| duck plague: a carrier state in waterfowl. | healthy waterfowl were found to be carriers of duck plague (dp) virus. black ducks (anas rubripes) and canada geese (branta canadensis) surviving a natural outbreak of dp at coloma, wisconsin, in 1973 yielded dp virus in cloacal swabs taken four years postinfection. experimental infection of previously unexposed mallard ducks (anas platyrhynochos) with the coloma strain of dp virus co-wi (73) also produced cloacal virus shedding for up to four years after infection. a second dp virus strain, la- ... | 1979 | 232659 |
| erysipelothrix infection in two east african crowned cranes (balearica regulorum gibbericeps) and a wood duck (aix sponsa). | | 1977 | 869830 |
| the accumulation and elimination of radiocesium by naturally contaminated wood ducks. | | 1977 | 881337 |
| treatment of captive giant canada geese affected by avian cholera. | in the spring of 1975, an epornitic of avian cholera in nebraska affected wild waterfowl, common crows (corvus brachyrhynchos), and a captive flock of guant canada geese (branta canadensis maxima). measures taken to control the disease in the captive geese included flushing the water of their pen with fresh well water, parenteral (50mg oxytetracycline intramuscularly) and feed (tetracycline 500 g/ton) antibiotic treatment, and removing dead waterfowl and crows from the pen, and keeping wild wate ... | 1977 | 916145 |
| rhinosporidiosis in a wood duck. | | 1977 | 924888 |
| duck plague virus replication in muscovy duck fibroblast cells. | duck embryo fibroblast cell cultures from seven species of ducks were compared for virus yield, plaque quality, and sensitivity to infection by the duck plague herpesvirus (duck virus enteritis). muscovy duck and wood duck cells gave the best results for virus yield and plaque quality, but muscovies were considered superior because they are more available than wood ducks. pintails and lesser scaup gave the poorest results, and pekin duck, black duck, and redhead duck were intermediate. a growth ... | 1976 | 986808 |
| wood duck hatch date: relationship to pairing chronology, plasma luteinizing hormone, and steroid hormones during autumn and winter. | we examined variation in courtship activity and hormone levels of male and female wood ducks (aix sponsa) in relation to hatch date. young wood ducks were assigned in groups of 8 (4 males and 4 females) to 4 experimental pens; 2 pens contained early-hatched ducks (3-12 april) and 2 pens contained late-hatched ducks (7-16 june). courtship behaviors occurred less frequently in october and november than in december and january-february for both early- and late-hatched groups. early-hatched wood duc ... | 1991 | 2066083 |
| organochlorine contaminants in eggs and tissue of wood ducks from mississippi. | | 1990 | 2279137 |
| pcb intake and the growth of waterfowl: multivariate analyses based on a reparameterized richards sigmoid model. | multivariate analyses of the parameters of a modified richards growth model were used to determine the effects of sex and varying levels of dietary intake of pcb's (0-50 ppm), on the asymptotic size (w infinity), total growing time (t) and shape (m) of the growth curves of game farm mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and wild wood ducks (aix sponsa) raised under laboratory conditions. level of pcb intake did not affect any of the growth parameters of the wood ducks, while sex affected both m and w in ... | 1986 | 3089881 |
| ecological studies on cyathocotyle bushiensis (digenea) and sphaeridiotrema globulus (digenea), possible pathogens of dabbling ducks in southern québec. | over the past 20 yr, recurrent late-summer mortality of dabbling ducks in southern québec has been attributed to the digenean parasite cyathocotyle bushiensis. this study attempted to determine whether this parasite was still implicated in the epizootics, and examined aspects of the ecology of the parasite in the definitive host. comparison of prevalence and mean intensity of infection of all species of digenea between salvaged carcasses and hunter-shot ducks revealed that c. bushiensis and a se ... | 1988 | 3411699 |
| development of species identification in ducklings. xiii: a comparison of malleable and critical periods of perceptual development. | the present experiments sought to determine the relationship of the malleable period--when the mallard duck embryo is most susceptible to alien forms of maternal auditory stimulation--to the critical period, when the embryo must hear its own vocalizations in order to respond normally to the species-typical maternal call after hatching. it was found that a preference for either a wood duck or a chicken maternal call could be induced in devocalized mallard duck embryos by exposing them to either a ... | 1987 | 3609488 |
| infection in an australian wood duck by a spore-forming bacterium. | | 1986 | 3712650 |
| sigmoid growth analyses of wood ducks: the effects of sex, dietary protein and cadmium on parameters of the richards model. | growth analyses were conducted for 194 captive-reared wood ducks, using a reparameterized richards process error model which provided estimates of: asymptotic size (w infinity); an approximation of the amount of time required to complete the growing period (t); and the richards shape parameter (m). multivariate analysis of variance indicated that growth was affected by sex and the level of cadmium in the diet on which the birds were reared (0-100 ppm). crude protein in the diet (high = 30%; low ... | 1986 | 3732866 |
| influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses in ducks in the atlantic flyway, 1977-1983, including an h5n2 isolate related to the virulent chicken virus. | from 1977 to 1983, waterfowl migrating along the atlantic flyway were annually monitored for orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in an area in central new york state. a total of 168 influenza isolates were obtained from 1,430 waterfowl. twenty-four combinations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes were detected, with as many as 12 found in a single year. one combination, an h5n2 isolate in 1982, was closely related to the virulent chicken virus that appeared in pennsylvania in 1983. the ... | 1985 | 3833237 |
| parasitic arthropods of wood ducks, aix sponsa l., in the atlantic flyway. | | 1985 | 4032635 |
| prenatal auditory discrimination in the wood duck. | | 1972 | 4661300 |
| mycobacterium intracellulare (battey bacillus) infection in a florida wood duck (aix sponsa). some epidemiologic considerations. | | 1969 | 5357701 |
| mycobacterium intracellulare (battery bacillus) in a florida wood duck (aix sponsa). | | 1970 | 5464051 |
| susceptibility of pekin and muscovy ducks to haemoproteus nettionis. | domestic muscovy (caririna moschata) and pekin (anas platyrhynchos) ducklings were exposed to or injected with homogenates of culicoides flies collected at white pine, michigan. gametocytes of haemoproteus nettionis were detected in both species of ducks at 16 days post-exposure. culicoides downesi was indicated as a vector of h. nettionis in northern michigan. blood infections occurred with a higher prevalence and reached a higher intensity in muscovy ducks. endogenous tissue stages of h. netti ... | 1984 | 6429353 |
| tangential organization of olfactory, association, and commissural projections to olfactory cortex in a species of reptile (trionyx spiniferus), bird (aix sponsa), and mammal (tupaia glis). | small amounts of tritiated leucine were injected into the olfactory bulb or anterior olfactory cortex of softshell turtles, wood ducks, and tree shrews in order to compare quantitatively the laminar distribution of olfactory bulb, association, and commissural projections to olfactory cortex. in all three species, a similar colaminar distribution of olfactory and association projections was found: the olfactory projections are restricted to the superficial cortical layer ia, while the association ... | 1984 | 6535631 |
| development of species identification in ducklings: xii. ineffectiveness of auditory self-stimulation in wood ducklings (aix sponsa). | a previous study revealed that wood ducklings vocalize copiously when in auditory isolation. however, such self-stimulation appeared to be ineffective in maintaining their preference for the characteristically descending frequency-modulated (fm) notes of the wood duck maternal call. only isolated birds that had been exposed to a recording of descending sib calls showed the normal preference for descending maternal notes in a choice test with descending and ascending maternal calls. in this study ... | 1984 | 6744812 |
| hematozoa of wood ducks (aix spons) in the atlantic flyway. | a total of 213 wood ducks (aix sponsa) from 24 localities in 12 states in the atlantic flyway was examined for blood parasites in 1976 and 1977. hematozoa were present in birds from every collection site from virginia northward to maine. only one infection was detected in birds from north carolina southward to florida. haemoproteus nettionis was the most common parasite, occurring in 56% of the northern wood ducks; leucocytozoon simondi (20%), plasmodium circumflexum (6%), and microfilariae (18% ... | 1980 | 6774111 |
| dynamics of the platyhelminth fauna of wood ducks in relation to food habits and reproductive state. | the dynamics of the intestinal helminth fauna of wood ducks (aix sponsa) and the relationship between changes in food habits and helminth populations during the bird's reproductive cycle were studied in southeast missouri. a total of 11 species of helminths, comprised of four species of trematodes and seven species of cestodes, were recovered from the digestive tracts of 155 wood ducks. all species except one were found in both sexes. significant differences were found in parasite numbers by sea ... | 1983 | 6854477 |
| development of species identification in ducklings: x. perceptual specificity in the wood duck embryo requires sib stimulation for maintenance. | a critical acoustic feature of the wood duck maternal assembly call is the descending frequency modulation (fm) of its notes. to determine the role of exposure of wood ducklings to conspecific vocalizations in the development of selective responsiveness to the descending fm of the species maternal call, the behavioral response of embryos to synthetic descending and ascending maternal calls was examined. previous work indicated that selective responsiveness of newly hatched wood ducklings to the ... | 1983 | 6884581 |
| mercury residues in wood ducks and wood duck foods in eastern tennessee. | liver, breast muscle and body fat from 50 juvenile and five adult wood ducks (aix sponsa) collected on the holston river, tennessee were analyzed for total mercury content. black fly larvae (simulium vittatum) sago pondweed (potamogeton pectinatus), tapegrass (vallisneria americanus), water stargrass (heteranthera dubia), elodea canadensis, and river bottom sediments were also analyzed to elucidate the distribution of mercury in the wood duck's environment. liver tissues of juveniles contained t ... | 1983 | 6887432 |
| an epizootic of avian botulism in a phosphate mine settling pond in northern florida. | type c botulism was determined to be the cause of an epizootic among waterfowl and shorebirds in a phosphate mine settling pond in northern florida during may and june of 1979. several hundred birds, the most common of which were american coots (fulica americana), wood ducks (aix sponsa), common gallinules (gallinula chloropus), and northern shovelers (anas clypeata), were afflicted over about a three-week period. a second smaller outbreak occurred in the same pond in early december of 1979. thi ... | 1980 | 6997514 |
| dde residues in young wood ducks (aix sponsa) near a former ddt manufacturing plant. | breast muscle dde residues were as high as 5.8 ppm wet-weight basis and 280 ppm lipid-weight basis in young wood ducks (aix sponsa) collected on wheeler national wildlife refuge near a former ddt manufacturing plant in northern alabama. the average dde residue in wood ducks collected nearest the plant was 46 times background levels 74 km from the plant. | 1981 | 7290906 |
| tissue residues of dietary cadmium in wood ducks. | one-week-old wood ducks were fed cadmium in diets containing 18 or 30% protein for a period of three months. seven drakes from each group were sacrificed, and blood, brain, muscle, kidney, liver, and wing feather tissues were collected and analyzed for cadmium. highest cadmium concentrations were found in the kidney, liver, and feather tissues; blood, muscle, and brain cadmium residue levels were undetectable. except in the kidney tissue, protein level of the diet did not affect cadmium residue ... | 1981 | 7305453 |
| haematology of the wood duck, chenonetta jubata. | | 1980 | 7431527 |
| effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on nesting wood ducks (aix sponsa) at bayou meto, arkansas. | wood ducks (aix sponsa) nesting along bayou meto downstream from a hazardous waste site in central arkansas were contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds) and dibenzofurans (pcdfs). residues in eggs, based on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (tcdd-eq), ranged up to 611 parts per trillion (ppt), and egg arithmetic means were 90-fold higher at the site nearest the point source compared with a reference site. we monitored productivity of wood ducks in artificial nes ... | 1995 | 7556022 |
| hematozoa of wood ducks (aix sponsa) in missouri. | we examined 371 wood ducks (aix sponsa) for hematozoa from two localities in missouri (usa) in 1989 and 1990. thirty-seven (10%) harbored one or more species of blood parasites. haemoproteus nettionis was the most common parasite, occurring in 36 (10%) of the birds. leucocytozoon simondi was found in two (0.5%) and microfilaria occurred in five (1%) of the wood ducks examined. infections were more prevalent in adults (18%) than in immature birds (2%). there was no difference in prevalence betwee ... | 1994 | 8151821 |
| virulence of six strains of duck plague virus in eight waterfowl species. | susceptibility of new world waterfowl to the lake andes strain of duck plague virus (dpv) was assessed by intramuscular inoculation of adult muscovies (cairina moschata), mallards (anas platyrhynchos), canada geese (branta canadensis), wood ducks (aix sponsa), redheads (aythya americana), gadwalls (anas strepera), blue-winged teal (anas discors), and pintails (anas acuta). the relative virulence of dpv strains isolated from five united states and one canadian location was established in muscovie ... | 1996 | 8827671 |
| haemoproteus greineri in wood ducks from the atlantic flyway. | thin smears of blood were examined from 157 wood ducks (aix sponsa) trapped at savannah national wildlife refuge (south carolina, usa) and harris neck national wildlife refuge (georgia, usa) during spring and summer, 1994 and 1995. thirteen wood ducks (8%) were infected with blood parasites. eleven of these birds were infected with haemoproteus nettionis, seven with leucocytozoon simondi, and five with unidentified microfilariae. additionally, eight wood ducks (5%) were infected with haemoproteu ... | 1997 | 9131576 |
| brodifacoum toxicity and treatment in a white-winged wood duck (cairina scutulata). | a captive white-winged wood duck (cairina scutulata) with bilateral epistaxis and anemia (packed cell volume = 16%) was treated with injectable and oral vitamin k1 and transfused with 40 ml whole blood. brodifacoum was detected in blood at 0.002 ppm. the bird made an uneventful recovery. this report illustrates the risk of anticoagulant pest control products in a zoological setting. | 1998 | 9809607 |
| the amino acid sequence of wood duck lysozyme. | the amino acid sequence of wood duck (aix sponsa) lysozyme was analyzed. carboxymethylated lysozyme was digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides were sequenced. the established amino acid sequence had the highest similarity to duck iii lysozyme with four amino acid substitutions, and had eighteen amino acid substitutions from chicken lysozyme. the valine at position 75 was newly detected in chicken-type lysozymes. in the active site, tyr34 and glu57 were found at subsites f and d, respec ... | 1999 | 10052146 |
| lack of demonstratable effects of pollutants on cyt b sequences in wood ducks from a contaminated nuclear reactor cooling pond. | the effects of low levels of radiation on dna mutation rates are largely unknown for free-living vertebrates. in this study we investigated the effects of contamination from cooling ponds at a nuclear production facility in south carolina on the mutation rates in mitochondrial dna in wood ducks (aix sponsa). specifically, we sequenced a 433-bp portion of the cytochrome b gene from 18 female-offspring pairs of wood ducks from contaminated ponds and 2 female-offspring pairs from control ponds. ver ... | 1999 | 10433846 |
| diagnosis of duck plague in waterfowl by polymerase chain reaction. | a recently developed polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was used for diagnosis of duck plague in waterfowl tissues from past and current cases of waterfowl mortality and to identify duck plague virus in combined cloacal/oral-pharyngeal swab samples from healthy mallards (anas platyrhynchos) after a disease outbreak. the pcr was able to detect viral dna from all the individual or pooled tissues assayed from 10 waterfowl, including liver and spleen samples from three muscovy ducks (cairina mosc ... | 2000 | 10879905 |
| dioxins and congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls in three avian species from the wisconsin river, wisconsin. | sediments from the wisconsin river. wi. usa are contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dioxin (tcdd) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). wet weight concentrations of tcdd and pcbs in eggs were at background levels and highest in the piscivorous = 7 pg/g tcdd a hooded merganser (lophodytes cucullatus; geometric m ean nd 0.92 microg/g pcbs) a nd lowest in the omnivorous wood duck (aix sponsa) (< 1 pg/g and 0.07 microg/g); concentrations in eggs of the insectivorous tree swallow (tachycineta bic ... | 2002 | 12166666 |
| cadmium and lead in tissues of mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and wood ducks (aix sponsa) using the illinois river (usa). | cadmium and lead concentrations were determined in the tissues of mallards and wood ducks collected from two waterfowl management areas along the illinois river, usa, during the autumn and late winter of 1997-1998. lead concentrations in livers of mallards were lower than previously reported, and, along with those in a small sample of wood duck livers, were within background levels (<2.0 microg/g wet weight). mean concentrations of cadmium in the kidneys of wood ducks utilizing the illinois rive ... | 2003 | 12531305 |
| mercury patterns in wood duck eggs from a contaminated reservoir in south carolina, usa. | mercury contamination of wildlife populations has been documented widely in recent years as biomonitoring has become an important tool for assessing environmental contamination. avian eggs provide an ideal assay material for hg biomonitoring, particularly when the collection of eggs is simplified by using cavity-nesting species that nest in easily monitored nest boxes. however, studies are needed that address the dynamics of how hg is distributed within eggs, and how hg is deposited naturally wi ... | 2005 | 16050598 |
| late pleistocene divergence between eastern and western populations of wood ducks (aix sponsa) inferred by the 'isolation with migration' coalescent method. | during the late pleistocene, glaciers sundered many species into multiple glacial refugia where populations diverged in allopatry. although deeply divergent mitochondrial dna (mtdna) lineages often reflect the number of refugia occupied, it is unlikely that populations that split during the recent wisconsin glaciations will have reached reciprocal monophyly. we examined mtdna control region sequences from eastern and western populations of wood ducks (aix sponsa) to determine whether their curre ... | 2005 | 16156812 |
| organic pollutants in wild ducks from new york state: i. interspecies differences in concentrations and congener profiles of pcbs and pcdds/pcdfs. | wild ducks of three species, common mergansers (mergus merganser americanus), gadwalls (anas streptera), and mallards (anas platyrhynchos), were collected near industrial sites in the massena, ny area of the st. lawrence river (slr) in 1988/89 and 1994. additional samples were collected in 1994 near a former polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) capacitor plant at fort edward, ny (a mallard and two wood ducks (aix sponsa)), and at control sites (common mergansers, mallards and wood ducks). on a lipid b ... | 2006 | 16290188 |
| pasteurella anatipestifer as a cause of mortality in captive wild waterfowl. | an outbreak of pasteurella anatipestifer infection in young wild waterfowl at the niska waterfowl research center resulted in losses of approximately 100 blue and snow geese, one white-fronted goose, five mandarin ducks, one black duck and one wood duck. clinical signs included diarrhea, paralysis and tremors. gross lesions were fibrin deposits on serosal surfaces, hemorrhages on the epicardium, consolidation of the lungs, cloudy or flaky deposits on the air sacs, and dark, swollen spleens. micr ... | 1970 | 16512147 |
| blood lead concentrations in waterfowl utilizing lake coeur d'alene, idaho. | the coeur d'alene river basin, lake coeur d'alene, and the spokane river contain elevated heavy metal concentrations in sediment and water from historical mining and ore processing operations in the coeur d'alene basin. lead poisoning has been identified as the cause of death in hundreds of waterfowl utilizing wetlands in the floodplain of the coeur d'alene river, but little was known about hazards to waterfowl from heavy metal contamination in shallow bays and wetlands of lake coeur d'alene. we ... | 2007 | 17082999 |
| susceptibility of north american ducks and gulls to h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | since 2002, h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpa1) viruses have been associated with deaths in numerous wild avian species throughout eurasia. we assessed the clinical response and extent and duration of viral shedding in 5 species of north american ducks and laughing gulls (larus atricilla) after intranasal challenge with 2 asian h5n1 hpai viruses. birds were challenged at approximately equal to 10 to 16 weeks of age, consistent with temporal peaks in virus prevalence and fall migration. ... | 2006 | 17283615 |
| susceptibility of wood ducks to h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | since 2002, h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses have caused mortality in numerous species of wild birds; this is atypical for avian influenza virus (aiv) infections in these avian species, especially for species within the order anseriformes. although these infections document the susceptibility of wild birds to h5n1 hpai viruses and the spillover of these viruses from infected domestic birds to wild birds, it is unknown whether h5n1 hpai viruses can persist in free-living avia ... | 2007 | 17984261 |
| enhanced c-type lysozyme content of wood duck (aix sponsa) egg white: an adaptation to cavity nesting? | abstract wild waterfowl species often nest in conditions where high humidity and microbial contamination may influence egg survival and quality. albumen is traditionally regarded as the major impediment to microbial contamination of eggs, and its composition and activity may be selected by environmental pressures. egg white protein from the eggs of wood duck (aix sponsa), hooded merganser (lophodytes cucullatus), canada goose (branta canadensis), and mute swan (cygnus olor) was evaluated in orde ... | 2008 | 18190286 |
| antimicrobial activity of the anseriform outer eggshell and cuticle. | the avian eggshell is a complex, multifunctional biomineral composed of a calcium carbonate mineral phase and an organic phase of lipids and proteins. the outermost layer of the eggshell, the eggshell cuticle, is an organic layer of variable thickness composed of polysaccharides, hydroxyapatite crystals, lipids and glycoprotein. in addition to regulating gas exchanges, the eggshell cuticle may contain antimicrobial elements. in this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of eggshell c ... | 2008 | 18289902 |
| evaluation of newcastle disease virus immunoassays for waterfowl using a monoclonal antibody specific for the duck immunoglobulin light chain. | in the present study a monoclonal antibody (mab 14a3) was tested for its reactivity against serum immunoglobulin y (igy) of several waterfowl species, and subsequently for its applicability as anti-species antibody in common immunoassays. western blot analyses demonstrated its broad cross-reactivity with the serum igy light chain of different duck species: muscovy duck (cairina moschata), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), white-winged wood duck (asarcornis scutulatus), common pintail (dafila acuta). ... | 2008 | 18568660 |
| embryo toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to the wood duck (aix sponsa). | we examined the sensitivity of the wood duck (aix sponsa) embryo to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) by injecting the toxicant into their eggs. six groups of wood duck eggs (n = 35 to 211 per trial) were injected with 0 to 4600 pg tcdd/g egg between 2003 and 2005. injections were made into yolk prior to incubation, and eggs were subsequently incubated and assessed weekly for mortality. significant tcdd-induced mortality was not observed through day 25 (90% of incubation). liver, heart, ... | 2008 | 18704254 |
| accumulation of environmental contaminants in wood duck (aix sponsa) eggs, with emphasis on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. | we measured polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (pcdfs), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), organochlorine pesticides, and mercury in wood duck (aix sponsa) eggs collected near a north carolina (usa) bleached kraft paper mill. samples were taken a decade after the mill stopped using molecular chlorine. using avian toxic equivalency factors, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity equivalent (teq) concentrations were 1-30 pg/g fresh wet weight in eggs (n = ... | 2008 | 18726540 |
| filter-feeding bivalves can remove avian influenza viruses from water and reduce infectivity. | avian influenza (ai) viruses are believed to be transmitted within wild aquatic bird populations through an indirect faecal-oral route involving contaminated water. this study examined the influence of filter-feeding bivalves, corbicula fluminea, on the infectivity of ai virus in water. clams were placed into individual flasks with distilled water inoculated 1:100 with a low pathogenic (lp) ai virus (a/mallard/mn/190/99 (h3n8)). viral titres in water with clams were significantly lower at 24 and ... | 2009 | 19656788 |
| phylogenetic analysis of newcastle disease viruses isolated from waterfowl in the upper midwest region of the united states. | this study was conducted to characterize newcastle disease virus (ndv) isolates obtained from waterfowl from the upper midwest region of the united states. a total of 43 ndvs were isolated by inoculation of cloacal samples in embryonated chicken eggs. these isolates were obtained from 24 mallards, seven american green-winged teals, six northern pintails, four blue-winged teals, and two wood ducks. partial sequences of fusion gene were analyzed to determine the pathotypes and genotypes involved. | 2009 | 19891788 |
| slight differences in incubation temperature affect early growth and stress endocrinology of wood duck (aix sponsa) ducklings. | early developmental experiences, such as incubation conditions, can have important consequences for post-hatching fitness in birds. although the effects of incubation temperature on phenotype of avian hatchlings are poorly understood, recent research suggests that subtle changes in incubation conditions can influence hatchling characteristics, including body size and condition. we designed an experiment to explore the effects of incubation temperature on hatching success, survival to 9 days post ... | 2010 | 20008361 |
| aerodynamic characteristics of flying fish in gliding flight. | the flying fish (family exocoetidae) is an exceptional marine flying vertebrate, utilizing the advantages of moving in two different media, i.e. swimming in water and flying in air. despite some physical limitations by moving in both water and air, the flying fish has evolved to have good aerodynamic designs (such as the hypertrophied fins and cylindrical body with a ventrally flattened surface) for proficient gliding flight. hence, the morphological and behavioral adaptations of flying fish to ... | 2010 | 20833919 |
| homo- and heterosubtypic low pathogenic avian influenza exposure on h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in wood ducks (aix sponsa). | wild birds in the orders anseriformes and charadriiformes are the natural reservoirs for avian influenza (ai) viruses. although they are often infected with multiple ai viruses, the significance and extent of acquired immunity in these populations is not understood. pre-existing immunity to ai virus has been shown to modulate the outcome of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus infection in multiple domestic avian species, but few studies have addressed this effect in wild birds. in t ... | 2011 | 21253608 |
| avian influenza viruses and avian paramyxoviruses in wintering and breeding waterfowl populations in north carolina, usa. | although wild ducks are recognized reservoirs for avian influenza viruses (aivs) and avian paramyxoviruses (apmvs), information related to the prevalence of these viruses in breeding and migratory duck populations on north american wintering grounds is limited. wintering (n=2,889) and resident breeding (n=524) ducks were sampled in north carolina during winter 2004-2006 and summer 2005-2006, respectively. overall prevalence of aiv was 0.8% and restricted to the winter sample; however, prevalence ... | 2011 | 21270016 |
| incubation temperature influences locomotor performance in young wood ducks (aix sponsa). | incubation temperature is an important maternal effect in birds that can influence numerous offspring traits. for example, ducklings from eggs incubated at lower temperatures have lower growth rates, protein content, and are in poorer body condition than ducklings from eggs incubated at higher temperatures. based on these observations, we predicted that incubation temperature would indirectly influence performance through its direct effects on body size. wood duck (aix sponsa) eggs were incubate ... | 2011 | 21370488 |
| variation in viral shedding patterns between different wild bird species infected experimentally with low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses that originated from wild birds. | the prevalence of infection with avian influenza (ai) virus varies significantly between taxonomic orders and even between species within the same order. the current understanding of ai infection and virus shedding parameters in wild birds is limited and largely based on trials conducted in mallards (anas platyrhynchos). the objective of the present study was to provide experimental data to examine species-related differences in susceptibility and viral shedding associated with wild bird-origin ... | 2011 | 21500030 |
| Embryonic developmental patterns and energy expenditure are affected by incubation temperature in wood ducks (Aix sponsa). | Recent research in birds has demonstrated that incubation temperature influences a suite of traits important for hatchling development and survival. We explored a possible mechanism for the effects on hatchling quality by determining whether incubation temperature influences embryonic energy expenditure of wood ducks (Aix sponsa). Because avian embryos are ectothermic, we hypothesized that eggs incubated at higher temperatures would have greater energy expenditure at any given day of incubation. ... | 2011 | 21897082 |
| Incubation temperature affects multiple measures of immunocompetence in young wood ducks (Aix Sponsa). | Parental effects play a vital role in shaping offspring phenotype. In birds, incubation behaviour is a critical parental effect because it influences the early developmental environment and can therefore have lifelong consequences for offspring phenotype. Recent studies that manipulated incubation temperature found effects on hatchling body composition, condition and growth, suggesting that incubation temperature could also affect energetically costly physiological processes of young birds that ... | 2011 | 21865246 |
| wood ducks (aix sponsa) as potential reservoirs for avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses. | influenza a viruses (iavs) and avian paramyxoviruses (apmvs) are important pathogens of poultry worldwide, and both commonly occur in wild waterfowl, especially ducks in the family anatidae. although wood ducks (aix sponsa) are members of the anatidae, their behaviour differs from most other species in this family, which could affect the transmission of iavs and apmvs. we collected cloacal and oropharyngeal swab and blood samples from more than 700 wood ducks across nine states in the eastern un ... | 2015 | 25695149 |
| survey for west nile virus antibodies in wild ducks, 2004-06, usa. | detection of west nile virus (wnv) in ducks has been reported in north america in isolated cases of mortality in wild waterbirds and following outbreaks in farmed ducks. although the virus has been noted as an apparent incidental finding in several species of ducks, little is known about the prevalence of exposure or the outcome of infection with wnv in wild ducks in north america. from 2004-06, we collected sera from 1,406 wild-caught american wigeon ( anas americana ), mallard ( anas platyrhyn ... | 2016 | 26981693 |
| experimental susceptibility of wood ducks (aix sponsa) for west nile virus. | detection of west nile virus (wnv) has been reported in a variety of wild ducks in the us, but little is known about the pathogenesis and outcome of exposure of the disease in these species. previous experimental studies of wnv in ducks either have challenged a small number of ducks with wnv or have tested domesticated ducks. to determine susceptibility and immune response, we challenged 7-wk-old wood ducks (aix sponsa) with a 1999 american crow (corvus brachyrhynchos) isolate of wnv. wood ducks ... | 2015 | 25588010 |
| the psilostomidae looss, 1900 (sensu stricto) (digenea: echinostomatoidea): description of three new genera and a key to the genera of the family. | three new psilostomid genera, byrdtrema n. g., longisaccus n. g. and macracetabulum n. g., each with a single species, are described from ducks, aix sponsa (l.) and bucephala albeola (l.) in north america. byrdtrema n. g. and macracetabulum n. g. possess a bipartite seminal vesicle and share this character with four psilostomid genera, grysoma byrd, bogitsh & maples, 1961, neopsilotrema kudlai, pulis, kostadinova & tkach, 2016, psilostomum looss, 1899 and psilotornus byrd & prestwood, 1969. byrd ... | 2017 | 28062986 |
| mercury concentrations in birds from two atmospherically contaminated sites in north texas, usa. | mercury (hg) is a ubiquitous and highly toxic contaminant that can have negative effects on wildlife. only a few studies have measured hg concentrations in birds from the south central united states, and the potential threat of hg contamination to birds in this region is largely unknown. in the present study, we assess hg concentrations in blood and feathers from five bird species [eastern bluebird (sialis sialis), carolina wren (thryothorus ludovicianus), wood duck (aix sponsa), great egret (ar ... | 2015 | 26137900 |
| are thyroid hormones mediators of incubation temperature-induced phenotypes in birds? | incubation temperature influences a suite of traits in avian offspring. however, the mechanisms underlying expression of these phenotypes are unknown. given the importance of thyroid hormones in orchestrating developmental processes, we hypothesized that they may act as an upstream mechanism mediating the effects of temperature on hatchling phenotypic traits such as growth and thermoregulation. we found that plasma t₃, but not t₄ concentrations, differed among newly hatched wood ducks (aix spons ... | 2014 | 24402717 |
| incubation conditions are more important in determining early thermoregulatory ability than posthatch resource conditions in a precocial bird. | recent research in birds suggests that investing in incubation is one mechanism by which parents can enhance the phenotype of their offspring. posthatch environmental conditions can also shape an individual's phenotype, and it is thus possible for pre- and posthatch conditions to have interactive effects on an individual's phenotype. in this study, we examined the individual and interactive effects of prehatch incubation temperature and posthatch food availability on growth, food consumption, an ... | 2013 | 23799835 |
| thermal challenge severity differentially influences wound healing in wood duck (aix sponsa) ducklings. | environmental conditions during early development can profoundly influence an individual's phenotype. development requires simultaneous maturation and orchestration of multiple physiological systems creating the potential for interaction among key systems and requiring substantial resources. we investigated the influence of thermoregulation on immunocompetence in wood duck ducklings (aix sponsa). at both 1 and 2 days post hatch (dph) we evaluated ducklings' abilities to thermoregulate during a t ... | 2013 | 23776149 |
| energetic constraints and parental care: is corticosterone indicative of energetic costs of incubation in a precocial bird? | suppression of the adrenocortical response (e.g., corticosterone release) to an acute stressor is a physiological adjustment thought to decrease the likelihood of avian parents abandoning their nests. however, some periods of parental care, like incubation, are energetically costly, thus corticosterone could increase during these stages to allow incubating parents to utilize energy reserves. wood ducks (aix sponsa) have ~30 day incubation periods and only the female incubates the eggs. we hypoth ... | 2013 | 23232333 |
| warm is better: incubation temperature influences apparent survival and recruitment of wood ducks (aix sponsa). | avian parents that physically incubate their eggs must balance demands of self-maintenance with providing the proper thermal environment for egg development. low incubation temperatures can lengthen the incubation period and produce changes in neonate phenotype that may influence subsequent survival and reproduction. we artificially incubated wood duck (aix sponsa) eggs at three temperature regimes (low, 35.0; mid, 35.9; and high, 37.3°c) that are within the range of temperatures of naturally-in ... | 2012 | 23077669 |
| postcranial skeletal pneumaticity: a case study in the use of quantitative microct to assess vertebral structure in birds. | limb elements in birds have been characterized as exhibiting a reduction in trabecular bone, thinner cortices and decreased bending strength when pneumatized, yet it is unclear if these characteristics generalize to the axial skeleton. thin section techniques, the traditional gold standard for bone structure studies, have most commonly been applied to the study of avian bone. this destructive technique, however, makes it subsequently impossible to use the same samples in experimental testing sys ... | 2007 | 17553101 |
| accumulation and effects of lead and cadmium on wood ducks near a mining and smelting complex in idaho. | : a study of wood ducks (aix sponsa) was conducted along the coeur d'alene river system in northern idaho in 1986 and 1987. most of this area has been subjected to severe contamination from lead and other metals from mining and smelting since the 1880s. in 1986, a preliminary study of wood duck nesting was conducted in the contaminated area; incubating hens captured in nest boxes were bled and weighed. blood samples were used to determine lead and cadmium concentrations and physiological charact ... | 1993 | 24201555 |
| organochlorine residues in new york waterfowl harvested by hunters in 1983-1984. | thirteen organochlorine compounds were detected in fat and breast muscle tissues of canada goose and five species of ducks that were shot by sportsman in new york. residues of dde and pcb occurred most frequently and were positively identified along with ddt, heptachlor epoxide, trans-nonachlor, and hexachlorobenzene. compounds that were detected but not positively confirmed by mass spectrometry were dieldrin, mirex, heptachlor, chlordane, oxychlordane, and endrin. wood duck (aix sponsa) and can ... | 1992 | 24234343 |
| on the acoustic basis of species identification in wood ducklings (aix sponsa). | | 1974 | 4443446 |
| amino acid sequence of egyptian goose egg-white lysozyme and effects of amino acid substitution on the enzymatic activity. | the amino acid sequence of egyptian goose lysozyme (egl) from egg-white and its enzymatic properties were analyzed. the established sequence had the highest similarity to wood duck lysozyme (wdl) with five amino acid substitutions, and had eighteen substitutions difference from hen egg-white lysozyme (hel). tyr34 and gly37 were found at subsites e and f of the active site when compared with hel. the experimental time-course characteristics of egl against the n-acetylglucosamine pentamer substrat ... | 2012 | 22484934 |
| characterization of a new genotype of avian bornavirus from wild ducks. | avian bornaviruses (abv) are a recently described group of intranuclear negative-stranded rna viruses (order mononegavirales, family bornaviridae). at least 13 different abv genotypes have been described. one genotype, the canada goose genotype (abv-cg), has been isolated from geese and swans and is widely distributed across north america. | 2014 | 25408146 |
| correspondence between urban bird roosts and the presence of aerosolised fungal pathogens. | habitat fragmentation in urban environments concentrates bird populations that have managed to adapt to these newly developed areas. consequently, the roosts of these birds are potentially creating environments conducive to fungal growth and dissemination. airborne fungi derived from these environments are relatively unstudied, as is the potential health risk arising from these fungi. this study documented the diversity of culturable airborne fungal propagules associated with forty urban bird ro ... | 2016 | 27177454 |
| incubation temperature causes skewed sex ratios in a precocial bird. | many animals with genetic sex determination are nonetheless capable of manipulating sex ratios via behavioral and physiological means, which can sometimes result in fitness benefits to the parent. sex ratio manipulation in birds is not widely documented, and revealing the mechanisms for altered sex ratios in vertebrates remains a compelling area of research. incubation temperature is a key component of the developmental environment for birds, but despite its well-documented effects on offspring ... | 2016 | 27143750 |
| metagenomic characterisation of avian parvoviruses and picornaviruses from australian wild ducks. | ducks can shed and disseminate viruses and thus play a role in cross-species transmission. in the current study, we detected and characterised various avian parvoviruses and picornaviruses from wild pacific black ducks, chestnut teals, grey teals and wood ducks sampled at multiple time points from a single location using metagenomics. we characterised 46 different avian parvoviruses belonging to three different genera dependoparvovirus, aveparvovirus and chaphamaparvovirus, and 11 different avia ... | 2020 | 32733035 |
| prolactin is related to incubation constancy and egg temperature following a disturbance in a precocial bird. | to maximize fitness, parents may trade-off time and energy between parental care and self-maintenance. in vertebrates, prolactin and corticosterone are two important hormones that regulate parental investment because they stimulate parental care and mobilize energy, respectively. further, concentrations of both hormones change in response to disturbances. one of the most important parental care behaviors in birds is incubation, since small changes in egg temperature have large effects on offspri ... | 2020 | 32278884 |
| experimental harvest regulations reveal that water availability during spring, not harvest, affects change in a waterfowl population. | population change is regulated by vital rates that are influenced by environmental conditions, demographic stochasticity, and, increasingly, anthropogenic effects. habitat destruction and climate change threaten the future of many wildlife populations, and there are additional concerns regarding the effects of harvest rates on demographic components of harvested organisms. further, many population managers strictly manage harvest of wild organisms to mediate population trends of these population ... | 2019 | 31788208 |
| limited support for thyroid hormone or corticosterone related gene expression as a proximate mechanism of incubation temperature-dependent phenotypes in birds. | the conditions that animals experience during early development can have profound consequences for health and fitness. in birds, one of the most important aspects of development is egg incubation temperature. a small decrease in average temperature leads to various impacts on offspring phenotype, such as smaller body sizes, slower growth rates, and less efficient metabolic activity. little is known, however, about the proximate mechanisms underlying these incubation temperature-induced phenotypi ... | 2019 | 31333499 |
| incubation temperature influences the behavioral traits of a young precocial bird. | the environment in which animals develop can have important consequences for their phenotype. in reptiles, incubation temperature is a critical aspect of the early developmental environment. incubation temperature influences morphology, physiology, and behavior of non-avian reptiles, however, little is known about how incubation temperature influences offspring phenotype and behaviors important to avian survival. to investigate whether incubation temperature influences avian behaviors, we collec ... | 2018 | 29806120 |
| indirect risk effects reduce feeding efficiency of ducks during spring. | indirect risk effects of predators on prey behavior can have more of an impact on prey populations than direct consumptive effects. predation risk can elicit more vigilance behavior in prey, reducing the amount of time available for other activities, such as foraging, which could potentially reduce foraging efficiency. understanding the conditions associated with predation risk and the specific effects predation risk have on prey behavior is important because it has direct influences on the prof ... | 2018 | 29375770 |
| laying sequence interacts with incubation temperature to influence rate of embryonic development and hatching synchrony in a precocial bird. | incubation starts during egg laying for many bird species and causes developmental asynchrony within clutches. faster development of late-laid eggs can help reduce developmental differences and synchronize hatching, which is important for precocial species whose young must leave the nest soon after hatching. in this study, we examined the effect of egg laying sequence on length of the incubation period in wood ducks (aix sponsa). because incubation temperature strongly influences embryonic devel ... | 2018 | 29373593 |