| development of eptifibatide. | the primary cause of acute coronary syndromes is the development of a thrombus, a pathologic manifestation of platelet aggregation that occurs as part of the normal process of hemostasis. the discovery that the final common step in platelet aggregation, through the binding of fibrinogen to the activated platelet integrin glycoprotein (gp) iib/iiia, has opened the door to the development of novel and potentially more effective antithrombotic therapies. abciximab, a human-murine chimeric fab fragm ... | 1999 | 10577440 |
| hepatozoon species (apicomplexa: hepatozoidae) of the corn snake, elaphe guttata (serpentes: colubridae) and the pigmy rattlesnake, sistrurus miliarius barbouri (serpentes: viperidae) in south florida. | hepatozoon guttata n. sp. is described from the corn snake (elaphe guttata guttata) from south florida. gamonts average 14.6 x 4.6 (13-17 x 3.5-6) and are not recurved, with nucleus situated in the second quarter of the gamont. erythrocyte cytoplasm rarely appears partially dehemoglobinized. the infected cells are usually distorted and are longer than the uninfected erythrocytes but do not differ in width; nuclei are smaller in length and width than those of uninfected cells. sporogony in aedes ... | 2002 | 12197130 |
| an outbreak of fungal dermatitis and stomatitis in a free-ranging population of pigmy rattlesnakes (sistrurus miliarius barbouri) in florida. | between september 1997 and march 1998, a severe skin, eye, and mouth disease was observed in a population of dusky pigmy rattlesnakes (sistrurus miliarius barbouri), at the lake woodruff national wildlife refuge in volusia county, florida (usa). three affected pigmy rattlesnakes were submitted for necropsy. all snakes had severe necrotizing and predominantly granulomatous dermatitis, stomatitis, and ophthalmitis, with involvement of the subadjacent musculature and other soft tissues. numerous fu ... | 2003 | 12910760 |
| functional basis of a molecular adaptation: prey-specific toxic effects of venom from sistrurus rattlesnakes. | understanding the molecular bases of adaptations requires assessing the functional significance of phenotypic variation at the molecular level. here we conduct such an assessment for an adaptive trait (snake venom proteins) which shows high levels of interspecific variation at the molecular level. we tested the toxicity of venom from four taxa of sistrurus rattlesnakes with different diets towards 3 representative prey (mice, lizards and frogs). there were significant differences among prey in t ... | 2009 | 19673082 |
| proteomic analysis of ontogenetic and diet-related changes in venom composition of juvenile and adult dusky pigmy rattlesnakes (sistrurus miliarius barbouri). | snake venom proteins show high levels of variation at the level of the individual yet the environmental and molecular mechanisms that generate this diversity remain unclear. here we report the results of a controlled feeding experiment combined with proteomic analyses of periodically collected venom samples to assess the roles of ontogenetic and diet-related effects on venom composition of captive juvenile and adult dusky pigmy rattlesnakes (sistrurus miliarius barbouri). juvenile snakes fed fro ... | 2011 | 21722760 |
| melanophoromas and iridophoromas in reptiles. | chromatophoromas are tumours of pigment-producing cells of the skin and are rarely reported in reptiles. these tumours are subclassified on the basis of the type of pigment. the present study characterizes chromatophoromas arising in 26 reptiles, including six snakes, 19 lizards and a tortoise. these include the first reports of melanophoromas in a yellow anaconda (eunectes notaeus), pigmy rattlesnake (sistrurus spp.), southern water snake (nerodia fasciata), veiled chameleon (chamaeleo calyptra ... | 2011 | 21864845 |
| citrate is a major component of snake venoms. | citrate has been identified as a major component of snake venoms by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. the venoms of bothrops asper, crotalus atrox, crotalus viridis viridis, crotalus adamanteus, sistrurus miliarius barbouri, crotalus horridus horridus, agkistrodon contortrix mokasen, agkistrodon contortrix contortrix and agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus contain citrate at concentration levels which can serve as effective buffers. calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium and potassi ... | 1992 | 1626327 |
| vasotocin receptor blockade disrupts maternal care of offspring in a viviparous snake,sistrurus miliarius. | parental care is a complex social behavior that is widespread among vertebrates. the neuroendocrine regulation of parent-offspring social behavior has been well-described in mammals, and to a lesser extent, in birds and fish. however, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms that mediate the expression of care behaviors in squamate reptiles. in mammalian model species and humans, posterior pituitary hormones of the oxytocin and vasopressin families mediate parental care behaviors. to ... | 2017 | 28069591 |
| clinical pharmacology of eptifibatide. | activation of receptor function of platelet membrane glycoprotein (gp) iib-iiia leads to the binding of fibrinogen and is the final common pathway to platelet aggregation. platelet aggregates provide the structural basis for coronary thrombosis, a major cause of ischemic heart disease. gp iib-iiia has a narrow tissue distribution, being found only on platelets and their progenitors, and inhibition of its receptor function has emerged as a promising new therapeutic strategy for management of acut ... | 1997 | 9291241 |
| the importance of species: pygmy rattlesnake venom toxicity differs between native prey and related non-native species. | venom toxicity assessments are often based upon non-native surrogate prey species that are not consumed in the wild by the venomous predator. this raises questions about the relevance of toxicity results on these "model" prey in addressing ecological or evolutionary questions about venom effects on native prey. we explore this issue by comparing the toxicity of venom from pygmy rattlesnakes (sistrurus miliarius) on taxonomically-diverse sets of model (non-native) and native prey. specifically, w ... | 2018 | 29410327 |
| long-term complications of snake bites to the upper extremity. | the purpose of this study was to determine long-term complications of upper-extremity snake envenomations. the records of 73 patients, who were seen for snake bites were obtained; 46 of these patients had bites to the upper extremity, and 27 had bites to the lower extremity. these patients were graded according to the severity of the bite. the snakes involved were eastern diamondback rattlesnake, coral snake, pigmy rattlesnake, water moccasin, and unknown. fourteen of the 46 patients receiving u ... | 1998 | 9781897 |
| isolation, sequence analysis, and biological activity of atrolysin e/d, the non-rgd disintegrin domain from crotalus atrox venom. | crotalid snake venom metalloproteinases often have associated with them nonproteinase domains that may be processed from the mature proteinases. nascent atrolysin e, from the western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, has a metalloproteinasedomain and a non-rgd disintegrin domain that is lacking in the mature metalloproteinase. in this studywe report on the isolation, sequence analysis, andbiological activity of the 7.4-kda atrolysin e disintegrin domain (atrolysin e/d). atrolysin e/d repr ... | 1998 | 9637732 |
| molecular evolution and structure-function relationships of crotoxin-like and asparagine-6-containing phospholipases a2 in pit viper venoms. | some myotoxic or neurotoxic pla2s (phospholipases a2) from pit viper venoms contain characteristic n6 substitutions. our survey of the venoms of more than ten pit viper genera revealed that n6-pla2s exist only in limited asian pit vipers of two genera, protobothrops and gloydius, and exist as either monomers or the basic subunits of heterodimers in some new world pit vipers. for the newly identified n6-pla2s, the neuromuscular blocking activities were assayed with the chick biventer cervicis neu ... | 2004 | 15032748 |
| inferring species-level phylogenies and taxonomic distinctiveness using multilocus data in sistrurus rattlesnakes. | phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic distinctiveness of closely related species and subspecies are most accurately inferred from data derived from multiple independent loci. here, we apply several approaches for understanding species-level relationships using data from 18 nuclear dna loci and 1 mitochondrial dna locus within currently described species and subspecies of sistrurus rattlesnakes. collectively, these methods provide evidence that a currently described species, the massasauga rat ... | 2011 | 21389297 |
| exploring the venom proteome of the western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, via snake venomics and combinatorial peptide ligand library approaches. | we report the proteomic characterization of the venom of the medically important north american western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, using two complementary approaches: snake venomics (to gain an insight of the overall venom proteome), and two solid-phase combinatorial peptide ligand libraries (cpll), followed by 2d electrophoresis and mass spectrometric characterization of in-gel digested protein bands (to capture and "amplify" low-abundance proteins). the venomics approach revealed ... | 2009 | 19371136 |
| venom proteomes of closely related sistrurus rattlesnakes with divergent diets. | the protein composition of the venoms of the three subspecies of sistrurus catenatus (s. c. catenatus, tergeminus, and edwardsii) and a basal species, sistrurus miliarius barbouri, were analyzed by rp-hplc, n-terminal sequencing, maldi-tof peptide mass fingerprinting, and cid-ms/ms. the venoms of the four sistrurus taxa contain proteins from 11 families. the protein family profile and the relative abundance of each protein group in the different venoms are not conserved. myotoxins and 2-chain pl ... | 2006 | 16944921 |
| tracking outcomes of snake fungal disease in free-ranging pigmy rattlesnakes ( sistrurus miliarius). | snake fungal disease (sfd) is caused by the fungus ophidiomyces ophiodiicola and its documentation in wild snake populations has risen sharply in the past decade. little is known regarding the fate of individual, free-ranging snakes afflicted with sfd. we monitored an afflicted population of pigmy rattlesnakes ( sistrurus miliarius) at lake woodruff national wildlife refuge in central florida, us for 2 yr. the severity of sfd in individual snakes was unrelated to the probability of their recaptu ... | 2018 | 29377750 |
| mechanisms underlying maternal care in a viviparous snake, sistrurus miliarius: does maternal body condition, corticosterone, or arginine vasotocin mediate post-birth maternal investment? | the level of parental investment in free-living offspring varies greatly within and among vertebrate taxa, and the mechanisms that mediate investment are likely targets of selection in the evolution of reproductive strategies. in mammalian and avian systems, individual investment is adjusted according to parental energetic status, and regulatory mechanisms have been described. parental care is also a component of the life history of several groups of squamates and archosaurs, but little to nothi ... | 2017 | 29356456 |
| patterns of circulating corticosterone in a population of rattlesnakes afflicted with snake fungal disease: stress hormones as a potential mediator of seasonal cycles in disease severity and outcomes. | snake fungal disease (sfd) is an emerging threat to snake populations in the united states. fungal pathogens are often associated with a physiological stress response mediated by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (hpa), and afflicted individuals may incur steep coping costs. the severity of sfd can vary seasonally; however, little is known regarding (1) how sfd infection relates to hpa activity and (2) how seasonal shifts in environment, life history, or hpa activity may interact to drive s ... | 2017 | 29286254 |
| evaluating local adaptation of a complex phenotype: reciprocal tests of pigmy rattlesnake venoms on treefrog prey. | theory predicts that predator-prey interactions can generate reciprocal selection pressures on species pairs, which can result in local adaptation, yet the presence and pattern of local adaptation is poorly studied in vertebrate predator-prey systems. here, we used a reciprocal common garden (laboratory) experimental design involving comparisons between local and foreign populations to determine if local adaptation was present between a generalist predator-the pigmy rattlesnake (sistrurus miliar ... | 2017 | 28516321 |
| expired antivenom: good efficacy in a severely envenomed cat bitten by sistrurus miliarius miliarius (carolina pigmy rattlesnake). | | 2017 | 28489456 |
| use of polyvalent equine anti-viper serum to treat delayed coagulopathy due to suspected sistrurus miliarius streckeri envenomation in two children. | western pygmy rattlesnake (wpr) envenomation reportedly causes refractory and persistent coagulopathy when treated with crofab®(crotalidae polyvalent immune fab). we report two cases where polyvalent equine anti-viper serum (antivipmyntri®) was used to treat recurrent coagulopathy in children. | 2017 | 28165801 |
| environmental and physiological correlates of the severity of clinical signs of snake fungal disease in a population of pigmy rattlesnakes,sistrurus miliarius. | in the past decade, snake fungal disease (sfd) has been identified as an emerging threat to snake populations throughout the eastern usa. snake fungal disease is caused by the fungusophidiomyces ophiodiicola. little is known regarding the environmental or physiological variables that affect host vulnerability ando. ophiodiicolavirulence in wild snake populations. understanding the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that correlate with infection severity is a key first step in understanding host-pat ... | 2017 | 28149520 |
| pygmy rattlesnake envenomation treated with crotalidae polyvalent immune fab antivenom. | documented envenomations by the pygmy rattlesnake (sistrurus miliarius barbouri) are rare. while there have been no documented fatalities, several older case reports describe significant morbidity. we describe the first known case of pygmy rattlesnake envenomation that was treated with crotalidae polyvalent immune fab antivenom (crofab®). | 2012 | 22963729 |
| expression of maternal isotopes in offspring: implications for interpreting ontogenetic shifts in isotopic composition of consumer tissues. | when evaluating ontogenetic shifts in isotopic composition of consumer tissues within the context of a dietary analysis, the isotopic starting point of consumers in the population should not be ignored. neonate isotopic composition may be different from that of juveniles and adults; in general, neonate tissues are built from maternal resources rather than food resources. thus, the range of isotope values observed within a population of consumers may be significantly impacted by consumer isotope ... | 2007 | 17558752 |
| proteomic profiling of a snake venom using high mass detection maldi-tof mass spectrometry. | proteomic profiling involves identification and quantification of protein components in complex biological systems. most of the mass profiling studies performed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) have been restricted to peptides and small proteins (<20 kda) because the sensitivity of the standard ion detectors decreases with increasing ion mass. here we perform a protein profiling study of the snake venom sistrurus miliarius barbouri, ... | 2007 | 17204429 |
| snake venomics: characterization of protein families in sistrurus barbouri venom by cysteine mapping, n-terminal sequencing, and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. | the protein composition of the crude venom of sistrurus barbouri was analyzed by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. proteins were separated by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized by n-terminal sequence analysis. the molecular mass and number of cysteine residues of the purified proteins were determined by matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. selected protein bands were subjected ... | 2004 | 14760702 |
| acute anuric renal failure after pigmy rattlesnake bite. | acute renal failure has been known to follow viper bites in up to 30% of patients, but we believe we have reported the first case in which anuric renal failure developed after the bite of a pigmy rattlesnake. our patient's renal failure is thought to have been due to a combination of rhabdomyolysis and intrarenal thrombosis caused by dic. prompt surgical debridement should be offered to the victim of a bite by any poisonous snake, and antivenin should be administered to any patient with signs of ... | 1991 | 2052975 |
| barbourin. a gpiib-iiia-specific integrin antagonist from the venom of sistrurus m. barbouri. | sixty-two snake venoms were screened to identify those which specifically inhibit the adhesive protein binding function of the glycoprotein (gp) iib-iiia complex, the receptor-mediating platelet aggregation. although 52 of these venoms inhibited gpiib-iiia, only one of these, from the southeastern pigmy rattlesnake, sistrurus m. barbouri, was specific for gpiib-iiia versus other integrins. the peptide responsible for this activity, termed barbourin, was sequenced and found to be highly homologou ... | 1991 | 2033037 |
| snakebite by a pigmy rattlesnake. | | 2004 | 6381839 |
| envenomation by sistrurus miliarius. report of two cases of pygmy rattlesnake poisoning. | | 1965 | 14292489 |
| what's eating you? dusky pigmy rattlesnake envenomation and management. | the dusky pigmy rattlesnake (sistrurus miliarius barbouri) is a pit viper (crotalidae family) along with diamondback rattlesnakes, water moccasins, and copperheads. although it is a small snake, it is responsible for envenomations requiring hospitalization. we present the case of a 54-year-old man who was bitten in the left index finger with onset of coagulopathy successfully treated with crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (cpif) antivenom. | 2019 | 31886787 |
| anavip® interaction with western pygmy rattlesnake venom: in vitro assesment of reactivity using se-hplc. | every year large numbers of venomous snake bites occur around the world, especially in tropical areas. the world health organization classifies venomous snake bites as one of their highest priority neglected tropical diseases, one of the reasons being the short supply of antivenom compared to the number of snake envenomations. the standard of care for snake envenomation is administration of antivenom. many antivenoms are polyvalent, which are produced using venoms from multiple species of snakes ... | 2020 | 33096151 |
| the metabolic response to an immune challenge in a viviparous snake, sistrurus miliarius. | mounting an immune response may be energetically costly and require the diversion of resources away from other physiological processes. yet, both the metabolic cost of immune responses and the factors that impact investment priorities remain poorly described in many vertebrate groups. for example, although viviparity has evolved many times in vertebrates, the relationship between immune function and pregnancy has been disproportionately studied in placental mammals. to examine the energetic cost ... | 2020 | 32321747 |
| the relationship between steroid hormones and seasonal reproductive events in free-living female pygmy rattlesnakes, sistrurus miliarius. | | 2020 | 32006531 |
| high levels of functional divergence in toxicity towards prey among the venoms of individual pigmy rattlesnakes. | venom is a complex molecular phenotype that shows high levels of variation in expressed proteins between individuals within and between populations. however, the functional significance of this variation in terms of toxicity towards prey is largely unknown. here, we assessed the relative toxicity of venom from individual pygmy rattlesnakes ( sistrurus miliarius) on brown anoles ( anolis sagrei) using a novel assay involving tests of fixed doses of venom from individual snakes on individual lizar ... | 2019 | 30958133 |
| seasonal testosterone and corticosterone patterns in relation to body condition and reproduction in a subtropical pitviper, sistrurus miliarius. | seasonal constraints on the timing and intensity of reproductive events shape observed variation in life history strategies across latitudes. selection acts on the endocrine mechanisms that underlie reproductive investment. it is therefore important to examine the seasonal relationship between hormones and reproduction in geographically and phylogenetically diverse taxa. snakes have proven to be a valuable model in investigations of seasonal hormone production and behavior in field-active verteb ... | 2018 | 29807034 |