| effects of the venom of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis helleri on vascular smooth muscle. | | 1976 | 996011 |
| rattlesnake venom shock in the rat: development of a method. | a model in wistar rats (n = 30, 279-345 g) was developed to study circulatory, respiratory, metabolic, and lethal effects of an intravenous infusion (30 min; 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 mg/kg) of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom. venom produced perfusion failure with lactacidemia, hemoconcentration, hypoproteinemia, and death. the severity of poisoning was proportional to the quantity of venom given and to the elevation in lactic acid and hematocrit. hemorrhages in the diaphragm, interc ... | 1975 | 1211500 |
| hemostatic changes following rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom in the dog. | hemostatic changes were observed in mongrel dogs (n = 5, 18.6 26.7 kg) following and i.v. ld20 (50 microgram/kg) of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom. venom produced thrombocytopenia within 5 min and fibrinogen was significantly reduced at 240 min. in addition, the presence of fibrin split products, a positive protamine sulfate test and a decrease in the euglobulin lysis time, suggest that fibrinogenolysis and fibrinolysis are initiated shortly after venom. prothrombin and partial thr ... | 1980 | 7365699 |
| comparison of a new ovine antigen binding fragment (fab) antivenin for united states crotalidae with the commercial antivenin for protection against venom-induced lethality in mice. | snake venom poisoning is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention and the exercise of considerable judgment. of the estimated 8,000 bites inflicted by venomous snakes in the united states each year, approximately 6,000 are treated with commercial antivenin. the only commercially available antivenin for north american crotalidae envenomation is antivenin (crotalidae) polyvalent (equine origin) (acp; wyeth laboratories, philadelphia, pa). a common complication is the high incidence of hyp ... | 1995 | 7485708 |
| neurotoxicity associated with suspected southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) envenomation. | an 18-year-old man was bitten on the hand by a snake he believed to be a southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri). within minutes he developed generalized weakness, difficulty breathing, diplopia, dysphagia, and dysphonia. neurological examination revealed ptosis and decreased motor strength. these symptoms partially improved after administration of antivenin (crotalidae) polyvalent, but the patient continued to have difficulty walking for several days due to weakness. in addition ... | 1999 | 10628285 |
| neutralization of venoms from two southern pacific rattlesnakes (crotalus helleri) with commercial antivenoms and endothermic animal sera. | the southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus helleri) is found in southwestern california (usa), southward through north baja california (mx) into the northern part of southern baja california (mx). in this study, the venoms from two southern pacific rattlesnakes were characterized. the two venoms were different in color, concentration, and enzyme activities. two commercial antivenoms neutralized both c. helleri venoms differently. antivipmyn (fab2h) and crofab (fabo) neutralized both venoms but h ... | 2004 | 15284013 |
| southern pacific rattlesnake bite: a unique clinical challenge. | the southern pacific coast rattlesnake (crotalus helleri) is responsible for most of the snake bites in the coastal area of california from los angeles to san diego. however, crotalidae polyvalent immune ovine fab fragments are not made from the venom of c. helleri. this sheep-derived antivenom is indicated only in moderate snakebite envenomations. very scant data are available regarding venom-induced thrombocytopenia treated with ovine crotaline fab fragments. this is the second reported case o ... | 2006 | 16982358 |
| successful treatment of a southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) bite in a caracal (caracal caracal). | a caracal (caracal caracal) was bitten on the lower lip by a southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) and quickly developed progressive, severe soft tissue swelling and bruising of this site. initial laboratory results revealed prolonged clotting times within the first hour of envenomation, followed by signs of vasculitis and anemia. the caracal was successfully treated with intravenous crystalloids, four vials of polyvalent crotalidae antivenom, and transfusions of bovine hemoglo ... | 2009 | 19569491 |
| denim clothing reduces venom expenditure by rattlesnakes striking defensively at model human limbs. | venomous snakebites can be painful, costly, and potentially life threatening. we seek to learn whether ordinary clothing (denim material from blue jeans) interferes with the kinematics of venom delivery, thereby reducing the amount of venom injected by a representative viper into a human limb. | 2009 | 19942067 |
| crotalidae polyvalent immune fab: in patients with north american crotaline envenomation. | crotalidae polyvalent immune fab is an antivenom comprising purified, sheep-derived, fab igg fragments and is indicated for use in patients with north american crotaline envenomation. crotalidae polyvalent immune fab is produced using four north american snake venoms: crotalus atrox, crotalus adamanteus, crotalus scutulatus, and agkistrodon piscivorus. intravenous crotalidae polyvalent immune fab was effective in patients aged =10 years who had minimal or moderate envenomation by a north america ... | 2011 | 21443271 |
| snake venomics of crotalus tigris: the minimalist toxin arsenal of the deadliest neartic rattlesnake venom. evolutionary clues for generating a pan-specific antivenom against crotalid type ii venoms. | we report the proteomic and antivenomic characterization of crotalus tigris venom. this venom exhibits the highest lethality for mice among rattlesnakes and the simplest toxin proteome reported to date. the venom proteome of c. tigris comprises 7-8 gene products from 6 toxin families; the presynaptic β-neurotoxic heterodimeric pla(2), mojave toxin, and two serine proteinases comprise, respectively, 66 and 27% of the c. tigris toxin arsenal, whereas a vegf-like protein, a crisp molecule, a medi ... | 2011 | 22181673 |
| intraspecific venom variation in the medically significant southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus oreganus helleri): biodiscovery, clinical and evolutionary implications. | due to the extreme variation of venom, which consequently results in drastically variable degrees of neutralization by crofab antivenom, the management and treatment of envenoming by crotalus oreganus helleri (the southern pacific rattlesnake), one of the most medically significant snake species in all of north america, has been a clinician's nightmare. this snake has also been the subject of sensational news stories regarding supposed rapid (within the last few decades) evolution of its venom. ... | 2014 | 24463169 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (elisa) of size-selected crotalid venom antigens by wyeth's polyvalent antivenom. | the binding of antivenom (crotalidae) polyvalent to fractions from crude venoms of eight crotalid and one viperid snake, obtained by high performance size-exclusion chromatography, was determined with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). most of the large (greater than 30,000 mol. wt) molecular mass crotalid venom fractions were associated with high (greater than 0.7 absorbance units) elisa values. similarly, the medium (13,000-30,000 mol. wt) and small (less than 14,000 mol. w ... | 1988 | 3347932 |
| the effects of hybridization on divergent venom phenotypes: characterization of venom from crotalus scutulatus scutulatus × crotalus oreganus helleri hybrids. | hybridization between divergent species can be analyzed to elucidate expression patterns of distinct parental characteristics, as well as to provide information about the extent of reproductive isolation between species. a known hybrid cross between two rattlesnakes with highly divergent venom phenotypes provided the opportunity to examine occurrence of parental venom characteristics in the f1 hybrids as well as ontogenetic shifts in the expression of these characters as the hybrids aged. althou ... | 2016 | 27496060 |
| quantitative analysis of snake venoms using soluble polymer-based isotope labeling. | we present the design and synthesis of a new quantitative strategy termed soluble polymer-based isotope labeling (sopil) and its application as a novel and inclusive method for the identification and relative quantification of individual proteins in complex snake venoms. the sopil reagent selectively captures and isolates cysteine-containing peptides, and the subsequent tagged peptides are released and analyzed using nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. the sopil strategy was ... | 2008 | 18089550 |
| comparison of the protective effect of a commercially available western diamondback rattlesnake toxoid vaccine for dogs against envenomation of mice with western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox), northern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus oreganus oreganus), and southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus oreganus helleri) venom. | to evaluate effectiveness of a commercially available toxoid manufactured from western diamondback (wd) rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom against envenomation of mice with wd, northern pacific (np) rattlesnake (crotalus oreganus oreganus), and southern pacific (sp) rattlesnake (crotalus oreganus helleri) venom. | 2015 | 25710764 |
| an isoelectric focusing study of seasonal variation in rattlesnake venom proteins. | adult specimens of seven southern pacific rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis helleri), four northern black-tailed rattlesnakes (crotalus molossus molossus), and six western diamondback rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox) were housed under controlled light and temperature and milked of venom monthly for 20 months. ambient conditions were modelled to simulate seasonal change. weighed amounts of lyophilized venom from each snake were compared chronologically for variation in isoelectric focusing patterns, us ... | 1986 | 3824406 |
| california ground squirrel (spermophilus beecheyi) defenses against rattlesnake venom digestive and hemostatic toxins. | previous studies have shown that some mammals are able to neutralize venom from snake predators. california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) show variation among populations in their ability to bind venom and minimize damage from northern pacific rattlesnakes (crotalus oreganus), but the venom toxins targeted by resistance have not been investigated. four california ground squirrel populations, selected for differences in local density or type of rattlesnake predators, were assayed for t ... | 2006 | 16525875 |
| california ground squirrel (spermophilus beecheyi) defenses against rattlesnake venom digestive and hemostatic toxins. | previous studies have shown that some mammals are able to neutralize venom from snake predators. california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) show variation among populations in their ability to bind venom and minimize damage from northern pacific rattlesnakes (crotalus oreganus), but the venom toxins targeted by resistance have not been investigated. four california ground squirrel populations, selected for differences in local density or type of rattlesnake predators, were assayed for t ... | 2005 | 16273425 |
| fibrinolytic and fibrinogen clotting enzymes present in the venoms of western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus adamanteus, and southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri. | | 1981 | 7222089 |
| iron and carbon monoxide prevent degradation of plasmatic coagulation by thrombin-like activity in rattlesnake venom. | thousands suffer poisonous snake bite, often from defibrinogenating species annually. three rattlesnake species in particular, the timber rattlesnake, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, and southern pacific rattlesnake, cause clinically relevant hypofibrinogenemia via thrombin-like activity in their venom. it has been demonstrated that iron (fe) and carbon monoxide (co) change the ultrastructure of plasma thrombi and improve coagulation kinetics. thus, the present investigation sought to determine ... | 2016 | 26666988 |
| comparative study of anticoagulant and procoagulant properties of 28 snake venoms from families elapidae, viperidae, and purified russell's viper venom-factor x activator (rvv-x). | snake venoms consist of numerous molecules with diverse biological functions used for capturing prey. each component of venom has a specific target, and alters the biological function of its target. once these molecules are identified, characterized, and cloned; they could have medical applications. the activated clotting time (act) and clot rate were used for screening procoagulant and anticoagulant properties of 28 snake venoms. crude venoms from daboia russellii siamensis, bothrops asper, bot ... | 2010 | 20677373 |
| venom variation in hemostasis of the southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus oreganus helleri): isolation of hellerase. | envenomations by the southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus oreganus helleri) are the most common snakebite accidents in southern california. intraspecies venom variation may lead to unresponsiveness to antivenom therapy. even in a known species, venom toxins are recognized as diverse in conformity with interpopulational, seasonal, ontogenetic and individual factors. five venoms of individual c. oreganus helleri located in riverside and san bernardino counties of southern california were studied ... | 2009 | 18804187 |
| complement inactivating proteins and intraspecies venom variation in crotalus oreganus helleri. | complement inactivating properties were detected in venom from the southern california distribution of crotalus oreganus helleri (southern pacific rattlesnake). this activity showed strong geographic bias to the san bernardino mountain range, and venom from this area reacted strongly with fraction 5 antiserum (af5). however, venoms from the san jacinto mountain range, which have been previously shown to contain mojave toxin, did not inhibit complement and did not react with af5. af5 has been pre ... | 2007 | 17134729 |
| crotalus helleri venom preconditioning reduces postoperative cerebral edema and improves neurological outcomes after surgical brain injury. | postoperative cerebral edema is a devastating complication in neurosurgical patients. loss of blood-brain barrier integrity has been shown to lead to the development of brain edema following neurosurgical procedures. the aim of this study was to evaluate preconditioning with crotalus helleri venom (cv-pc) as a potential preventive therapy for reducing postoperative brain edema in the rodent sbi model. c. helleri venom is known to contain phospholipase a2 (pla2), an enzyme upstream to cyclooxygen ... | 2017 | 28286182 |
| mojave toxin in venom of crotalus helleri (southern pacific rattlesnake): molecular and geographic characterization. | mojave toxin (mt) was detected in five of 25 crotalus helleri (southern pacific rattlesnake) sampled using anti-mt antibodies and nucleotide sequence analysis. all of the venoms that were positive for mt were collected from mt san jacinto in riverside co., california. since this population is geographically isolated from c. scutulatus scutulatus (mojave rattlesnake), it is unlikely that this finding is due to recent hybridization. mt concentration differences between c. helleri and c. s. scutula ... | 2004 | 15500854 |
| evaluation of a highly specific functional test for the detection of factor v leiden. | in the present study, a new functional test for the detection of increased resistance of coagulation factor v to degradation by activated protein c (factor v leiden mutation) was evaluated. the sta-staclot apc-r test (diagnostica stago, asnieres, france) is based on the specific activation of factor x by crotalus viridis helleri snake venom. the results are given as clotting time in seconds of the patient's plasma in the presence of venom and activated protein c. the intra-assay coefficient of v ... | 2000 | 11196068 |
| observations on white and yellow venoms from an individual southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri). | biochemical differences in white and yellow venoms produced in the separate venom glands of an individual southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) were investigated. compared to the yellow venom, the white venom contained fewer low molecular weight components and was considerably less toxic. although the exact ld50 was not determined, the white venom did not produce toxic effects in mice when injected i.v. at concentrations up to 10 mg/kg. the i.v. ld50 of the yellow venom was app ... | 1987 | 3124297 |
| neutralization of croatalidae venom induced platelet aggregation by affinity chromatography isolated igg to crotalus viridis helleri venom. | igg was isolated from commercial antivenin by affinity chromatography using crotalus viridis helleri venom as an affinant. this purified igg was demonstrated to be more effective than the commercial antivenin in preventing platelet aggregation induced by four separate crotalid venoms in vitro. affinity chromatography appears to be an effective means for specific, polyvalent igg isolation and purification. | 1984 | 6436505 |
| some chemical properties of the venom of the rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri. | | 1978 | 694946 |
| the histochemistry of the venom glands of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis helleri. ii. monoamine oxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase. | | 1972 | 5072094 |
| the histochemistry of the venom glands of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis helleri. i. lipid and non-specific esterase. | | 1972 | 5079725 |
| snake venom poisoning in southern california. | the annual incidence of rattlesnake bite in southern california is approximately 1 per 75,000 population. the case fatality rate is 1.5 per cent. the snakes implicated in the greatest number of injuries are the southern pacific rattlesnake, the red diamond rattlesnake and the sidewinder. rattlesnake venom produces deleterious changes in the blood cells, defects in blood coagulation, injury to the intimal linings of vessels, damage to the heart muscle, alterations in the respiratory cycle and, to ... | 1960 | 13744840 |
| rattlesnake envenomation to the face of an infant. | mortality from rattlesnake envenomation in the united states is rare. despite approximately 8000 crotaline (pit vipers) bites annually, it is estimated that only 10 to 15 deaths occur. besides direct intravascular envenomation and anaphylaxis, bites to the head and neck may account for some of these rare fatalities. we report a pediatric case of severe facial envenomation requiring emergent intubation and antivenom administration. | 2005 | 15744196 |
| snake venom dipeptidyl peptidase iv: taxonomic distribution and quantitative variation. | the present study examined the taxonomic distribution of dipeptidyl peptidase iv (dpp iv) activity in venoms of 59 ophidian taxa, representing seven subfamilies of the families elapidae and viperidae. dpp iv activity is extremely variable at all taxonomic levels. it ranged from essentially none in laticaudine, hydrophiine, and some bungarine and elapine venoms, to 10.72 mumol 4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamine liberated per min per 200 mug venom, for ophiophagus hannah. intra- and interpopulational va ... | 2008 | 18440846 |
| mojave toxin-type ascending flaccid paralysis after an envenomation by a southern pacific rattlesnake in a dog. | to describe the clinical presentation and case management of a dog that developed ascending flaccid paralysis after being envenomated by a southern pacific rattlesnake. | 2011 | 22316204 |
| physiological and behavioral effects of exogenous corticosterone in a free-ranging ectotherm. | in the face of global change, free-ranging organisms are expected to experience more unpredictable stressors. an understanding of how organisms with different life history strategies will respond to such changes is an integral part of biodiversity conservation. corticosterone (cort) levels are often used as metrics to assess the population health of wild vertebrates, despite the fact that the stress response and its effects on organismal function are highly variable. our understanding of the str ... | 2017 | 28237812 |
| diagnostic uses of snake venom. | snake venom toxins are invaluable for the assay of coagulation factors and for the study of haemostasis generally. thrombin-like enzymes (svtle) are used for fibrinogen and fibrinogen breakdown product assays as well as detecting dysfibrinogenaemias. since svtle are not inhibited by heparin, they can be used for assaying antithrombin iii in samples containing heparin. snake venom prothrombin activators are utilised in prothrombin assays, whilst russell's viper venom (rvv) can be used to assay cl ... | 2015 | 11910187 |
| crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) antivenom is efficacious for envenomations by southern pacific rattlesnakes (crotalus helleri). | southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus helleri ) venom is not 1 of the 4 venoms used to produce crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) (crofab; fabav). there is currently no published clinical experience regarding the efficacy of this new antivenom for confirmed c helleri envenomation, and animal data suggest greatly diminished efficacy. we assessed the efficacy of fabav for patients with confirmed c helleri envenomation. | 2002 | 12447339 |
| hypotensive and hemostatic properties of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom and venom fractions in dogs. | hypotensive and hemostatic properties of southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom (100 micrograms/kg; i.v. bolus) or venom fractions (40 micrograms/kg) were studied in mongrel dogs (n = 27, 15-27 kg). venom was separated by gel filtration (sephadex g-100) into three lethal fractions (fr i, ii and iii). nonreduced crude venom contained 11 main protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight range of 104 to 13 kd. fr i con ... | 1984 | 6747842 |
| rattlesnake bites and surgical decompression: results using a laboratory model. | studies were performed on the hind limbs of dogs and their anterolateral compartments to evaluate the effect of fasciotomy on tissue pressure and necrosis following pit viper envenomation. venom from the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri, was injected into either the subcutaneous tissues, the intact anterolateral compartment or the anterolateral compartment following fasciectomy. interstitial fluid pressure measurements, as well as limb girth and surface temperatures, were o ... | 1984 | 6729838 |
| effects of the venom of the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri, and its fractions on striated and smooth muscle. | | 1984 | 6494179 |
| the effect of antivenin on intramuscular pressure elevations induced by rattlesnake venom. | the dose of an antivenin required to neutralize a clinical case of venom poisoning, as well as determining the timing or need to initiate antivenin treatment, is frequently difficult to objectively ascertain. in this study, venom from the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri, was injected into 29 dog hind limb anterolateral compartments. a solution of c. v. helleri venom (15 mg/ml) was prepared using dessicated venom and saline; 0.2 ml were injected sub-fascially so that each o ... | 1985 | 4060178 |
| the clotting of a snake (crotalus viridis helleri) plasma and its interaction with various snake venoms. | the clotting of c. v. helleri plasma is not accelerated by the factor x activator or thrombin-like enzymes from its own venom. clotting of the plasma is accelerated by the factor xactivator from russell's viper venom, but not by the thrombin-like enzyme from agkistrodon rhodostoma venom ("arvin"). the prothrombin activator from the taipan venom clots c.v. helleri plasma equally well as human plasma, but the thrombin which is produced has a marked specificity for its own fibrinogen, and clots bov ... | 1976 | 989631 |
| cardiovascular failure produced by a peptide from the venom of the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri. | | 1979 | 42172 |