge for chromosome 4 have also been identified. the chicken chromosome 4 is submetacentric while the partridge chromosome 4 is acrocentric. we now report that in spite of this morphological difference, both species share extensive homology for chromosome 4 as determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) ... | 1999 | 10721425 |
| lead-shot exposure in red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) on a driven shooting estate. | the goal of the study was to investigate the accumulation and spatial patterns of spent lead (pb) shot pellets and the prevalence of shot ingestion in red-legged partridge in a driven shooting estate. soil was collected using a regular sampling design perpendicular to three shooting lines. factors involved in shot spatial distribution were investigated by a causal structural equation model (sem). shot ingestion prevalence and liver and bone pb concentrations were studied in partridges hunted in ... | 2008 | 18767698 |
| multiple cutaneous capillary haemangioma in a red partridge (alectoris rufa). | a 6-year-old healthy decoy red partridge (alectoris rufa) developed rapidly growing multiple cutaneous nodules in the dorsal aspect of the neck. histologically, they were distinctly exophytic growths composed of variably-sized blood vessels often surrounded by solid masses of endothelial-like cells set in an oedematous stroma with abundant inflammatory cells. they were diagnosed as multiple cutaneous capillary haemangiomas. these tumours have been described in chickens in association with viral ... | 1993 | 18671047 |
| an outbreak of disease associated with cryptosporidia on a red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) game farm. | an outbreak of disease associated with cryptosporidia on a red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) game farm is described. morbidity (diarrhoea and cough) was between 60% and 70% during the first weeks of life (4 to 25 days) and mortality was higher than 50%. the results of bacteriological and virological analyses were negative. histological examination and antigenic diagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis revealed the presence of cryptosporidium spp. in respiratory and intestinal tracts ... | 2007 | 17620172 |
| nervous signs associated with otitis and cranial osteomyelitis and with ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). | a case of nervous signs in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) associated with a severe otitis and osteomyelitis is reported. the outbreak was characterized by abnormal head position, torticollis and difficulty in standing, walking and flying. pathological, microbiological and molecular genetic data supported an association with ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort) infection. clinical signs persisted for several days and were accompanied by weight loss leading to death. morbidity was approxi ... | 2009 | 19937521 |
| hematologic and plasma biochemical reference values in indian peafowl (pavo cristatus). | blood samples were collected from captive, adult, clinically normal indian peafowl (pavo cristatus) for hematologic and plasma biochemical analyses. hematologic parameters investigated were total red blood cell count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, fibrinogen, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, total white blood cell count, differential white blood cell count, and thrombocyte count. plasma biochemical parameters investigated were alanine aminotransferase ... | 2010 | 20806654 |
| effects of a fiber-rich diet on physiology and survival of farm-reared red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). | the sudden shift from a commercial energy-rich, fiber-poor diet to natural food is assumed as one of the causes of the low success of gamebird restocking. we fed farmed red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) chicks with a diet rich in fiber from their first month of life to the time of their release to assess the possible effects on morphometric characteristics and plasma biochemistry and whether those effects enhance survival after release into the wild. at the time of release, treated partridge ... | 2003 | 12507611 |
| pathology of avian pox in wild red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) in spain. | the diagnosis and pathology of an avian pox outbreak in free-living red-legged partridges in cádiz, southern spain, is described. diagnosis of the disease was based on histopathology, ultrastructural examination of, and virus isolation from lesions of necropsied animals. lesions were present mainly in juvenile partridges (41%), and were observed primarily on the dorsal part of the digits or on the hock joint. the lesions ranged from small wartlike nodules to large tumor-like lesions. the presenc ... | 2002 | 12381617 |
| red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) as bioindicators for persistent chlorinated chemicals in spain. | persistent organochlorine residues such as hexachlorobenzene (hcb), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (hchs), chlorocyclodienes, and the ddt group (ddts) were determined in fat and muscle samples of resident red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) hunted in spain. chlorinated contamination pattern varied largely depending on geographical distribution. birds collected from the northern part of spain contained greater concentrations of lindane (34.4 ng/g fat basis) than those from central or southern s ... | 2000 | 10556378 |
| bagaza virus is pathogenic and transmitted by direct contact in experimentally infected partridges, but is not infectious in house sparrows and adult mice. | bagaza virus (bagv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus belonging to the ntaya serocomplex. in 2010, a disease outbreak was reported in cádiz (southern spain) affecting game birds (red-legged partridges and common pheasants). in this work, red-legged partridges were inoculated experimentally with infectious bagv isolated from this outbreak in order to make a complete clinical and analytical assessment of the disease caused by the pathogen in this species. viral load (by real-time rt-pcr) in blood, or ... | 2015 | 26338714 |
| natural bagaza virus infection in game birds in southern spain. | in late summer 2010 a mosquito born flavivirus not previously reported in europe called bagaza virus (bagv) caused high mortality in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) and ring-necked pheasants (phasianus colchicus). we studied clinical findings, lesions and viral antigen distribution in naturally bagv infected game birds in order to understand the apparently higher impact on red-legged partridges. the disease induced neurologic signs in the two galliform species and, to a lesser extent, in ... | 2012 | 22966904 |
| oculopathologic findings in flavivirus-infected gallinaceous birds. | using eye samples of nine 9-week-old experimentally west nile virus (wnv)-infected red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa), time course of lesions and wnv antigen appearance in ocular structures were examined. in addition, eye samples of 6 red-legged partridges and 3 common pheasants (phasianus colchicus) naturally infected with bagaza virus (bagv) were used to study lesions and flavivirus antigen distribution in relation to apparent blindness in the former. the rapid onset of microscopic lesions ... | 2014 | 24395913 |
| real-time fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the specific detection of bagaza virus. | in september 2010, an outbreak of disease in 2 wild bird species (red-legged partridge, alectoris rufa; ring-necked pheasant, phasianus colchicus) occurred in southern spain. bagaza virus (bagv) was identified as the etiological agent of the outbreak. bagv had only been reported before in western africa (central african republic, senegal) and in india. the first occurrence of bagv in spain stimulated a demand for rapid, reliable, and efficacious diagnostic methods to facilitate the surveillance ... | 2012 | 22807508 |
| monitoring of the bagaza virus epidemic in wild bird species in spain, 2010. | by the end of august 2010, high mortalities in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) and pheasants (phasianus colchicus) were detected in several hunting states in the province of cádiz (southern spain). retrospective epidemiological studies revealed that the first clinical signs had been observed in late july-early august. the most common clinical signs were incoordination, disorientation and ataxia. the estimated mean morbidity rates were 37% in partridges and 11% in pheasants. the estimated ... | 2013 | 22486922 |
| first finding of spontaneous infections with cryptosporidium baileyi and c. meleagridis in the red-legged partridge alectoris rufa from an aviary in the czech republic. | this paper represents the first report of spontaneous infection with cryptosporidium baileyi and cryptosporidium meleagridis in the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa), as well as the percentage of positive samples and age-associated dynamics of cryptosporidial infections in an aviary in the czech republic. the entire infection process was monitored over two semesters (july-december 2012 and 2013) until release of birds for hunting purposes. coprological examination of 663 pooled fecal samples ... | 2015 | 25814162 |
| the study of interactive effects of pollutants: a biomarker approach. | biochemical biomarkers, such as inhibition of serum butyryl cholinesterase (buche) and brain acetyl cholinesterase (ache), have been useful in studies of interactive effects of pesticides in birds. examples of interactions due to increased activation or decreased detoxication are reviewed. studies have shown that hybrid red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa cross) pretreated with the inducing ergosterol biosynthesis inhibiting (ebi) fungicide, prochloraz, were more sensitive to the toxic effects ... | 1995 | 7481747 |
| anticoccidial drugs for preventive therapy in intensively reared pheasants. | a range of anticoccidial drugs was tested in young pheasants inoculated with three species of eimeria. eimeria colchici, the most pathogenic species, was completely controlled by clopidol/methyl benzoquate and robenidine hydrochloride with the elimination of oocyst production. clopidol and arprinocid gave good protection with reduced oocyst output and clopidol also adversely affected oocyst sporulation. halofuginone and monensin were less effective. amprolium hydrochloride/sulphaquinoxaline/etho ... | 1981 | 7336544 |
| the effect of light intensity, temperature, and diet on growth in red-legged partridge. | three hundred red-legged partridge chicks ( alectoris graeca) were divided into two groups and fed starter diets calculated to contain 24.5 and 24.9% crude protein and 2646 and 2662 kcal/kg metabolizable energy, respectively. one diet consisted of 5% fish meal while the other contained all vegetable protein. one-half of the birds on each diet were grown under fluorescent light intensity of 300 lx; the remainder received 5 lx. the results indicated that neither the source of protein nor intensity ... | 1984 | 6728795 |
| anatomopathological aspects of avian aspergillosis. | aspergillosis is a fungal disease caused by fungi of the genus aspergillus, in particular a. fumigatus and a. flavus. this paper focuses on anatomopathological aspects resulting from a chronic infection from aspergillus spp in the chicken (gallus domesticus), in the herring gull (larus cachinnans micaelli) and in the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa rufa). microscopically, we observed some histological lesions that are related to the two typical forms of aspergillosis: a deep nodular form, t ... | 2009 | 19189225 |
| sequenced rapd markers to detect hybridization in the barbary partridge (alectoris barbara, phasianidae). | in the alectoris partridges (phasianidae), hybridization occurs occasionally as a result of the natural breakdown of isolating mechanisms but more frequently as a result of human activity. no genetic record of hybridization is known for the barbary partridge (a. barbara). this species is distributed mostly in north africa and, in europe, on the island of sardinia (italy) and on gibraltar. the risk of hybridization between barbary and red-legged partridge (a. rufa: iberian peninsula, france, ital ... | 2011 | 21429120 |
| outbreak of tuberculosis in farmed red-legged partridges due to mycobacterium avium subspecies avium. | | 2011 | 21498200 |
| pathogenicity of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma imitans in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). | groups of 3-day-oid red-legged partridges were infected intranasally either with the s6 strain of m. gallisepticum or with an m. imitans strain from a partridge with sinusitis. starting 6-8 days post-infection (p.i.) birds in both groups developed signs of depression, nasal exudation, tracheal rales, sneezing, gasping, head shaking, watery eyes and eye scratching. the most outstanding feature was bilateral swelling of the infraorbital sinuses. morbidity reached 100% in the m. gallisepticum infec ... | 1998 | 18484030 |
| carotenoid-based bill and eye ring coloration as honest signals of condition: an experimental test in the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa). | carotenoid pigments cannot be synthesized by vertebrates but must be ingested through the diet. as they seem to be a limited resource, carotenoid-based ornaments are particularly interesting as possible honest signals of individual quality, in particular of foraging efficiency and nutritional status. some studies have demonstrated the condition dependence of carotenoid-based plumage in birds. however, many other carotenoid-pigmented bare parts (i.e. skin, caruncles, bills, cere, and tarsi) are p ... | 2008 | 18470503 |
| microsatellite markers for the analysis of genetic variability and relatedness in red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) farms in spain. | the usefulness of several microsatellites in the management of alectoris rufa restocking farms is evaluated in the present report. we analysed seven microsatellite loci in 147 randomly chosen individuals from four spanish farms. global f(is) values were not significant. slight genetic differentiation was only found between farms 1 and 4. the global first and second parent exclusionary powers were 0.742 and 0.930, respectively. microsatellite analysis can estimate the genetic relatedness between ... | 2008 | 17884118 |
| polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism authentication of raw meats from game birds. | polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis has been applied to the identification of meats from quail (coturnix coturnix), pheasant (phasianus colchicus), red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa), guinea fowl (numida meleagris), capercaillie (tetrao urogallus), eurasian woodcock (scolopax rusticola), woodpigeon (columba palumbus), and song thrush (turdus philomelos). pcr amplification was performed using a set of primers flanking a conserved region of app ... | 2008 | 19202803 |
| long-term changes in the prevalences of caecal nematodes and histomonosis in gamebirds in the uk and the interaction with poultry. | from 1912 to 2003, 12,056 grey and red-legged partridges and pheasants found dead in the uk were examined. the trends in their infection rates with heterakis species and histomonosis were strongly correlated among wild, pen-reared, young and adult partridges and young pen-reared pheasants but not adult pheasants. except among the adult pheasants, the prevalence of heterakis declined by 91 per cent to 100 per cent from 1952 to 1991. heterakis isolonche was found predominantly in pheasants but onl ... | 2009 | 19502627 |
| spatial variation in helminth community structure in the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa l.): effects of definitive host density. | parasite community ecology has recently focused on understanding the forces structuring these communities. there are few surveys, however, designed to study the spatial repeatability and predictability of parasite communities at the local scale in one host. the purpose of our study was to address the relationship between infracommunity and component community richness, and to describe spatial variations on the local scale, of helminth parasite communities in an avian host, the red-legged partrid ... | 2004 | 15267117 |
| serologic response of red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) after oral inoculation with toxoplasma gondii oocysts. | thirty 5-month-old red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) reared in battery were divided into five groups: 4 birds in group a, 14 birds in group b, 4 birds in group c, 4 birds in group d and 4 birds in group e, and were inoculated orally with 10, 50, 10(2), 10(3) and 10(4) oocysts of the ov-51/95 strain of toxoplasma gondii, respectively. during the experiment, blood samples from all birds were drawn every 3-7 days and at necropsy. serologic response was measured by the modified agglutination te ... | 2004 | 15110411 |
| comparative survey of the ectoparasite fauna of wild and farm-reared red-legged partridges ( alectoris rufa), with an ecological study in wild populations. | we compared the ectoparasite fauna of 89 wild red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) from four hunting estates and 25 farm-reared partridges from three farms. we found 62% of the wild but only 20% of the farmed partridges harboured ectoparasites. on the wild partridges, one hippoboscid fly species (ornithophila metallica, 2%), two tick species (ixodes frontalis, 2%; hyalomma sp., 17%) and eight louse species were found (menacanthus lyali, 3%; m. numidae, 3%; menopon pallens, 21%; myrsidea picae, ... | 2004 | 15103557 |
| descriptive study of an avian pox outbreak in wild red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) in spain. | this study describes the dynamics and epidemiology of an outbreak of avian pox in free-living, red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) in southern spain. between march 2000 and january 2001, 115 free-living, red-legged partridges (70 juveniles, 45 adults) were captured and radio-tagged. this, together with the necropsy of 44 carcasses (10 juveniles, 34 adults) found in the study area, and the inspection of 108 shot birds (74 juveniles, 34 adults) after a hunting drive in october, permitted a clos ... | 2004 | 15061513 |
| chromosome homology between chicken (gallus gallus domesticus) and the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa); evidence of the occurrence of a neocentromere during evolution. | chromosome-specific paints from macrochromosomes 1-9 and z of the chicken were hybridised to metaphases of the red-legged partridge and revealed no inter-chromosomal rearrangements. the results from chromosome painting are similar to previous studies on the japanese quail but different from findings in guinea fowl and several species of pheasant. the difference in centromere position in chicken and partridge chromosome 4, previously assumed to be the result of an inversion, was confirmed. howeve ... | 2003 | 14970724 |
| serologic testing for avian influenza viruses in wild birds: comparison of two commercial competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. | serologic testing of wild birds for avian influenza virus (aiv) surveillance poses problems due to species differences and nonspecific inhibitors that may be present in sera of wild birds. recently available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) kits offer a new species-independent approach. in this study we compare two commercial competitive celisas, using a total of 184 serum and plasma samples from 23 species of wild birds belonging to 10 orders. thirteen samples were from ex ... | 2010 | 20521723 |
| laying the foundations for a human-predator conflict solution: assessing the impact of bonelli's eagle on rabbits and partridges. | predation may potentially lead to negative effects on both prey (directly via predators) and predators (indirectly via human persecution). predation pressure studies are, therefore, of major interest in the fields of theoretical knowledge and conservation of prey or predator species, with wide ramifications and profound implications in human-wildlife conflicts. however, detailed works on this issue in highly valuable -in conservation terms- mediterranean ecosystems are virtually absent. this pap ... | 2011 | 21818399 |
| Predator-prey relationships in a Mediterranean vertebrate system: Bonelli's eagles, rabbits and partridges. | How predators impact on prey population dynamics is still an unsolved issue for most wild predator-prey communities. When considering vertebrates, important concerns constrain a comprehensive understanding of the functioning of predator-prey relationships worldwide; e.g. studies simultaneously quantifying 'functional' and 'numerical responses' (i.e., the 'total response') are rare. The functional, the numerical, and the resulting total response (i.e., how the predator per capita intake, the popu ... | 2011 | 21947548 |
| pathogenesis and transmissibility of highly (h7n1) and low (h7n9) pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa). | abstract: an experimental infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) and low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) was carried out in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) in order to study clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and viral distribution in tissues and viral shedding. birds were infected with a hpaiv subtype h7n1 (a/chicken/italy/5093/1999) and a lpaiv subtype h7n9 (a/anas crecca/spain/1460/2008). uninoculated birds were included as contacts in both ... | 2011 | 21314907 |
| human h7n9 avian influenza virus infection: a review and pandemic risk assessment. | china is undergoing a recent outbreak of a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus (nh7n9) infection that has thus far involved 132 human patients, including 37 deaths. the nh7n9 virus is a reassortant virus originating from the h7n3, h7n9 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses. nh7n9 isolated from humans contains features related to adaptation to humans, including a q226l mutation in the hemagglutinin cleavage site and e627k and d701n mutations in the pb2 protein. live poultry markets provide an environment ... | 2013 | 26038484 |
| assessing the risk of fipronil-treated seed ingestion and associated adverse effects in the red-legged partridge. | fipronil is an insecticide commonly used in agriculture, but there are growing concerns over its environmental impacts (e.g., harmful effects on pollinators). fipronil-treated seed ingestion might threaten granivorous farmland birds, in particular, gallinaceous birds that are particularly sensitive to this insecticide. we report here on exposure risk and effects in a game bird of high socioeconomic importance, the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa). we fed captive birds with untreated maize ( ... | 2015 | 26448319 |
| are parent-reared red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) better candidates for re-establishment purposes? | aiming to produce game birds suitable for re-establishment purposes, we studied the survival and behavior of 31 adult red-legged partridges reared by their natural parents in captivity (parent-reared) and 67 wild red-legs (35 adults and 32 subadults). birds were radio-tracked and released in a game estate where management targeting small game species was conducted and shooting was not allowed. survival of parent-reared partridges was shorter (mean 108 d) than wild adults (mean 160 d), though no ... | 2015 | 26362976 |
| outbreak of encephalitic listeriosis in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). | an outbreak of neurological disease was investigated in red-legged partridges between 8 and 28 days of age. clinical signs included torticollis, head tilt and incoordination and over an initial eight day period approximately 30-40 fatalities occurred per day. no significant gross post mortem findings were detected. histopathological examination of the brain and bacterial cultures followed by partial sequencing confirmed a diagnosis of encephalitis due to listeria monocytogenes. further isolates ... | 2015 | 25921827 |
| a single strain of tetratrichomonas gallinarum causes fatal typhlohepatitis in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) to be distinguished from histomonosis. | typhlohepatitis was observed in a flock of 2500 red-legged partridges in great britain, characterized by the sudden deaths of 15 birds within 2 days. necropsy of five dead birds revealed severe lesions in the caeca with thickened caecal walls, a reddened lining and bloody contents. the livers contained multiple miliary lesions and similar pathological changes were found in the spleens of some birds. microscopic examination of intestinal contents showed the occurrence of coccidial oocysts in two ... | 2014 | 25175532 |
| experimental north american west nile virus infection in the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa). | after the introduction of west nile virus (wnv) into north america, bird mortalities associated with west nile disease have dramatically increased in this continent and, to a lesser extent, in europe. the different west nile disease incidence in birds in these 2 continents demands an explanation, and experimental studies can provide important information. the authors inoculated thirteen 9-week-old red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) with 10(7)plaque-forming units of a wnv strain isolated in n ... | 2016 | 26508695 |
| new single nucleotide polymorphisms in alectoris identified using chicken genome information allow alectoris introgression detection. | using the chicken genome, 114 polymorphisms (109 snps and 5 indels) were identified in the alectoris genus by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism. using these, a panel of snps is described, which allows easy detection of introgression of alectoris chukar in wild alectoris rufa populations, when used with a primer extension protocol. the selected polymorphisms were genotyped and their allelic frequencies estimated on 98 a. rufa partridges sampled from nonrestocking s ... | 2010 | 21565012 |
| introgression of alectoris chukar genes into a spanish wild alectoris rufa population. | in order to detect introgression of other alectoris genus species into wild populations of spanish alectoris rufa, we studied a sample of 93 red-legged partridges (supposed to be a. rufa) captured in the island of majorca. a set of 31 chukar partridges (alectoris chukar) from cyprus and 33 red-legged partridges (a. rufa) from one spanish farm were also studied to provide suitable populations for comparison. factorial correspondence analysis on microsatellite genotypes supported a clear distincti ... | 2007 | 17395601 |
| mycotic keratoconjunctivitis in 12-day-old red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). | | 2011 | 21622598 |
| genetic insight into mediterranean chukar (alectoris chukar, galliformes) populations inferred from mitochondrial dna and rapd markers. | the chukar (alectoris chukar, galliformes) is one of the most important game birds as it is widely distributed and hunted over the whole of its range. the aim of this work was to assess the genetic differentiation as well as the possible presence of hybrid specimens in a. chukar populations from italy, greece and cyprus. to provide phylogenetic context, conspecific, allopatric specimens from israel, georgia, armenia, kazakhstan, afghanistan, pakistan, mongolia, china and usa were compared. seque ... | 2007 | 17286187 |
| thyroidectomy and the termination of juvenile refractoriness in the red-legged partridge (alectoris graeca chukar). | the role of thyroid hormones in the maintenance of juvenile refractoriness was studied in the red-legged partridge hybrid, alectoris graeca chukar. juvenile partridges, maintained on long (20l:4d) daylengths from hatch, were radiothyroidectomized at 6 1/2 weeks of age, and after 2 weeks were either held on long days or transferred to short (8l:16d) daylengths. short-day thyroidectomized birds showed no evidence of gonadal growth 18 weeks after thyroidectomy, and neither did euthyroid controls on ... | 1988 | 3197942 |
| photoperiodic control of puberty in the red-legged partridge (alectoris graeca chukar). | the photoperiodic control of puberty in birds was studied using hybrid red-legged partridges (alectoris graeca chukar). in the wild partridges first breed at about 10 months of age. males and females were held from hatch on short (8l:16d) daylengths and then at 3, 4 1/2, 6, 7 1/2, 9, and 12 weeks of age groups were transferred to long daylengths (20l:4d) for 3 weeks to test for the photoperiodic induction of gonadal growth. control groups were maintained on either the short or long daylengths an ... | 1988 | 3044920 |
| the effect of ambient temperature and energy level on reproduction in red-legged partridges. | the effects of temperature and dietary energy on various reproductive parameters were studied in red-legged partridges (alectoris graeca) reared in three environmental chambers at either 18.3, 23.9, or 29.5 c. these birds were then cycled through two consecutive production periods. in period 1, at 38 weeks of age, the birds in each chamber, 118 pair total, were divided into four subgroups and fed a diet containing either 2600, 2800, 3000, or 3200 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. the energy to pr ... | 1983 | 6622362 |
| Eimeria involved in a case of coccidiosis in farmed red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) in France: oocyst isolation and gross lesion description after experimental infection. | The aim of the present work was, after a coccidiosis outbreak in a farm rearing red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) in Brittany (France), to identify the Eimeria species and describe gross lesions induced by three of them (Eimeria kofoidi, Eimeria caucasica and Eimeria legionensis) after experimental infection. E. kofoidi oocysts measured 19.3 µm × 16.3 µm on average; neither micropyle nor oocyst residuum were present, but one, two or more small polar granules were visible. After inoculation ... | 2011 | 21854299 |
| pathogenicity of two recent western mediterranean west nile virus isolates in a wild bird species indigenous to southern europe: the red-legged partridge. | abstract: west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen whose geographic spread and incidence in humans, horses and birds has increased significantly in recent years. wnv has long been considered a mild pathogen causing self-limiting outbreaks. this notion has changed as wnv is causing large epidemics with a high impact on human and animal health. this has been particularly noteworthy since its introduction into north america in 1999. there, native bird species have been shown to be hig ... | 2011 | 21314967 |
| characterization of fecal vancomycin-resistant enterococci with acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms in wild animals, spain. | the objectives were to evaluate the presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci with acquired (vre-a) and intrinsic (vre-i) resistance mechanisms in fecal samples from different wild animals, and analyze their phenotypes and genotypes of antimicrobial resistance. a total of 348 cloacal/rectal samples from red-legged partridges (127), white storks (81), red kites (59), and wild boars (81) (june 2014/february 2015) were inoculated in slanetz-bartley agar supplemented with vancomycin (4 μg/ml). we ... | 2016 | 26194421 |
| occurrence of avian pathogenic escherichia coli and antimicrobial-resistant e. coli in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa): sanitary concerns of farming. | red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) are a significant part of the culture, diet and income for many people in central and southern spain. due to declining populations in the wild, intensive farming is common and 4 million juvenile partridges are released each autumn. intensive management and high densities result in high prevalence of enteric disease and the use of antimicrobials as preventive measures on partridge farms and prior to restocking in the wild. we determined the occurrence of avi ... | 2012 | 22834546 |
| distribution patterns of influenza virus receptors and viral attachment patterns in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of seven avian species. | this study assessed the presence of sialic acid α-2,3 and α-2,6 linked glycan receptors in seven avian species. the respiratory and intestinal tracts of the chicken, common quail, red-legged partridge, turkey, golden pheasant, ostrich, and mallard were tested by means of lectin histochemistry, using the lectins maackia amurensis agglutinin ii and sambucus nigra agglutinin, which show affinity for α-2,3 and α-2,6 receptors, respectively. additionally, the pattern of virus attachment (pva) was eva ... | 2012 | 22489675 |
| the protozoan parasite trichomonas gallinae causes adult and nestling mortality in a declining population of european turtle doves, streptopelia turtur. | studies incorporating the ecology of clinical and sub-clinical disease in wild populations of conservation concern are rare. here we examine sub-clinical infection by trichomonas gallinae in a declining population of free-living european turtle doves and suggest caseous lesions cause mortality in adults and nestlings through subsequent starvation and/or suffocation. we found a 100% infection rate by t. gallinae in adult and nestling turtle doves (n = 25) and observed clinical signs in three adul ... | 2015 | 25212735 |
| protection of red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) against west nile virus (wnv) infection after immunization with wnv recombinant envelope protein e (re). | west nile virus (wnv) is maintained in nature in an enzootic transmission cycle between birds and mosquitoes, although it occasionally infects other vertebrates, including humans, in which it may result fatal. to date, no licensed vaccines against wnv infection are available for birds, but its availability would certainly benefit certain populations, as birds grown for restocking, hunting activities, or alimentary purposes, and those confined to wildlife reservations and recreation installations ... | 2013 | 23933372 |
| characterization of red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) sperm: seasonal changes and influence of genetic purity. | the general decline in wild iberian populations of the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) has been accompanied by an increase in game-farm facilities producing hybrids with chukar partridges (alectoris chukar). genetic introgression from chukar partridges is thought to modify male red-legged partridge reproductive indicators. the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of such genetic introgression on seasonal reproductive patterns by comparing the sperm and plasma testosterone ... | 2015 | 25577796 |
| red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) de-novo transcriptome assembly and identification of gene-related markers. | the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) has a great socio-economic importance as a game species and is reared by millions in farms in several european countries. the ability to respond to a wide spectrum of pathogens and environmental changes is key for farm-reared animals that, as such, face even higher pathogen exposure and specifically for those submitted to restocking programs. in this study, rna-sequencing and de-novo assembly of genes expressed in different immune tissues were performed. ... | 2017 | 28239549 |
| effects of lead exposure on sperm quality and reproductive success in an avian model. | lead (pb) poisoning via ingestion of shot pellets is a frequent cause of death in wild birds and also has a wide range of subclinical effects. here we report on the sublethal effects pb exposure has on the breeding performance of red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). we studied the effects of pb exposure on sperm quality, reproductive success, egg properties, laying performance, antioxidant levels, and carotenoid-based coloration. birds were exposed by oral gavage to one or three no. 6 pb shot ... | 2016 | 27753482 |
| specific carotenoid pigments in the diet and a bit of oxidative stress in the recipe for producing red carotenoid-based signals. | colorful ornaments have been the focus of sexual selection studies since the work of darwin. yellow to red coloration is often produced by carotenoid pigments. different hypotheses have been formulated to explain the evolution of these traits as signals of individual quality. many of these hypotheses involve the existence of a signal production cost. the carotenoids necessary for signaling can only be obtained from food. in this line, carotenoid-based signals could reveal an individual's capacit ... | 2016 | 27635308 |
| a colibacillosis outbreak in farmed red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). | colibacillosis in different forms is responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. escherichia coli strains frequently implicated in poultry disease are designated as avian pathogenic e. coli (apec). natural infections and disease due to apec have been described in wild birds, but not as yet in red-legged partridges. during an outbreak in an experimental partridge farm, 23 of 43 1-day-old chicks belonging to the same batch died. putative apec strains were detecte ... | 2013 | 23678744 |
| incidence of single and mixed infections with eimeria kofoidi, e. caucasica and e. legionensis on the health of experimentally infected red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). | little is known about eimeria-induced coccidiosis in partridges. after a coccidiosis outbreak in a farm rearing red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) in brittany (france), three eimeria species were identified as eimeria kofoidi, eimeria caucasica and eimeria legionensis. this study aimed to reproduce the effects of the disease occurring in field conditions, in the absence of preventive treatments, to further build a coccidiosis model, helpful for coccidiostatic development. the pathogenic effe ... | 2014 | 25037895 |
| gender-related amino acid intake of adult wild red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa). | the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) is under an enormous hunting pressure. it is bred intensively in game farms. the hunting season is during the non-reproductive resting period when partridges are at maintenance conditions. there is a lack of information about the amino acid (aa) composition of the natural diet of the adult birds in their habitat or differences in dietary aa composition related to gender. the objective of this work was to establish a first approach to the aa composition o ... | 2016 | 27137762 |
| anti-predator behaviour of adult red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) tutors improves the defensive responses of farm-reared broods. | the aim of this work was to improve natural anti-predator behaviour of farm-reared gamebirds. we evaluated the anti-predator behaviour of reared red-legged partridge alectoris rufa chicks kept in brooder houses in large groups (>350 chicks), trained and not trained by parent red-legged partridges acting as experienced tutors. the experiment consisted of two conditioned tests (a raptor model and a human) and two control tests, which were conducted during three consecutive phases of life (1-4, 15- ... | 2016 | 26955894 |
| transcriptomic characterization of innate and acquired immune responses in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa): a resource for immunoecology and robustness selection. | present and future challenges for wild partridge populations include the resistance against possible disease transmission after restocking with captive-reared individuals, and the need to cope with the stress prompted by new dynamic and challenging scenarios. selection of individuals with the best immune ability may be a good strategy to improve general immunity, and hence adaptation to stress. in this study, non-infectious challenges with phytohemagglutinin (pha) and sheep red blood cells allow ... | 2015 | 26331304 |
| measuring oxidative stress: the confounding effect of lipid concentration in measures of lipid peroxidation. | lipid peroxidation products are widely used as markers of oxidative damage in the organism. to properly interpret the information provided by these markers, it is necessary to know potential sources of bias and control confounding factors. here, we investigated the relationship between two indicators of lipid mobilization (circulating levels of triglycerides and cholesterol) and two common markers of oxidative damage (plasma levels of malondialdehyde and hydroperoxides; the latter estimated from ... | 2015 | 25860832 |
| astaxanthin and papilioerythrinone in the skin of birds: a chromatic convergence of two metabolic routes with different precursors? | carotenoids are organic pigments involved in several important physiological functions and may serve as indicators of individual quality in animals. these pigments are only obtained by animals from the diet, but they can be later transformed into other carotenoids by specific enzymatic reactions. the diet of farm-reared and probably wild red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) is mainly based on cereals that contain high levels of lutein and zeaxanthin. these two carotenoids are also predominant ... | 2014 | 24691990 |
| effects of storage temperature and length of the storage period on hatchability and performance of red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) eggs. | the aim of the present study was to investigate, in red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) eggs, the effects of 7- and 42-d storage periods with different storage temperatures (15, 12, and 9°c) on egg weight loss, hatchability, chick weight at hatch, incubation length, and development stage at embryonic mortality. a total of 420 red-legged partridge eggs were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design with 2 levels of storage length and 3 levels of storage temperature, resulting in 6 treatments consist ... | 2014 | 24604871 |
| bioaccessibility of pb from ammunition in game meat is affected by cooking treatment. | the presence of lead (pb) ammunition residues in game meat has been widely documented, yet little information exists regarding the bioaccessibility of this pb contamination. we study how cooking treatment (recipe) can affect pb bioaccessibility in meat of animals hunted with pb ammunition. | 2011 | 21264290 |
| identification of carotenoid pigments and their fatty acid esters in an avian integument combining hplc-dad and lc-ms analyses. | yellow-orange-red ornaments present in the integuments (feathers, bare parts) of birds are often produced by carotenoid pigments and may serve to signal the quality of the bearer. although carotenoid esterification in tissues is a common phenomenon, most of the work on avian carotenoids has been focused on the identification of free forms or have been done after sample saponification. here we determined free and esterified carotenoid composition in a bird species with red ornaments: the red-legg ... | 2011 | 21239236 |
| free and esterified carotenoids in ornaments of an avian species: the relationship to color expression and sources of variability. | many animal species show ornaments with yellow-orange-red colors produced by carotenoid pigments. such traits have evolved as reliable signals of individual quality because of the costs inherent to their production or maintenance. in animal tissues, carotenoids are often found combined with free fatty acids, as carotenoid esters, which may confer more stability to coloration than free carotenoids. surprisingly, the potential relevance of carotenoid esterification in the expression of animal sexu ... | 2013 | 23995480 |
| effects of lead shot ingestion on bone mineralization in a population of red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa). | the effect of lead (pb) toxicity on bone mineralization was investigated in a wild population of red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) inhabiting a farmland area contaminated with pb-shot from recreational hunting activities in albacete, a southeastern province of spain. femora from 40 specimens of red-legged partridge were analyzed for pb by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (gf-aas), and for bone composition by fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction ... | 2014 | 23892021 |
| age affects the laying performance and egg hatchability of red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) in captivity. | red-legged partridge breeders are frequently reared in captivity with the aim of producing fertile eggs and chicks. however, little is known regarding the role of breeder age on fertility and egg production performance. therefore, we investigated the effects of breeder age on egg size and shape, flock reproductive performance, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality. in experiment 1, the effects of breeders' age on fertility, hatchability of eggs, and embryo mortality were evaluated. we ... | 2010 | 20952714 |
| carotenoid-based coloration predicts resistance to oxidative damage during immune challenge. | many animal ornaments may have evolved as signals advertising the quality of the bearer. the honesty of the information content of these signals would rely on the costs associated with their expression, these being relatively greater for low-quality than for high-quality individuals. given the physiological functions of carotenoids, carotenoid-based ornaments could indicate individual immunocompetence, and possibly the ability to mount an immune response at a lower cost. we evaluated whether the ... | 2010 | 20435819 |
| sublethal pb exposure produces season-dependent effects on immune response, oxidative balance and investment in carotenoid-based coloration in red-legged partridges. | ingestion of lead (pb) shot pellets constitutes the main cause of pb poisoning in avifauna. we studied the effects of sublethal pb exposure on immunity, carotenoid-based coloration, oxidative stress and trade-offs among these types of responses during spring and autumn in red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). we evaluated constitutive immunity testing lysozyme and natural antibody levels, and blood bactericidal and phagocytic activities. we studied induced immunity by testing pha and humoral r ... | 2015 | 25674808 |
| do pairing systems improve welfare of captive red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) in laying cages? | although animal welfare has become an important premise in poultry, little attention has been paid to the effects of present-day rearing methods on the welfare of game birds, species released for hunting and re-establishment purposes. this work studied the effect of pairing methods on the welfare of the red-legged partridge kept in laying cages (4,500 cm2), a commonly hunted game species in western europe. agonistic behavior and possible injuries caused by aggression were studied during the pair ... | 2012 | 22802164 |
| adverse effects of thiram-treated seed ingestion on the reproductive performance and the offspring immune function of the red-legged partridge. | pesticide research traditionally has focused on compounds with high acute toxicity or persistence, but the adverse sublethal effects of pesticides with different properties also may have important consequences on exposed wildlife. the authors studied the effects of thiram, a fungicide used for seed coating with known effects as endocrine disruptor. red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa; n = 15 pairs per treatment group) were fed wheat treated with 0%, 20%, or 100% of the thiram application rate ... | 2015 | 25663614 |
| systemic candidiasis in farm-reared red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) caused by leucosporidium spp. | this report describes the results of radiological, histological and molecular examination of three farm-reared red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) affected by candidiasis. | 2012 | 22709925 |
| contrasted effects of an oxidative challenge and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on cellular immune responsiveness: an experiment with red-legged partridges alectoris rufa. | oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a key selective force shaping evolutionary trade-offs. one such trade-off involves investing in immunity versus combating oxidative stress. while there is broad evidence that mounting an immune response causes increased oxidative stress, the effect that increased oxidative stress during development has at a later stage on immune responsiveness remains little known. the production of melanin-based coloration in vertebrates is influenced by oxidative ... | 2012 | 22159871 |
| sub-chronic effects of nitrate in drinking water on red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa): oxidative stress and t-cell mediated immune function. | in order to evaluate the effects of nitrates on birds, we have exposed captive red-legged partridges to nitrates concentrations of 0 (control), 100 (dwell water in farming areas) or 500 mg/l (fertirrigation level). the cellular immune response, plasma biochemistry, methemoglobin concentration (methb), and oxidative stress biomarkers in blood and tissues were studied after two weeks of exposure. several blood parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine phosphokinase and lactate dehy ... | 2010 | 20382380 |
| effect of long-term storage on the hatchability of red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) eggs. | the effect of 0-, 7-, 14-, 21-, 28-, and 35-d storage periods on hatchability and weight loss during storage and incubation of red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) eggs stored at 15 degrees c and 80% rh was studied. there was a significant effect of storage period on egg weight loss during storage (p<0.001), a significant increase occurring in weight loss for each additional week the eggs were stored, and this weight loss amounted to more than 3% for the eggs stored for 35 d. storage period aff ... | 2010 | 20075294 |
| effect of game management on wild red-legged partridge abundance. | the reduction of game and fish populations has increased investment in management practices. hunting and fishing managers use several tools to maximize harvest. managers need to know the impact their management has on wild populations. this issue is especially important to improve management efficacy and biodiversity conservation. we used questionnaires and field bird surveys in 48 hunting estates to assess whether red-legged partridge alectoris rufa young/adult ratio and summer abundance were r ... | 2013 | 23840515 |
| fractal geometry of a complex plumage trait reveals bird's quality. | animal coloration is key in natural and sexual selection, playing significant roles in intra- and interspecific communication because of its linkage to individual behaviour, genetics and physiology. simple animal traits such as the area or the colour intensity of homogeneous patches have been profusely studied. more complex patterns are widespread in nature, but they escape our understanding because their variation is difficult to capture effectively by standard, simple measures. here, we used f ... | 2013 | 23345576 |
| experimental exposure of red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) to seeds coated with imidacloprid, thiram and difenoconazole. | pesticide coated seeds are commonly used in agriculture, and may be an important source of food for some birds in times of scarcity, as well as a route of pesticide ingestion. we tested the lethal and sub-lethal effects of treated seed ingestion by the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa), a game bird of high socio-economic value in spain. one year-old partridges (n = 42 pairs) were fed for 10 days in spring (prior to breeding) with wheat treated with difenoconazole (fungicide), thiram (fungici ... | 2013 | 23111803 |
| host specificity of turkey and chicken eimeria: controlled cross-transmission studies and a phylogenetic view. | protozoan parasites of the eimeria genus have undergone extensive speciation and are now represented by a myriad of species that are specialised to different hosts. these species are highly host-specific and usually parasitise single host species, with only few reported exceptions. doubts regarding the strict host specificity were frequent in the original literature describing coccidia parasitising domestic turkeys. the availability of pure characterised lines of turkey and chicken eimeria speci ... | 2015 | 25660426 |
| imidacloprid-treated seed ingestion has lethal effect on adult partridges and reduces both breeding investment and offspring immunity. | the ingestion of imidacloprid treated seeds by farmland birds may result in exposure to toxic amounts of this insecticide. here we report on the effects that the exposure to the recommended application rate and to 20% of that rate may produce on birds feeding on treated seeds. experimental exposure to imidacloprid treated seeds was performed on red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) (n=15 pairs per treatment group: control, 20% or 100% of the recommended application rate) during two periods that ... | 2015 | 25460626 |