| normal fasting plasma glucose levels in some birds of prey. | blood samples taken from five great horned owls (bubo virginianus), eight red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), four marsh hawks (circus cyaneus), two prairie falcons (falco mexicanus), five golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos), and five white leghorn chickens (gallus domesticus) that had been fasted for 24 h were used to determine plasma levels of glucose by the glucose oxidase method. the mean plasma glucose levels were: great horned owls 374.6 mg/100 ml, red-tailed hawks 346.5 mg/00 ml, marsh ha ... | 1978 | 739587 |
| the species of mallophaga in wild birds in iran. | up to date 2 species of mallophaga have been reported from birds in iran. further studies in tehran area showed that the wild birds harbour more lice. the following species of mallophage are reported for the first time from birds in iran. anaticola crassicornis from anas clypeata, laemobothrion maximum from falco tinnunculus laemobothrion sp. from aquila chrysaetos alcedoecus annulatus from alcedo athis, colpocephalum pectinatum and strigiphilus sp. from streptopelia turtur, amrysidea fulvomacul ... | 1975 | 1243890 |
| [hemoglobin of the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos, accipitriformes): amino acid sequence of the alpha a- and beta chains of the principal component]. | the primary structures of the alpha a- and beta-chains from the major hemoglobin component of golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) are given. by homologous comparison, greylag goose (anser anser) hemoglobin and golden eagle alpha a-chains differ by 17 amino acids or 19 nucleotides (2 two-point mutations), beta-chains by 9 exchanges. five substitutions have modified alpha 1 beta 1-contacts, one substitution, one alpha 1 beta 2-contact and one alpha 1 alpha 1-contact. differences by homologous compari ... | 1983 | 6618445 |
| identification of duck plague virus by polymerase chain reaction. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed for detecting duck plague virus. a 765-bp ecori fragment cloned from the genome of the duck plague vaccine (dp-vac) virus was sequenced for pcr primer development. the fragment sequence was found by genbank alignment searches to be similar to the 3' ends of an undefined open reading frame and the gene for dna polymerase protein in other herpesviruses. three of four primers sets were found to be specific for the dp-vac virus and 100% (7/7) of ... | 1999 | 10216766 |
| health evaluation of a pronghorn antelope population in oregon. | during 1996 and 1997, the u.s. fish and wildlife service conducted a study to determine the cause(s) of population decline and low survival of pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana) fawns on hart mountain national antelope refuge (hmnar) located in southeastern oregon (usa). as part of that study, blood, fecal, and tissue samples from 104 neonatal fawns, 40 adult does, and nine adult male pronghorns were collected to conduct a health evaluation of the population. physiological parameters rel ... | 1999 | 10479084 |
| terrestriality and tree stratum use in a group of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys. | morphological characters allow the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) to use multiple tree levels, but very few studies have quantified the terrestriality and tree stratum use of the species. i investigated the terrestriality and tree stratum use in a group of the monkeys from july 2003 to september 2004 (except february) in the qianjiaping area of shennongjia nature reserve, china. i collected data on the vertical position of individual monkeys in forest in relation to behavior ... | 2007 | 17265009 |
| isolation of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from a golden eagle. | | 1957 | 17648982 |
| characterization of west nile virus isolates from spain: new insights into the distinct west nile virus eco-epidemiology in the western mediterranean. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which causes important morbidity and mortality in birds, horses and humans. in the western mediterranean region, wnv causes sporadic, self-limited outbreaks, with few or no human cases. here we report the characterization of two recent western mediterranean wnv isolates, obtained in spain in 2007 from two golden eagles. complete genome sequence comparisons revealed high identity between these isolates and close relationship with other western ... | 2009 | 19833373 |
| lead poisoning of bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles in the u.s. inland pacific northwest region--an 18-year retrospective study: 1991-2008. | to determine risk factors and seasonal trends of lead poisoning in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles, blood lead levels were evaluated in eagles admitted from the inland pacific northwest region of the united states to the raptor rehabilitation program, college of veterinary medicine at washington state university from 1991 to 2008. admissions were from washington (32 bald eagles, 27 golden eagles), northern idaho (21 bald eagles, 25 golden eagles), northeaste ... | 2010 | 21302758 |
| an adaptive-management framework for optimal control of hiking near golden eagle nests in denali national park. | unintended effects of recreational activities in protected areas are of growing concern. we used an adaptive-management framework to develop guidelines for optimally managing hiking activities to maintain desired levels of territory occupancy and reproductive success of golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) in denali national park (alaska, u.s.a.). the management decision was to restrict human access (hikers) to particular nesting territories to reduce disturbance. the management objective was to mi ... | 2011 | 21342265 |
| west nile and usutu viruses in mosquitoes in spain, 2008-2009. | west nile virus lineage 1 (similar to the strains obtained from golden eagles in spain, 2007) and usutu virus (similar to the strains obtained from culex pipiens in spain, 2006) were detected in pools from culex perexiguus collected in southern spain in 2008 and 2009, respectively. this is the first detection and isolation of west nile virus lineage 1 from mosquitoes in spain. | 2011 | 21734145 |
| avian pox infection with secondary candida albicans encephalitis in a juvenile golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). | abstract: a juvenile golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) was presented with proliferative epithelial lesions, consistent with avian poxvirus infection, around the eyes, on commissures of the beak, and on both feet. despite treatment, the eagle declined clinically, and, 15 days after presentation, the eagle began seizuring and was euthanatized because of a poor prognosis. on postmortem examination, avian poxvirus infection was confirmed in the nodular skin lesions, and candida albicans was cultured ... | 2010 | 20496607 |
| natural fatal sarcocystis falcatula infections in free-ranging eagles in north america. | three bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 1 golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) were admitted to rehabilitation facilities with emaciation, lethargy, and an inability to fly. intravascular schizonts and merozoites were present in 2 bald eagles, mainly in the lung tissue, whereas the third bald eagle and the golden eagle had lymphohistiocytic encephalitis with intralesional schizonts and merozoites. in all eagles, protozoal tissue cysts were present in skeletal musculature or heart. the proto ... | 2010 | 20224094 |
| does the order of invasive species removal matter? the case of the eagle and the pig. | invasive species are recognized as a primary driver of native species endangerment and their removal is often a key component of a conservation strategy. removing invasive species is not always a straightforward task, however, especially when they interact with other species in complex ways to negatively influence native species. because unintended consequences may arise if all invasive species cannot be removed simultaneously, the order of their removal is of paramount importance to ecological ... | 2009 | 19759894 |
| causes of mortality and unintentional poisoning in predatory and scavenging birds in california. | we documented causes of mortality in an opportunistic sample of golden eagles, turkey vultures and common ravens, and assessed exposure to several contaminants that have been found in carrion and common prey for these species. | 2014 | 26392875 |
| knemidocoptic mange in wild golden eagles, california, usa. | during 2012-2013 in california, usa, 3 wild golden eagles were found with severe skin disease; 2 died. the cause was a rare mite, most closely related to knemidocoptes derooi mites. cautionary monitoring of eagle populations, habitats, and diseases is warranted. | 0 | 25271842 |
| convergent evidence of eagle talons used by late neanderthals in europe: a further assessment on symbolism. | to contribute to have a better understanding of the symbolic or not use of certain items by neanderthals, this work presents new evidence of the deliberate removal of raptor claws occurred in mediterranean europe during the recent phases of the mousterian. rio secco cave in the north-east of italy and mandrin cave in the middle rhône valley have recently produced two golden eagle pedal phalanges from contexts not younger than 49.1-48.0 ky cal bp at rio secco and dated around 50.0 ky cal bp at ma ... | 2014 | 25010346 |
| monitoring of raptors and their contamination levels in norway. | this article summarizes results from raptor monitoring and contamination studies in norway of the golden eagle, gyrfalcon, white-tailed sea eagle, osprey, peregrine, and merlin. golden eagle and gyrfalcon populations have been monitored since 1990 as part of the "monitoring programme for terrestrial ecosystems" (tov). no long-term trend in the population size or productivity of golden eagle has been shown in any of the 5 study areas. the reproductive output of gyrfalcon is monitored in 3 areas. ... | 2008 | 18833794 |
| west nile virus in golden eagles, spain, 2007. | | 2008 | 18760030 |
| high-throughput gender identification of accipitridae eagles with real-time pcr using taqman probes. | the objective was to develop high-throughput gender identification of eagles. based on blast and alignment analyses, the chd-z and chd-w sequences of nine species of eagles were highly homologous with spilornis cheela hoya (s. c. hoya); therefore, taqman probes were designed to target their chd-zw-common and chd-w-specific regions. in s. c. hoya, genders were identified using taqman-based, real-time pcr (amplified by p2/p8 primers); this method was validated with anatomically confirmed controls ... | 2008 | 18440628 |
| double allee effects and extinction in the island fox. | an allee effect (ae) occurs in populations when individuals suffer a decrease in fitness at low densities. if a fitness component is reduced (component ae), per capita population growth rates may decline as a consequence (demographic ae) and extinction risk is increased. the island fox (urocyon littoralis) is endemic to six of the eight california channel islands. population crashes have coincided with an increase in predation by golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos). we propose that aes could rende ... | 2007 | 17650257 |
| coupling stable isotopes with bioenergetics to estimate interspecific interactions. | interspecific interactions are often difficult to elucidate, particularly with large vertebrates at large spatial scales. here, we describe a methodology for estimating interspecific interactions by combining stable isotopes with bioenergetics. we illustrate this approach by modeling the population dynamics and species interactions of a suite of vertebrates on santa cruz island, california, usa: two endemic carnivores (the island fox and island spotted skunk), an exotic herbivore (the feral pig) ... | 2006 | 17069380 |
| a first evaluation of the usefulness of feathers of nestling predatory birds for non-destructive biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants. | in previous studies, feathers of adult predatory birds have been evaluated as valid non-destructive biomonitor matrices for persistent organic pollutants (pops). in this study, we assessed for the first time the usefulness of nestling raptor feathers for non-destructive biomonitoring of pops. for this purpose, we collected body feathers and blood of nestlings from three avian top predators from northern norway: northern goshawks (accipiter gentilis), white-tailed eagles (haliaeetus albicilla) an ... | 2011 | 21256594 |
| natural and experimental west nile virus infection in five raptor species. | we studied the effects of natural and/or experimental infections of west nile virus (wnv) in five raptor species from july 2002 to march 2004, including american kestrels (falco sparverius), golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos), red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), barn owls (tyto alba), and great horned owls (bubo virginianus). birds were infected per mosquito bite, per os, or percutaneously by needle. many experimentally infected birds developed mosquito-infectious levels of viremia (>10(5) wnv ... | 2006 | 16699143 |
| brominated flame retardants and other organobromines in norwegian predatory bird eggs. | a set of 62 unhatched eggs was collected from six different predatory bird species throughout norway after incubation period was completed. they were analysed for pbde, pbb, tbbp a and naturally occurring halogenated compounds. bde 47, 99 and 153 were the dominating congeners, with species dependent pbde patterns. bde 153 was observed as the most abundant congener in eggs of peregrine falcon, golden eagle and merlin. the highest pbde level (sum of nine congeners) was found in eggs of white-taile ... | 2005 | 16182862 |
| lead poisoning in upland-foraging birds of prey in canada. | we examined the degree of lead exposure, based on tissue-lead concentrations, in 184 raptors of 16 species found dead across canada. the most prevalent species available for examination were red-tailed hawks, great horned owls, and golden eagles (n = 131). the majority of individuals examined had very low lead accumulation, however 3-4% of total mortality in these 3 most commonly encountered species was attributed to lead poisoning. in addition, 1 of 9 bald eagles found dead far from aquatic env ... | 2003 | 12739854 |
| high risk of lead contamination for scavengers in an area with high moose hunting success. | top predators and scavengers are vulnerable to pollutants, particularly those accumulated along the food chain. lead accumulation can induce severe disorders and alter survival both in mammals (including humans) and in birds. a potential source of lead poisoning in wild animals, and especially in scavengers, results from the consumption of ammunition residues in the tissues of big game killed by hunters. for two consecutive years we quantified the level lead exposure in individuals of a sentinel ... | 2014 | 25389754 |
| assessing behavior in extinct animals: was smilodon social? | it has been suggested that saber-tooth species such as smilodon fatalis were social because partially healed skeletal injuries were found at rancho la brea, california. this conclusion assumes injured animals would die without help. this paper will rebut assertions of sociality. first, cats use metabolic reserves to heal quickly without feeding. second, dehydration is a more profound limitation than starvation as prey carcasses only provide a quarter of necessary water. injured animals must be m ... | 2003 | 12697957 |
| producing progeny from endangered birds of prey: treatment of urine-contaminated semen and a novel intramagnal insemination approach. | wild raptors brought into an ex situ environment often have poor semen quality that is further compromised by urine contamination. generally, it is believed that in birds, artificial insemination into the cloaca or caudal vagina of females requires large doses of high-quality spermatozoa to maximize fertility. in an effort to define and overcome some of the challenges associated with reproduction in wild raptors, the objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the frequency, impact, and remedia ... | 2002 | 12216788 |
| organochlorines in egg samples from norwegian birds of prey: congener-, isomer- and enantiomer specific considerations. | the content of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants was determined in a total of 44 egg samples from 8 different raptor species collected throughout norway in the period 1991-1997. the content of 8 chlorinated bornanes, 9 chlorinated pesticides, and 15 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (pcb) were determined. the highest average concentrations for pcb were found for eggs from white-tailed sea eagle and peregrine falcon (average sum pcb concentration: 8.9 and 9.1 microg/g wet weight (w.w.), ... | 2002 | 12150443 |
| golden eagles, feral pigs, and insular carnivores: how exotic species turn native predators into prey. | island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to exotic species. here we show how an introduced prey has led to the wholesale restructuring of an island food web, including the near extinction of an endemic carnivore. introduced pigs, by providing abundant food, enabled golden eagles to colonize the california channel islands. eagles preyed heavily on the island fox, whose resulting decline toward extinction released populations of the competitively inferior island skunk. the presence of exotic ... | 2002 | 11752396 |
| [causes of death, zoonoses, and reproduction in the european brown hare in switzerland]. | to elucidate the importance of different causes of mortality which could explain the downward trend of the hare populations in switzerland and for monitoring selected zoonoses, the health and reproductive status of 167 perished brown hares (lepus europaeus) was assessed. concerning causes of mortality, traumas were by far the most frequent diagnosis, 80% of the hares dying because of injuries. animals killed by road traffic were highly represented. predators (such as dogs, domestic cats, lynx, m ... | 2001 | 11344944 |
| species variation in osmotic, cryoprotectant, and cooling rate tolerance in poultry, eagle, and peregrine falcon spermatozoa. | potential factors influencing spermatozoa survival to cryopreservation and thawing were analyzed across a range of the following avian species: domestic chicken (gallus domesticus), domestic turkey (meleagris gallopavo), golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos), bonelli's eagle (hieraaetus fasciatus), imperial eagle (aquila adalberti), and peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus). studies focused on spermatozoa tolerance to the following: 1) osmotic stress, 2) different extracellular concentrations of the cr ... | 2000 | 10993841 |
| two new species of caryospora léger, 1904 (apicomplexa, eimeriidae) from accipitrid raptors. | two new species of coccidia (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) are described from european accipitrid raptors (falconiformes: accipitridae). oöcysts of carvospora aquilae n. sp. found in faeces of the gold eagle aquila chrysaetos are subspherical to broad ellipsoidal and measure 43 (40-49) x 37.5 (34-39) microm. polar granule, oöcyst residuum and micropyle are absent. each oöcyst contains one spherical to subspherical slightly polygonal sporocyst measuring 23.8 (23-25) x 23.3 (22-25) microm. stieda and s ... | 2000 | 10803432 |
| prevalence of encysted apicomplexans in muscles of raptors. | an acid-pepsin digestion technique was used to examine portions of breast muscle and heart from raptors for encysted protozoans. apicomplexan zoites were present in 52 (45.6%) of the 114 samples examined: 11 of 12 (91.7%) red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), 20 of 34 (58.8%) red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), two of seven (28.6%) cooper's hawks (accipiter cooperi), three of four (75%) sharp-shinned hawks (accipiter striatus), one (100%) mississippi kites (ictinia misisippiensis), one of two ... | 1999 | 9950339 |
| prevalence of encysted toxoplasma gondii in raptors from alabama. | little is known about the prevalence of encysted toxoplasma gondii in wild birds. we examined the hearts and breast muscles from 101 raptors for encysted t. gondii. all of the raptors had been submitted for necropsy to the state veterinary diagnostic laboratory, auburn, alabama. tissues were digested in acid-pepsin solution and inoculated into groups of 3-5 laboratory mice. toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 27 of 101 (26.7%) raptors: 8 of 12 (66.7%) red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), 13 of ... | 1993 | 8277379 |
| the humeroscapular bone of the great horned owl (bubo virginianus) and other raptors. | a small, separate, bony density dorsal to the shoulder joint is radiographically visible in several species of large hawks and owls. gross dissection and histological examination show the bone to lie on the deep surface of the major deltoid muscle in intimate association with the dorsal coracohumeral ligament of the shoulder joint. the tendon of the supracoracoideus muscle passes immediately cranial to the humeroscapular bone. two ligaments distinct from the shoulder joint capsule attach the hum ... | 1992 | 1585989 |
| seropositivity and risk factors associated with toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds from spain. | toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic intracellular protozoan parasite of worldwide distribution that infects many species of warm-blooded animals, including birds. to date, there is scant information about the seropositivity of t. gondii and the risk factors associated with t. gondii infection in wild bird populations. in the present study, t. gondii infection was evaluated on sera obtained from 1079 wild birds belonging to 56 species (including falconiformes (n = 610), strigiformes (n = 260), ciconi ... | 2011 | 22216311 |
| estimating updraft velocity components over large spatial scales: contrasting migration strategies of golden eagles and turkey vultures. | ecology letters (2011) abstract: soaring birds migrate in massive numbers worldwide. these migrations are complex and dynamic phenomena, strongly influenced by meteorological conditions that produce thermal and orographic uplift as the birds traverse the landscape. herein we report on how methods were developed to estimate the strength of thermal and orographic uplift using publicly available digital weather and topography datasets at continental scale. we apply these methods to contrast flight ... | 2011 | 22077120 |
| impact of the california lead ammunition ban on reducing lead exposure in golden eagles and turkey vultures. | predatory and scavenging birds may be exposed to high levels of lead when they ingest shot or bullet fragments embedded in the tissues of animals injured or killed with lead ammunition. lead poisoning was a contributing factor in the decline of the endangered california condor population in the 1980s, and remains one of the primary factors threatening species recovery. in response to this threat, a ban on the use of lead ammunition for most hunting activities in the range of the condor in califo ... | 2011 | 21494329 |
| late neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at fumane cave 44 ky b.p., italy. | a large and varied avifaunal bone assemblage from the final mousterian levels of grotta di fumane, northern italy, reveals unusual human modifications on species that are not clearly relatable to feeding or utilitarian uses (i.e., lammergeier, eurasian black vulture, golden eagle, red-footed falcon, common wood pigeon, and alpine chough). cut, peeling, and scrape marks, as well as diagnostic fractures and a breakthrough, are observed exclusively on wings, indicating the intentional removal of la ... | 2011 | 21368129 |
| helminth fauna of a japanese golden eagle, aquila chrysaetos japonica. | a japanese golden eagle, aquila chrysaetos japonica, was found dead in nagano prefecture pb 399-8200, japan, and subjected to necropsy. the necropsy revealed that the entire length of the intestine was filled with several masses of intestinal parasites. the recovered helminths were identified as one digenean trematode species, neodiplostomum reflexum; two species of nematodes, synhimantus sp. and larvae of porrocaecum sp.; and a single species of acanthocephala, centrorhynchus sp. digenea and ac ... | 2012 | 23272374 |
| seroepidemiologic survey of potential pathogens in obligate and facultative scavenging avian species in california. | throughout the world, populations of scavenger birds are declining rapidly with some populations already on the brink of extinction. much of the current research into the factors contributing to these declines has focused on exposure to drug residues, lead, and other toxins. despite increased monitoring of these declining populations, little is known about infectious diseases affecting scavenger bird species. to assess potential infectious disease risks to both obligate and facultative scavenger ... | 2015 | 26606755 |
| wild birds, frequent carriers of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) producing escherichia coli of ctx-m and shv-12 types. | to get a better insight into the role of birds as reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) and plasmidic ampc β-lactamase (pampc) escherichia coli producers, 100 fecal samples belonging to 15 different wild avian species from northern spain were analyzed. cefotaxime-resistant (ctx(r)) e. coli isolates were identified in 16 of the 100 tested birds, which corresponded to 9 animal species (gyps fulvus-griffon vulture, larus michahellis-yellow-legged gull, milvus migrans-black kite, milvus ... | 2016 | 26687342 |
| antibody prevalence and isolation of viable toxoplasma gondii from raptors in the southeastern usa. | raptors are good indicators of the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in the environment because they prey on small mammals and birds. these prey species are a major source of infection in domestic cats ( felis catus ), which shed the environmentally resistant oocysts. we assessed t. gondii infection in 281 opportunistically available raptors at a rehabilitation facility between 2012 and 2014. antibodies to t. gondii were assayed by a modified agglutination test (cutoff 1:25) and found in serum of ... | 2016 | 27243150 |
| clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical findings in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) naturally infected with west nile virus. | fifteen bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 3 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) were diagnosed with west nile disease based on 1) presence of lesions in brain, eyes, and heart, 2) viral antigen detection in brain, eyes, heart, kidney, and/or liver by immunohistochemical staining, 3) detection of viral rna in tissue samples and/or cerebrospinal fluid (csf) by polymerase chain reaction, and/or 4) detection of west nile virus (wnv)-specific antibodies in csf by serum neutralization assay. we ... | 2014 | 25085868 |
| ecological and spatial factors drive intra- and interspecific variation in exposure of subarctic predatory bird nestlings to persistent organic pollutants. | top predators in northern ecosystems may suffer from exposure to persistent organic pollutants (pops) as this exposure may synergistically interact with already elevated natural stress in these ecosystems. in the present study, we aimed at identifying biological (sex, body condition), ecological (dietary carbon source, trophic level) and spatial factors (local habitat, regional nest location) that may influence intra- and interspecific variation in exposure of subarctic predatory bird nestlings ... | 2013 | 23632440 |
| blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters as biomarker endpoints for organohalogen contaminant exposure in norwegian raptor nestlings. | raptors are exposed to biomagnifying and toxic organohalogenated compounds (ohcs) such as organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds. to investigate how ohc exposure may affect biochemical pathways we collected blood plasma from norwegian northern goshawk (n=56), golden eagle (n=12) and white-tailed eagle (n=36) nestlings during three consecutive breeding seasons. we found that blood plasma concentrations of calcium, sodium, creatinine, cholesterol, albumin, total ... | 2012 | 22445502 |
| relationships between organohalogen contaminants and blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in chicks of three raptor species from northern norway. | organohalogen contaminants (ohcs) may affect various physiological parameters in birds including blood chemistry. we therefore examined blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters and ohcs in golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and goshawk chicks from northern norway. correlation analyses on pooled data showed that alkaline phosphatase (alkp), glucose and creatinine were significantly negatively correlated to various ohcs (all: p<0.05; r: -0.43 to -0.55; n=23), while alanine aminotransferase (alat), ... | 2010 | 19800686 |
| genetic data from 28 str loci for forensic individual identification and parentage analyses in 6 bird of prey species. | twenty-eight str loci were screened in wild populations of six bird of prey species providing allele frequencies and population genetic parameters necessary for the application of strs in wildlife forensic genetic casework. individual str loci were validated according to forensic recommendations in specimens of golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos), goshawk (accipiter gentilis), merlin (falco columbarius), peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus), gyr falcon (falco rusticolus) and saker falcon (falco cher ... | 2009 | 19215871 |
| the genome sequence of a widespread apex predator, the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). | biologists routinely use molecular markers to identify conservation units, to quantify genetic connectivity, to estimate population sizes, and to identify targets of selection. many imperiled eagle populations require such efforts and would benefit from enhanced genomic resources. we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the first eagle genome using dna from a male golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) captured in western north america. we constructed genomic libraries that were sequenced using illumin ... | 2014 | 24759626 |
| high altitude respiration of birds. the primary structures of the major and minor hemoglobin component of adult european black vulture (aegypius monachus, aegypiinae). | the primary structures of the hemoglobin components hb a and hb d of the european black vulture (aegypius monachus) are presented. the globin chains were separated on cm-cellulose in 8m urea buffer. the amino-acid sequences were established by automatic edman degradation of the globin chains and the tryptic peptides in liquid phase and gas-phase sequenators. the sequences are compared with those of the golden eagle, and with those of the andean condor, a new world vulture. the possible evolution ... | 1987 | 3828077 |
| minimising mortality in endangered raptors due to power lines: the importance of spatial aggregation to optimize the application of mitigation measures. | electrocution by power lines is one of the main causes of non-natural mortality in birds of prey. in an area in central spain, we surveyed 6304 pylons from 333 power lines to determine electrocution rates, environmental and design factors that may influence electrocution and the efficacy of mitigation measures used to minimise electrocution cases. a total of 952 electrocuted raptors, representing 14 different species, were observed. electrocuted raptors were concentrated in certain areas and the ... | 2011 | 22140549 |
| poor construction, not time, takes its toll on subsidised fences designed to deter large carnivores. | large carnivore conservation may be considered as successful in sweden, as wolf (canis lupus), lynx (lynx lynx), brown bear (ursus arctos), golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos), and wolverine (gulo gulo) populations have recovered from extinction or near extinction to viable populations during the last three decades. particularly the wolf and lynx populations have returned at the cost of an increasing number of carnivore attacks on domestic livestock. to support coexistence between carnivores and l ... | 2017 | 28394912 |
| on the tragedy of the commons: when predation and livestock loss may improve the economic lot of herders. | this paper studies the practice of semi-domestic reindeer (rangifer t. tarandus) herding in finnmark county in northern norway. in this area, the saami reindeer herders compete for space and grazing areas and keep large herds, while at the same time, the reindeer population is heavily exposed to carnivore predation by the lynx (lynx lynx), the wolverine (gulo gulo), and the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). it is demonstrated that predation actually may improve the economic lot of livestock hold ... | 2017 | 28361495 |
| management and case outcome of gastric impaction in four raptors: a case series. | four captive raptors, an american kestrel ( falco sparverius ), peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ), golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ), and barn owl ( tyto alba ), were diagnosed with ventricular and/or proventricular foreign material impactions consisting of artificial turf substrate, paper and plastic substrate, grass, and newspaper. partial or total anorexia was reported in all birds and decreased casting in 2 birds. survey radiographs confirmed presence of gastric enlargement in all 4 bir ... | 2017 | 28358612 |
| quantifying the demographic cost of human-related mortality to a raptor population. | raptors are exposed to a wide variety of human-related mortality agents, and yet population-level effects are rarely quantified. doing so requires modeling vital rates in the context of species life-history, behavior, and population dynamics theory. in this paper, we explore the details of such an analysis by focusing on the demography of a resident, tree-nesting population of golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) in the vicinity of an extensive (142 km2) windfarm in california. during 1994-2000, we ... | 2017 | 28234926 |
| occurrence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in golden eagle nestlings: unnoticed scavenging on livestock carcasses and other potential exposure routes. | wildlife exposure to pharmaceuticals can occur through contaminated water, and through the excreta and carcasses of medicated livestock, with potential for bioaccumulation and transfer through food webs. we evaluated whether nestling exposure to pharmaceuticals can occur from food delivered to nests in the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos), a top predator and facultative scavenger. despite the fact that diet analysis suggests an apparently low dependence on livestock carcasses reduced to two pigl ... | 2017 | 28187938 |
| ground squirrel shooting and potential lead exposure in breeding avian scavengers. | recreational ground squirrel shooting is a popular activity throughout the western united states and serves as a tool for managing ground squirrel populations in agricultural regions. belding's ground squirrels (spermophilus beldingi) are routinely shot in california, nevada, and oregon across habitats that overlap with breeding avian scavengers. ground squirrels shot with lead (pb)-based bullets may pose a risk to avian scavengers if they consume carcasses containing pb fragments. to assess the ... | 2016 | 27942006 |
| nonmotorized recreation and motorized recreation in shrub-steppe habitats affects behavior and reproduction of golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos). | different forms of outdoor recreation have different spatiotemporal activity patterns that may have interactive or cumulative effects on wildlife through human disturbance, physical habitat change, or both. in western north america, shrub-steppe habitats near urban areas are popular sites for motorized recreation and nonmotorized recreation and can provide important habitat for protected species, including golden eagles. our objective was to determine whether recreation use (i.e., number of recr ... | 2016 | 27878076 |
| guardian or threat: does golden eagle predation risk have cascading effects on forest grouse? | previous studies on intraguild predation have mainly focused on within-class assemblages, even though avian top predators may also influence mammalian mesopredator prey. by using nation-wide long-term data from finland, northern europe, we examined the impacts of golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) together with red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and pine martens (martes martes) on forest-dwelling herbivores, black grouse (tetrao tetrix) and hazel grouse (tetrastes bonasia). we hypothesized that eagles may ... | 2016 | 27342659 |
| network topology of stable isotope interactions in a sub-arctic raptor guild. | predation is an ecologically important process, and intra-guild interactions may substantially influence the ecological effects of predator species. despite a rapid expansion in the use of mathematical graph theory to describe trophic relations, network approaches have rarely been used to study interactions within predator assemblages. assemblages of diurnal raptors are subject to substantial intra- and interspecific competition. here we used the novel approach of applying analyzes based on netw ... | 2016 | 27209296 |
| the normal electrocardiogram of conscious golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos). | the aim of this study was to describe the normal electrocardiographic patterns and values in conscious golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos). the standard bipolar and augmented unipolar limb leads' electrocardiograms were recorded in the golden eagles. the waveforms were analyzed in all leads at 50 mm/sec and at 10 mm = 1 mv to determine p, pr (segment and interval), qrs, st, and qt durations and p, net qrs complex, and t amplitudes. the polarity of each waveform was tabulated in all leads. the mean ... | 2010 | 20945639 |
| heterotopic ossification secondary to gunshot and fragment wounds in a golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ). | heterotopic ossification is the process of pathologic bone formation in soft tissue structures that usually do not form bone. an immature golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ) was examined 2 months after a gunshot wound in the right wing. a solid oval mass with a gun pellet at its core was found attached to the ulna by a bony pedicle and was surgically excised. heterotopic ossification secondary to gunshot and fragment wounds in the right ulna was diagnosed based on clinical, radiographic, and hist ... | 2016 | 27088747 |
| perturbation analysis for patch occupancy dynamics. | perturbation analysis is a powerful tool to study population and community dynamics. this article describes expressions for sensitivity metrics reflecting changes in equilibrium occupancy resulting from small changes in the vital rates of patch occupancy dynamics (i.e., probabilities of local patch colonization and extinction). we illustrate our approach with a case study of occupancy dynamics of golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) nesting territories. examination of the hypothesis of system equili ... | 2009 | 19294907 |
| metastatic cholangiocellular carcinoma and renal adenocarcinoma in a golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). | a 33-year-old captive male golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) was presented for necropsy with a history of emaciation and depression. the liver was severely distorted by numerous, coalescent, poorly demarcated, white firm nodules. upon microscopic examination, these masses were found to be infiltrative and were composed of anastomosing tubular structures lined by signet-ring cells piling up in a disorderly fashion. ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells were characterized by abundant microvilli at th ... | 1998 | 18484007 |
| use of multiple modes of flight subsidy by a soaring terrestrial bird, the golden eagle aquila chrysaetos, when on migration. | large birds regularly use updrafts to subsidize flight. although most research on soaring bird flight has focused on use of thermal updrafts, there is evidence suggesting that many species are likely to use multiple modes of subsidy. we tested the degree to which a large soaring species uses multiple modes of subsidy to provide insights into the decision-making that underlies flight behaviour. we statistically classified more than 22 000 global positioning satellite-global system for mobile comm ... | 2015 | 26538556 |
| mange caused by a novel micnemidocoptes mite in a golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ). | a second-year, female golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ) was live trapped in northern california because of severe feather loss and crusting of the skin on the head and legs. on physical examination, the bird was lethargic, dehydrated, and thin, with severe feather loss and diffuse hyperemia and crusting on the head, ventral wings, ventrum, dorsum, and pelvic limbs. mites morphologically similar to micnemidocoptes derooi were identified with scanning electron microscopy. the eagle was treated wi ... | 2015 | 26378670 |
| acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of thallium sulfate in golden eagles, aquila chrysaetos. | | 1976 | 1276487 |
| a collision risk model to predict avian fatalities at wind facilities: an example using golden eagles, aquila chrysaetos. | wind power is a major candidate in the search for clean, renewable energy. beyond the technical and economic challenges of wind energy development are environmental issues that may restrict its growth. avian fatalities due to collisions with rotating turbine blades are a leading concern and there is considerable uncertainty surrounding avian collision risk at wind facilities. this uncertainty is not reflected in many models currently used to predict the avian fatalities that would result from pr ... | 2015 | 26134412 |
| avian top predator and the landscape of fear: responses of mammalian mesopredators to risk imposed by the golden eagle. | top predators may induce extensive cascading effects on lower trophic levels, for example, through intraguild predation (igp). the impacts of both mammalian and avian top predators on species of the same class have been extensively studied, but the effects of the latter upon mammalian mesopredators are not yet as well known. we examined the impact of the predation risk imposed by a large avian predator, the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos, l.), on its potential mammalian mesopredator prey, the r ... | 2015 | 25691975 |
| lead and mercury in fall migrant golden eagles from western north america. | lead exposure from ingestion of bullet fragments is a serious environmental hazard to eagles. we determined blood lead levels (bll) in 178 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) captured during fall migration along a major north american flyway. these eagles spent the breeding season distributed over a large range and are the best currently available representation of free flying golden eagles on the continent. we found 58 % of these eagles containing increased bll > 0.1 mg/l; 10 % were clinically le ... | 2015 | 25686747 |
| polybrominated diphenyl ethers in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles from washington and idaho, usa. | little is known about the exposure and accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in the 2 species of eagles inhabiting north america. the authors analyzed the livers of 33 bald eagles and 7 golden eagles collected throughout washington and idaho, usa, for 51 pbde congeners. total pbdes ranged from 2.4 ng/g to 9920 ng/g wet weight. bald eagles and eagles associated with large urban areas had the highest pbde concentrations; golden eagles and eagles from more sparsely populated areas ... | 2014 | 25367115 |
| lead and eagles: demographic and pathological characteristics of poisoning, and exposure levels associated with other causes of mortality. | we conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate demographic and pathologic characteristics in 484 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 68 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) diagnosed with lead poisoning at the u.s. geological survey national wildlife health center. as part of our analysis, we compared characteristics of lead poisoned eagles with those that died of other causes. odds of lead poisoning were greater for bald eagles versus golden eagles, females versus males, adults versus ju ... | 2014 | 25173769 |
| efficient use of information in adaptive management with an application to managing recreation near golden eagle nesting sites. | it is generally the case that a significant degree of uncertainty exists concerning the behavior of ecological systems. adaptive management has been developed to address such structural uncertainty, while recognizing that decisions must be made without full knowledge of how a system behaves. this paradigm attempts to use new information that develops during the course of management to learn how the system works. to date, however, adaptive management has used a very limited information set to cha ... | 2014 | 25098955 |
| lead exposure in raptors from japan and source identification using pb stable isotope ratios. | lead (pb) poisoning is widespread among raptors and water birds. in japan, fragments of pb ammunition are still found in endangered eagles although more than 10 years have passed since legislation regarding use of pb ammunition was introduced. this study was performed to investigate pb exposure in raptors from various locations in japan. we measured hepatic and renal pb concentrations and hepatic pb isotope ratios of steller's sea eagles (haliaeetus pelagicus), white-tailed sea eagles (haliaeetu ... | 2017 | 28800537 |
| sublethal lead exposure alters movement behavior in free-ranging golden eagles. | lead poisoning of animals due to ingestion of fragments from lead-based ammunition in carcasses and offal of shot wildlife is acknowledged globally and raises great concerns about potential behavioral effects leading to increased mortality risks. lead levels in blood were correlated with progress of the moose hunting season. based on analyses of tracking data, we found that even sublethal lead concentrations in blood (25 ppb, wet weight), can likely negatively affect movement behavior (flight he ... | 2017 | 28414429 |
| peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a subadult golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). | a 5-year-old, female golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) was admitted with tetraplegia that progressed to a nonambulatory, spastic tetraparesis after a few days of treatment. clinical and radiologic examinations, including radiography, computed tomography scan, and myelography, were indicative of neoplasia involving a spinal nerve root. postmortem magnetic resonance imaging and necropsy findings confirmed the diagnosis of a peripheral nerve sheath neoplasia, not, to our knowledge, previously report ... | 2014 | 24881155 |
| increased flight altitudes among migrating golden eagles suggest turbine avoidance at a rocky mountain wind installation. | potential wind-energy development in the eastern rocky mountain foothills of british columbia, canada, raises concerns due to its overlap with a golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) migration corridor. the dokie 1 wind energy project is the first development in this area and stands as a model for other projects in the area because of regional consistency in topographic orientation and weather patterns. we visually tracked golden eagles over three fall migration seasons (2009-2011), one pre- and two ... | 2014 | 24671199 |
| an overview of existing raptor contaminant monitoring activities in europe. | biomonitoring using raptors as sentinels can provide early warning of the potential impacts of contaminants on humans and the environment and also a means of tracking the success of associated mitigation measures. examples include detection of heavy metal-induced immune system impairment, pcb-induced altered reproductive impacts, and toxicity associated with lead in shot game. authorisation of such releases and implementation of mitigation is now increasingly delivered through eu-wide directives ... | 2014 | 24632328 |
| regional distribution shifts help explain local changes in wintering raptor abundance: implications for interpreting population trends. | studies of multiple taxa across broad-scales suggest that species distributions are shifting poleward in response to global climate change. recognizing the influence of distribution shifts on population indices will be an important part of interpreting trends within management units because current practice often assumes that changes in local populations reflect local habitat conditions. however, the individual- and population-level processes that drive distribution shifts may occur across a lar ... | 2014 | 24466253 |
| assessing risk to birds from industrial wind energy development via paired resource selection models. | when wildlife habitat overlaps with industrial development animals may be harmed. because wildlife and people select resources to maximize biological fitness and economic return, respectively, we estimated risk, the probability of eagles encountering and being affected by turbines, by overlaying models of resource selection for each entity. this conceptual framework can be applied across multiple spatial scales to understand and mitigate impacts of industry on wildlife. we estimated risk to gold ... | 2014 | 24405249 |
| estimating raptor nesting success: old and new approaches. | studies of nesting success can be valuable in assessing the status of raptor populations, but differing monitoring protocols can present unique challenges when comparing populations of different species across time or geographic areas. we used large datasets from long-term studies of 3 raptor species to compare estimates of apparent nest success (ans, the ratio of successful to total number of nesting attempts), mayfield nesting success, and the logistic-exposure model of nest survival. golden e ... | 2013 | 26401058 |
| evaluating the connectivity of a protected areas' network under the prism of global change: the efficiency of the european natura 2000 network for four birds of prey. | climate and land use changes are major threats to biodiversity. to preserve biodiversity, networks of protected areas have been established worldwide, like the natura 2000 network across the european union (eu). currently, this reserve network consists of more than 26000 sites covering more than 17% of eu terrestrial territory. its efficiency to mitigate the detrimental effects of land use and climate change remains an open research question. here, we examined the potential current and future ge ... | 2013 | 23527237 |
| the occurrence of second generation anticoagulant rodenticides in non-target raptor species in norway. | second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (sgars) are commonly used for rodent pest control in norway resulting in the potential exposure of non-target raptor species. in this study the occurrence of flocoumafen, difethialone, difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum was determined in the livers of five species of raptors found dead in norway between 2009 and 2011. the sgars brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum and flocoumafen were detected in golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) and eagle owl ( ... | 2013 | 23500818 |
| lead, mercury, selenium, and other trace elements in tissues of golden eagles from southwestern montana, usa. | lead-based rifle bullets, used in game hunting and recreational shooting, fragment when striking bone and soft tissues. lead fragments may be ingested by birds scavenging offal piles or nonretrieved carcasses and therefore pose a poisoning risk. we captured and sampled 74 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) in southwestern montana, usa, from 2008 to 2010 to evaluate levels of lead, mercury, selenium, and 13 other trace elements in blood and feathers. lead was detected in blood of most (97%, n=70) ... | 2013 | 23307377 |
| flight responses by a migratory soaring raptor to changing meteorological conditions. | soaring birds that undertake long-distance migration should develop strategies to minimize the energetic costs of endurance flight. this is relevant because condition upon completion of migration has direct consequences for fecundity, fitness and thus, demography. therefore, strong evolutionary pressures are expected for energy minimization tactics linked to weather and topography. importantly, the minute-by-minute mechanisms birds use to subsidize migration in variable weather are largely unkno ... | 2012 | 22593085 |
| nuclear and mitochondrial dna analyses of golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos canadensis) from three areas in western north america; initial results and conservation implications. | understanding the genetics of a population is a critical component of developing conservation strategies. we used archived tissue samples from golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos canadensis) in three geographic regions of western north america to conduct a preliminary study of the genetics of the north american subspecies, and to provide data for united states fish and wildlife service (usfws) decision-making for golden eagle management. we used a combination of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) d-loop seq ... | 2016 | 27783687 |
| golden eagle fatalities and the continental-scale consequences of local wind-energy generation. | renewable energy production is expanding rapidly despite mostly unknown environmental effects on wildlife and habitats. we used genetic and stable isotope data collected from golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) killed at the altamont pass wind resource area (apwra) in california in demographic models to test hypotheses about the geographic extent and demographic consequences of fatalities caused by renewable energy facilities. geospatial analyses of δ(2) h values obtained from feathers showed that ... | 2017 | 27677518 |
| modeling late-summer distribution of golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) in the western united states. | increasing development across the western united states (usa) elevates concerns about effects on wildlife resources; the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) is of special concern in this regard. knowledge of golden eagle abundance and distribution across the western usa must be improved to help identify and conserve areas of major importance to the species. we used distance sampling and visual mark-recapture procedures to estimate golden eagle abundance from aerial line-transect surveys conducted a ... | 2016 | 27556735 |
| modified evisceration technique in a golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). | two different modified techniques have been described for enucleation in raptors, including the transaural approach and the globe-collapsing procedure. this case report describes an alternative, modified evisceration procedure in a mature female golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). the advantages of this procedure are decreased anesthetic time, ease of procedure, decreased risk of excessive traction of the optic nerve, decreased intraoperative orbital trauma, and preservation of the natural symmetr ... | 2011 | 21929613 |
| induced changes in island fox (urocyon littoralis) activity do not mitigate the extinction threat posed by a novel predator. | prey response to novel predators influences the impacts on prey populations of introduced predators, bio-control efforts, and predator range expansion. predicting the impacts of novel predators on native prey requires an understanding of both predator avoidance strategies and their potential to reduce predation risk. we examine the response of island foxes (urocyon littoralis) to invasion by golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos). foxes reduced daytime activity and increased night time activity relat ... | 2011 | 20814698 |
| how predation risk affects the temporal dynamics of avian leks: greater sage grouse versus golden eagles. | leks often attract predators as well as mates, yet most evolutionary models have assumed that sexual selection, not predation, drives lekking behavior. we explored the influence of predation on lek dynamics using a stochastic dynamic game model based on the lek-breeding greater sage grouse (centrocercus urophasianus) and its principal avian predator, the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). the model predicts time-dependent male lek attendance as a function of factors affecting both mating success ... | 2004 | 14767844 |
| tonometry of normal eyes in raptors. | an applanation tonometer was used to estimate intraocular pressure in normal eyes of several species of raptors. no bird had active injury or illness, though some were nonreleasable to the wild because of previous injury. mean (+/- sd) intraocular pressure was 20.6 (+/- 3.4) mm of hg in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis, n = 10), 20.8 (+/- 2.3) mm of hg in swainson's hawks (buteo swainsoni, n = 6), 21.5 (+/- 3.0) mm of hg in golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos, n = 7), 20.6 (+/- 2.0) mm of hg in ... | 1994 | 8017692 |
| prioritizing avian species for their risk of population-level consequences from wind energy development. | recent growth in the wind energy industry has increased concerns about its impacts on wildlife populations. direct impacts of wind energy include bird and bat collisions with turbines whereas indirect impacts include changes in wildlife habitat and behavior. although many species may withstand these effects, species that are long-lived with low rates of reproduction, have specialized habitat preferences, or are attracted to turbines may be more prone to declines in population abundance. we devel ... | 2016 | 26963254 |
| organochlorine residues in golden eagles, united states--march 1964-july 1971. | | 1974 | 4216005 |
| suspected riboflavin deficiency in a golden eagle. | | 1973 | 4742093 |
| natural pox infection in a golden eagle. | | 1972 | 4336531 |
| the "golden eagle" pharmacy of the fortress of buda. | | 1969 | 4896967 |
| an immunohistochemical study of the endocrine pancreas in raptors. | the cytoarchitecture of the endocrine pancreas of 10 raptors (golden eagles, peregrine falcons, saker falcon, turkey vultures, red-tailed hawk and unspecified falcon) was examined by immunohistochemistry. three islet types were identified: type a mixed islets composed mainly by glucagon (a)-secreting cells, type b mixed islets with predominantly insulin (b)-secreting cell component and type m mixed islets (type m) consisting of variable number of glucagon-, insulin- and somatostatin (d)-secretin ... | 2014 | 25468799 |