| cardiovascular failure produced by a peptide from the venom of the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri. | | 1979 | 42172 |
| antiserum to myotoxin from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. | | 1979 | 494319 |
| characterization of myotoxin a from the venom of prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). | a previously unknown polypeptide myotoxin, designated myotoxin a, was isolated for the first time from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. electrophoretic homogeneity of myotoxin a was shown in beta-alanine disc gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. molecular weight and isoelectric point estimates of 4100 and 9.6 were obtained by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis, respectively. amino acid composition sh ... | 1977 | 861220 |
| the clotting of a snake (crotalus viridis helleri) plasma and its interaction with various snake venoms. | the clotting of c. v. helleri plasma is not accelerated by the factor x activator or thrombin-like enzymes from its own venom. clotting of the plasma is accelerated by the factor xactivator from russell's viper venom, but not by the thrombin-like enzyme from agkistrodon rhodostoma venom ("arvin"). the prothrombin activator from the taipan venom clots c.v. helleri plasma equally well as human plasma, but the thrombin which is produced has a marked specificity for its own fibrinogen, and clots bov ... | 1976 | 989631 |
| effects of the venom of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis helleri on vascular smooth muscle. | | 1976 | 996011 |
| rattlesnake venom shock in the rat: development of a method. | a model in wistar rats (n = 30, 279-345 g) was developed to study circulatory, respiratory, metabolic, and lethal effects of an intravenous infusion (30 min; 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 mg/kg) of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom. venom produced perfusion failure with lactacidemia, hemoconcentration, hypoproteinemia, and death. the severity of poisoning was proportional to the quantity of venom given and to the elevation in lactic acid and hematocrit. hemorrhages in the diaphragm, interc ... | 1975 | 1211500 |
| structure-function relationship of myotoxin a using peptide fragments. | myotoxin a, a small basic polypeptide isolated from the venom of prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis), has been shown to bind to sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr) ca(2+)-atpase. the attachment of myotoxin a to ca(2+)-atpase is believed to cause uncoupling of the calcium pump. in order to further elucidate which portion of myotoxin a is important for the uncoupling action, five peptides were synthesized and two peptide fragments were obtained by chemical cleavage. these peptides correspond to ... | 1992 | 1329655 |
| regional differences in content of small basic peptide toxins in the venoms of crotalus adamanteus and crotalus horridus. | 1. reverse-phase hplc and organic solvents were used to isolate small basic peptide (sbp) toxins from the venoms of crotalus adamanteus, c. durissus terrificus, c. horridus, c. scutulatus scutulatus, c. viridis concolor, c. viridis helleri and c. viridis viridis. 2. acid-dep analyses indicated a high degree of toxin purity which was obtained with a single hplc run. 3. the combined results of hplc, immunodiffusion and electrophoresis analyses of venoms from different geographical regions indicate ... | 1991 | 1756621 |
| asynchronous capsule formation in the gastrointestinal tract of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) induced by mesocestoides sp. tetrathyridia. | the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) was experimentally infected with tetrathyridia of mesocestoides sp. individual snakes were killed at 4 wk increments, and sections of the stomach, small intestine, large intestine and attached mesenteries were examined for nonencapsulated and encapsulated tetrathyridia. capsule formation was asynchronous with 9 to 80% encapsulated metacestodes. the distribution of tetrathyridia in the wall of all segments of the gastrointestinal tract is present ... | 1991 | 2023317 |
| comparison of the immunogenicity and antigenic composition of several venoms of snakes in the family crotalidae. | crude venoms from the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis), the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox), the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus adamanteus) and the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus horridus) were used to prepare monovalent antivenoms in rabbits. each of these four monovalent antivenoms was reacted against six different venoms using the technique of immunoblotting (western blot) to determine the relative immunogenicity of the four venoms and to compa ... | 1990 | 2339435 |
| electrophysiological studies of myotoxin a, isolated from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom, on murine skeletal muscles. | myotoxin a reduced the resting membrane potential of mouse and rat diaphragms from about -80 mv to -60 mv, induced spontaneous repetitive firing and enhanced the contractile force in response to single stimulations. the depolarizing effect was reversed noncompetitively by tetrodotoxin, local anesthetics or low na+ solution, but was augmented by ouabain or low cl-solution while being unaffected by high k+ solution or electrical stimulation of the muscle. the duration of muscle action potential wa ... | 1985 | 2420034 |
| snakebite in captive rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). | eight cases of snakebite occurred in seven of 11 captive rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) during june and july 1987. severity of reactions to envenomation varied; affected elk presented with combinations of signs that included painful swelling restricted to the face and muzzle, submandibular edema, inspiratory dyspnea, epistaxis, frothy, blood-tinged nasal discharge, epiphora, anorexia and anxiousness or depression. we observed puncture wounds in only two cases. treatment consisted of ... | 1989 | 2503625 |
| interaction of myotoxin a with the ca2+-atpase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. | myotoxin a is a muscle-damaging toxin isolated from the venom of crotalus viridis viridis. its interaction with the ca2+-atpase of sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr) vesicles purified from rabbit skeletal muscle was investigated. myotoxin a inhibited ca2+ loading and stimulated ca2+-dependent atpase without affecting unidirectional ca2+ efflux. its action was dose, time, and temperature dependent. myotoxin a partially blocked the binding of specific anti-(rabbit sr ca2+-atpase) antibodies. it is conclu ... | 1986 | 2938545 |
| crystallization of the ca2+-atpase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. inhibition by myotoxin a. | decavanadate produces extensive ordered arrays of ca2+-atpase molecules on sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr) vesicle surfaces [(1984) j. bioenerg. biomembranes 16, 491-505] and the basic unit of these crystalline structures seems to be a dimer of ca2+-atpase [(1983) j. ultrastruct. res. 24, 454-464; (1984) j. mol. biol. 174, 193-204]. myotoxin a, isolated from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis viridis, is a muscle-degenerating polypeptide and its primary site of interaction is the ... | 1987 | 2960562 |
| characterization of nicked myotoxin a and its effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump. | myotoxin a, a muscle-necrotizing polypeptide isolated from crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) venom, was nicked at met-28 by cyanogen bromide. amino acid analysis indicated that the methionine content was reduced to zero from the original 1 mol. judging from circular dichroism, the nicked myotoxin a had a conformation similar to that of original myotoxin. raman spectra indicated that the conformations of the three disulfide bonds are not affected in nicked myotoxin a. like the origin ... | 1988 | 2972257 |
| cross-reactivity and neutralization by rabbit antisera raised against crotoxin, its subunits and two related toxins. | antisera were raised against intact crotoxin (crotalus durissus terrificus), mojave toxin (crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) and concolor toxin (crotalus viridis concolor), as well as the subunits of crotoxin. double immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) demonstrated antigenic similarity between these three purified toxins and their subunits. additionally, when crotoxin antisera were pre-incubated with each of the three toxins before injection, the lethal activity of all w ... | 1986 | 3095955 |
| physiological and immunological properties of small myotoxins from the venom of the midget faded rattlesnake (crotalus viridis concolor). | myotoxins from c. v. concolor venom were isolated by gel filtration. this crude myotoxin peak was subfractionated into either two or four subfractions by cation exchange fplc, depending upon the source of the venom. when injected at 2 micrograms/g, crude concolor myotoxin caused vacuolation of mouse muscle cells typical of myotoxin a from c. v. viridis and crotamine from c. d. terrificus. all four subfractions showed qualitatively identical myotoxin activity. in double immunodiffusion studies, m ... | 1988 | 3134753 |
| biochemical and physiological studies on a kallikrein-like enzyme from the venom of crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake). | a kallikrein-like enzyme was isolated from crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) venom by sephadex g-50, deae-sephacel and heparin-sepharose cl-6b column chromatography. the purified enzyme has a molecular mass of 32 kda and an isoelectric point of 5.4. the enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of arginine esters, kallikrein substrates pro-phe-arg-mca and z-phe-arg-mca. the specificity of the enzyme's substrate requirement is demonstrated by the fact that no proteolytic activity was detected ... | 1988 | 3167099 |
| the effects of myotoxin from midget faded rattlesnake (crotalus viridis concolor) venom on neonatal rat myotubes in cell culture. | neonatal rat myoblasts were isolated and grown in culture until they fused into multinucleated myotubes. a small percentage of the myotubes showed spontaneous contractions when maintained in dulbecco's modified eagle's medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. incubation of mature myotubes (at least 3 days after fusion) with myotoxin ii from crotalus viridis concolor venom at a concentration as low as 18.5 nm caused a marked increase in the number of myotubes demonstrating contractile activity. the in ... | 1986 | 3705095 |
| asexual multiplication of tetrathyridia of mesocestoides corti in crotalus viridis viridis. | prairie rattlesnakes, crotalus viridis viridis rafinesque, 1818, were infected with tetrathyridia of mesocestoides corti hoeppli, 1925, by means of oral intubation. snakes were maintained at constant temperatures of either 25, 30, or 35 c for 4-24 wk. postmortem examinations revealed the first experimental evidence of asexual multiplication of tetrathyridia in a laboratory-infected ectothermic host. time and temperature were statistically significant with p values of less than 0.05. | 1985 | 3981738 |
| the effect of antivenin on intramuscular pressure elevations induced by rattlesnake venom. | the dose of an antivenin required to neutralize a clinical case of venom poisoning, as well as determining the timing or need to initiate antivenin treatment, is frequently difficult to objectively ascertain. in this study, venom from the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri, was injected into 29 dog hind limb anterolateral compartments. a solution of c. v. helleri venom (15 mg/ml) was prepared using dessicated venom and saline; 0.2 ml were injected sub-fascially so that each o ... | 1985 | 4060178 |
| myonecrosis induced by rattlesnake venom. an electron microscopic study. | the myonecrotic effect of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom on mouse skeletal muscle was studied. the biceps femoris muscle was examined with the electron microscope after one-fourth the ld(50) of the crude venom was injected into the gracilis and semimembranosus muscles. focal areas of myonecrosis were abundant. injured fibers contained dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum, disoriented, coagulated myofilamentous components and condensed, rounded and enlarged mitochondria. the external lami ... | 1972 | 5045877 |
| effects of the venom of the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri, and its fractions on striated and smooth muscle. | | 1984 | 6494179 |
| rattlesnake bites and surgical decompression: results using a laboratory model. | studies were performed on the hind limbs of dogs and their anterolateral compartments to evaluate the effect of fasciotomy on tissue pressure and necrosis following pit viper envenomation. venom from the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri, was injected into either the subcutaneous tissues, the intact anterolateral compartment or the anterolateral compartment following fasciectomy. interstitial fluid pressure measurements, as well as limb girth and surface temperatures, were o ... | 1984 | 6729838 |
| a new method for quantitating hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venoms: ability of polyvalent antivenom to neutralize hemorrhagic activity. | polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenin was tested for its ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of two crotaline venoms when mixed with them prior to injection. hemorrhage was measured by two methods. in the first method an intradermal injection of venom produced a hemorrhagic spot which was quantitated by measuring diameters. in the second method the amount of hemoglobin in a muscle extract was measured after i.m. injection of venom. the results show that both methods are useful for quantit ... | 1984 | 6729841 |
| hypotensive and hemostatic properties of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom and venom fractions in dogs. | hypotensive and hemostatic properties of southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom (100 micrograms/kg; i.v. bolus) or venom fractions (40 micrograms/kg) were studied in mongrel dogs (n = 27, 15-27 kg). venom was separated by gel filtration (sephadex g-100) into three lethal fractions (fr i, ii and iii). nonreduced crude venom contained 11 main protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight range of 104 to 13 kd. fr i con ... | 1984 | 6747842 |
| hemostatic changes following rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom in the dog. | hemostatic changes were observed in mongrel dogs (n = 5, 18.6 26.7 kg) following and i.v. ld20 (50 microgram/kg) of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom. venom produced thrombocytopenia within 5 min and fibrinogen was significantly reduced at 240 min. in addition, the presence of fibrin split products, a positive protamine sulfate test and a decrease in the euglobulin lysis time, suggest that fibrinogenolysis and fibrinolysis are initiated shortly after venom. prothrombin and partial thr ... | 1980 | 7365699 |
| comparison of a new ovine antigen binding fragment (fab) antivenin for united states crotalidae with the commercial antivenin for protection against venom-induced lethality in mice. | snake venom poisoning is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention and the exercise of considerable judgment. of the estimated 8,000 bites inflicted by venomous snakes in the united states each year, approximately 6,000 are treated with commercial antivenin. the only commercially available antivenin for north american crotalidae envenomation is antivenin (crotalidae) polyvalent (equine origin) (acp; wyeth laboratories, philadelphia, pa). a common complication is the high incidence of hyp ... | 1995 | 7485708 |
| myotoxin a reduces the threshold for calcium-induced calcium release in skeletal muscle. | myotoxin a, isolated from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis viridis, induces necrosis in skeletal muscle. in isolated organelles, it has been reported that myotoxin a reduces ca2+ uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. the effects of the toxin on ca2+ regulation were examined in heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions from human and equine skeletal muscle. ca2+ uptake and release (the threshold of ca(2+)-induced ca2+ release) were examined by dual wavelength spectrophotometry ... | 1994 | 7517075 |
| the properties of specific binding site of 125i-radioiodinated myotoxin a, a novel ca++ releasing agent, in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. | it was found that myotoxin a (mytx), which is isolated from prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis), is a powerful ca++ releaser in the heavy fraction of sarcoplasmic reticulum (hsr). 125i-labeled mytx (125i-mytx), which has high ca(++)-releasing ability, was successfully prepared. it specifically bound to a single class of binding sites in hsr with a kd of 0.4 microm and bmax of 6 nmol/mg of protein. 125i-mytx binding was markedly inhibited by na+ and k+, whereas it was little affected ... | 1995 | 7752098 |
| intracapsular asexual proliferation of mesocestoides sp. tetrathyridia in the gastrointestinal tract and mesenteries of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). | nonproliferous and proliferous tetrathyridia (mesocestoides sp.) have been reported from natural and experimental infections in reptiles and rodents. multiple tetrathyridia (1+) in individual capsules (host-derived) were observed for both types of tetrathyridia and in both types of animals. to determine whether proliferous tetrathyridia in this genus could replicate in host capsules of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis), 11 snakes were inoculated and maintained in 2 environmental ... | 1995 | 7776142 |
| ca2+ release induced by myotoxin alpha, a radio-labellable probe having novel ca2+ release properties in sarcoplasmic reticulum. | 1. myotoxin alpha (mytx), a polypeptide toxin purified from the venom of prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis) induced ca2+ release from the heavy fraction (hsr) but not the light fraction of skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum at concentrations higher than 1 microm, followed by spontaneous ca2+ reuptake by measuring extravesicular ca2+ concentrations using the ca2+ electrode. 2. the rate of 45ca2+ release from hsr vesicles was markedly accelerated by mytx in a concentration-dependent mann ... | 1994 | 7812616 |
| biochemical characterization of hemorrhagic toxin from crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) venom. | hemorrhage, necrosis and edema are some of the effects often observed following snake bites. this paper reports studies on the isolation and biological properties of hemorrhagic toxin from crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) venom. a hemorrhagic toxin was isolated from c. v. viridis venom by sephadex g-50, deae-sephacel and q-sepharose column chromatographies. the hemorrhagic toxin from c. v. viridis venom was shown to be homogenous as demonstrated by a single band on polyacrylamide g ... | 1994 | 7890122 |
| characterization of a reovirus isolate from a rattle snake, crotalus viridis, with neurological dysfunction. | a virus isolate from the brain of a rattle snake with central nervous system (cns) symptoms was identified as a reovirus. the isolate did not agglutinate pig erythrocytes and was not neutralized by antisera against avian reovirus s1133 and mammalian reovirus type 3. the cytopathic effect in vero cells was characterized by formation of syncytial giant cells. electrophoretic analysis of the genome revealed 10 segments of dsrna. the isolate displayed characteristics distinct from avian and mammalia ... | 1994 | 7998838 |
| comparison of the immunogenicity and antigenic composition of ten central american snake venoms. | the immunological reactivity of five crotaline antivenoms for the venoms of ten costa rican snakes was determined. venoms from bothrops asper, b. godmani, b. lateralis, b. nasutus, b. ophryomegas, b. schlegelii, b. nummifer, b. picadoi, crotalus durissus durissus and lachesis muta stenophrys were separated by sds-page, transferred to cellulose nitrate membrane and reacted against five different antivenoms. antisera used in the immunoblotting were prepared in rabbits to the crotaline venoms from ... | 1993 | 8212043 |
| asexually proliferous tetrathyridia of mesocestoides sp. in the hepatic portal system of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). | a female prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) was gastric intubated with 250 tetrathyridia of mesocestoides sp. the snake was killed 12 wk postinfection; a portion of the liver was examined histologically for evidence of tetrathyridia. five tetrathyridia were seen in two hepatic portal triad vessels. we propose that a blood-borne metastasis of tetrathyridia in reptiles and rodents may occur. | 1993 | 8445778 |
| prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis) respond to rodent blood with chemosensory searching. | in experiment i, homogenized rodent tissue was applied to the lips of prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis). this treatment produced elevated rates of tongue flicking compared to controls that received water, but the elevations seen following stimulation with homogenate were not as large as those seen after snakes struck prey. in experiment ii, water, rodent blood, and integumentary cues were applied to the lips of rattlesnakes, and only blood resulted in elevated rates of tongue flicking. we ... | 1993 | 8477345 |
| calsequestrin is essential for the ca2+ release induced by myotoxin alpha in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. | myotoxin alpha (mytx), a polypeptide toxin purified from the venom of prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis), induced ca2+ release from the heavy fraction of skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum (hsr), using a ca2+ electrode. the effect of mytx was nearly abolished by pretreatment with ryanodine, an alkaloid-based ca2+ channel blocker. in the stopped-flow experiments, mytx increased the choline+ permeability of hsr in the presence of calsequestrin (cs). single channel recording experiments s ... | 1995 | 8564886 |
| crotavirin, a potent platelet aggregation inhibitor purified from the venom of the snake crotalus viridis. | a potent platelet aggregation inhibitor in the venom of crotalus viridis snake was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration chromatography and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. this purified principle, named crotavirin, is a single-chain polypeptide with a mol. wt of 9200 as estimated by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. it inhibited the aggregation of human washed platelets induced by collagen, thrombin and thomboxane analogue (u46619) with a similar ic50 (approximate ... | 1995 | 8599180 |
| different sensitivity of fast- and slow-twitch muscles to some snake venoms and myotoxins. | we examined the effect of some crude snake venoms, isolated toxins and non-specific cytotoxic agents on isolated extensor digitorum longus (edl) and soleus (sol) muscles of the mouse. the muscles were continuously perfused with a physiological saline solution. crude venoms from crotalus viridis viridis, agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus and notechis scutatus scutatus were tested at a concentration of 25-50 micrograms ml-1. the increase in the rate of creatine kinase (ck) release (above basal le ... | 1996 | 8817811 |
| immunological studies of rabbit antibodies against hemorrhagic fractions of crotalus viridis viridis venom: role of crossreacting antibodies in neutralization. | 1. crude prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom was fractionated by hplc deae anion exchange chromatography. both acidic and basic protein fractions were assayed for hemorrhagic activity in vivo. 2. the acidic fractions that showed the highest hemorrhagic activities were pooled and divided into two samples. one sample was treated with edta and heat to inactivate and denature the hemorrhagic toxins; the other sample was left in native form. both denaturated and native samples were u ... | 1996 | 8925432 |
| crovidisin, a collagen-binding protein isolated from snake venom of crotalus viridis, prevents platelet-collagen interaction. | by means of liquid chromatography consisting of gel filtration, anionic exchange, and c8 reverse-phase hplc, a selective inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, named crovidisin, has been purified to homogeneity from the venom of crotalus viridis snake. crovidisin is a single-chain, 53-kda protein with a selective inhibitory activity on collagen-induced aggregation of human washed platelets without affecting those elicited by thrombin, sodium arachidonate, and adp. partial sequencing ... | 1997 | 9016825 |
| characterization of the major metalloprotease isolated from the venom of the northern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis oreganus. | rattlesnake venoms typically contain several different metalloproteases, some of which are hemorrhagic toxins. metalloproteases contribute significantly to the often severe necrotic changes in tissues following envenomation, and these prominent components are important to the predigestive role of venoms. venom of the northern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis oreganus) contains at least five distinct metalloproteases, and the dominant protease (trivial name, cvo protease v) has been isolated ... | 1996 | 9027983 |
| purification, properties, and n-terminal amino acid sequence of a kallikrein-like enzyme from the venom of lachesis muta rhombeata (bushmaster). | pit viper venoms contain multiple proteinases which cause considerable damage in tissues and systemic effects after envenomation. a proteinase, kallikrein-like enzyme, belonging to the serine group must play a very important role on systemic effects. the corresponding enzyme from lachesis muta rhombeata venom was purified to homogeneity by a combination of isoelectrofocusing fractionation followed by one step of gel filtration hplc. the enzyme focused with pi 5.0-6.5, it had a molecular mass of ... | 1997 | 9365929 |
| inhibition of rpe cell-mediated matrix adhesion and collagen gel contraction by crovidisin, a collagen-binding snake venom protein. | cell-mediated collagen gel contraction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (pvr). anti-adhesion therapy has been suggested as a promising strategy in the treatment of pvr. crovidisin, a snake venom protein isolated from crotalus viridis, has been shown to bind selectively to collagen and to inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation. in the present study, the effectiveness of crovidisin in inhibiting the attachment of retinal pigment epithelial (rpe) ... | 1997 | 9395771 |
| characterisation of the effects of depolarising toxins on nerve terminal action potentials: apparent block of presynaptic potassium currents. | previous studies showed that toxic phospholipases a2 (pa-8 and pa-10f) from the venom of pseudechis australis, the australian king brown snake, reduced acetylcholine release at mouse neuromuscular junctions and depressed motor nerve terminal action potentials [fatehi et al. (1994a), toxicon 32, 1559-1572], and it was postulated that these toxins induced their effect on the action potential waveforms through nerve terminal depolarisation. to test this hypothesis, the effects of pa-11 (another pho ... | 1998 | 9604286 |
| properties of specific binding site of myotoxin a, a powerful convulsant, in brain microsomes. | myotoxin a, a small basic polypeptide from prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis), induces myonecrosis and binds to a single class of binding sites in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. in the present study, [125i]myotoxin a with a high specific activity was prepared and it was shown to bind mainly to microsomes in rat whole brain. [125i]myotoxin a was further shown to bind to microsomes prepared from all regions tested in brain. its specific binding to whole brain microsomes was o ... | 1998 | 9795748 |
| identification of 30 kda protein for ca(2+) releasing action of myotoxin a with a mechanism common to dids in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. | the molecular mechanism of ca(2+) release by myotoxin a (mtyx), a polypeptide toxin isolated from the venom of prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis), was investigated in the heavy fraction of sarcoplasmic reticulum (hsr) of rabbit skeletal muscles. [(125)i]mytx bound to four hsr proteins (106, 74, 53 and 30 kda) on polyvinylidene difluoride (pvdf) membrane. dids, 4, 4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, bound predominantly to 30 kda protein on the pvdf membrane, the molecul ... | 1999 | 10446395 |
| neurotoxicity associated with suspected southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) envenomation. | an 18-year-old man was bitten on the hand by a snake he believed to be a southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri). within minutes he developed generalized weakness, difficulty breathing, diplopia, dysphagia, and dysphonia. neurological examination revealed ptosis and decreased motor strength. these symptoms partially improved after administration of antivenin (crotalidae) polyvalent, but the patient continued to have difficulty walking for several days due to weakness. in addition ... | 1999 | 10628285 |
| clinical findings associated with prairie rattlesnake bites in dogs: 100 cases (1989-1998). | to identify clinically relevant variables and treatments for dogs bitten by prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis). | 2002 | 12051509 |
| geographic variations, cloning, and functional analyses of the venom acidic phospholipases a2 of crotalus viridis viridis. | geographic venom samples of crotalus viridis viridis were obtained from south dakota, wyoming, colorado, oklahoma, texas, new mexico, and arizona. from these samples, the phospholipases a(2) (pla(2)s) were purified and their n-terminal sequences, precise masses, and in vitro enzymatic activities were determined. we purified two to four distinct acidic pla(2)s from each sample; some of them displayed different inhibition specificities toward mammalian platelets. one of the acidic pla(2)s induced ... | 2003 | 12623078 |
| preclinical assessment of the ability of polyvalent (crotalinae) and anticoral (elapidae) antivenoms produced in costa rica to neutralize the venoms of north american snakes. | polyvalent (crotalinae) and anticoral (elapidae) antivenoms produced by instituto clodomiro picado, costa rica, were assessed for their ability to neutralize various toxic activities of the venoms of north american snakes of the genera crotalus, agkistrodon and micrurus, in assays involving preincubation of venom and antivenom. when the intraperitoneal route of injection was utilized, polyvalent (crotalinae) antivenom was effective in the neutralization of the venoms of crotalus atrox, crotalus ... | 2003 | 12782085 |
| differential susceptibility of osteosarcoma cells and primary osteoblasts to cell detachment caused by snake venom metalloproteinase protein. | the interaction of extracellular matrix with cells plays a key role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, proliferation as well as differentiation. transformed cells express a different profile of adhesion molecules, which may mediate metastasis under specific matrix microenvironment. we here found that ros 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells and osteoblasts have different expression of alpha5 integrin, executing different fibronectin fibrillogenesis. as compared with ros 17/2.8 cells, osteoblast ... | 2004 | 15037024 |
| mass spectrometric immunoassay. | a new, general method of immunoassay is demonstrated. the approach is based on the microscale immunoaffinity capture of target antigens followed by mass-specific identification and quantitation using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. immunoaffinity capture of antigens effectively overcomes signal suppression effects typically encountered during traditional matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis of complex biological mixtures while simulta ... | 1995 | 15134097 |
| identification and functional analysis of a novel bradykinin inhibitory peptide in the venoms of new world crotalinae pit vipers. | a novel undecapeptide has been isolated and structurally characterized from the venoms of three species of new world pit vipers from the subfamily, crotalinae. these include the mexican moccasin (agkistrodon bilineatus), the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis), and the south american bushmaster (lachesis muta). the peptide was purified from all three venoms using a combination of gel permeation chromatography and reverse-phase hplc. automated edman degradation sequencing and maldi-tof ... | 2005 | 16277978 |
| development of third-stage physaloptera larvae from crotalus viridis rafinesque, 1818 in cats with notes on pathology of the larvae in the reptile. (nematoda, spiruroidea). | the prairie rattlesnake, crotalus viridis, was found to be commonly infected with third-stage physaloptera larvae. a total of 112 larvae were fed to 3 laboratory raised cats. adult worms recovered 42 and 59 days postinfection were identified as p. rara. observations were made on the pathology of the larvae in the snake. | 1970 | 16512014 |
| a novel peptide from the acei/bpp-cnp precursor in the venom of crotalus durissus collilineatus. | in crotaline venoms, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [aceis, also known as bradykinin potentiating peptides (bpps)], are products of a gene coding for an acei/bpp-c-type natriuretic peptide (cnp) precursor. in the genes from bothrops jararaca and gloydius blomhoffii, acei/bpp sequences are repeated. sequencing of a cdna clone from venom glands of crotalus durissus collilineatus showed that two aceis/bpps are located together at the n-terminus, but without repeats. an additional sequence ... | 2006 | 16979945 |
| increase of the cytotoxic effect of bothrops jararacussu venom on mouse extensor digitorum longus and soleus by potassium channel blockers and by na(+)/k(+)-atpase inhibition. | we investigated the myotoxicity of bothrops jararacussu crude venom and other cytolytic agents on mouse isolated extensor digitorum longus (edl) and soleus (sol) muscles, which present distinct properties: edl is a fast-twitch, white muscle with predominantly glycolytic fibers, while sol is slow-twitch, red muscle with predominantly oxidative fibers. muscles were exposed to b. jararacussu crude venom (25 microg/ml) and other crotaline venoms (agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus; crotalus viridis ... | 2008 | 18675839 |
| successful treatment of a southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) bite in a caracal (caracal caracal). | a caracal (caracal caracal) was bitten on the lower lip by a southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) and quickly developed progressive, severe soft tissue swelling and bruising of this site. initial laboratory results revealed prolonged clotting times within the first hour of envenomation, followed by signs of vasculitis and anemia. the caracal was successfully treated with intravenous crystalloids, four vials of polyvalent crotalidae antivenom, and transfusions of bovine hemoglo ... | 2009 | 19569491 |
| a snake venom peptide with the contrary effects on rat stomach fundus and guinea pig ileum. | a bradykinin potentiating peptide (bpp), thr-pro-pro-ala-gly-pro-asp-val-gly-pro-arg-oh, was isolated from the venoms of crotalus viridis viridis (here named cvv peptide). compared with other bpp, cvv peptide has special thr at n-terminal and arg at c-terminal. in order to clarify whether these two special amino acids lead to special bioactivities relative to other bpps, we made bioassays on isolated guinea pig ileum (gpi) and rat stomach fundus. cvv peptide can observably inhibit bradykinin's c ... | 2010 | 20503934 |
| effect of crotalus viridis viridis snake venom on the ultrastructure and intracellular survival of trypanosoma cruzi. | chagas' disease, caused by trypanosoma cruzi, affects 16-18 million people in central and south america. patient treatment is based on drugs that have toxic effects and limited efficacy. therefore, new chemotherapeutic agents need to be developed. snake venoms are sources of natural compounds used in various medical treatments. we observed that crotalus viridis viridis venom was effective against all developmental forms of t. cruzi. ultrastructural analysis revealed swelling of mitochondria, ble ... | 2011 | 20663246 |
| rock squirrel (spermophilus variegatus) blood sera affects proteolytic and hemolytic activities of rattlesnake venoms. | rock squirrels (spermophilus variegatus) from two sites in south central new mexico, where prairie (crotalus viridis viridis) and western diamondback (crotalus atrox) rattlesnakes are common predators, were assayed for inhibition of rattlesnake venom digestive and hemostatic activities. at statistically significant levels rock squirrel blood sera reduced the metalloprotease and hemolytic activity of venoms from c. v. viridis and c. atrox more than venom from an allopatric snake species, the nort ... | 2010 | 21184770 |
| crotalidae polyvalent immune fab: in patients with north american crotaline envenomation. | crotalidae polyvalent immune fab is an antivenom comprising purified, sheep-derived, fab igg fragments and is indicated for use in patients with north american crotaline envenomation. crotalidae polyvalent immune fab is produced using four north american snake venoms: crotalus atrox, crotalus adamanteus, crotalus scutulatus, and agkistrodon piscivorus. intravenous crotalidae polyvalent immune fab was effective in patients aged =10 years who had minimal or moderate envenomation by a north america ... | 2011 | 21443271 |
| physiology on a landscape scale: plant-animal interactions. | we explore in this paper how animals can be affected by variation in climate, topography, vegetation characteristics, and body size. we utilize new spatially explicit state-of-the-art models that incorporate principles from heat and mass transfer engineering, physiology, morphology, and behavior that have been modified to provide spatially explicit hypotheses using gis. we demonstrate how temporal and spatial changes in microclimate resulting from differences in topography and vegetation cover a ... | 2002 | 21708738 |
| resistance of california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) to the venom of the northern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis oreganus): a study of adaptive variation. | recent studies have documented natural resistance to snake venom in a number of diverse mammalian species. the present paper documents for the first time variation in such resistance within one single species, the california ground squirrel (spermophilus beecheyi). this species is a frequent prey of the northern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis oreganus) in certain habitats. venom resistance was tested directly in two populations of ground squirrels by injection of 1-40 mg/kg venom doses. o ... | 2012 | 3672545 |
| correlation of enzymatic activity, muscle myoglobin concentration and lung morphology with activity metabolism in snakes. | in vitro activity of the anaerobic enzymes phosphofructokinase and lactic dehydrogenase from axial muscle tissue of coluber constrictor, crotalus viridis and lichanura roseofusca was shown to correlate with levels of lactate production during activity by these snakes. additionally, gross and histological lung structure and axial muscle myoglobin concentration were investigated in these species. coluber was shown to have the most complex lung structure and highest muscle myoglobin content. these ... | 2002 | 135039 |
| rapid decline in blood antimyotoxin levels in the presence of myotoxin a from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. | the disappearance of antibodies to myotoxin a from the bloodstream in mice was measured with a specific elisa over a ninety-six hour period in the presence and absence of myotoxin a. a gradual disappearance of antibodies to myotoxin in the absence of toxin was observed during the 96 hr sampling period, although antibodies were still detectable at 96 hrs. however, in the presence of myotoxin a very rapid decrease of antimyotoxin occurred. when antiserum injection was followed by myotoxin injectio ... | 2011 | 3193486 |
| additional observations and notes on the natural history of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis) in colorado. | on account of their unique anatomy, physiology, natural history, ecology, and behavior, rattlesnakes make ideal subjects for a variety of different scientific disciplines. the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis) in colorado was selected for investigation of its relationship to colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus) with regard to spatial ecology. a total of 31 snakes were anesthetized and had radiotransmitters surgically implanted. in addition, at the time of their captu ... | 2013 | 24331557 |
| crovirin, a snake venom cysteine-rich secretory protein (crisp) with promising activity against trypanosomes and leishmania. | the neglected human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are currently treated with toxic therapy with limited efficacy. in search for novel anti-trypanosomatid agents, we showed previously that the crotalus viridis viridis (cvv) snake venom was active against infective forms of trypanosoma cruzi. here, we describe the purification of crovirin, a cysteine-rich secretory protein (crisp) from cvv venom with promising activity against trypanosomes and leishmania. | 2014 | 25330220 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of cdnas encoding metalloproteinases from snake venom glands. | snake venom metalloproteinases (svmps) are a superfamily of zinc-dependent proteases and participate in a number of important biological, physiological and pathophysiological processes. in this work, we simultaneously amplified nine cdnas encoding different classes of metalloproteinases from glands of four different snake species (agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus, crotalus atrox, crotalus viridis viridis and agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) by rt-pcr with a pair of primers. among the encoded ... | 2016 | 19799929 |
| presence of heat-stable hemorrhagic toxins in snake venoms. | twenty-eight snake venoms (seven agkistrodon venoms, six bothrops venoms, 13 crotalus venoms, one sistrurus venom, and one bitis venom) were examined for the presence of heat-stable (100 degrees c, 5 min) hemorrhagic toxins. both heated and unheated venoms were analyzed for their protein composition by sds-page, and tested for their hemorrhagic activity in vivo in mice and for their proteolytic activity on two different substrates. heating all venoms led to the denaturation and loss of some prot ... | 1994 | 7985199 |
| citrate is a major component of snake venoms. | citrate has been identified as a major component of snake venoms by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. the venoms of bothrops asper, crotalus atrox, crotalus viridis viridis, crotalus adamanteus, sistrurus miliarius barbouri, crotalus horridus horridus, agkistrodon contortrix mokasen, agkistrodon contortrix contortrix and agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus contain citrate at concentration levels which can serve as effective buffers. calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium and potassi ... | 1992 | 1626327 |
| retinal afferents and efferents of an infrared sensitive snake, crotalus viridis. | the retinal afferents and efferents were examined in crotalus viridis. retinofugal fibers were traced by injecting horseradish peroxidase (hrp) or tritiated leucine into the eye, or by removing the eye and staining degenerating axons with silver methods. terminations were seen contralaterally in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei (extensive), the pretectal nuclei, including the nucleus posterodorsalis (a very heavy input), the nucleus lentiformis mesenc ... | 1981 | 7288885 |
| tectal projections of an infrared sensitive snake, crotalus viridis. | crotaline snakes have detectors for infrared radiation and this information is projected to the optic tectum in a spatiotopic manner. the tectal projections were examined in crotalus viridis with the use of silver methods for degenerating fibers and the autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase tracing methods. large lesions included all of the tectal layers but not the underlying structures. projections to the thalamus include a sparse input to the ipsilateral ventral and dorsal lateral genic ... | 1981 | 7204658 |
| the infrared trigemino-tectal pathway in the rattlesnake and in the python. | we have studied the infrared trigemino-tectal pathway of the rattlesnake (crotalus viridis) and the python (p. reticulatus). in the rattlesnake, horseradish perosidase (hrp) injections into the nucleus reticularis caloris (rc) result in retrograde filling of cells in the ipsilateral nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract (lttd) and in the anterograde labelling of terminal fields in the contralateral optic tectum, confirming our previous finding of an rc-tectal projection. the primary ... | 1980 | 7410602 |
| connections of the tectum of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis: an hrp study. | we have studied the connections of the tectum of the rattlesnake by tectal application of horseradish peroxidase. the tectum receives bilateral input from nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, posterolateral tegmental nuclei, anterior tegmental nuclei and periventricular nuclei; ipsilateral input from nucleus geniculatus pretectalis, and lateral geniculate nucleus pars dorsalis; and contralateral input from dorso-lateral posterior tegmental nucleus and the previously undescribed nucleus reticularis ... | 1979 | 500853 |
| the rattling sound of rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis) as a communicative resource for ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) and burrowing owls (athene cunicularia). | animal communication involves very dynamic processes that can generate new uses and functions for established communicative activities. in this article, the authors describe how an aposematic signal, the rattling sound of rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis), has been exploited by 2 ecological associates of rattlesnakes: (a) california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) use incidental acoustic cues in rattling sounds to assess the danger posed by the rattling snake, and (b) burrowing owls (athe ... | 2002 | 12083617 |
| the defensive strike of five species of lanceheads of the genus bothrops (viperidae). | we studied the defensive strike of one species of each of five recognized lineages within the genus bothrops, namely, b. alternatus, b. jararaca, b. jararacussu, b. moojeni and b. pauloensis. the defensive strike of the studied species was in general similar to that of crotalus viridis and c. atrox, but some important differences were observed. bothrops alternatus and b. pauloensis struck preferentially from a tight body posture, whereas b. jararaca and b. moojeni from a loose body posture. defe ... | 2007 | 17876444 |
| diagnostic uses of snake venom. | snake venom toxins are invaluable for the assay of coagulation factors and for the study of haemostasis generally. thrombin-like enzymes (svtle) are used for fibrinogen and fibrinogen breakdown product assays as well as detecting dysfibrinogenaemias. since svtle are not inhibited by heparin, they can be used for assaying antithrombin iii in samples containing heparin. snake venom prothrombin activators are utilised in prothrombin assays, whilst russell's viper venom (rvv) can be used to assay cl ... | 2015 | 11910187 |
| isolation, characterization and crystallization of a phospholipase a2 myotoxin from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). | a myotoxin with phospholipase a2 (pla2) activity was isolated from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis, cvv) by cation-exchange chromatography. the toxin contains 123 amino acids and has an estimated mol. wt of 14,000. it is basic, with a pi above 9. comparison of the n-terminal 33 residues of this myotoxin with other pla2 proteins from snake venoms showed that cvv myotoxin has highest homology (91%) to one isoform of the b component of crotoxin from crotalus durissus ... | 1997 | 9028014 |
| comparative enzymatic study of hplc-fractionated crotalus venoms. | 1. ten venoms of the genus crotalus (crotalus adamanteus, crotalus atrox, crotalus durissus durissus, crotalus horridus horridus, crotalus lepidus, crotalus polystictus, crotalus molossus molossus, crotalus pusillus, crotalus scutulatus scutulatus, venom b, and crotalus viridis lutosus) were fractionated using hplc anion and cation exchange chromatography. 2. hplc venom fractions were tested for hemorrhagic, hemolytic, and proteolytic activities. 3. crude virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) ... | 1989 | 2680253 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (elisa) of size-selected crotalid venom antigens by wyeth's polyvalent antivenom. | the binding of antivenom (crotalidae) polyvalent to fractions from crude venoms of eight crotalid and one viperid snake, obtained by high performance size-exclusion chromatography, was determined with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). most of the large (greater than 30,000 mol. wt) molecular mass crotalid venom fractions were associated with high (greater than 0.7 absorbance units) elisa values. similarly, the medium (13,000-30,000 mol. wt) and small (less than 14,000 mol. w ... | 1988 | 3347932 |
| comparative studies on three rattlesnake toxins. | toxins from the venoms of crotalus durissus terrificus, crotalus s. scutulatus and crotalus viridis concolor were compared using gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography on deae-sephacel and denaturing and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the three heterodimeric native toxins behaved similarly on each of the separation media, except that the c. d. terrificus toxin displayed a pronounced tendency to dissociate on deae-sephacel, even in the absence of urea. in the presence of ... | 1985 | 4024144 |
| chemical and functional homology of myotoxin a from prairie rattlesnake venom and crotamine from south american rattlesnake venom. | myonecrosis is a serious result of rattlesnake bite and constitutes a persistent clinical problem. in the current study we have isolated crotamine from the venom of crotalus durissus terrificus to test its ability to cause structural damage to skeletal muscle, and to make direct chemical comparisons with myotoxin a, a myotoxic polypeptide we recently isolated from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, circular dichroic spectroscopy, ... | 1978 | 620050 |
| molecular evolution of piii-svmp and rgd disintegrin genes from the genus crotalus. | several types of disintegrins have been isolated from crotalus spp rattlesnakes, including rgd disintegrins, and piii-svmps. we isolated six cdnas from snake venom glands using rt-pcr. three rgd disintegrins (atroxatin, mojastin, and viridistatin) and three piii-svmps (catroriarin, scutiarin, and viristiarin) cdnas were isolated from the rattlesnakes crotalus atrox, crotalus scutulatus scutulatus, and crotalus viridis viridis, respectively. atroxatin and viridistatin shared 90% amino acid identi ... | 2007 | 17112685 |
| venom characteristics as an indicator of hybridization between crotalus viridis viridis and crotalus scutulatus scutulatus in new mexico. | one hundred and thirteen venoms from 46 populations of crotalus viridis viridis were screened by immunodiffusion for protein toxins antigenically similar to the phospholipase a2 (pla) toxin 'mojave toxin', using a polyclonal antibody to it's basic pla subunit. venom i.p. ld50 values in mice were recorded from 22 of the 46 populations. the venoms of three of 14 specimens from southwest (s.w.) new mexico and one specimen from northern arizona were immunologically positive by the immunodiffusion te ... | 1990 | 2120798 |
| factors in snake venoms that increase capillary permeability. | capillary permeability increasing (cpi) activity is a phenomenon of the microvasculature caused by many agents such as snake venoms, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht), prostaglandins and leukotrienes. since no systematic study has been done to determine what components of snake venom cause cpi activity, a cpi factor from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom was isolated using intravenous injections of evan's blue dye as the indicator of increased permeability and the factor's properties were ... | 1989 | 2576052 |
| a novel phospholipase a2 (d49) from the venom of the crotalus oreganus abyssus (north american grand canyon rattlesnake). | currently, crotalus viridis was divided into two species: crotalus viridis and crotalus oreganus. the current classification divides "the old" crotalus viridis into two new and independent species: crotalus viridis (subspecies: viridis and nuntius) and crotalus oreganus (subspecies: abyssus, lutosus, concolor, oreganus, helleri, cerberus, and caliginis). the analysis of a product from cdna (e6d), derived from the gland of a specie crotalus viridis viridis, was found to produce an acid phospholip ... | 2014 | 24707493 |
| eimeria crotalviridis sp. n. from prairie rattlesnakes, crotalus viridis viridis, in new mexico with data on excystation of sporozoites and ultrastructure of the oocyst wall. | oocysts of eimeria crotalviridis sp. n. are described from praire rattlesnakes, crotalus viridis viridis in new mexico on the basis of light and electron microscopy and in vitro excystation of sporozoites. sporulated oocysts of e. crotalviridis are elliptical, 26.4 x 22.3 (23-29 x 20-24) micrometer with ovoid sporocysts 11.7 x 8.1 (11-13 x 7-9) micromiter. a micropyle, micropyle cap and polar bodies are absent, but oocyst and sporocyst residua and stieda and substieda bodies are present. excyste ... | 1977 | 915840 |
| an isoelectric focusing study of seasonal variation in rattlesnake venom proteins. | adult specimens of seven southern pacific rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis helleri), four northern black-tailed rattlesnakes (crotalus molossus molossus), and six western diamondback rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox) were housed under controlled light and temperature and milked of venom monthly for 20 months. ambient conditions were modelled to simulate seasonal change. weighed amounts of lyophilized venom from each snake were compared chronologically for variation in isoelectric focusing patterns, us ... | 1986 | 3824406 |
| chemical and behavioral ecology of foraging in prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis). | free-ranging prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis) exhibit lengthy vernal migrations upon emergence from winter hibernation. a series of laboratory experiments was designed to test hypotheses regarding the function and causation of vernal movements. rattlesnakes obtained from wyoming and colorado populations were used. first, we hypothesized that the function of vernal movements is to locate small mammal prey. second, we predicted that activec. v. viridis use prey chemicals, as well as ... | 1990 | 24264898 |
| chemical cues used by prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis) to follow trails of rodent prey. | each of 10 prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis) was exposed to three types of trails after striking rodent prey (mus musculus). one trail was made with mouse urine, another was made with tap water, and the third consisted of materials from mouse integument. the snakes exhibited trailing behavior only when integumentary trails were available. it was concluded that prairie rattlesnakes do not utilize urinary cues; instead they attend to materials associated with rodent skin and fur. | 1990 | 24264897 |
| isolation and identification of a snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitor from california ground squirrel (spermophilus beecheyi) blood sera. | california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) show blood-based defenses to a variety of toxins in the venom of the northern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus oreganus oreganus). in this study we demonstrate the presence of an effective snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitor (svmpi) in s. beecheyi. the blood sera of california ground squirrels were effective at reducing the metalloproteinase activity of northern pacific (c. o. oreganus) and prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venoms ... | 2011 | 21903126 |
| california ground squirrel (spermophilus beecheyi) blood sera inhibits crotalid venom proteolytic activity. | some california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) show limited necrosis following envenomation by northern pacific rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis oreganus). this study demonstrates that s. beecheyi blood sera inhibits venom proteases. sera from rattlesnake-abundant habitats inhibited c. v. oreganus venom more effectively than venom from two allopatric rattlesnake species, c. v. viridis and c. atrox, suggesting evolutionary specialization. the pattern of inhibition among squirrel populatio ... | 2000 | 10673162 |
| assessment of rattlesnake dangerousness by california ground squirrels: exploitation of cues from rattling sounds. | we propose that the predator-prey relationship between california ground squirrels, spermophilus beecheyi beecheyi, and northern pacific rattlesnakes, crotalus viridis oreganus, offers a compelling analogy with the well-studied case of intraspecific fighting and assessment. because ground squirrels frequently place themselves at risk by harassing rattlesnakes, they stand to benefit from assessment strategies which serve to mediate risk. for example, larger and warmer snakes are more dangerous th ... | 1999 | 10373264 |
| conflict and assessment in a predator-prey system: ground squirrels versus rattlesnakes. | adult california ground squirrels, spermophilus beecheyi beecheyi, actively confront and harass northern pacific rattlesnakes, crotalus viridis oreganus, which are the principal predator of ground squirrel pups. in this report we examine the roles of risk (snake size) and context (location of encounter and squirrel reproductive category) in rattlesnake assessment by ground squirrels. in interpreting the results, we borrow heavily from the well-developed conceptual framework applied in the analog ... | 1999 | 10328789 |
| prairie rattlesnake envenomation in 27 new world camelids. | morbidity and case fatality from rattlesnake envenomation is regionally specific because of variability in relative toxicity of the species of snake encountered. a previous report of rattlesnake envenomation in new world camelids (nwc) from the western coastal united states documented high case fatality rates and guarded prognosis for survival. | 2016 | 23889704 |
| neutralization of edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis induced by north american crotalid venoms in simulated first-aid treatments. | venoms of the broad-banded copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus, acl) and the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis, cvv), like other crotalid venoms, cause severe local tissue damage such as edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis. antivenom therapy is not very effective in neutralizing this local tissue damage, and such observations support the need for an effective first-aid regimen aimed at minimizing local tissue reactions. some of the local tissue damage induced by these venoms ... | 1999 | 10082163 |
| ability of wedelolactone, heparin, and para-bromophenacyl bromide to antagonize the myotoxic effects of two crotaline venoms and their pla2 myotoxins. | we examined the ability of wedelolactone, heparin and para-bromophenacyl bromide to antagonize the myotoxic activity in mice of venoms from crotalus viridis viridis and agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus and two phospholipase a2 myotoxins, cvv myotoxin and acl myotoxin, isolated from them. myotoxicity was measured by the increase in plasma creatine kinase (ck) activity at two hours and histological changes in extensor digitorum longus muscle (edl) at three hours after injection of the test solut ... | 1999 | 9920492 |
| fibrinolytic and fibrinogen clotting enzymes present in the venoms of western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus adamanteus, and southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri. | | 1981 | 7222089 |