| [carbohydrates of the venoms of bothrops asper of costa rica. quantitative study]. | the venom of the central american bothrops asper, previously classified as b. atrox, is very rich in carbohydrates, both in the free state and forming a part of glycoproteins. it also contains neutral sugars (hexoses), methylpentoses, hexosamines and sialic acid. there is a significant difference in the quantity of carbohydrates in the venom of b. asper as compared to that of the south american b. atrox, thus further documenting the different taxonomic position of these two species. | 1977 | 615321 |
| immunoenzymatic quantitation of antibodies to bothrops asper myotoxins after polyvalent antivenom administration in mice. | 1. two quantitative enzyme-immunoassays (eia) for bothrops asper myotoxin and anti-myotoxin antibodies, respectively, were utilized to study their in vivo distribution in mice (swiss, 18 to 20 g). 2. after polyvalent antivenom (0.4 ml) administration by the iv route, there was an immediate peak in plasma anti-myotoxin antibodies which declined rapidly during the first hour, and then decreased more gradually. anti-myotoxin antibodies were detected in muscular tissue (gastrocnemius) following iv i ... | 1992 | 1304940 |
| effect of bothrops asper (fer-de-lance) snake venom on erythrocyte membrane. a comparative study. | 1. the effect of bothrops asper venom on erythrocytes of different species, sheep erythrocyte ghost vesicles and liposomes made of phospholipids from sheep erythrocytes was studied. 2. b. asper venom had a direct hemolytic effect on mouse erythrocytes, but no lytic activity on goat, rabbit, horse, toad and sheep erythrocytes. human erythrocytes were lysed only in the presence of bovine serum albumin and ca2+. 3. although the phospholipase a2 activity in the venom might be involved in the lytic e ... | 1992 | 1354121 |
| ultrastructural alterations in mouse capillary blood vessels after experimental injection of venom from the snake bothrops asper (terciopelo). | histological and ultrastructural alterations in capillary blood vessels were studied at various time intervals after im injection of 50 micrograms of bothrops asper snake venom in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. hemorrhage was observed as early as 5 min after envenomation, as abundant erythrocytes appeared in the interstitial space. ultrastructural observations revealed two different patterns of pathological changes: in the majority of damaged capillaries, endothelial cells had blebs and cytoplasmic ... | 1992 | 1426156 |
| individual expression patterns of myotoxin isoforms in the venom of the snake bothrops asper. | 1. in order to investigate the distribution of myotoxin isoforms in the snake bothrops asper, venoms from individual specimens were analyzed by a cathodic electrophoretic system for basic proteins under native conditions. 2. the electrophoretic system resolved at least five bands with slight differences in mobility, corresponding to the fastest migrating proteins in the venom. the identity of the bands was confirmed by immunoblotting, using a rabbit anti-myotoxin serum. 3. there were clear diffe ... | 1992 | 1617940 |
| the effect of myotoxins isolated from bothrops snake venoms on multilamellar liposomes: relationship to phospholipase a2, anticoagulant and myotoxic activities. | the effect of four myotoxins isolated from bothrops snake venoms on the release of peroxidase trapped in large multilamellar liposomes was studied and correlated to their phospholipase a2, myotoxic and anticoagulant activities. the four myotoxins affected negatively-charged liposomes in a dose-dependent way, having no effect on positively-charged liposomes. conditions that inhibited phospholipase a2 activity, i.e., substitution of calcium by edta, reduced liposome-disrupting activity of bothrops ... | 1991 | 1764457 |
| myotoxin ii from bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom is a lysine-49 phospholipase a2. | a basic, dimeric myotoxic protein, myotoxin ii, purified from bothrops asper venom has a similar molecular weight and is immunologically cross-reactive with antibodies raised to previously isolated b. asper phospholipases a2, except that it shows only 0.1% of the phospholipase activity against l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine in the presence of triton x-100. its 121 amino acid sequence, determined by automated edman degradation, clearly identifies it as a lys-49 phospholipase a2. key amino acid diffe ... | 1991 | 1899180 |
| immunological properties of the fibrinolytic enzyme (fibrolase) from southern copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix contortrix) venom and its purification by immunoaffinity chromatography. | an antibody to the fibrinolytic enzyme in southern copperhead venom was produced by immunizing rabbits with chromatographically purified enzyme. the antibody was purified from rabbit blood by ammonium sulfate fractionation and protein-a affinity chromatography. the purified antibody reacted only with the fibrinolytic enzyme in southern copperhead venom as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. western immunoblotting revealed that several snake venoms, including agkistrodon pi ... | 1991 | 1926169 |
| non-specific therapy of a hemorrhagic diathesis after a bite by a young bothrops asper (barba amarilla): a case report. | hemorrhagic diathesis developed 4 hr after a bite by one fang of a two-month-old specimen of bothrops asper. severe allergy to horse serum contraindicated the use of horse antivenom, and a substitution therapy was started 20 hr after the bite. during the following 4 days the patient was treated with infusions of 8 g human fibrinogen, 2500 u of cryoprecipitate, 1000 ml of human plasma and vitamin k in several portions. by means of plasmapheresis 1800 ml of plasma was exchanged. until plasmapheres ... | 1990 | 2089742 |
| the amino acid sequence of a myotoxic phospholipase from the venom of bothrops asper. | a myotoxic, basic phospholipase a2 (pi greater than 9.5) with anticoagulant activity has been purified from the venom of bothrops asper, and its amino acid sequence determined by automated edman degradation. it is distinct from the b. asper phospholipase a2 known as myotoxin i [lomonte, b. and gutierrez, j. m., 1989, toxicon 27, 725] but cross-reacts with myotoxin i rabbit antisera, suggesting that the proteins are closely related isoforms. to our knowledge, this is the first myotoxic phospholip ... | 1990 | 2327788 |
| effect of storage temperature on the stability of the liquid polyvalent antivenom produced in costa rica. | the effect of storage temperature on the stability of the liquid polyvalent (crotaline) antivenom produced at the instituto clodomiro picado, costa rica, was studied during a twelve-month period. the following parameters were evaluated: neutralizing potency against lethal activity of bothrops asper venom; protein and phenol concentrations; ph; turbidity; safety; and sterility. analyses were performed each month on different samples of a batch, stored at 4, 23, 30 and 37 degrees c. no significant ... | 1990 | 2330601 |
| equine antibodies to bothrops asper myotoxin ii: isolation from polyvalent antivenom and neutralizing ability. | equine antibodies to b. asper myotoxin ii were isolated from polyvalent antivenom by affinity chromatography. purified antibodies were among the most acidic serum immunoglobulins, migrating between the beta- and alpha 2-globulin regions by zone electrophoresis. this might be related to the fact that myotoxin ii is a very basic antigen. at an antibody/toxin molar ratio of two or higher, myotoxic effect of myotoxin ii was neutralized completely. antibodies also neutralized myotoxic activity of cru ... | 1990 | 2349580 |
| detection of proteins antigenically related to bothrops asper myotoxin in crotaline snake venoms. | the presence of components antigenically related to bothrops asper myotoxin was investigated by western blotting and immunoelectrophoretic techniques. b. asper myotoxin is a non-glycosylated monomeric phospholipase a with a molecular weight by sds-page of 16,000 and isoelectric point of ph 9.8-10.0. results showed that proteins in the venoms of b. nummifer, b. godmani, b. schlegelii, b. picadoi, and agkistrodon bilineatus were recognized by monospecific antibodies to b. asper myotoxin raised in ... | 1987 | 2448918 |
| distortion of the electrophoretic titration curves of some proteins. | the electrophoretic titration curves of complex mixtures of vitamin k-dependent human blood proteins and proteins of bothrops asper venom were investigated. in both protein mixtures some curves exhibited marked distortions such as additional maxima and minima when pharmalyte 3-10 carrier ampholytes were used for isoelectric focusing in agarose gels. the distortions result from an unspecific interactions between some carrier ampholyte constituents with particular proteins. the interacting carrier ... | 1989 | 2612467 |
| a new muscle damaging toxin, myotoxin ii, from the venom of the snake bothrops asper (terciopelo). | a new muscle damaging toxin, myotoxin ii, was purified from the venom of bothrops asper by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex c-25. the toxin is a dimeric, basic protein with a monomer mol.wt of 13,341, according to the amino acid composition, and 16,000 on the basis of sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic mobility. it has a high number of aspartate and lysine residues, as well as of hydrophobic amino acids. upon i.m. injection into mice, the toxin induces myonecrosis and increase in s ... | 1989 | 2781572 |
| comparative study on coagulant, defibrinating, fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of costa rican crotaline snake venoms and their neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom. | the coagulant, defibrinating, fibrino lytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of venoms from ten species of costa rican crotaline snakes were studied, together with the neutralization of these effects by a polyvalent antivenom. the venoms of bothrops asper, b. schlegelii, b. nummifer, b. godmani, lachesis muta and crotalus durissus induced a coagulant effect in vitro, and all of them, with the exception of b. nummifer, also induced defibrination in vivo. the four non-coagulant venoms (b. lateralis ... | 1989 | 2781583 |
| cross reactivity of mono- and polyvalent antivenoms with viperidae and crotalidae snake venoms. | the lethal, local and defibrinating effects of two african viperidae and four crotalidae were assayed. two commercial antivenoms (behringwerke nord africa and wyeth anticrotalic) and gamma-globulins from hyperimmune rabbit serum were tested for their ability to neutralize the toxic effects of the venoms. cross neutralization of the lethal effect (antiviperidae antivenom against crotalidae venom and vice versa) was evident with behringwerke against crotalidae as well as with wyeth against viperid ... | 1989 | 2815109 |
| pharmacological activities of a toxic phospholipase a isolated from the venom of the snake bothrops asper. | a toxic phospholipase a was isolated from the venom of bothrops asper. it induced skeletal muscle damage, anticoagulant effects and edema in the foot pad. the toxin had an intravenous ld50 of 95 micrograms/16-18 g mouse body wt and an intraventricular ld50 of 0.42 micrograms/16-18 g mouse body wt. upon intramuscular and intravenous injections, the toxin induced a prominent increase in serum creatine kinase (ck) levels; only the ck-mm isozyme increased markedly. the toxin induced ck and creatine ... | 1986 | 2873948 |
| effects of a myotoxic phospholipase a2 isolated from bothrops asper venom on skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. | the myotoxin from b. asper snake venom inhibited ca-atpase activity of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum after incubation in vitro. inhibition was non-competitive and albumin enhanced the effect of the toxin. furthermore, b. asper myotoxin hydrolyzed sarcoplasmic reticulum phospholipids and induced a dose-dependent release of horseradish peroxidase that had been trapped in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. binding studies indicated that myotoxin does not bind to any particular protein of this membran ... | 1987 | 2963409 |
| immunohistochemical demonstration of the binding of bothrops asper myotoxin to skeletal muscle sarcolemma. | the binding of bothrops asper myotoxin to mouse skeletal muscle was studied at both the light and electron microscope levels using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. the toxin binds to muscle cell sarcolemma, and there are no intracellular binding sites. this study corroborates previous observations which suggested that the sarcolemma is the first site of action of b. asper myotoxin. | 1987 | 3303452 |
| a new method for the detection of phospholipase a2 variants: identification of isozymes in the venoms of newborn and adult bothrops asper (terciopelo) snakes. | a new method for the identification of phospholipase a2 isozymes in snake venoms is described. the technique is based on the separation of the venom components by isoelectric focusing in agarose gels, transfer of the protein bands by diffusion onto nitrocellulose paper and detection of the phospholipolytic activity of the enzymes by a hemolytic assay either in agarose gels or by benzidine reaction on a solid matrix. striking differences in the electrophoretic patterns of the phospholipase a2 iso ... | 1988 | 3406947 |
| an alternative in vitro method for testing the potency of the polyvalent antivenom produced in costa rica. | the ability of several batches of polyvalent antivenom to neutralize indirect hemolytic activity of bothrops asper venom was studied using a sensitive plate test. all samples of antivenom tested effectively neutralized this activity. a highly significant correlation was observed between neutralization of indirect hemolysis and neutralization of lethal activity. this simple and sensitive in vitro test could be used to monitor antibody levels in horses immunized to produce polyvalent antivenom. | 1988 | 3406951 |
| inflammatory infiltrate in skeletal muscle injected with bothrops asper venom. | the time-course and composition of inflammatory infiltrate in mouse gastrocnemius injected with bothrops asper venom was studied. the venom induced myonecrosis, and a prominent decrease in muscle levels of creatine kinase (ck) as early as 3 hr after envenomation. inflammatory infiltrate was scarce by 6 hr. but increased markedly at 24, 48 and 72 hr. samples of infiltrate obtained at 6 and 24 hr contained polymorphonuclear leucocytes as the predominant cell type, whereas at 48 hr and 72 hr the re ... | 1986 | 3423335 |
| antibody neutralization of a myotoxin from the venom of bothrops asper (terciopelo). | neutralization of biological activities of b. asper myotoxin by a monospecific anti-myotoxin rabbit serum and polyvalent antivenom was studied. both antisera neutralized myotoxic, phospholipase a and lethal activities of myotoxin, whereas edema-forming activity of myotoxin was not neutralized by these antisera. anti-myotoxin rabbit serum neutralized most of the myotoxic activity of b. asper venom, but did not neutralize phospholipase a activity of this venom. neutralization curves showed that my ... | 1987 | 3617082 |
| isolation and characterization of myotoxic phospholipases a2 from crotalid venoms. | phospholipases a2 producing myonecrosis when injected i.m. into mice were isolated from venoms of trimeresurus flavoviridis, agkistrodon bilineatus, a. c. contortrix, a. c. mokeson, a. p. piscivorus and bothrops asper by gels filtration on sephadex g-75 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-cellulose. they are basic enzymes with molecular weights between 14,000 and 15,000 containing 120-129 amino acid residues and exhibit relatively low enzymatic activity when tested on egg yolk suspensi ... | 1986 | 3705094 |
| isolation and partial characterization of a myotoxin from the venom of the snake bothrops nummifer. | a myotoxin from the venom of the snake bothrops nummifer was purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex. the toxin is a basic dimer with a subunit molecular weight of 16,000, as estimated by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the toxin lacks phospholipase a2 activity when tested on egg yolk lecithin and skeletal muscle homogenates. it induces skeletal muscle damage both in vivo and in vitro. when injected i.m. it promotes a drastic increase in serum creatine kinas ... | 1986 | 3810663 |
| immunogenic response of the venoms of fer-de-lance, bothrops atrox asper, and la cascabella, crotalus durissus durissus, following photooxidative detoxification. | | 1968 | 4170736 |
| bothrops asper venom from the atlantic and pacific zones of costa rica. | | 1981 | 7038989 |
| [neutralization of local effects of bothrops asper venom by polyvalent antivenin]. | neutralization of lethality, myonecrosis, hemorrhage and edema induced by bothrops asper venom in mice was studied using the polyvalent antivenom produced in the instituto clodomiro picado. the neutralizing effect (ed50) on each of these toxic activities varied; the neutralization of lethal and hemorrhagic effects being more effective than the neutralization of myonecrosis and edema. with independent inoculation of venom and antivenom, antivenom was not effective in neutralizing edema-forming ac ... | 1981 | 7330888 |
| [ultrastructural study of myonecrosis in mice induced by terciopelo venom (bothrops asper) from costa rica (author's transl)]. | | 1981 | 7336443 |
| venom from the snake bothrops asper garman. purification and characterization of three phospholipases a2. | the water-soluble venom of bothrops asper garman (san juan evangelista, veracruz, méxico) showed 15 polypeptide bands on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. this material exhibited phospholipase, hyaluronidase, n-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl hydrolase, n-benzoyl-l-tyrosine ethyl hydrolase and phosphodiesterase activity, but no alkaline phosphatase or acid phosphatase activity. fractionation on sephadex g-75 afforded seven protein fractions, which were apparently less toxic than the whole venom (ld(5 ... | 1980 | 7387631 |
| isolation, characterization and mode of neutralization of a potent antihemorrhagic factor from the serum of the snake bothrops asper. | a potent antihemorrhagic factor (basah1) was isolated from the serum of the snake bothrops asper by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 40-60%, sephacryl s-200 and sephadex g-50 gel filtration, deae-sepharose, and hydrophobic phenyl-sepharose chromatography. the purified protein showed one band with an isoelectric point of 5.2 and a molecular weight of 66 kda. 4 micrograms of the purified factor basah were needed to neutralize the hemorrhagic dose of b. asper whole venom compared to 60 micrograms ... | 1995 | 7492583 |
| skeletal muscle necrosis and regeneration after injection of bah1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the snake bothrops asper (terciopelo). | the effects of bah1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from bothrops asper venom, on mouse gastrocnemius muscle was investigated. the toxin induced severe hemorrhage within minutes after injection. groups of necrotic muscle fibers were observed after the sixth hour, with evident disorganization of myofibrillar material. at the ultrastructural level myofibrils in these cells lost their regular arrangement, z lines were absent, and sarcomeres were disoriented, although there was no evidence ... | 1995 | 7556589 |
| purification and characterization of myotoxin iv, a phospholipase a2 variant, from bothrops asper snake venom. | a basic myotoxic protein was purified from bothrops asper venom. like other basic bothrops myotoxins, myotoxin iv induces acute muscle damage after intramuscular injection in mice and disrupts negatively charged liposomes but not positively charged ones. furthermore, this protein exerts a weak anticoagulant effect only at concentrations of 40 micrograms/ml or higher, and is devoid of phospholipase a2 activity. rabbit polyclonal antibodies to b. asper myotoxin ii, a related lysine-49 isoform, cro ... | 1995 | 7749580 |
| pharmacological study of edema induced by venom of the snake bothrops asper (terciopelo) in mice. | the effect of several drugs on the edema-forming activity of bothrops asper venom was studied plethysmographically using the mouse foot pad assay. bothrops asper venom induced a dose-dependent edema which developed rapidly and peaked 1 hr after envenomation. incubation of venom with edta before injection resulted in a significant reduction of edema. in addition, pretreatment with prazosin, indomethacin, dexamethasone, yohimbine and mepacrine resulted in a significant reduction in edema-forming a ... | 1995 | 7778127 |
| broad cytolytic specificity of myotoxin ii, a lysine-49 phospholipase a2 of bothrops asper snake venom. | the cytotoxic activity of bothrops asper myotoxin ii, a lysine-49 phospholipase a2 isoform, on different cell types in culture, was investigated. myotoxin ii caused a dose-dependent cytolytic effect on all cell types tested, characterized by rapid release of cytoplasmic lactic dehydrogenase and drastic morphological cell alterations. quantitative differences in the susceptibility to myotoxin ii among cell types fell within a relatively narrow range, and in general, the toxin was cytolytic at con ... | 1994 | 7886694 |
| neutralizing interaction between heparins and myotoxin ii, a lysine 49 phospholipase a2 from bothrops asper snake venom. identification of a heparin-binding and cytolytic toxin region by the use of synthetic peptides and molecular modeling. | heparin binds to phospholipase a2 myotoxins from bothrops asper snake venom, inhibiting their toxic activities. this interaction was investigated using purified myotoxin ii, a lys-49 phospholipase a2 of this venom, and a series of heparin variants, fragments, and other glycosaminoglycans. the binding was correlated to toxin neutralization, using endothelial cells as a target. myotoxin ii binds radiolabeled heparin in solution unselectively, and forms macromolecular complexes with an optimum at a ... | 1994 | 7961981 |
| pathological changes induced by bah1, a hemorrhagic proteinase isolated from bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom, on mouse capillary blood vessels. | the pathological changes induced in capillaries by bah1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of bothrops asper, were studied after i.m. injection in mouse gastrocnemius. hemorrhage was observed macroscopically, and corroborated histologically, within the first 5 min. at the ultrastructural level, the earliest changes in endothelial cells, observed 1 min after toxin administration, consisted of a decrease in the number of pinocytotic vesicles, the presence of blebs and cytopla ... | 1994 | 7985202 |
| screening of snake venoms for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects using simple in vitro preparations from rodents and chicks. | eight snake venoms designated by the who as international reference venoms, and one additional venom were assessed for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects in vitro using the chick biventer cervicis and the rat and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. the objective was to determine whether any of the preparations could be used to detect evidence of neurotoxic or myotoxic activity prior to a more detailed examination. bungarus multicinctus venom at concentrations above 1 microgram ml-1 selectiv ... | 1994 | 8016848 |
| caprylic acid fractionation of hyperimmune horse plasma: description of a simple procedure for antivenom production. | a simple methodology for hyperimmune horse plasma fractionation, based on caprylic acid precipitation, is described. optimal conditions for fractionation were studied; the method gives best results when concentrated caprylic acid was added to plasma, whose ph had been adjusted to 5.8, until a final caprylic acid concentration of 5% was reached. the mixture was vigorously stirred during caprylic acid addition and then for 60 min; afterwards the mixture was filtered. non-immunoglobulin proteins pr ... | 1994 | 8016856 |
| inhibition of hemorrhagic activities of various snake venoms by purified antihemorrhagic factor obtained from japanese habu snake. | the ability of purified antihemorrhagic factor isolated from the serum of japanese habu (trimeresurus flavoviridis) was tested on 17 snake venoms to inhibit their hemorrhagic activity. the factor strongly inhibited that of the venoms of crotalus horridus horridus and vipera latastei gaditana in addition to that of the homologous (t. flavoviridis) venom. hemorrhagic activity of agkistrodon halys blomhoffi, agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, bothrops atrox asper and crotalus atrox venoms was also ... | 1994 | 8016857 |
| comparison of the immunogenicity and antigenic composition of ten central american snake venoms. | the immunological reactivity of five crotaline antivenoms for the venoms of ten costa rican snakes was determined. venoms from bothrops asper, b. godmani, b. lateralis, b. nasutus, b. ophryomegas, b. schlegelii, b. nummifer, b. picadoi, crotalus durissus durissus and lachesis muta stenophrys were separated by sds-page, transferred to cellulose nitrate membrane and reacted against five different antivenoms. antisera used in the immunoblotting were prepared in rabbits to the crotaline venoms from ... | 1993 | 8212043 |
| effects on cultured mammalian cells of myotoxin iii, a phospholipase a2 isolated from bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom. | myotoxin iii (mt-iii), a myotoxic phospholipase a2 from bothrops asper, was studied with respect to interactions with cultured mammalian cells and red blood cells. tests of the cytopathogenic effect of mt-iii on different cell lines indicated that rat skeletal muscle l6 myoblasts were more sensitive to the toxin than chinese hamster ovary cells, human lung fibroblasts, mouse adrenal tumour cells and rat intestinal epithelial cells. specific plasma-membrane permeabilization was assayed as release ... | 1993 | 8218369 |
| effects of bothrops asper (terciopelo) myotoxin iii, a basic phospholipase a2, on liposomes and mouse gastrocnemius muscle. | the action of bothrops asper myotoxin iii, a basic phospholipase a2 which induces acute muscle damage, was studied in mouse gastrocnemius muscle in vivo and in vitro and in multilamellar liposomes. myonecrosis occurred rapidly after myotoxin injection, as indicated by histological alterations and by a drastic increment in plasma creatine kinase levels. a dose-dependent release of creatine kinase from mouse gastrocnemius muscle incubated in vitro with the toxin was observed. myotoxin iii affected ... | 1993 | 8456450 |
| host response to bothrops asper snake venom. analysis of edema formation, inflammatory cells, and cytokine release in a mouse model. | as part of the characterization of the host reactivity to the venom of bothrops asper, we investigated the inflammatory responses in the mouse footpad model. the subcutaneously injected venom induced a rapid increase of serum il-6 concentration, which peaked between 3 and 6 h and returned to normal values at 12 h. in contrast, serum tnf-alpha and il-1 alpha were not detectable at any time point studied. a myotoxic phospholipase a2 isoform purified from this venom, myotoxin ii, was also able to i ... | 1993 | 8491517 |
| (evaluation of neutralizing ability of four commercially available antivenoms against the venom of bothrops asper from costa rica) | we studied the ability of four commercially available antivenoms to neutralize several toxic and enzymatic activities of bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom from costa rica. experiments with preincubation of venom and antivenom were carried out to test the neutralization of lethal, hemorrhagic, coagulant and indirect hemolytic activities. in addition, antibody titers against crude venom and myotoxin ii purified from this venom were determined by enzyme immunoassay (elisa). results indicate that po ... | 1995 | 8585095 |
| in vitro activity of bah1, the main hemorrhagic toxin of bothrops asper snake venom on bovine endothelial cells. | incubation of bah1, the main hemorrhagic toxin purified from the venom of bothrops asper, with endothelial cells caused the appearance of spaces among the cells. this effect became more noticeable with increasing hemorrhagin concentration and longer incubation time. later, the cells became rounded and detached from the substrate into the medium. augmentation of trypan blue did not stain the detached cells, indicating their viability. moreover, after washing the floating cells from the toxin they ... | 1995 | 8599191 |
| neutralization of myonecrosis, hemorrhage, and edema induced by bothrops asper snake venom by homologous and heterologous pre-existing antibodies in mice. | the ability of pre-existing antibodies to neutralize locally-acting toxins of bothrops asper snake venom was investigated. hemorrhage, myonecrosis, and edema were markedly reduced in actively immunized mice, although none of these effects was completely abolished. in mice passively immunized with equine antivenom, hemorrhage was prevented completely, while myonecrosis and edema were partially reduced. pre-existing antibodies did not modify the early stage (< 3 hr) of venom-induced edema, but sig ... | 1996 | 8783451 |
| isolation and characterization of a myotoxic phospholipase a2 from the venom of the arboreal snake bothriechis (bothrops) schlegelii from costa rica. | a new myotoxic phospholipase a2 was isolated from the venom of the arboreal snake bothriechis schlegelii (formerly bothrops schlegelii) from costa rica, by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex. b. schlegelii myotoxin i is a basic protein (pi > 9.3) with a subunit molecular weight of 15 kda, which migrates as a dimer in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions. this myotoxin is recognized by antibodies generated against bothrops asper myotoxin i ... | 1997 | 9056257 |
| local tissue damage induced by bap1, a metalloproteinase isolated from bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom. | the pathogenesis of hemorrhage and other local effects induced by the metalloproteinase bap1, isolated from bothrops asper venom, was investigated using various in vivo and in vitro models. upon intramuscular injection in mice bap1 caused rapid hemorrhage in muscular and adipose tissues. vital microscopy using mouse cremaster muscle evidenced the formation of multiple hemorrhagic foci of an explosive character, originating from capillaries and small venules. in contrast to crude b. asper venom, ... | 1995 | 9062552 |
| chemical modification of histidine and lysine residues of myotoxic phospholipases a2 isolated from bothrops asper and bothrops godmani snake venoms: effects on enzymatic and pharmacological properties. | lysine and histidine residues of two myotoxic phospholipases a2, bothrops asper myotoxin iii and bothrops godmani myotoxin i, were chemically modified in order to study the effects of these treatments on enzymatic and pharmacological properties. after lysine acetylation the overall basicity of these toxins was lost and their enzymatic activity was significantly reduced, although a residual effect remained, which corresponded to 25% of the activity of native toxins. this treatment abolished both ... | 1997 | 9080581 |
| effect of adjuvants on the antibody response of mice to bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom. | the adjuvant properties of several immunostimulant molecules on the murine antibody response to bothrops asper snake venom were evaluated. mice receiving venom together with either sodium alginate, calcium alginate, aluminum hydroxide, muramyl dipeptide, killed brucella abortus or b. abortus smooth lipopolysaccharide developed a similar antibody response. despite the fact that in some cases animals injected with venom and salmonella montevideo lipopolysaccharide developed a significantly higher ... | 1996 | 9181106 |
| the dynamics of local tissue damage induced by bothrops asper snake venom and myotoxin ii on the mouse cremaster muscle: an intravital and electron microscopic study. | the acute tissue damaging effects of bothrops asper snake venom and a myotoxic lys-49 phospholipase a2 (myotoxin ii) on the mouse cremaster muscle were studied by intravital and electron microscopy. both venom and myotoxin induced local contractions of the muscle fibres within 10-60 sec after exposure, which disappeared after 1-2 min. this observation is consistent with the hypothesis that bothrops myotoxins act initially at the sarcolemma by affecting its permeability and allowing an influx of ... | 1994 | 9237336 |
| inhibition of the hemorrhagic activity of bothrops asper venom by a novel neutralizing mixture. | this study screened 25 sera, 19 synthetic products and five antivenoms obtained after immunization for their ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of venom from the snake bothrops asper. among the sera screened, the homologous serum of b. asper itself was found to possess the highest neutralizing capacity, abolishing the hemorrhagic effect of the venom at weight ratio of 3:1. it was more efficient than the antisera obtained by immunization. among the synthetic compounds tested, only o-p ... | 1997 | 9241781 |
| biochemical characterization and pharmacological properties of a phospholipase a2 myotoxin inhibitor from the plasma of the snake bothrops asper. | a protein that neutralizes the biological activities of basic phospholipase a2 (pla2) myotoxin isoforms from the venom of the snake bothrops asper was isolated from its blood by affinity chromatography with sepharose-immobilized myotoxins. biochemical characterization of this b. asper myotoxin inhibitor protein (bamip) indicated a subunit molecular mass of 23-25 kda, an isoelectric point of 4, and glycosylation. gel-filtration studies revealed a molecular mass of 120 kda, suggesting that bamip p ... | 1997 | 9307037 |
| snakebite mortality in costa rica. | the mortality rate due to snakebite envenomation in costa rica was estimated from 1952 to 1993. the highest mortality was observed during the 1950s and 1960s, with the highest rate of 4.83 per 100,000 population in 1953. in contrast, a rate of 0.2 per 100,000 population per year was estimated from 1990 to 1993. the most conspicuous decline in mortality occurred after 1970. the highest mortality rates were observed in the provinces of limón and puntarenas, especially in regions where tropical rai ... | 1997 | 9428110 |
| inhibition of toxic activities of bothrops asper venom and other crotalid snake venoms by a novel neutralizing mixture. | the majority of snake bites in central america are caused by bothrops asper, whose venom induce complex local effects such as myonecrosis, edema and especially hemorrhage. these effects are only partially neutralized by the clinically used antivenom, even when administered rapidly after envenomation. recently we screened 49 substances for antihemorrhagic activity and found that a mixture composed of cana2, edta, a b. asper serum fraction (natural antidote), and the currently used horse polyvalen ... | 1997 | 9439739 |
| inhibition by cana2edta of local tissue damage induced by bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom: application in horse immunization for antivenom production. | the ability of the chelating agent cana2edta to inhibit local tissue damage induced by bothrops asper venom was studied in mice and in horses used for polyvalent (crotalinae) antivenom production. cana2edta was devoid of toxicity when injected i.m. or s.c. inducing only a mild edema. preincubation of b. asper venom with cana2edta inhibited hemorrhagic and dermonecrotic activities, but did not reduce edema-forming and myotoxic effects. a group of horses initially immunized with native venoms deve ... | 1998 | 9620579 |
| [snake bite accidents in children in costa rica: epidemiology and determination of risk factors in the development of abscess and necrosis]. | a retrospective epidemiological analysis is presented of 80 snakebites in children admitted to the pediatrics service of tony facio hospital in limón, costa rica, between 1985 and 1995. an overall incidence rate of 20 snakebite accidents per 100,000 inhabitants per year was calculated for the region in that period. however, a higher incidence was described in some counties (36 and 30 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in talamanca and siquirres, respectively). most of the cases occurred in february a ... | 1998 | 9620583 |
| bactericidal activity of lys49 and asp49 myotoxic phospholipases a2 from bothrops asper snake venom--synthetic lys49 myotoxin ii-(115-129)-peptide identifies its bactericidal region. | mammalian group-ii phospholipases a2 (pla2) of inflammatory fluids display bactericidal properties, which are dependent on their enzymatic activity. this study shows that myotoxins ii (lys49) and iii (asp49), two group-ii pla2 isoforms from the venom of bothrops asper, are lethal to a broad spectrum of bacteria. since the catalytically inactive lys49 myotoxin ii isoform has similar bactericidal effects to its catalytically active asp49 counterpart, a bactericidal mechanism that is independent of ... | 1998 | 9654096 |
| [the development of the anti-phospholipase a2 antibody response in horses inoculated with venom for the production of polyvalent antisnake serum in costa rica]. | the development of antibody response against phospholipase a2 activity of bothrops asper venom was studied in a group of adult and healthy horses used in the production of the polyvalent antivenom at the instituto clodomiro picado. simultaneously, the general condition of the animals during the immunization schedule was also studied. there was a great individual variability in the immune response, although most of the horses studied reached the highest neutralizing titer after injection of doses ... | 1989 | 9709794 |
| immunochemical characterization and role in toxic activities of region 115-129 of myotoxin ii, a lys49 phospholipase a2 from bothrops asper snake venom. | the region 115-129 of myotoxin ii, a catalytically inactive lys49 phospholipase a2, was previously shown to constitute a heparin-binding site and to be involved in its cytolytic action in vitro. an immunochemical approach was utilized to further explore the role of this region in the toxic activities of myotoxin ii. by using a carrier-linked 13-mer synthetic peptide as immunogen, rabbit polyclonal antibodies against region 115-129 were obtained. these antibodies were able to bind to the native p ... | 1998 | 9784249 |
| neutralization of local tissue damage induced by bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom. | local tissue damage represents a serious consequence of bothrops asper envenomations. it encompasses a complex series of alterations, including myonecrosis, dermonecrosis, hemorrhage and edema. due to its rapid development it is difficult to neutralize by antivenoms, especially if there is a delay in serotherapy. experimental studies with this venom and the polyvalent (crotalinae) antivenom produced in costa rica indicate that antivenom is effective in neutralizing these toxic activities when in ... | 1998 | 9792169 |
| pharmacological modulation of edema induced by lys-49 and asp-49 myotoxic phospholipases a2 isolated from the venom of the snake bothrops asper (terciopelo). | the pharmacological modulation of edema-forming activity of bothrops asper myotoxins ii and iii, lys-49 and asp-49 phospholipases a2, respectively, was studied plethysmographically in the mouse foot pad model. myotoxin iii had phospholipase a2 activity, whereas myotoxin ii was devoid of enzymatic activity when tested on egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. both toxins induced a dose-dependent edema of rapid onset. chemical modification of myotoxin iii with p-bromophenacyl bromide abrogated enzymatic ac ... | 1998 | 9839670 |
| inhibition of the myotoxic activity of bothrops asper myotoxin ii in mice by immunization with its synthetic 13-mer peptide 115-129. | the region comprising amino acid residues 115-129 of myotoxin ii, a lys49 phospholipase a2 from the venom of bothrops asper, was previously shown to constitute a heparin binding site, and to be associated with its toxic activities. the corresponding synthetic peptide, kkyryylkplckk, was coupled to diphtheria toxoid as a carrier, and utilized as an immunogen in mice, to explore the possible protection from the myotoxic activity induced by myotoxin ii in vivo. mice receiving peptide-carrier inject ... | 1999 | 10082167 |
| tyr-->trp-substituted peptide 115-129 of a lys49 phospholipase a(2) expresses enhanced membrane-damaging activities and reproduces its in vivo myotoxic effect. | myotoxin ii is a group ii lys49 phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) isolated from the venom of the snake bothrops asper. previous studies on a synthetic peptide derived from its heparin-binding, cationic/hydrophobic sequence 115-129 demonstrated a direct functional role of this particular region in the in vitro cytolytic and bactericidal actions of the protein. nevertheless, no significant myonecrosis has been observed after local intramuscular injection of peptide 115-129 (p115-129) in mice. since the ... | 1999 | 10556485 |
| isolation and characterization of myotoxin ii from atropoides (bothrops) nummifer snake venom, a new lys49 phospholipase a2 homologue. | myotoxic phospholipases a2 of class ii are commonly found in the venoms of crotalid snakes. as an approach to understanding their structure-activity relationship, diverse natural variants have been characterized biochemically and pharmacologically. this study describes a new myotoxic phospholipase a2 homologue, isolated from the venom of atropoides (bothrops) nummifer from costa rica. a. nummifer myotoxin 1 is a basic protein, with an apparent subunit molecular mass of 16 kda, which migrates as ... | 2000 | 10661894 |
| comparative study on the ability of igg and fab sheep antivenoms to neutralize local hemorrhage, edema and myonecrosis induced by bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom. | the ability of sheep antivenoms, consisting of whole igg molecules or fab fragments, to neutralize local hemorrhage, edema and myonecrosis induced by bothrops asper venom was comparatively studied in mice. the two antivenoms were produced from the same batch of hyperimmune plasma and were adjusted to the same neutralizing potency against these effects in assays where venom and antivenoms were incubated prior to injection. thus, if differences are observed in experiments involving independent inj ... | 2000 | 10665804 |
| horse igg isotypes and cross-neutralization of two snake antivenoms produced in brazil and costa rica. | horse igg isotypes and cross-neutralization of two snake antivenoms produced in brazil and costa rica. toxicon 000-000. this work compared the specificity, elisa titers and igg subclass content of the polyvalent antivenom (anti-bothrops asper, crotalus durissus durissus and lachesis muta stenophrys) of instituto clodomiro picado (costa rica) and the bothropic antivenom (anti-bothrops jararaca, b. jararacussu, b. moojeni, b. neuwiedi and b. alternatus) of instituto butantan (brazil). the role of ... | 2000 | 10673156 |
| [neutralization of the hemorrhagic effect induced by bothrops asper (serpentes: viperidae) venom with tropical plant extracts]. | organic extracts representing 48 species included in 30 families of costa rican tropical plants were evaluated for their ability to neutralize hemorrhagic activity induced by the venom of the snake bothrops asper. a bioassay in mice was used, based on intradermal injection of either venom or venom-extract mixtures followed by the measurement of hemorrhagic areas. total inhibition of hemorrhage was observed with the ethanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of bursera simaruba, clusia torresi ... | 1999 | 10883329 |
| comparison between igg and f(ab')(2) polyvalent antivenoms: neutralization of systemic effects induced by bothrops asper venom in mice, extravasation to muscle tissue, and potential for induction of adverse reactions. | whole igg and f(ab')(2) equine-derived polyvalent (crotalinae) antivenoms, prepared from the same batch of hyperimmune plasma, were compared in terms of neutralization of the lethal and defibrinating activities induced by bothrops asper venom, their ability to reach the muscle tissue compartment in envenomated mice, and their potential for the induction of adverse reactions. both preparations were adjusted to the same potency against the lethal effect of b. asper venom in experiments involving p ... | 2001 | 11137538 |
| immunochemical properties of the n-terminal helix of myotoxin ii, a lysine-49 phospholipase a(2) from bothrops asper snake venom. | myotoxic class ii phospholipases a(2) from snake venoms can be divided into asp49 and lys49 types. the latter, including bothrops asper myotoxin ii, exert membrane damage despite lacking catalytic activity. a heparin-binding, hydrophobic/cationic region, near the c-terminus of myotoxin ii (115-129) has been shown to be relevant in its membrane-damaging actions. however, some observations suggest also a potential participation of its n-terminal region. an immunochemical approach was utilized to e ... | 2001 | 11137549 |
| bothrops asper snake venom and its metalloproteinase bap-1 activate the complement system. role in leucocyte recruitment. | the venom of the snake bothrops asper, the most important poisonous snake in central america, evokes an inflammatory response, the mechanisms of which are not well characterized. the objectives of this study were to investigate whether b. asper venom and its purified toxins--phospholipases and metalloproteinase--activate the complement system and the contribution of the effect on leucocyte recruitment. in vitro chemotaxis assays were performed using boyden's chamber model to investigate the abil ... | 2000 | 11200361 |
| pharmacological modulation of hyperalgesia induced by bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom. | the ability of bothrops asper snake venom to cause hyperalgesia was investigated in rats, using the paw pressure test. intraplantar injection of the venom (5-15 microg/paw) caused a dose and time-related hyperalgesia, which peaked 2h after venom injection. bothrops asper venom-induced hyperalgesia was blocked by the bradykinin b(2) receptor antagonist hoe 140 and attenuated by dexamethasone, an inhibitor of phospholipase a(2). inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway by ndga abrogated the algogeni ... | 2001 | 11306127 |
| bothrops asper and bothrops jararaca snake venoms trigger microbicidal functions of peritoneal leukocytes in vivo. | venoms from snakes of the genus bothrops cause pronounced local effects in the victims. these alterations result not only from the direct toxic action of venom components, but also from the prominent inflammatory reaction associated with these envenomations. in this study we investigated the ability of bothrops asper (bav) and bothrops jararaca (bjv) venoms to induce cellular influx and microbicidal functions in leukocytes. bav and bjv (5 microg/animal) caused a long lasting infiltration of leuk ... | 2001 | 11478958 |
| identification of the myotoxic site of the lys49 phospholipase a(2) from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus snake venom: synthetic c-terminal peptides from lys49, but not from asp49 myotoxins, exert membrane-damaging activities. | group ii phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) myotoxins found in the venoms of crotalidae snakes can be divided into 'asp49' and 'lys49' isoforms, the latter being considered catalytically-inactive variants. previous studies on one lys49 isoform, myotoxin ii from bothrops asper, indicated that its myotoxic activity is due to the presence of a short cationic/hydrophobic sequence (115-129) near its c-terminus, which displays membrane-damaging properties. since the c-terminal region of different group ii pl ... | 2001 | 11478967 |
| systemic cytokine response in children bitten by snakes in costa rica. | to characterize the host response to venom from snakes of the family viperidae in costa rica, we investigated the release of cytokines: il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-alpha, mip-1beta, and rantes in pediatric patients who were bitten by a snake. | 2001 | 11753186 |
| geographic and ontogenic variability in the venom of the neotropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications. | a comparative study was performed on the venoms of adult specimens of the neotropical rattlesnake, crotalus durissus, from guatemala, costa rica, venezuela and brazil, together with the venom of newborn specimens of c. d. durissus from costa rica. venoms from brazil (c. d. terrificus) and from newborn specimens of c. d. durissus presented an electrophoretic pattern characterized by the predominance of bands with molecular mass of 36 and 15 kda, whereas those of adult specimens of c. d. durissus ... | 2002 | 12298262 |
| evaluation of antivenoms in the neutralization of hyperalgesia and edema induced by bothrops jararaca and bothrops asper snake venoms. | neutralization of hyperalgesia induced by bothrops jararaca and b. asper venoms was studied in rats using bothropic antivenom produced at instituto butantan (avib, 1 ml neutralizes 5 mg b. jararaca venom) and polyvalent antivenom produced at instituto clodomiro picado (avcp, 1 ml neutralizes 2.5 mg b. aspar venom). the intraplantar injection of b. jararaca and b. asper venoms caused hyperalgesia, which peaked 1 and 2 h after injection, respectively. both venoms also induced edema with a similar ... | 2002 | 12424496 |
| snakebite envenomation in costa rica: a revision of incidence in the decade 1990-2000. | we reviewed snakebite records from the costa rican health system from the year 1990-2000. during this decade, a total of 5550 snakebite cases occurred in the country. while the average number of snakebites per year was relatively constant at 504 cases, the annual incidence per 100,000 people decreased. this reduction is mainly due to high population growth in costa rica, which increased 35% during the study period. the most affected population lives in rural areas characterized by high precipita ... | 2003 | 12467657 |
| functional analysis of dm64, an antimyotoxic protein with immunoglobulin-like structure from didelphis marsupialis serum. | bothrops snake venoms are known to induce local tissue damage such as hemorrhage and myonecrosis. the opossum didelphis marsupialis is resistant to these snake venoms and has natural venom inhibitors in its plasma. the aim of this work was to clone and study the chemical, physicochemical and biological properties of dm64, an antimyotoxic protein from opossum serum. dm64 is an acidic protein showing 15% glycosylation and with a molecular mass of 63 659 da when analysed by maldi-tof ms. it was clo ... | 2002 | 12473101 |
| biochemical and biological activities of the venom of a new species of pitviper from vietnam, triceratolepidophis sieversorum. | biochemical and biological activities of a venom sample from a recently discovered new genus and species of pitviper from vietnam, triceratolepidophis sieversorum, were assayed and compared with those of five other viperid snakes (bothrops asper, crotalus atrox, protobothrops flavoviridis, trimeresurus insularis, and vipera ammodytes). the venom had high casein hydrolysis, arginine ester hydrolysis and haemorrhagic activities, lacked measurable phosphodiesterase and l-amino acid oxidase activiti ... | 2003 | 12565732 |
| intramuscular administration of antivenoms in experimental envenomation by bothrops asper: comparison between fab and igg. | the efficacy of intramuscular (im) administration of sheep fab and igg antivenoms was assessed in a mouse experimental model of envenomation by bothrops asper, in order to test if the more rapid absorption of fab improves neutralization. both antivenoms were adjusted to have a similar neutralizing potency in assays involving preincubation of venom and antivenom. neither antivenom was effective in neutralizing lethality, nor in prolonging the time of death, in mice injected with either 3, 2 or 1. ... | 2003 | 12565743 |
| cross reactivity of three antivenoms against north american snake venoms. | the antivenom in the united states today is in short supply, expensive and may not even be the most effective in neutralizing venoms from snakes in certain geographical locations. the ed(50) is considered to be the best indicator of antivenom efficacy, however, other tests are needed. in this study, three antivenoms (antivipmyn (fab(2)h), crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) (fabo) and ucv (fabv) were used to test the effectiveness of neutralization of eight venoms (agkistrodon piscivorus pi ... | 2003 | 12565754 |
| hyperalgesia induced by asp49 and lys49 phospholipases a2 from bothrops asper snake venom: pharmacological mediation and molecular determinants. | the ability of lys49 and asp49 phospholipases a(2) (pla(2)), from bothrops asper snake venom, to cause hyperalgesia was investigated in rats, using the paw pressure test. intraplantar injection of both toxins (5-20 micro g/paw) caused hyperalgesia, which peaked 1h after injections. incubation of both proteins with heparin, prior to their injection, partially reduced this response. chemical modification of asp49 pla(2) with p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-bpb), which abrogates its pla(2) activity, als ... | 2003 | 12727271 |
| characterization of 'basparin a,' a prothrombin-activating metalloproteinase, from the venom of the snake bothrops asper that inhibits platelet aggregation and induces defibrination and thrombosis. | a prothrombin activator, named 'basparin a,' was isolated from the venom of the crotaline snake bothrops asper, the species responsible for the majority of snakebite cases in central america. it is an acidic (pi 5.4), 70kda, single chain p-iii metalloproteinase comprising, in addition to the metalloproteinase domain, disintegrin-like, and high-cysteine domains. basparin a is a glycoprotein displaying immunological cross-reactivity with bah1, a p-iii hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from th ... | 2003 | 13679078 |
| neutrophils do not contribute to local tissue damage, but play a key role in skeletal muscle regeneration, in mice injected with bothrops asper snake venom. | local tissue damage induced by crotaline snake venoms includes edema, myonecrosis, hemorrhage, and an inflammatory response associated with a prominent cellular infiltrate. the role of neutrophils in the local tissue damage induced by bothrops asper snake venom and by myotoxin i, a phospholipase a2 isolated from this venom, was investigated. male swiss mice were pretreated with either an antimouse granulocyte rat monoclonal immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody or with isotype-matched control antibody ... | 2003 | 14506717 |
| bothrops asper metalloproteinase bap1 is inhibited by alpha(2)-macroglobulin and mouse serum and does not induce systemic hemorrhage or coagulopathy. | the ability of the p-i metalloproteinase bap1, isolated from the venom of the snake bothrops asper, to induce systemic bleeding, thrombocytopenia and defibrinogenation was assessed in an experimental mouse model. intravenous administration of bap1 caused neither systemic bleeding nor any evidence of pathology in lungs, kidneys, liver, heart and brain. moreover, there were no alterations in the whole blood clotting time or in platelet numbers. in addition, bap1 did not inhibit collagen-induced pl ... | 2004 | 15019481 |
| effect of the metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat in the systemic toxicity induced by bothrops asper snake venom: understanding the role of metalloproteinases in envenomation. | the peptidomimetic hydroxamate metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat (bb-94) was assessed for its ability to neutralize the systemic effects (lethality, hemorrhage and coagulopathy) induced by the venom of bothrops asper, the most important snake from a medical standpoint in central america. batimastat inhibited lethality when a venom challenge dose of two ld(50)s was used by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes, with ed(50)s of 250 and 22 microm, respectively. with a challenge dose of three ... | 2004 | 15051405 |
| snake venom phospholipase a2s (asp49 and lys49) induce mechanical allodynia upon peri-sciatic administration: involvement of spinal cord glia, proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. | snakebites constitute a serious public health problem in central and south america, where species of the lancehead pit vipers (genus bothrops) cause the majority of accidents. bothrops envenomations are very painful, and this effect is not neutralized by antivenom treatment. two variants of secretory phospholipases a2 (spla2), corresponding to asp49 and lys49 pla2s, have been isolated from bothrops asper venom. these spla2s induce hyperalgesia in rats following subcutaneous injection. however, v ... | 2004 | 15109522 |
| isolation of bothrasperin, a disintegrin with potent platelet aggregation inhibitory activity, from the venom of the snake bothrops asper. | the venom of bothrops asper induces severe coagulation disturbances in accidentally envenomed humans. however, only few studies have been conducted to identify components that interact with the hemostatic system in this venom. in the present work, we fractionated b. asper venom in order to investigate the possible presence of inhibitors of platelet aggregation. using a combination of gel filtration, anion-exchange chromatography, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, we isola ... | 2003 | 15162701 |
| neutralization of the edema-forming, defibrinating and coagulant effects of bothrops asper venom by extracts of plants used by healers in colombia. | we determined the neutralizing activity of 12 ethanolic extracts of plants against the edema-forming, defibrinating and coagulant effects of bothrops asper venom in swiss webster mice. the material used consisted of the leaves and branches of bixa orellana (bixaceae), ficus nymphaeifolia (moraceae), struthanthus orbicularis (loranthaceae) and gonzalagunia panamensis (rubiaceae); the stem barks of brownea rosademonte (caesalpiniaceae) and tabebuia rosea (bignoniaceae); the whole plant of pleopelt ... | 2004 | 15264003 |
| snake venom components enhance pain upon subcutaneous injection: an initial examination of spinal cord mediators. | snakebites are a relevant public health problem in central and south america. snake bite envenomations cause intense pain, not relieved by anti-venom. the fangs of many species are short, causing subcutaneous injection. fangs of larger species inflict subcutaneous or intramuscular envenomation. to understand pain induced by subcutaneous venom, this study examined spinal mechanisms involved in pain-enhancing effects of subcutaneous lys49 and asp49 secretory phospholipase-a(2) (spla2), two compone ... | 2004 | 15327810 |
| membrane independent activation of fibroblast prommp-2 by snake venom: novel roles for venom proteinases. | prommp-2 activation by bothrops asper venom was investigated in mouse gastrocnemius muscle, mammalian cell culture and a cell-free system. zymography revealed an increment of latent and activated forms of mmp-2 in muscle homogenates 1-3 days after venom injection. to clarify if venom can induce expression and activation of mmp-2, independently of the inflammatory response, venom was added to cultured human fibroblasts, endothelial and skeletal muscle cells, which expressed prommp-2 constitutivel ... | 2004 | 15500851 |
| characterization of events associated with apoptosis/anoikis induced by snake venom metalloproteinase bap1 on human endothelial cells. | human endothelial ea.hy926 cells were incubated with bap1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase purified from bothrops asper snake venom. since the first hour of incubation with the proteinase, cells started showing dna fragmentation, detected by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dudp nick-end labeling (tunel)-based photometric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). at later times, dna fragments were predominantly located outside the cells, evidencing plasma membrane rupture. dna f ... | 2005 | 15543558 |
| anticomplementary activity of equine whole igg antivenoms: comparison of three fractionation protocols. | early adverse reactions occur in a number of patients treated with heterologous antivenoms and have been associated with anticomplementary activity (aca). in order to reduce the aca of equine whole igg antivenoms produced by caprylic acid fractionation, three different fractionation protocols were compared: (a) routine caprylic acid fractionation; (b) caprylic acid fractionation followed by beta-propiolactone treatment; and (c) caprylic acid fractionation followed by ion-exchange chromatography ... | 2005 | 15581691 |
| role of tnf-alpha, il-1beta and il-6 in the local tissue damage induced by bothrops asper snake venom: an experimental assessment in mice. | the role of the cytokines tnf-alpha, il-1beta and il-6 in the acute local pathological effects induced by bothrops asper snake venom was assessed in mice. intramuscular injection of this venom induced increments in il-1beta and il-6 in muscle, but no elevations of tnf-alpha were detected. pentoxifylline (ptx), a methylxanthine derivative that inhibits the synthesis of tnf-alpha, and antibodies against these three cytokines were used to assess the role of these cytokines in venom-induced effects. ... | 2005 | 15626366 |
| inflammatory events induced by lys-49 and asp-49 phospholipases a2 isolated from bothrops asper snake venom: role of catalytic activity. | the inflammatory events induced in the peritoneal cavity of mice by two pla2s isolated from bothrops asper snake venom were investigated. mt-iii, an asp-49 catalytically active enzyme and mt-ii, a catalytically inactive lys-49 variant induced increase in vascular permeability. inhibition of enzymatic activity of mt-iii with p-bromophenacyl bromide reduced this effect. mt-iii induced a larger neutrophil infiltrate than mt-ii. this activity was significantly reduced after inhibition of catalytic a ... | 2005 | 15683872 |
| [toxicity of venoms from snakes of medical importance in méxico]. | the characterization of the toxic activities of snake venoms is necessary to understand the physiopathology of the envenomation and to test the potency of the antivenoms used to treat this pathology. because of the lack of data on the toxic activities of venoms from mexican snakes of medical importance, we studied the venoms from bothrops asper, athropoides nummifrr, agkistrodon billineatus, crotalus durissus durissus, crotalus basiliscus, crotalus scutulatus, crotalus atrox and micrurus nigroci ... | 2005 | 15754746 |
| bactericidal and antiendotoxic properties of short cationic peptides derived from a snake venom lys49 phospholipase a2. | the activities of short synthetic, nonhemolytic peptides derived from the c-terminal region of myotoxin ii, a catalytically inactive phospholipase a2 homologue present in the venom of the snake bothrops asper, have been shown to reproduce the bactericidal activity of the parent protein. they combine cationic and hydrophobic-aromatic amino acids, thus functionally resembling the antimicrobial peptides of innate defenses. this study evaluated the antimicrobial and antiendotoxic properties of a 13- ... | 2005 | 15793109 |