| morphological study of lesions induced by snake venoms (naja naja and agkistrodon piscivorus) in the lung and cremaster vessels of rats. | the morphological effects of two snake venoms, n. naja and a. piscivorus, and of the direct lytic factor and phospholipase-a, compounds purified from n. naja crude venom, were investigated on lung and cremaster vessels of rats. the microcirculation of the rat reacts to these two venoms differently: n. naja produces congestion, haemolysis and increased vascular permeability, whereas a. piscivorus causes these alterations, plus haemorrhage and thrombosis. direct lytic factor elicits reponses simil ... | 1977 | 881630 |
| expression of a group ii phospholipase a2 from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus in escherichia coli: recovery and renaturation from bacterial inclusion bodies. | a synthetic gene encoding the group ii phospholipase a2 (pla2) from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus has been constructed and expressed with high efficiency in escherichia coli. no enzymatic activity was recovered when the polypeptide contained the initiator met residue. replacement of an asn residue penultimate to the initiator met with ser or gly permitted removal of the initiator met by the endogenous methionine aminopeptidase. the amino-terminal serine (n-ser) and amino-termina ... | 1992 | 1336691 |
| calcium and magnesium dependence of phospholipase a2-catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles. | the ca2+ requirement for lipid hydrolysis catalyzed by phospholipase a2 from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus (app-d49) and porcine pancreas has been examined using small, unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (dppc suv). hydrolysis was affected by product inhibition even at early times, and the extent of this inhibition depended on the concentration of divalent cations. the ca2+ requirement for half-maximal rates of hydrolysis reflected, in part, this non-catalytic role of div ... | 1992 | 1400456 |
| local heat and cold application after eastern cottonmouth moccasin (agkistrodon piscivorus) envenomation in the rat: effect on tissue injury. | we studied the effect of local application of heat or cold on the development of tissue necrosis in envenomated rats. anesthetized animals had 6 mg/kg venom from agkistrodon piscivorus injected subcutaneously into the lateral aspect of a hind limb. heat or cold was applied to the site of envenomation in the experimental groups for 4-6 hr, and the injected area was examined histologically after 24 hr. neither local treatment, with or without the presence of systemic antivenin, significantly affec ... | 1992 | 1485335 |
| reversibility of the activation of soluble phospholipase a2 on lipid bilayers: implications for the activation mechanism. | the time-courses of hydrolysis of large vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were compared using four species of phospholipase a2 (agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus, crotalus adamanteus and naja naja venoms and porcine pancreatic). in all four cases, the hydrolysis rate suddenly increases 10 to 100-fold at the time (tau) when a specific mole fraction of reaction products has accumulated. the intrinsic fluorescence emission of the three venom enzymes also increases suddenly at time tau. bot ... | 1992 | 1643108 |
| myotoxin ii from bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom is a lysine-49 phospholipase a2. | a basic, dimeric myotoxic protein, myotoxin ii, purified from bothrops asper venom has a similar molecular weight and is immunologically cross-reactive with antibodies raised to previously isolated b. asper phospholipases a2, except that it shows only 0.1% of the phospholipase activity against l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine in the presence of triton x-100. its 121 amino acid sequence, determined by automated edman degradation, clearly identifies it as a lys-49 phospholipase a2. key amino acid diffe ... | 1991 | 1899180 |
| immunological properties of the fibrinolytic enzyme (fibrolase) from southern copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix contortrix) venom and its purification by immunoaffinity chromatography. | an antibody to the fibrinolytic enzyme in southern copperhead venom was produced by immunizing rabbits with chromatographically purified enzyme. the antibody was purified from rabbit blood by ammonium sulfate fractionation and protein-a affinity chromatography. the purified antibody reacted only with the fibrinolytic enzyme in southern copperhead venom as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. western immunoblotting revealed that several snake venoms, including agkistrodon pi ... | 1991 | 1926169 |
| neutralization of kinin-releasing enzymes of crotalid venoms by monospecific and polyspecific antivenoms. | the amounts of kinin-releasing enzymes in the venoms of crotalus atrox, crotalus adamanteus, crotalus scutulatus scutulatus and agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus were measured by determining the amounts of kinin released from a sheep kininogen substrate by means of a specific radioimmunoassay. four monospecific and two commercial polyspecific antivenom igg samples were tested for their ability to reduce the kinin-releasing activities of the four crotalid venoms measured in vitro. all of the anti ... | 1991 | 1926178 |
| binding of the snake venom-derived proteins applaggin and echistatin to the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid recognition site(s) on platelet glycoprotein iib.iiia complex inhibits receptor function. | in the present report we describe the platelet-binding characteristics of applaggin and echistatin, potent inhibitors of fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation derived from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus and echis carinatus snake venoms, respectively. both molecules bound to unstimulated platelets in a specific and saturable manner. at saturation there were 37,100 +/- 3,150 (mean, +/- s.d.) molecules of applaggin and 27,200 +/- 2,816 molecules of echistatin bound/platelet, with dissociatio ... | 1990 | 2365698 |
| platelet-aggregation is stimulated by lactose-inhibitable snake venom lectins. | five lactose-specific lectins from snake venoms were tested for the ability to stimulate the aggregation of human platelets. three of the lectins, bushmaster (lachesis muta), cottonmouth (ancistrodon piscivorous leukostoma) and rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) lectins, consistently stimulated secretion and aggregation. thrombolectin (bothrops atrox) occasionally caused aggregation. copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix contortrix) lectin did not by itself cause platelet aggregation. lactose, a specific ... | 1989 | 2530646 |
| the role of asp-49 and other conserved amino acids in phospholipases a2 and their importance for enzymatic activity. | the role of aspartic acid-49 (asp-49) in the active site of porcine pancreatic phospholipase a2 was studied by recombinant dna techniques: two mutant proteins were constructed containing either glutamic acid (glu) or lysine (lys) at position 49. enzymatic characterization indicated that the presence of asp-49 is essential for effective hydrolysis of phospholipids. conversion of asp-49 to either glu or lys strongly reduces the binding of ca2+ ions, in particular for the lysine mutant, but the aff ... | 1989 | 2722967 |
| the role of aspartic acid-49 in the active site of phospholipase a2. a site-specific mutagenesis study of porcine pancreatic phospholipase a2 and the rationale of the enzymatic activity of [lysine49]phospholipase a2 from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus' venom. | in order to probe the role of asp-49 in the active site of porcine pancreatic phospholipase a2 two mutant proteins were constructed containing either glu or lys at position 49. their enzymatic activities and their affinities for substrate and for ca2+ ions were examined in comparison with the native enzyme. enzymatic characterization indicated that the presence of asp-49 is essential for effective hydrolysis of phospholipids. conversion of asp-49 to either glu or lys strongly reduces the binding ... | 1988 | 3046944 |
| the lysine-49 phospholipase a2 from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus. relation of structure and function to other phospholipases a2. | a new class of phospholipases a2 that have a lysine at position 49 differ from the more conventional asp-49 enzymes with respect to the sequential binding of the essential cofactor, calcium, and the substrate, phospholipid, in the formation of the catalytic complex (maraganore, j.m., merutka, g., cho, w., welches, w., kézdy, f.j., and heinrikson, r.l. (1984) j. biol. chem. 259, 13839-13843). we report here the complete amino acid sequence of the lys-49 enzyme from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivor ... | 1986 | 3082870 |
| comparison of enzymatic and pharmacological activities of lysine-49 and aspartate-49 phospholipases a2 from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus snake venom. | the basic lys-49 phospholipase a2 (pla2) from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus venom is homologous to the basic asp-49 pla2 from the same venom as well as other snake venom pla2 enzymes. it differs, however, in several respects, most important being replacement of the previously invariant asp-49 at the calcium binding site by lys, resulting in a reversed order of addition of calcium and phospholipid, phospholipid binding first. although the preferences for phospholipid substrates of the two enz ... | 1987 | 3109429 |
| the chemical basis for interfacial activation of monomeric phospholipases a2. autocatalytic derivatization of the enzyme by acyl transfer from substrate. | a basic monomeric phospholipase a2 from the venom of the american water moccasin, agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus, undergoes ca2+-dependent, autocatalytic acylation during the course of hydrolysis of both model and natural phospholipid substrates. acylation occurs at 2 lysine residues, lys-7 and lys-10, in the nh2-terminal alpha-helical segment of the enzyme, and when both positions are fully derivatized, the stable bisacylphospholipase a2 becomes a dimer in solution. the acylated enzyme is fu ... | 1988 | 3403524 |
| protein c activators in snake venoms. | venoms of 32 snake species were tested for protein c (pc) activating potency. as measured with the chromogenic pc substrate d-pro-l-pro-l-arg-pna, eleven venoms were able to generate amidolytic activity from purified bovine pc. in five venom solutions (bothrops moojeni, b. pradoi, cerastes cerastes, vipera lebetina and v. russellii) the pc activating potency was destroyed during 10 min heating at 70 degrees c at ph 3, whereas in six venom solutions (agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, a. c. mokas ... | 1986 | 3755037 |
| detection of specific proenzyme activators in snake venoms by a new immunoabsorbant-chromogenic substrate method. | in separate experiments, antibodies to plasminogen, factor x and protein c were applied to microtitre trays as commonly used in enzyme-linked immunoassays. after incubation with dilute normal human plasma as a source of the corresponding proenzyme antigen, the wells were exposed to dilutions of various snake venoms. after thorough washing, the microtitre tray wells were tested overnight with chromogenic tripeptide substrates known to be relatively specific for the activated forms of the above fa ... | 1985 | 3841012 |
| in vivo effects of snake venoms on passive and facilitated glucose transport across blood-ocular and blood-csf barriers of the rat. | the transport of (3h)-3-0-methyl-d-glucose (md-glu) and (14c)-l-glucose (l-glu) across blood-ocular and blood-cns barriers was studied in rats with previously introduced (i.v.) lethal doses of lyophilized venom from one of three venomous snakes; mojave rattlesnake, crotalus scutulatus; cottonmouth mocassin, agkistrodon piscivorus; yellow cobra, naja nivea. transport rate constants calculated for md-glu are taken as an indication of carrier-mediated transport, whereas l-glu constants are consider ... | 1985 | 3992599 |
| effects of x-irradiation on the antigenic character of agkistrodon piscivorus (cottonmouth moccasin) venom. | | 1966 | 4162685 |
| distribution and excretion of 3h-venoms of crotalus adamanteus, crotalusatrox, and agkistrodon piscivorus and 3h-serum of lampropeltis getulus in rats. | | 1972 | 5058627 |
| some effects of guinea pig serum and heparin on hemolysis induced by naja naja, agkistrodon piscivorus and apis mellifera venom. | | 1972 | 5070580 |
| comparison of hemorrhagic factors of the venoms of naja naja, agkistrodon piscivorus and apis mellifera. | | 1970 | 5315472 |
| structural and respiratory effects of agkistrodon piscivorus phospholipase a on rat liver mitochondria. | | 1970 | 5416109 |
| detoxification of russell's viper (vipera russellii) and water moccasin (agkistrodon piscivorus) venoms by photooxidation. | | 1966 | 5938782 |
| subnuclear organization of the ophidian trigeminal motor nucleus. ii. ultrastructural measurements on motoneurons innervating antagonistic muscles. | horseradish peroxidase (hrp), injected intramuscularly, specifically labeled motoneurons innervating antagonistic jaw muscles in the cottonmouth mocassin, agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus. adductor mandibulae profundus, part 3a, motoneurons were localized in the lateral regions of the ventral and intermediate subnuclei of the trigeminal (v) motor nucleus. these were large cells containing fine, granular reaction product characteristic of alpha-motoneurons. small cells, which contained large coa ... | 1980 | 7391269 |
| the haemorrhagic exudate and its possible relationship to neurogenic inflammation. | the morphological effects of an aqueous solution of nistatin, of clostridium septicum and tityus serrulatus toxins, of bothrops jararaca and agkistrodon piscivorus venoms on the vessels of the tendinous portion of the diaphragm were investigated in guinea-pigs. it was demonstrated that all these substances, when injected intrapleurally induced not only an increase in the permeability of venules but also haemorrhages originating at this segment of the microcirculation. red cells were shown to esc ... | 1980 | 7400880 |
| highly efficient immobilization of phospholipase a2 and its biomedical applications. | a new method for the immobilization of phospholipase a2 (pla2) has been developed to enhance the activity retention of immobilized pla2. when pla2 from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus was pretreated with 4-nitro-3-octanoyl-oxybenzoic acid to acylate epsilon-amino groups of two lysines (lys-7 and lys-10) and the resulting acylated enzyme was covalently coupled onto carbonyldiimidazole-activated cross-linked agarose beads, the immobilized acylated enzyme showed high retention of act ... | 1995 | 7658163 |
| structure and effects of a kinin potentiating fraction f (appf) isolated from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus venom. | the contractile action of bradykinin on isolated smooth muscles is known to be potentiated by special peptides isolated from snake venoms and other animal sources. a fraction f (appf) has been derived from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus venom. this fraction does not increase the depressor effect of bradykinin n blood pressure, potentiates the action of bradykinin on isolated guinea-pig ileum and prolongs the duration of relaxation in isolated rat duodenum. this fraction was able to inhibit th ... | 1995 | 8599182 |
| 1h, 15n and 13c resonance assignments and secondary structure of group ii phospholipase a2 from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus: presence of an amino-terminal helix in solution. | 1h, 15n and 13c resonance assignments are presented for the group ii phospholipase a2 (pla2) from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus. the secondary structure of the enzyme has been inferred from an analysis of coupling constants, interproton distances, chemical shifts, and kinetics of amide exchange. overall, the secondary structure of this pla2 is similar to the crystal structure of the homologous group ii human nonpancreatic secretory phospholipase [scott, d.l., white, s.p., browning, j.l., ros ... | 1996 | 8616268 |
| characterization of the clinical and anatomical pathological changes associated with hepatozoon mocassini infections in unnatural reptilian hosts. | laboratory-reared aedes aegypti mosquitoes were employed in the successful transmission of hepatozoon mocassini from a cotton-mouth moccasin (agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) to 3 lizard species (sceloporus undulatus, eumeces obsoletus and sceloporus poinsetti). marked to severe lethargy and anorexia developed in the s. undulatus, e. obsoletus and s. poinsetti at 15, 38, and 96 days postinfection (pi), respectively. all 3 lizards developed a leukocytosis and had increased plasma aspartate amin ... | 1996 | 8690537 |
| structural aspects of interfacial adsorption. a crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis study of the phospholipase a2 from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus. | recent genetic and structural studies have shed considerable light on the mechanism by which secretory phospholipases a2 interact with substrate aggregates. electrostatic forces play an essential role in optimizing interfacial catalysis. efficient and productive adsorption of the class i bovine pancreatic phospholipase a2 to anionic interfaces is dependent upon the presence of two nonconserved lysine residues at sequence positions 56 and 116, implying that critical components of the adsorption s ... | 1997 | 9013608 |
| primary structure and biological activity of snake venom lectin (apl) from agkistrodon p. piscivorus (eastern cottonmouth). | a lectin (apl) was purified from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus (eastern cottonmouth moccasin). apl is a disulfide-linked, homodimeric protein consisting of identical monomers of molecular weight 16,200. native rabbit and human erythrocytes were agglutinated by apl and the activity was found to be calcium-dependent. galactose, lactose, rhamnose and egta strongly inhibited the hemagglutination activity of apl. the complete amino acid sequence determined by edman sequencing of the ... | 1999 | 10484740 |
| differential roles of ionic, aliphatic, and aromatic residues in membrane-protein interactions: a surface plasmon resonance study on phospholipases a2. | the roles of cationic, aliphatic, and aromatic residues in the membrane association and dissociation of five phospholipases a(2) (pla(2)), including asp-49 pla(2) from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus, acidic pla(2) from the venom of naja naja atra, human group iia and v pla(2)s, and the c2 domain of cytosolic pla(2), were determined by surface plasmon resonance analysis. cationic interfacial binding residues of a. p. piscivorus pla(2) (lys-10) and human group iia pla(2) (arg-7, ly ... | 2001 | 11294634 |
| identification of the myotoxic site of the lys49 phospholipase a(2) from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus snake venom: synthetic c-terminal peptides from lys49, but not from asp49 myotoxins, exert membrane-damaging activities. | group ii phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) myotoxins found in the venoms of crotalidae snakes can be divided into 'asp49' and 'lys49' isoforms, the latter being considered catalytically-inactive variants. previous studies on one lys49 isoform, myotoxin ii from bothrops asper, indicated that its myotoxic activity is due to the presence of a short cationic/hydrophobic sequence (115-129) near its c-terminus, which displays membrane-damaging properties. since the c-terminal region of different group ii pl ... | 2001 | 11478967 |
| cross reactivity of three antivenoms against north american snake venoms. | the antivenom in the united states today is in short supply, expensive and may not even be the most effective in neutralizing venoms from snakes in certain geographical locations. the ed(50) is considered to be the best indicator of antivenom efficacy, however, other tests are needed. in this study, three antivenoms (antivipmyn (fab(2)h), crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) (fabo) and ucv (fabv) were used to test the effectiveness of neutralization of eight venoms (agkistrodon piscivorus pi ... | 2003 | 12565754 |
| wide distribution of cysteine-rich secretory proteins in snake venoms: isolation and cloning of novel snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins. | cysteine-rich secretory proteins (crisps) are found in epididymis and granules of mammals, and they are thought to function in sperm maturation and in the immune system. recently, we isolated and obtained clones for novel snake venom proteins that are classified as crisp family proteins. to elucidate the distribution of snake venom crisp family proteins, we evaluated a wide range of venoms for immuno-cross-reactivity. then we isolated, characterized, and cloned genes for three novel crisp family ... | 2003 | 12646276 |
| preclinical assessment of the ability of polyvalent (crotalinae) and anticoral (elapidae) antivenoms produced in costa rica to neutralize the venoms of north american snakes. | polyvalent (crotalinae) and anticoral (elapidae) antivenoms produced by instituto clodomiro picado, costa rica, were assessed for their ability to neutralize various toxic activities of the venoms of north american snakes of the genera crotalus, agkistrodon and micrurus, in assays involving preincubation of venom and antivenom. when the intraperitoneal route of injection was utilized, polyvalent (crotalinae) antivenom was effective in the neutralization of the venoms of crotalus atrox, crotalus ... | 2003 | 12782085 |
| a potentially important excretory-secretory product of giardia lamblia. | in this study we have reported the detailed characterization of a 58 kda excretory-secretory product (esp) of giardia lamblia. the method of purification has been simplified which has improved the purification fold as well as the yield of the esp. the binding efficacy of disialoganglioside (gd2) to the purified esp was found to be maximum among all other gangliosides used. the n-terminal sequence of the immunoreactive 29 kda peptide obtained from partial tryptic digest of the esp was found to be ... | 2002 | 12856314 |
| distribution in the mouse of lethal and sub-lethal doses of cottonmouth moccasin venom labelled with iodine-131. | | 1959 | 13827299 |
| studies on the biologic relationship of endotoxin and other toxic proteins. i. comparison of the properties of snake venom and endotoxin. | 1. agkistrodon piscivorus venom and e. coli endotoxin were shown to be immunologically distinct, and to differ in certain biologic properties: effects on immune response, body temperature, and circulating leukocyte count, and capacity to prepare for and provoke the local and generalized shwartzman reaction. 2. neither a single prior injection of venom nor the existence of hyperimmunity to lethal doses of venom protected rabbits against the local and generalized shwartzman reaction. 3. serial int ... | 1962 | 13880807 |
| studies on the biologic relationship of endotoxin and other toxic proteins. ii. enhancement of susceptibility to snake venom by endotoxin. | 1. injections of sublethal quantities of agkistrodon piscivorus venom into endotoxin-treated rabbits produces a consistent early death. 2. the endotoxin-induced hypersusceptibility state (eihs) to venom is produced by intravenous, intradermal, and intraperitoneal administration of endotoxin. the latency and duration of the eihs vary with the route of administration. 3. eihs is induced by as little as 1 gamma of endotoxin administered intravenously. although the degree of susceptibility was no gr ... | 1962 | 13916025 |
| the effect of edta on the extent of tissue damage caused by the venoms of bothrops atrox (fer-de-lance) and agkistrodon piscivorus (cottonmouth moccasin). rep 596. | | 1963 | 14131257 |
| amylase in the cottonmouth water moccasin, agkistrodon piscivorus. | | 1964 | 14246360 |
| the chemical modification of necrogenic and proteolytic activities of venom and the use of edta to produce agkistrodon piscivorus venom toxoid. | | 1964 | 14301289 |
| identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central alabama. | uranotaenia sapphirina, culex erraticus, and cx. peccator were collected in an enzootic eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus focus in central alabama (tuskegee national forest) from 2001 to 2003 and analyzed for virus as well as host selection. eee virus was detected in each species every year except 2003, when pools of cx. peccator were negative. most (97%) of the 130 cx. peccator blood meals identified were from ectothermic hosts; 3% were from birds. among blood meals from reptiles (ap ... | 2004 | 15381805 |
| comparisons of aquatic versus terrestrial predatory strikes in the pitviper, agkistrodon piscivorus. | recent studies comparing terrestrial versus aquatic locomotion in animals have shown that changes in kinematics, muscular activation patterns, and performance across media are often dramatic. surprisingly, however, despite the importance of feeding to the survival of most animals, few studies have compared differences in feeding behaviour between media. the present study compares prey-capture behaviour, strike success, strike velocity and acceleration, and prey-capture kinematics in a semi-aquat ... | 2005 | 15880763 |
| computational analysis of the membrane association of group iia secreted phospholipases a2: a differential role for electrostatics. | secreted phospholipases a2 (spla2's) are enzymes that hydrolyze glycerophospholipids at the sn-2 position, which leads to the production of lipid mediators of many cellular processes. these interfacial enzymes are regulated by their lipid specificity at two levels: membrane binding and substrate recognition. different spla2's utilize different combinations of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions to adsorb to membrane surfaces, which results in the wide range of membrane binding behaviors o ... | 2006 | 16489752 |
| neurotropic effects of venoms and other factors that promote prey acquisition. | mammals envenomed by either the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus adamanteus) or the cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) exhibit an immediate but transitory pupillar contraction, a parasympathomimetic effect mediated through the ciliary ganglion that can be prevented by a retrobulbar injection of anesthetic. the venom of the cottonmouth injected into the lymph spaces of the frog (rana pipiens) produces an immediate and total collapse of the lung sacs. applied locally to the s ... | 2007 | 17620305 |
| recombinant expression and affinity purification of snake venom gland parvalbumin in escherichia coli. | parvalbumins (pv) are small, acidic, water soluble and calcium-binding proteins generally present in muscular and nervous tissues. in the present study, we identified and characterized a cdna clone encoding pv, named aplpv, from a snake (agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) venom gland cdna library. aplpv belongs to ef-hand proteins with six alpha-helices constituting three ef-hand domains. the deduced amino acid sequence of aplpv is 91% and 68% identical to the previously characterized pvs of boa ... | 2009 | 19275943 |
| cdna cloning, expression and fibrin(ogen)olytic activity of two low-molecular weight snake venom metalloproteinases. | two cdna clones, aplvmp1 and aplvmp2, were isolated from a snake (agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) venom gland cdna library. the full-length cdna sequence of aplvmp1 with a calculated molecular mass of 46.61 kda is 1233 bp in length. aplvmp1 encodes pi class metalloproteinase with an open reading frame of 411 amino acid residues that includes signal peptide, pro-domain and metalloproteinase domains. the full-length cdna of the aplvmp2 (1371 bp) has a calculated molecular mass of 51.16 kda and ... | 2009 | 19375443 |
| aapcc database characterization of native u.s. venomous snake exposures, 2001-2005. | differences in victim demographics, clinical effects, managements, and outcomes among native viperid (rattlesnake, copperhead, and cottonmouth) and elapid (coral snake) species have not been systematically characterized. | 2009 | 19514880 |
| venom extraction from anesthetized florida cottonmouths, agkistrodon piscivorus conanti, using a portable nerve stimulator. | florida cottonmouth snakes (agkistrodon piscivorus conanti) were anesthetized with the injectable anesthetic propofol, and venom expulsion was induced with a commercially available human nerve stimulator. we observed rapid anesthetic induction with strong correlation between animal mass and both propofol dose and induction time. we also found a positive correlation between venom yield and animal mass. the method we describe produced consistent venom extraction, maximized yield by completely empt ... | 2010 | 19647760 |
| human cytokine response to texas crotaline envenomation before and after antivenom administration. | the aim of this study was to characterize the human cytokine response to texas crotaline envenomation before and after antivenom administration. | 2010 | 20887908 |
| in vitro evaluation of total venom-antivenin immune complex formation and binding parameters relevant to antivenin protection against venom toxicity and lethality based on size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. | total venom-antivenin immune complex formation and binding parameters relevant to antivenin protection against venom toxicity and lethality can be evaluated using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (se-hplc). simple integration of regions within se-hplc elution profiles was used to compare binding characteristics of crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) antivenin (fabav) and crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake; c. atrox), c. varidis varidis (prairie rattlesnake; ... | 2011 | 21392522 |
| crotalidae polyvalent immune fab: in patients with north american crotaline envenomation. | crotalidae polyvalent immune fab is an antivenom comprising purified, sheep-derived, fab igg fragments and is indicated for use in patients with north american crotaline envenomation. crotalidae polyvalent immune fab is produced using four north american snake venoms: crotalus atrox, crotalus adamanteus, crotalus scutulatus, and agkistrodon piscivorus. intravenous crotalidae polyvalent immune fab was effective in patients aged =10 years who had minimal or moderate envenomation by a north america ... | 2011 | 21443271 |
| salivary pacemakers: a review. | xerostomia is the medical term for the subjective complaint of dry mouth due to a lack of saliva. xerostomia is sometimes colloquially called pasties, cottonmouth, drooth, doughmouth or des (like a desert). several diseases, treatments and medications can cause xerostomia. it is also common in smokers. treatment of xerostomia is a common clinical challenge in the oral medicine practice. although some treatments have been used to improve the symptoms of xerostomia, none is completely satisfactory ... | 2012 | 23814557 |
| synergistic effects of secretory phospholipase a2 from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus with cancer chemotherapeutic agents. | healthy cells typically resist hydrolysis catalyzed by snake venom secretory phospholipase a2. however, during various forms of programmed cell death, they become vulnerable to attack by the enzyme. this observation raises the question of whether the specificity of the enzyme for dying cells could be used as a strategy to eliminate tumor cells that have been intoxicated but not directly killed by chemotherapeutic agents. this idea was tested with s49 lymphoma cells and a broad range of antineopl ... | 2012 | 23509743 |
| the crystal structure of a lysine 49 phospholipase a2 from the venom of the cottonmouth snake at 2.0-a resolution. | the crystal structure of a lysine 49 variant phospholipase a2 (k49 pla2) has been determined at 2.0-a resolution. this particular phospholipase a2, purified from the venom of the eastern cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus), a north american pit viper, differs significantly from others studied crystallographically because of replacement of the aspartate residue at position 49, whose side chain is important in calcium binding, by lysine. the crystallographic analysis of k49 pla2 was un ... | 1994 | 2120215 |
| patellar subluxation. a recent history. | for 15 years (1955 to 1970), i was plowing "new ground" pretty much by myself. when you plow behind an old mule and hit a stump hole full of cottonmouth moccasins, you have to get on the move in a hurry and figure out some solution to the predicament or you won't get your corn planted. so, i was not treating the overweight, knock-kneed, loose-jointed, teenaged girl, but the young boy or girl who thought that he or she was an athlete and had dreams of being a star. if rehabilitation did not work, ... | 2009 | 2752433 |
| phylogenetic analysis of bacterial communities in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract of agkistrodon piscivorus, the cottonmouth snake. | vertebrates are metagenomic organisms in that they are composed not only of their own genes but also those of their associated microbial cells. the majority of these associated microorganisms are found in the gastrointestinal tract (git) and presumably assist in processes such as energy and nutrient acquisition. few studies have investigated the associated gut bacterial communities of non-mammalian vertebrates, and most rely on captive animals and/or fecal samples only. here we investigate the g ... | 2015 | 26039313 |
| detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus rna in north american snakes. | the role of non-avian vertebrates in the ecology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev) is unresolved, but mounting evidence supports a potential role for snakes in the eeev transmission cycle, especially as over-wintering hosts. to determine rates of exposure and infection, we examined serum samples from wild snakes at a focus of eeev in alabama for viral rna using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. two species of vipers, the copperhead (agkistrodon contortr ... | 2012 | 23033405 |
| serosurveillance of eastern equine encephalitis virus in amphibians and reptiles from alabama, usa. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) is among the most medically important arboviruses in north america, and studies suggest a role for amphibians and reptiles in its transmission cycle. serum samples collected from 351 amphibians and reptiles (27 species) from alabama, usa, were tested for the presence of antibodies against eeev. frogs, turtles, and lizards showed little or no seropositivity, and snakes had high seropositivity rates. most seropositive species were preferred or abundant host ... | 0 | 22403333 |
| comparative mitochondrial genomics of snakes: extraordinary substitution rate dynamics and functionality of the duplicate control region. | the mitochondrial genomes of snakes are characterized by an overall evolutionary rate that appears to be one of the most accelerated among vertebrates. they also possess other unusual features, including short trnas and other genes, and a duplicated control region that has been stably maintained since it originated more than 70 million years ago. here, we provide a detailed analysis of evolutionary dynamics in snake mitochondrial genomes to better understand the basis of these extreme characteri ... | 2007 | 17655768 |
| apparent fatal snakebite in three hawks. | based on histories and gross and histologic findings, snakebite was diagnosed in three dead raptors submitted for post-mortem examination from northern florida and southern georgia (usa). two immature red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) were found next to dead and partially eaten venomous snakes. an adult cooper's hawk (accipiter cooperii) was found adjacent to a den containing a cotton-mouth (agkistrodon piscivorus) and an eastern diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus adamanteus). gross findings i ... | 1994 | 7760504 |
| pharmacokinetics of nebulized and subcutaneously implanted terbinafine in cottonmouths (agkistrodon piscivorus). | ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, the causative agent of snake fungal disease, is proposed as a serious threat to the conservation of several snake populations. the objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of terbinafine administered through nebulization and a sustained subcutaneous implant as potential treatments of ophidiomyces in reptiles. seven adult cottonmouths (agkistrodon piscivorus) were used in single-dose trials. each snake was nebulized with terbinafine (2 mg/ ... | 2017 | 28382637 |
| corrigendum to "exploring and understanding the functional role, and biochemical and structural characteristics of an acidic phospholipase a2, apltx-i, purified from agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma snake venom" [toxicon 127 (2017) 22-36]. | | 2017 | 28185673 |
| ultrastructure of spermatid development within the testis of the yellow-bellied sea snake, pelamis platurus (squamata: elapidae). | little is known about spermatid development during spermiogenesis in snakes, as there is only one complete study in ophidians, which details the spermatid ultrastructure within the viperid, agkistrodon piscivorus. thus, the following study will add to our understanding of the ontogenic steps of spermiogenesis in snakes by examining spermatid maturation in the elapid, pelamis platurus, which were collected in costa rica in 2009. the spermatids of p. platurus share many similar ultrastructural cha ... | 2016 | 28144497 |
| exploring and understanding the functional role, and biochemical and structural characteristics of an acidic phospholipase a2, apltx-i, purified from agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma snake venom. | phospholipases a2 (pla2s) constitute a class of extensively studied toxins, isolated from snake venoms. basic pla2 isoforms mediate various toxicological effects, while the acidic isoforms generally have higher enzymatic activities, but do not promote evident toxic effects. the functions of these acidic isoforms in snake venoms are still not completely understood and more studies are needed to characterize the biological functions and diversification of acidic toxins in order to justify their ab ... | 2017 | 28063838 |
| clinically significant envenomation from postmortem copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix). | over 14,000 copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix) bites were reported to united states poison centers between 1983 and 2008, and 1809 cases were reported to poison centers in 2014. the copperhead is primarily found in the southeastern united states and belongs to the pit viper subfamily crotalinae, which also includes the water moccasin (agkistrodon piscivorus) and rattlesnakes (crotalus and sistrurus genera). postmortem rattlesnakes have been reported to cause clinically significant envenomation; ... | 2017 | 27876196 |
| stressed snakes strike first: hormone levels and defensive behavior in free ranging cottonmouths (agkistrodon piscivorus). | stress is believed to be an important factor mediating animal behavior. here we explore the relationship between concentrations of a stress hormone and defensive behavior of a snake. the cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus) is an abundant, large-bodied pitviper that is well known for its intense defensive behaviors. the defensive behaviors and hormonal ecology of cottonmouths have been studied extensively, but the interaction between these is not well understood. we conducted field trials, recor ... | 2017 | 27823955 |
| management of tissue loss after agkistrodon snakebite: appropriate use of crotalidae-fab antivenin. | although initially created for the treatment of rattlesnake (genus: crotalus) bites, crotalidae-fab antivenin is used to treat many different pit viper envenomations. however, the efficacy of crotalidae-fab in preventing tissue loss from copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix) or cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus) snakebites remains unclear. recent reports show that agkistrodon-related bites rarely require treatment beyond simple observation and pain control. the purpose of this study was to exami ... | 2016 | 27163225 |
| facultative parthenogenesis in a critically endangered wild vertebrate. | facultative parthenogenesis - the ability of sexually reproducing species to sometimes produce offspring asexually - is known from a wide range of ordinarily sexually reproducing vertebrates in captivity, including some birds, reptiles and sharks [1-3]. despite this, free-living parthenogens have never been observed in any of these taxa in the wild, although two free-living snakes were recently discovered each gestating a single parthenogen - one copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix) and one cotto ... | 2015 | 26035783 |
| agkistrodon piscivorus spermatogenesis addendum: the effect of hurricane katrina on spermatogenesis of the western cottonmouth snake. | recent studies detailed the spermatogenic cycle of the western cottonmouth snake, agkistrodon piscivorus and noted that spermatogenesis is bimodal, with active periods during march-june and august-october in southeastern louisiana. however, only spermatogonia were present in september in the only specimen that was captured and the authors state that the individual "should have a high testis volume and also show spermiogenic activity." the specimen in their study was caught immediately following ... | 2017 | 26845430 |
| fine-scale hormonal patterns associated with birth and maternal care in the cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus), a north american pitviper snake. | steroid hormones regulate many aspects of reproductive physiology and behavior, including parental care. reptiles display a variety of egg- and neonate-directed parental behaviors, yet few studies have addressed their endocrine correlates. viviparous female pitvipers remain at the birth site with their young for one to two weeks until neonates complete their first shed cycle ('ecdysis'). to study possible relationships between steroid hormones and these behaviors, we conducted a captive study on ... | 2014 | 25169835 |
| commentary on "epidemiology of the reported severity of cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus) snakebite". | | 2014 | 24937332 |
| epidemiology of the reported severity of cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus) snakebite. | the goal of this study was to analyze trends in the annual rates of reported medical outcomes of cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus) snakebites in the united states, published in the annual reports of the american association of poison control centers in the course of 29 years. | 2014 | 24937331 |
| non-lethal sampling of liver tissue for toxicologic evaluation of florida cottonmouths snakes, agkistrodon piscivorus conanti. | due to their longevity, strong site tenure, poikilothermic metabolism, and low-energy specializations, reptiles might serve as excellent environmental sentinels. cottonmouth snakes are generalist predators and scavengers, and as such, may have higher exposure to persistent environmental contaminants as a result of bioaccumulation. traditionally, assessment and monitoring of contaminant exposure in reptiles have involved lethal sampling techniques. in this paper, we describe a non-destructive tec ... | 2014 | 24197420 |
| facultative parthenogenesis discovered in wild vertebrates. | facultative parthenogenesis (fp)-asexual reproduction by bisexual species-has been documented in a variety of multi-cellular organisms but only recently in snakes, varanid lizards, birds and sharks. unlike the approximately 80 taxa of unisexual reptiles, amphibians and fishes that exist in nature, fp has yet to be documented in the wild. based on captive documentation, it appears that fp is widespread in squamate reptiles (snakes, lizards and amphisbaenians), and its occurrence in nature seems i ... | 2012 | 22977071 |
| innate immune performance and steroid hormone profiles of pregnant versus nonpregnant cottonmouth snakes (agkistrodon piscivorus). | squamates (lizards and snakes) have independently evolved viviparity over 100 times, and exhibit a wide range of maternal investment in developing embryos from the extremes of lecithotrophic oviparity to matrotrophic viviparity. this group therefore provides excellent comparative opportunities for studying endocrine and immune involvement during pregnancy, and their possible interactions. we studied the cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus), since they exhibit limited placentation (e.g., ovovivip ... | 2011 | 21986088 |
| phylogenetic analysis of serine proteases from russell's viper (daboia russelli siamensis) and agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma venom. | serine proteases are widely found in snake venoms. they have variety of functions including contributions to hemostasis. in this study, five serine proteases were cloned and characterized from two different cdna libraries: factor v activator (rvv-v), alpha fibrinogenase (rvaf) and beta fibrinogenase (rvbf) from russell's viper (daboia russelli siamensis), and plasminogen activator (apl-pa) and protein c activator (apl-c) from agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma. the snake venom serine proteases we ... | 2011 | 21640745 |
| ultrastructure of spermiogenesis in the cottonmouth, agkistrodon piscivorus (squamata: viperidae: crotalinae). | to date multiple studies exist that examine the morphology of spermatozoa. however, there are limited numbers of data detailing the ontogenic characters of spermiogenesis within squamates. testicular tissues were collected from cottonmouths (agkistrodon piscivorus) and tissues from spermiogenically active months were analyzed ultrastructurally to detail the cellular changes that occur during spermiogenesis. the major events of spermiogenesis (acrosome formation, nuclear elongation/dna condensati ... | 2010 | 19827154 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of cdnas encoding metalloproteinases from snake venom glands. | snake venom metalloproteinases (svmps) are a superfamily of zinc-dependent proteases and participate in a number of important biological, physiological and pathophysiological processes. in this work, we simultaneously amplified nine cdnas encoding different classes of metalloproteinases from glands of four different snake species (agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus, crotalus atrox, crotalus viridis viridis and agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) by rt-pcr with a pair of primers. among the encoded ... | 2016 | 19799929 |
| histological analysis of spermatogenesis and the germ cell development strategy within the testis of the male western cottonmouth snake, agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma. | cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) testes were examined histologically to determine the germ cell development strategy employed during spermatogenesis. testicular tissues from cottonmouths were collected monthly from swamps around hammond, louisiana. pieces of testis were fixed in trump's fixative, dehydrated in ethanol, embedded in spurr's plastic, sectioned with an ultramicrotome, and stained with toluidine blue and basic fuchsin. spermatogenesis within cottonmouths occurs in two ... | 2008 | 18926676 |
| the reproductive biology of male cottonmouths (agkistrodon piscivorus): do plasma steroid hormones predict the mating season? | to better understand the proximate causation of the two major types of mating seasons described for north american pitvipers, we conducted a field study of the cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus) in georgia from september 2003 to may 2005 that included an extensive observational regime and collection of tissues for behavioral, anatomical, histological, and hormone analysis. enzyme immunoassays (eia) of plasma samples and standard histological procedures were conducted on reproductive tissues. e ... | 2013 | 18823979 |
| demographic and phylogeographic histories of two venomous north american snakes of the genus agkistrodon. | many studies have revealed that lineages currently inhabiting formerly glaciated areas were pushed into southern glacial refugia and have expanded into their modern range since the last glacial maximum. there have been few studies that compare the effects of glacial cycles on lineage diversification and historical demography in closely related species with overlapping ranges. in this study we compare phylogeographic structure, historical demography, and approximate lineage age in two closely rel ... | 2008 | 18539486 |
| complementary dna sequencing and identification of mrnas from the venomous gland of agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma. | to advance our knowledge on the snake venom composition and transcripts expressed in venom gland at the molecular level, we constructed a cdna library from the venom gland of agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma for the generation of expressed sequence tags (ests) database. from the randomly sequenced 2112 independent clones, we have obtained ests for 1309 (62%) cdnas, which showed significant deduced amino acid sequence similarity (scores >80) to previously characterized proteins in national cente ... | 2008 | 18502463 |
| seasonal variation in the oviduct of female agkistrodon piscivorus (reptilia:squamata): an ultrastructural investigation. | the annual oviductal cycle of the cottonmouth, agkistrodon piscivorus, is described using electron microscopy. this is only the second such study on a snake and the first on a viperid species. specimens were collected in reproductive and nonreproductive condition throughout the year and five ultrastructurally unique regions were recognized: the anterior infundibulum, posterior infundibulum, glandular uterus, nonglandular uterus, and vagina. except for the anterior infundibulum and vagina, which ... | 2008 | 18488993 |
| catalytically inactive phospholipase a2 homologue binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 via a c-terminal loop region. | vegf (vascular endothelial growth factor) regulates neovascularization through binding to its receptor kdr (kinase insert domain-containing receptor; vegf receptor-2). we recently identified a catalytically inactive pla(2) (phospholipase a(2)) homologue (kdr-bp) in the venom of eastern cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) as a third kdr-binding protein, in addition to vegf(165) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3. kdr-bp binds to the extracellular domain of kdr with a k(d) of ... | 2008 | 18251716 |
| sperm aggregations in female agkistrodon piscivorus (reptilia:squamata): a histological and ultrastructural investigation. | upon copulation in female agkistrodon piscivorus, sperm migrate up the oviduct to sperm storage tubules (ssts) in the posterior infundibulum. the epithelium of the ssts is composed of ciliated and secretory cells and differs ultrastructurally from that of the epithelium lining the lumen of the posterior infundibulum. sperm pass through an area composed primarily of ciliated cells at the opening of each gland before aligning themselves in parallel arrays with their nuclei facing an area composed ... | 2008 | 17935196 |
| laterality in coiling behaviour of snakes: another interpretation. | the direction of coiling was periodically recorded for two species of viperid snakes--copperheads (agkistrodon contortrix) and cottonmouths (agkistrodon piscivorus). overall, neither species showed a significant preference for coiling in a particular direction. only 1 of 22 snakes exhibited an individual preference, a result within expectation for random direction of coiling when using a 5% rejection level for statistical testing. a previously published claim for laterality in coiling direction ... | 2007 | 17852698 |
| antitumor effects of cationic synthetic peptides derived from lys49 phospholipase a2 homologues of snake venoms. | the effects of two cationic synthetic peptides, derived from the c-terminal region of lys49 phospholipase a2 homologues from snake venoms, upon various murine tumor cell lines (b16 melanoma, emt6 mammary carcinoma, s-180 sarcoma, p3x myeloma, tend endothelial cells) were evaluated. the peptides are 13-mers derived from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus lys49 pla2 (p-appk: kkykayfklkckk) and bothrops asper lys49 myotoxin ii (pem-2[d]: kkwrwwlkalakk), respectively, in the latter case with slight m ... | 2007 | 17178238 |
| c-terminal heparin-binding peptide of snake venom vegf specifically blocks vegf-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation. | vascular endothelial growth factor-a165 (vegf-a165) exhibits diverse biological effects through binding to its receptor kdr (vegfr-2). heparin-like molecules are known to modulate their interaction. there have been reports that vegf-a lacking the c-terminal heparin binding region significantly reduced mitogenic activity. recently, we found novel heparin-binding vegfs from snake venoms, designated vegf-fs, which specifically recognize kinase domain containing receptor (kdr). the c-terminal hepari ... | 2005 | 16707927 |
| relative medial and dorsal cortex volume in relation to sex differences in spatial ecology of a snake population. | in non-avian reptiles the medial and dorsal cortices are putative homologues of the hippocampal formation in mammals and birds. studies on mammals and birds commonly report neuro-ecological correlations between hippocampal volume and aspects of spatial ecology. we examined the relationship between putative homologous cortical volumes and spatial use in a population of the squamate reptile, agkistrodon piscivorus, that exhibits sex differences in spatial use. do male a. piscivorus that inhabit la ... | 2006 | 16244468 |
| identification of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-binding protein in the venom of eastern cottonmouth. a new role of snake venom myotoxic lys49-phospholipase a2. | vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf165) and its receptor kdr (kinase insert domain-containing receptor) are central regulators of blood vessel formation. we herein report a kdr-binding protein we have isolated in the venom of eastern cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus). sequence analysis revealed the isolated kdr-binding protein (designated kdr-bp) is identical to lys49-phosholipase a2 (lys49pla2), an inactive pla2 homologue with strong myotoxicity, in which lys49 substitutes as ... | 2005 | 16014630 |
| organochlorine pesticides and mercury in cottonmouths (agkistrodon piscivorus) from northeastern texas, usa. | despite their ecological importance and global decline, snakes remain poorly studied in ecotoxicology. in this study, we examined organochlorine (oc) pesticide and mercury accumulation in cottonmouths (agkistrodon piscivorus) living on a contaminated site in northeastern texas (usa). mercury and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-dde) were detected in all snakes examined. other ocs, including p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-ddt), methoxychlor, aldrin, and heptachlor, also wer ... | 2005 | 15779767 |
| variation in cottonmouth (agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) resting metabolic rates. | the study of intra- and inter-individual variation in the metabolic response to environmental variation can provide mechanistic explanations to large-scale ecological and evolutionary patterns. in a study of range-limiting factors, variation in resting metabolic rates of cottonmouths (agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) was investigated along a latitudinal gradient in southern populations and in populations near and at the northern range limit. co(2) production rates of 53 snakes were measured in ... | 2003 | 12600660 |
| oxygen consumption and the energetics of island-dwelling florida cottonmouth snakes. | we measured oxygen consumption (vo(2)) to estimate standard metabolic rates (smr) in cottonmouth snakes (agkistrodon piscivorus conanti) from seahorse key and the adjacent peninsula of northern florida. the island population is unusual because adult snakes feed on fish that are dropped by colonial nesting birds, and food resources are temporally limited relative to that of mainland populations. we found no differences in smr between island and mainland snakes at any of four experimental temperat ... | 2006 | 12024292 |
| cloning of cdnas encoding c-type lectins from elapidae snakes bungarus fasciatus and bungarus multicinctus. | a number of c-type lectins with various biological activities have been purified and characterized from viperidae snake venoms. in contrast, only a few reports could be found in literature concerning the c-type lectins in elapidae snake venoms. based on the published cdna sequences of c-type lectins from viperidae snake venoms, oligonucleotide primers were designed and used to screen the cdna libraries made from the venom glands of bungarus fasciatus and bungarus multicinctus. this allowed the c ... | 2001 | 11600152 |
| purification and characterization of a new rgd/kgd-containing dimeric disintegrin, piscivostatin, from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus: the unique effect of piscivostatin on platelet aggregation. | piscivostatin, a novel dimeric disintegrin containing arg-gly-asp (rgd) and lys-gly-asp (kgd) sequences, was isolated from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus. the molecule consisted of two chains designated as the alpha and beta chains, comprising 65 and 68 amino acid residues, respectively. piscivostatin had two binding motifs recognized by platelet glycoprotein iib/iiia (gpiib/iiia), and the biological activity of dimeric disintegrin piscivostatin toward platelet aggregation differ ... | 2001 | 11530017 |
| changes in ca2+ affinity upon activation of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus phospholipase a2. | changes in the affinity of calcium for phospholipase a2 from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus during activation of the enzyme on the surface of phosphatidylcholine vesicles have been investigated by site-directed mutagenesis and fluorescence spectroscopy. changes in fluorescence that occur during lipid binding and subsequent activation have been ascribed to each of the three individual trp residues in the protein. this was accomplished by generating a panel of mutant proteins, each of which lac ... | 2001 | 11258945 |