| the effect of gaboon viper venom on iron exchange in the rat. | plasma iron turnover (pit) has been measured by means of 59fe in rats treated with the haemorrhagic venom of the gaboon viper (bitis gabonica). venom was administered on 3 occasions over a period of 9 days and after this time pit had fallen from 1045 micrograms/kg/day in normal animals to 449 micrograms/kg/day in envenomated animals. plasma iron half-life was markedly increased from 64.8 min to 417.6 min and this change was associated with a reduced uptake of 59fe by the liver. however, marrow a ... | 1979 | 508589 |
| haemodynamic effect of the venom of bitis gabonica in the dog. | intravenous injection of 0.125 mg/kg of venom of bitis gabonica in the anaesthetized dog produces an immediate but reversible decrease in total peripheral and coronary vascular resistance. stroke volume show a transient increase followed by an irreversible reduction. a second dose of 0.25 mg/kg produces the same effect on total peripheral and coronary vascular resistance, but furtherly reduces the stroke volume. a third dose of 0.50 mg/kg kills the animal after an extreme reduction of the stroke ... | 1979 | 550868 |
| digestion of native collagen in the gut. | the digestion and absorption of collagen, native and artificially cross-linked, has been examined in the rat and the gaboon viper, by feeding known quantities and measuring the hydroxy-proline content of the faeces and of the contents of the gut at different levels, and comparing with an unabsorbable marker (polyethylene glycol). incubation of collagen in vitro with pepsin at 37 degrees c at ph 1.5 followed by trypsin or chymotrypsin converted about 40% into dialysable material. | 1978 | 631645 |
| gaboon viper venom--a comparative study of the coagulant, proteolytic and toxic properties of four commercial dried preparations and freshly collected venom. | | 1975 | 1145641 |
| an antiplatelet peptide, gabonin, from bitis gabonica snake venom. | interaction of fibrinogen with its receptors (glycoprotein iib/iiia complex) on platelet membranes leads to platelet aggregation. by means of gel filtration, cm-sephadex c-50, and reverse-phase hplc, an antiplatelet peptide, gabonin, was purified from the venom of bitis gabonica. the purified protein migrates as a 21,100-da polypeptide on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions and as a 11,000-da peptide in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol, indi ... | 1992 | 1524422 |
| comparison of the physiological effects in rabbits of gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) venoms from different sources. | the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic effects of b. gabonica venoms obtained from specimens originating from ghana, togo, nigeria, uganda and tanzania were examined in anaesthetized rabbits. intravenous injection of all venoms (0.125-2.0 mg/kg) induced hypotension. nigeria venom was the least potent in this respect. following doses of all venoms there was a brief bradycardia and a transient increase in respiratory rate and depth. at high doses (greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/kg), all ve ... | 1991 | 1801317 |
| acidotic effect of gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) venom in the urethane-anaesthetized rat. | 1. intravenous venom (4 mg/kg) caused a non-compensated metabolic acidosis. 2. bicarbonate concentration, base excess, standard base excess and ph all fell dramatically. 3. a respiratory impairment occurred characterized by pulmonary oedema and a fall in arterial po2. 4. acidosis occurred soon after venom when po2 was still normal, indicating that changes in tissue metabolism contributed to the acidosis independently of reduced oxygen availability. | 1991 | 1904833 |
| the effects of gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) venom on voltage-clamped single heart cells. | the effects of crude b. gabonica venom on single ventricular myocytes from guinea-pig hearts were studied using the patch clamp technique in the 'whole cell' mode. irreversible effects on the membrane currents, which became prominent within 15 min of venom application, were: (1) a decrease in the time invariant current (associated with the inward rectifying k+ current), most clearly seen over a voltage range negative to the resting membrane potential; and (2) a decrease in the peak inward curren ... | 1988 | 2459807 |
| acid-base, plasma lactate and glucose changes in the rabbit following administration of gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) venom. | the acid-base and metabolic effects of bitis gabonica venom administered intravenously to the anaesthetised rabbit were studied. doubling doses of venom from 0.125 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg were used. venom caused progressive and significant increases in plasma glucose and plasma lactate levels although oxygen consumption only became significantly lower after the fourth dose. standard base excess (sbe) became significantly more negative after the third dose of venom and the fall in ph became significan ... | 1989 | 2601558 |
| artificial respiration and survival time in anaesthetized rat after injection of gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) venom. | | 1986 | 3521677 |
| evidence for the presence of histamine in gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) venom. | venom from b. gabonica produced a dose-dependent contraction of both isolated guinea-pig ileum and rabbit aortic strip preparations. the venom-induced contraction was not antagonised by pretreatment with atropine, phentolamine, methysergide or indomethacin, however, it was blocked by the prior addition of chlorpheniramine or cyproheptadine. upon exhaustive dialysis of the venom, the dialysate contracted both preparations, while the dialysed venom had no effect. paper and thin-layer chromatograph ... | 1986 | 3564064 |
| the effects of gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) venom on the electrical and mechanical activity of the guinea-pig myocardium. | the effects of bitis gabonica venom were tested on guinea-pig heart, using both langendorff preparations and isolated atrial strips or papillary muscles. in the self-paced whole heart, a single passage of 50 micrograms of venom per ml produced in sequence: irregularities of the a-v conduction and decrease of the contractile strength, progressive failure to relax and systolic arrest of the heart. pretreatment with atropine reduced but did not abolish these effects. venom recycled through the hear ... | 1986 | 3952764 |
| the action of staphylococcal alpha toxin and the venom from bitis gabonica on rat stomach strip. | | 1966 | 4303887 |
| gaboon viper venom and its effects. | | 1972 | 4624819 |
| bitis gabonica venom. the amino acid sequence of phospholipase a. | | 1974 | 4833747 |
| separation and partial characterization of a coagulant enzyme from bitis gabonica venom. | | 1974 | 4843744 |
| cardiac performance in the rabbit as affected by the venom of bitis gabonica. (a preliminary report). | the effect of the venom of bitis gabonica administered intravenously in the rabbit at the dose of 0.125 mg/kg has been compared with that produced by the same dose of the compound in the dog. in the rabbit the effect on total peripheral resistance, aortic blood pressure and stroke volume is less marked and shorter than in the dog. furthermore in a period included between 5 and 30 min after the injection, in the rabbit a transient increase of stroke work is observed as a result of the ejection of ... | 1983 | 6671038 |
| the effect of gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) venom on cardiac stroke work in the anaesthetized rabbit. | the effect of bitis gabonica venom administered intravenously in the rabbit at the dose of 0.125 mg/kg (approximately 10% of ld50) has been studied. venom caused marked changes in cardiovascular parameters principally a precipitous but transient fall in total peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure. furthermore in the period occurring between 5 and 30 min after the injection of venom, a transient increase in stroke work was observed as a result of the ejection of an increased stroke vo ... | 1984 | 6708738 |
| the effect of bitis gabonica (gaboon viper) snake venom on external iliac and mesenteric arterial circulation in the dog. | the effects of gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) venom on external iliac and mesenteric arterial blood flow and resistance were investigated in eight anaesthetized, close-chest dogs. venom doses in the range 0.125-0.5 mg/kg produced a profound fall in external iliac and mesenteric arterial resistance, which recovered to control values after 30 min. after a third dose of venom, the mean arterial blood pressure failed to recover and the animals died after a period of severe hypotension. external iliac ... | 1983 | 6845387 |
| [effects of bitis gabonica venom on heart dynamics and circulatory resistance in the rabbit]. | the effect on the cardiovascular system of intravenous injections of bitis gabonica venom was studied on 10 urethan anesthetized rabbits, by giving the venom in three successive doses of .125 (i dose), .250 (ii dose) and .500 (iii dose) mg/kg. in partial agreement with already reported data, the results of our experiments showed a powerful but transient fall of total peripheral resistance, which seemed to be relatively independent of doses. a cardiotoxic action leading to severe reduction of car ... | 1982 | 7082483 |
| the effect of bitis gabonica (gaboon viper) snake venom on blood pressure, stroke volume and coronary circulation in the dog. | | 1981 | 7268798 |
| effect of bitis gabonica venom on the action potentials of guinea-pig heart. preliminary results. | the effect exerted by different doses (50 to 500 mg/kg body weight, or 1 or perfusing solution) of the lyophilised secretion of b. gabonica venom glands has been studied -by intracellular electrodes- on the electrical activity of atrial and ventricular cells from guinea-pigs hearts, by using both open-chested animals and isolated preparations. noticeable changes in the features and duration of the repolarization phase of the action potentials precede the abolition (reversible, after washing) of ... | 1981 | 7295395 |
| the effect of the venom of bitis gabonica on mesenteric and external iliac blood flow. - a preliminary study in the dog. | the activity of the venom of bitis gabonica on mesenteric and external iliac circulation was investigated in four anaesthetized dogs. venom doses of 0.125, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg were injected intravenously with an interval of 30 minutes between two successive injections. following the first and the second dose, a transient fall of the resistance was observed in the mesenteric and especially in the external iliac vascular bed. then, mesenteric resistance returned to normal, whereas external iliac r ... | 1981 | 7295396 |
| isolation and characterisation of two haemorrhagic proteins (hta and htb) from the venom of bitis gabonica (gaboon viper). | two distinct haemorrhagic proteinases, hta and htb, were isolated from the venom of bitis gabonica by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography with native mol. wts of 180,000 and 111,000, respectively. after reduction with dithiothreitol, smaller mol. wts of 77,600 and 69,200 were recorded for hta and htb, suggesting that under native conditions the haemorrhagins exist as dimeric molecules. both toxins possessed caseinolytic and collagenase activity although hta was 15-36 times more potent ... | 1995 | 8588213 |
| the gaboon viper, bitis gabonica: hemorrhagic, metabolic, cardiovascular and clinical effects of the venom. | the effects of bitis gabonica venom have been studied in several animal species, including the monkey, dog, rabbit, rat and guinea pig. further information has been provided by observations on the effects of snake bite in man. bitis gabonica venom exerts a number of cytotoxic and cardiovascular effects: cytotoxic effects include widespread hemorrhage, caused by the presence of two hemorrhagic proteins. these hemorrhagins bring about separation of vascular endothelial cells and extravasation of b ... | 1997 | 9275005 |
| antibacterial properties of kwazulu natal snake venoms. | the objective was to ascertain whether local snake venoms have antibacterial properties. the venoms of the common night adder (causus rhombeatus), gaboon adder (bitis gabonica), puff adder (bitis arietans), black mamba (dendroaspis polylepis), eastern green mamba (dendroaspis augusticeps), forest cobra (naja melanoleuca), snouted cobra (naja annulifera) and mozambique spitting cobra (naja mossambica) were collected and, by gel diffusion, tested against the bacteria staphylococcus aureus, escheri ... | 2000 | 10775753 |
| distribution of low molecular weight platelet aggregation inhibitors from snake venoms. | an assay of platelet aggregation inhibitors measured by the turbidimeter using aggregometer pam 8c (mebanix) was performed after each crude snake venom (57 species) was subjected to ultrafiltration using millipore ufp 1 lgc. the snake venoms of viperidae (three species), elapidae (11 species), and hydrophiidae (two species) inhibited adp-induced rabbit platelet aggregation. in particular, six venoms of bitis gabonica, pseudocerastes persicus, dendroaspis angusticeps, d. polylepis, ophiophagus ha ... | 2007 | 17141819 |
| two incidents of venomous snakebite on juvenile blue and sykes monkeys (cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni and c. m. albogularis). | although rarely observed, predation is thought to be an important factor in the evolution of primate life histories and behavior. here i describe two incidents of snake predation on cercopithecus mitis guenons from kenya. the first case involved a juvenile blue monkey (cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) in the kakamega forest, which died following a bite by a gaboon viper (bitis gabonica gabonica). the snake's attempts to ingest its prey were unsuccessful. in the second incident, a juvenile sykes m ... | 2008 | 18704624 |
| keratin-lipid structural organization in the corneous layer of snake. | the shed epidermis (molt) of snakes comprises four distinct layers. the upper two layers, here considered as beta-layer, contain essentially beta-keratin. the following layer, known as mesos-layer, is similar to the human stratum corneum, and is formed by thin cells surrounded by intercellular lipids. the latter layer mainly contains alpha-keratin. in this study, the molecular assemblies of proteins and lipids contained in these layers have been analyzed in the scale of two species of snakes, th ... | 2009 | 19280640 |
| efficacy of north american crotalid antivenom against the african viper bitis gabonica (gaboon viper). | envenomations by exotic snakes occur from zoological collections and private individual collectors. antivenoms to these snakes may not be readily available. the objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of north american crotalid antivenin in treating mice envenomated with venom of the african viper bitis gabonica (gaboon viper). the subjects of the study were swiss webster mice weighing approximately 30 g. the study was conducted in the university research laboratory. b. gabonica ven ... | 2010 | 20224996 |
| purification and functional characterisation of rhinocerase, a novel serine protease from the venom of bitis gabonica rhinoceros. | serine proteases are a major component of viper venoms and are thought to disrupt several distinct elements of the blood coagulation system of envenomed victims. a detailed understanding of the functions of these enzymes is important both for acquiring a fuller understanding of the pathology of envenoming and because these venom proteins have shown potential in treating blood coagulation disorders. | 2010 | 20300193 |
| histidine and lysine residues and the activity of phospholipase a2 from the venom of bitis gabonica. | chemical modification of phospholipase a2 (phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, ec 3.1.1.4) from the venom of gaboon adder (bitis gabonica) showed that histidine and lysine residues are essential for enzyme activity. treatment with p-bromophenacyl bromide or pyridoxal 5'-phosphate resulted in the specific covalent modification of one histidine or a total of one lysine residue per molecule of enzyme, respectively, with a concomitant loss of enzyme activity. competitive protection against modification an ... | 2000 | 18191 |
| purification and functional characterisation of rhiminopeptidase a, a novel aminopeptidase from the venom of bitis gabonica rhinoceros. | snake bite is a major neglected public health issue within poor communities living in the rural areas of several countries throughout the world. an estimated 2.5 million people are bitten by snakes each year and the cost and lack of efficacy of current anti-venom therapy, together with the lack of detailed knowledge about toxic components of venom and their modes of action, and the unavailability of treatments in rural areas mean that annually there are around 125,000 deaths worldwide. in order ... | 2010 | 20706583 |
| bitis gabonica (gaboon viper) snake venom gland: toward a catalog for the full-length transcripts (cdna) and proteins. | the venom gland of the snake bitis gabonica (gaboon viper) was used for the first time to construct a unidirectional cdna phage library followed by high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. hundreds of cdnas were obtained and clustered into contigs. we found mostly novel full-length cdna coding for metalloproteases (p-ii and p-iii classes), lys49-phospholipase a2, serine proteases with essential mutations in the active site, kunitz protease inhibitors, several c-type lectins, bradyk ... | 0 | 15276202 |
| taxonomic reorganization of the family bornaviridae. | knowledge of bornaviruses has expanded considerably during the last decade. a possible reservoir of mammalian borna disease virus has been identified, divergent bornaviruses have been detected in birds and reptiles, and endogenous bornavirus-like elements have been discovered in the genomes of vertebrates of several species. previous sequence comparisons and alignments have indicated that the members of the current family bornaviridae are phylogenetically diverse and are not adequately classifie ... | 2015 | 25449305 |
| new proline-rich oligopeptides from the venom of african adders: insights into the hypotensive effect of the venoms. | the snakes from the bitis genus are some of the most medically important venomous snakes in sub saharan africa, however little is known about the composition and effects of these snake venom peptides. considering that the victims with bitis genus snakes have exacerbate hypotension and cardiovascular disorders, we investigated here the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme modulators on four different species of venoms. | 2015 | 25688758 |
| african adders: partial characterization of snake venoms from three bitis species of medical importance and their neutralization by experimental equine antivenoms. | an alarming number of fatal accidents involving snakes are annually reported in africa and most of the victims suffer from permanent local tissue damage and chronic disabilities. envenomation by snakes belonging to the genus bitis, viperidae family, are common in sub-saharan africa. the accidents are severe and the victims often have a poor prognosis due to the lack of effective specific therapies. in this study we have biochemically characterized venoms from three different species of bitis, i. ... | 2015 | 25643358 |
| preclinical assessment of the efficacy of a new antivenom (echitab-plus-icp) for the treatment of viper envenoming in sub-saharan africa. | a preclinical assessment was performed on the neutralizing efficacy of a whole igg polyspecific antivenom (echitab-plus-icp), designed for the treatment of snakebite envenomings in nigeria. it was generated by immunizing horses with the venoms of echis ocellatus, bitis arietans and naja nigricollis, the most medically important species in nigeria. antivenom was tested against the venoms of e. ocellatus, echis leucogaster, echis pyramidum leakeyi, b. arietans, bitis gabonica, bitis rhinoceros and ... | 2010 | 19699756 |
| snake venomics of bitis species reveals large intragenus venom toxin composition variation: application to taxonomy of congeneric taxa. | the protein composition of the venoms of the west african gaboon viper (bitis gabonica rhinoceros), the rhinoceros viper (bitis nasicornis), and the horned puff adder (bitis caudalis) were analyzed by rp-hplc, n-terminal sequencing, sds-page, maldi-tof peptide mass fingerprinting, and cid-ms/ms. in line with previous proteomic and transcriptomic analyses showing that snake venom proteins belong to only a few major protein families, the venom proteomes of bitis gabonica rhinoceros, bitis nasicorn ... | 2007 | 17559253 |
| adenosine in the venoms from viperinae snakes of the genus bitis: identification and quantitation using lc/ms and ce/ms. | snake venoms are rich sources of toxic proteins and small molecules. this study was directed at molecules of molecular mass below 1 kda. thirty different venoms, of either neurotoxic or haemorrhagic type, were fractionated using size-exclusion chromatography. only venoms of the puff adder (bitis arietans), gaboon viper (bitis gabonica), and rhinoceros viper (bitis nasicornis) exhibited large absorbance peaks at lambda(280 nm) in the total volume range of the chromatographic column indicating the ... | 2005 | 15935989 |
| infrared imaging in vipers: differential responses of crotaline and viperine snakes to paired thermal targets. | pit vipers use infrared-sensitive pit organs to accurately target homeothermic prey even in the absence of visual cues. it has been suggested that other vipers, including large ambush predators of the genus bitis, also may use radiant infrared information for predatory targeting. we compared behavioral responses of pit vipers and snakes of the viperine genus bitis to paired targets of different temperatures (i.e. cool and warm balloons), some scented with rodent odors. the rates of tongue flicki ... | 2004 | 15302110 |
| muscle extract of hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, inhibits hemorrhagic activity of snake venoms. | the antihemorrhagic activity of muscle extract of hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, was tested on various snake venoms with hemorrhagic activity. the extract inhibited strongly hemorrhagic activity of venoms from bitis arietans, bothrops jararaca and vipera latastei gaditana, and remarkably that of venoms from agkistrodon halys blomhoffi, bitis gabonica rhinoceros, bitis nasicornis, bothrops atrox asper, crotalus horridus horridus and vipera berus. the antihemorrhagic activity against eight other s ... | 1994 | 7846699 |
| [the big vipers of africa of the genus bitis gray, 1842 and their venom. zoological, biochemical and clinical data]. | after the suggestion of the genus bitis gray, 1842 snakes, we studied in details three species, among the largest and most widespread ones: bitis arietans, bitis gabonica and bitis nasicornis. the main morphological characteristics and some of the zoological data presented may be very useful, as well as the clinical signs, for physicians to identify, the snake that bits a patient. thus, an adapted treatment can be undertaken. the biochemical composition of the venoms and their experimental toxic ... | 2006 | 1943640 |
| [biochemical variations of west african snake venoms]. | electrophoretic patterns of bitis gabonica, bitis nasicornis, bitis arietans venoms have shown specific and individual variations; neither physiological nor seasonal differences were noticed. immunoelectrophoretic study of naja melanoleuca and naja nigricollis individual venoms revealed a variation in neurotoxin concentration from one venom to another. deletion of some minor fractions is noticed in few venoms. the authors think it of major interest to work on individual venoms. | 2013 | 7285271 |
| skin lipid structure controls water permeability in snake molts. | the role of lipids in controlling water exchange is fundamentally a matter of molecular organization. in the present study we have observed that in snake molt the water permeability drastically varies among species living in different climates and habitats. the analysis of molts from four snake species: tiger snake, notechis scutatus, gabon viper, bitis gabonica, rattle snake, crotalus atrox, and grass snake, natrix natrix, revealed correlations between the molecular composition and the structur ... | 2014 | 24157843 |
| rhinocetin, a venom-derived integrin-specific antagonist inhibits collagen-induced platelet and endothelial cell functions. | snaclecs are small non-enzymatic proteins present in viper venoms reported to modulate hemostasis of victims through effects on platelets, vascular endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. in this study, we have isolated and functionally characterized a snaclec that we named "rhinocetin" from the venom of west african gaboon viper, bitis gabonica rhinoceros. rhinocetin was shown to comprise α and β chains with the molecular masses of 13.5 and 13 kda, respectively. sequence and immunoblot analysis o ... | 2012 | 22689571 |
| evolutionary analysis of novel serine proteases in the venom gland transcriptome of bitis gabonica rhinoceros. | serine proteases are major components of viper venom and target various stages of the blood coagulation system in victims and prey. a better understanding of the diversity of serine proteases and other enzymes present in snake venom will help to understand how the complexity of snake venom has evolved and will aid the development of novel therapeutics for treating snake bites. | 2011 | 21731776 |
| fatty acid analyses may provide insight into the progression of starvation among squamate reptiles. | fasting-induced changes in fatty acid composition have been reported to occur within the body lipids of several types of animals; however, little is known about the changes in fatty acid profiles exhibited by reptiles subjected to prolonged fasting. this study characterizes the fatty acid profiles of six reptile species subjected to sublethal periods of fasting lasting 0, 56, 112, and 168 days. analyses of fatty acid methyl esters (fames) conducted on the total body lipids of rattlesnakes (crota ... | 2008 | 18657629 |
| stable isotopes may provide evidence for starvation in reptiles. | previous studies have attempted to correlate stable isotope signatures of tissues with the nutritional condition of birds, mammals, fishes, and invertebrates. unfortunately, very little is known about the relationship between food limitation and the isotopic composition of reptiles. we examined the effects that starvation has on delta13c and delta15n signatures in the tissues (excreta, carcass, scales, and claws) of six, distantly related squamate reptiles (gaboon vipers, bitis gabonica; ball py ... | 2008 | 18613003 |
| gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) envenomation resulting from captive specimens--a review of five cases. | five cases of illegitimate bite by captive specimens of the gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) snake have demonstrated the dangers of keeping exotic african snakes in captivity. | 2007 | 17357384 |
| snake venomics of bitis gabonica gabonica. protein family composition, subunit organization of venom toxins, and characterization of dimeric disintegrins bitisgabonin-1 and bitisgabonin-2. | the protein composition of the venom of the east african gaboon viper (bitis gabonica gabonica) was analyzed using rp-hplc, n-terminal sequencing, maldi-tof peptide mass fingerprinting, and cid-ms/ms. in total, 35 proteins of molecular masses in the range of 7-160 kda and belonging to 12 toxin families were identified. the most abundant proteins were serine proteinases (26.4%), zn2+-metalloproteinases (22.9%), c-type lectin-like proteins (14.3%), pla2s (11.4%), and bitiscystatin (9.8%). other pr ... | 2007 | 17203976 |
| severe envenoming by a gaboon viper (bitis gabonica). | | 2001 | 11219193 |
| accidental envenoming by a gaboon viper (bitis gabonica): the haemostatic disturbances observed and investigation of in vitro haemostatic properties of whole venom. | we report the successful treatment of envenoming by the gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) and include results of in vitro investigations of the haemostatic properties of the whole venom. the patient was admitted to casualty soon after the bite with chest tightness, dizziness, nausea and swelling at the site of the bite and was treated immediately with polyspecific antivenom, hydrocortisone, chlorpheniramine and antibiotics. results of haemostatic investigations were essentially normal on admission b ... | 2004 | 8465400 |
| inactivation of arginine esterase e-i of bitis gabonica venom by irreversible inhibitors including a water-soluble carbodiimide, a chloromethyl ketone and isatoic anhydride. | 1. esterase e-i from bitis gabonica was inactivated with irreversible inhibitors which included studies with a water-soluble carbodiimide, an affinity labelling peptide and a mechanism-based inactivator. 2. the reaction with 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide was biphasic and the dominant part followed saturation kinetics. at ph 5.5 a rate constant of 0.4 min-1 for inactive enzyme formation was calculated and a dissociation constant (ki) of 0.2 m for the enzyme-inhibitor complex. 3. i ... | 1991 | 1786852 |
| a steady-state kinetic analysis of the reaction between arginine esterase e-i from bitis gabonica venom and synthetic arginine substrates and the influence of ph, temperature and solvent deuterium isotope. | 1. using synthetic arginines as substrates, steady-state kinetic studies showed a deviation from michaelis-menten kinetics for esterase e-i purified from the venom of bitis gabonica. graphical analysis indicated a rate equation of at least a degree of 3:3. 2. ph variation of the kinetic parameters indicated the involvement of groups with pk values of approximately 7 and approximately 9 which had to be in the ionic form for activity. 3. solvent isotope studies suggested transition states where pr ... | 1991 | 1786851 |
| cross-neutralization of thrombin-like enzymes in snake venoms by polyvalent antivenoms. | five polyvalent antivenoms (crotalidae; orient, north, central and south africa) were tested for their ability to neutralize the thrombin-like activity of snake venoms (bitis gabonica, agkistrodon acutus, bothrops asper, b. atrox, crotalus adamanteus). considerable cross-neutralization was observed. anti-coagulase antibodies were isolated from an antivenom by affinity chromatography using a purified enzyme from bitis gabonica venom. these antibodies neutralized the activity of most snake venom c ... | 1989 | 2629180 |
| venom production in snake venom gland cells cultured in vitro. | the venom gland cells from a ghanaian specimen of bitis gabonica were established in tissue culture for over seven months. during this time the cells maintained their original morphology and divided actively. tests for the synthesis of venom using an immuno peroxidase technique (on the cells) were strongly positive and tests for the secretion of venom into tissue culture medium using elisa suggested secreted venom levels of at least 200 ng/ml culture fluid. the b. gabonica specimen used for thes ... | 1989 | 2617542 |
| thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of bitis gabonica. purification, properties, and coagulant actions. | gabonase, an enzyme which acts on fibrinogen and factor xiii in uniquely thrombin-like ways, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the venom of bitis gabonica. on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, the reduced protein behaved as a single chain with mr = 30,600. the enzyme contains 20.6% carbohydrate, no free sulfhydryl groups and hence, from amino acid analysis, five disulfide bonds. its extinction coefficient (e1%1cm) at 280 nm is 9.6. its pi is 5.3. gabonase has ... | 1986 | 3522580 |
| the gaboon viper (bitis gabonica): its biology, venom components and toxinology. | the gaboon viper has acquired an impressive reputation which is at least partly unfounded. this handsome animal with such striking features is undoubtedly docile which accounts for the very low incidence of bite amongst humans. there are only six detailed clinical reports on the effect of bite and these are summarized in the review. the viper does indeed produce prodigious amounts of venom, but the toxicity, weight for weight, is rather low compared to other poisonous snakes. venom extractions h ... | 1984 | 6395443 |
| deviation from michaelis-menten kinetics for esterase e-ii from the venom of bitis gabonica, using synthetic arginine amides as substrates. | steady state kinetic studies on the reaction between esterase e-ii from the venom of bitis gabonica and the fluorogenic substrates, n-alpha-benzoyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-valyl-l-arginine-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide and n-alpha-benzoyl-l-arginine-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide were found to deviate from michaelis-menten kinetics. analysis of algebraic graphs and application of non-linear regression allowed an empirical rate law to be selected. the results revealed a rate equation of at least third degree at ph ... | 1983 | 6658807 |
| electrophoretic patterns of the venoms from a litter of bitis gabonica snakes. | | 1982 | 7080059 |
| thrombin-like and fibrinolytic enzymes in the venoms from the gaboon viper (bitis gabonica), eastern cottonmouth moccasin (agkistrodon p. piscivorus) and southern copperhead (agkistrodon c. contortrix) snakes. | crude venom from b. gabonica contained weak fibrinogen clotting activity but no visible fibrinolytic activity, whereas venoms from a. p. piscivorus and a. c. contortrix exhibited fibrinolytic activity (by fibrin plate assay) but no thrombin-like activity. these snake venoms were fractionated on sephadex g-100 with the following results. thrombin-like activity in b. gabonica venom was eluted in a single protein peak with a molecular weight of 40,000. agkistrodon p. piscivorus venom contained a si ... | 1982 | 7043785 |
| a steady state analysis of ph and temperature effects on the action of an arginine esterase from the venom of the gabon adder, bitis gabonica, on synthetic arginine substrate. | the influence of ph and temperature on the kinetic properties of esterase e-ii from bitis gabonica venom has been studied. the ph profiles for the hydrolysis of n alpha-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester showed that a group with pk approximately 7 must be ionized for activity. measurement of n alpha-benzyl-l-arginine-p-nitroanilide hydrolysis reveals that the pk of the active site is significantly lowered (i.e. to approximately 6.3) in the enzyme-substrate complex. the temperature effect on the pk s ... | 1981 | 7216165 |
| a kinetic analysis of the hydrolysis of synthetic arginine substrates by arginine esterases from the venom of the gabooon adder, bitis gabonica. | the kinetics of arginine esterases e-i, e-ii and e-iii from the venom of bitis gabonica were investigated. with n alpha-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester as substrate linear competitive inhibition versus l-arginine was observed while ethanol gave rise to s-parabolic i-linear noncompetitive inhibition. hydrolysis of n alpha-benzoyl-l-arginine-p-nitroanilide was noncompetitively inhibited by p-nitroaniline. both slopes and intercepts of double reciprocal plots were a linear function of inhibitor conc ... | 1980 | 6991386 |
| separation of bitis gabonica (gaboon adder) venom arginine esterases into kinin-releasing, clotting and fibrinolytic factors. | | 1979 | 35857 |
| influence of ph on the kinetic and spectral properties of phospholipase a2 from bitis gabonica (gaboon adder) snake venom. | | 1979 | 33472 |
| an essential tryptophan in the active site of phospholipase a2 from the venom of bitis gabonica. | the role of tryptophan in phospholipase a2 (ec 3.1.1.4) from the venom of the gaboon viper, bitis gabonica, has been investigated. modification of the enzyme with n-bromosuccinimide and 2-nitrophenylsulfenylchloride showed that the two tryptophan residues in the enzyme, viz. trp-28 and trp-59, differ in reactivity towards the reagents. only trp-28 reacted with n-bromosuccinimide while a preferential reaction occurred between trp-59 and 2-nitrophenyl-sulfenylchloride. in each case it was found th ... | 1976 | 952941 |
| spectral properties of bitis gabonica venom phospholipase a2 in the presence of divalent metal ion, substrate and hydrolysis products. | | 1975 | 1874 |
| histopathological and histochemical changes in skeletal muscles after bitis gabonica envenomation. | | 1975 | 1145640 |
| naja melanoleuca (forest cobra) venom. the amino acid sequence of phospholipase a, fraction de-iii. | reduced and s-carboxymethylated phospholipase a (fraction de-iii) from naja melanoleuca venom was digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin and thermolysin. the resulting peptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, gel filtration on sephadex g-25 or g-50 and chromatography and electrophoresis on paper. the amino acid sequences of the intact enzyme and the pur peptides were determined by the edman procedure, either through the use of the automatic sequencer or by manual man ... | 1975 | 1122291 |
| purification of phospholipase a from bitis gabonica venom. | | 1974 | 4458119 |
| bitis gabonica venom. a kinetic analysis of the hydrolysis by phospholipase a2 of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine. | | 1974 | 4424082 |
| [snake venom kallikreins: purification and properties of a kinin-liberating enzyme from the venom of the viper bitis gabonica]. | | 1969 | 5391611 |
| effect of gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) venom on blood coagulation, platelets, and the fibrinolytic enzyme system. | the action of the venom of the gaboon viper (bitis gabonica) on blood coagulation, platelets, and the fibrinolytic enzyme system was studied. the results confirm that the venom of bitis gabonica has a marked anticoagulant action in vitro. the venom appears to impair clot formation by a direct proteolytic action on fibrinogen, releasing soluble breakdown products. | 1969 | 5814736 |
| snakes mimic earthworms: propulsion using rectilinear travelling waves. | in rectilinear locomotion, snakes propel themselves using unidirectional travelling waves of muscular contraction, in a style similar to earthworms. in this combined experimental and theoretical study, we film rectilinear locomotion of three species of snakes, including red-tailed boa constrictors, dumeril's boas and gaboon vipers. the kinematics of a snake's extension-contraction travelling wave are characterized by wave frequency, amplitude and speed. we find wave frequency increases with incr ... | 2013 | 23635494 |
| isolation and biochemical characterization of bradykinin-potentiating peptides from bitis gabonica rhinoceros. | venoms represent a still underexplored reservoir of bioactive components that might mitigate or cure diseases in conditions in which conventional therapy is ineffective. the bradykinin-potentiating peptides (bpps) comprise a class of angiotensin-i converting enzyme (ace) inhibitors. the bpps usually consist of oligopeptides with 5 to 13 residues with a high number of proline residues and the tripeptide ile-pro-pro (ipp-tripeptide) in the c-terminus region and have a conserved n-terminal pyroglut ... | 2017 | 28670326 |
| gaboon viper envenomation: an unexpected big-city emergency. | we report a pediatric case of envenomation by an extremely rare nonindigenous snake. the pathophysiology of injury is reviewed, and suggestions for appropriate treatment are given. | 1989 | 2602202 |
| management of a gaboon viper bite: a case report. | | 1979 | 42493 |
| decreased snake venom metalloproteinase effects via inhibition of enzyme and modification of fibrinogen. | since the introduction of antivenom administration 120 years ago to treat venomous snake bit, it has been the gold standard for saving life and limb. however, this therapeutic approach is not always effective and not without potential life-threatening side effects. we tested a new paradigm to abrogate the plasmatic anticoagulant effects of fibrinogenolytic snake venom metalloproteinases by modification of fibrinogen with iron and carbon monoxide and by inhibiting these zn(2+) dependent metallopr ... | 2016 | 27492573 |
| information transfer efficiency differs in wild chimpanzees and bonobos, but not social cognition. | several theories have been generated to understand the socio-cognitive mechanisms underlying the unique cooperative abilities of humans. the 'interdependence hypothesis' posits first, that the cognitive dimension of human cooperation evolved in contexts when several individuals needed to act together to achieve a common goal, like when hunting large prey. second, the more interdependent individuals are, the more likely they are to provide services to conspecifics in other contexts. alternatively ... | 2020 | 32576115 |
| protease activity profiling of snake venoms using high-throughput peptide screening. | snake venom metalloproteinases (svmps) and snake venom serine proteinases (svsps) are among the most abundant enzymes in many snake venoms, particularly among viperids. these proteinases are responsible for some of the clinical manifestations classically seen in viperid envenomings, including hemorrhage, necrosis, and coagulopathies. the objective of this study was to investigate the enzymatic activities of these proteins using a high-throughput peptide library to screen for the proteinase targe ... | 2019 | 30893860 |
| snake venoms from angola: intra-specific variations and immunogenicity. | snakebite is a public health problem in many countries of world. these accidents are considered a neglected tropical disease and are responsible for a high morbidity and mortality index in the south and southeast asia and sub-saharan africa. angolan snake venoms are poorly investigated and no specific antivenom against them is available in the country. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate biochemical and immunogenic properties of male and female venoms from naja nigricollis, bitis arietan ... | 2018 | 29673703 |
| an in vivo examination of the differences between rapid cardiovascular collapse and prolonged hypotension induced by snake venom. | we investigated the cardiovascular effects of venoms from seven medically important species of snakes: australian eastern brown snake (pseudonaja textilis), sri lankan russell's viper (daboia russelii), javanese russell's viper (d. siamensis), gaboon viper (bitis gabonica), uracoan rattlesnake (crotalus vegrandis), carpet viper (echis ocellatus) and puff adder (bitis arietans), and identified two distinct patterns of effects: i.e. rapid cardiovascular collapse and prolonged hypotension. p. texti ... | 2019 | 31882843 |
| the neutralization efficacy of expired polyvalent antivenoms: an alternative option. | the expense of production and distribution of snakebite antivenom, as well as its relatively infrequent use, has caused antivenom to be increasingly difficult to obtain and ultimately producing an alarming global shortage. unused, expired antivenom may represent a significant, untapped resource to ameliorate this crisis. this study examines the efficacy of expired antivenom over time using in vitro, whole blood clotting, and platelet function statistics. representatives from three years for four ... | 2019 | 31229628 |
| taking a stab at quantifying the energetics of biological puncture. | an organism's ability to control the timing and direction of energy flow both within its body and out to the surrounding environment is vital to maintaining proper function. when physically interacting with an external target, the mechanical energy applied by the organism can be transferred to the target as several types of output energy, such as target deformation, target fracture, or as a transfer of momentum. the particular function being performed will dictate which of these results is most ... | 2019 | 31141122 |
| spondyloarthropathy in vertebrae of the aquatic cretaceous snake lunaophis aquaticus, and its first recognition in modern snakes. | inflammatory arthritis is documented for the first time in snakes. ossification of the intervertebral capsule and zygapophyseal joints resulting in segmental vertebral fusion was observed in the aquatic cretaceous snake lunaophis aquaticus. such pathologic alterations are pathognomonic for the spondyloarthropathy form of inflammatory arthritis. a survey of 2144 snakes in recent collections, performed to identify holocene prevalence, revealed only two occurrences in extant snakes. the findings in ... | 2018 | 30291451 |
| gaboon viper envenomation: an unexpected injury by non-indigenous snake in south korea. | in recent years, various kinds of non-indigenous snakes have become popular as domestic pets globally. if the snake is highly venomous, this would be a potentially life-threatening emergency for breeders. in such a case, the specific antidote should be administered immediately for saving the life. "salmusa" genus (e.g. gloydius genus) is a representative indigenous venomous snake in south korea. therefore, only one antidote for the "salmusa" genus is commercially available in south korea. the ga ... | 2018 | 29922735 |
| cuticular microstructures turn specular black into matt black in a stick insect. | the stick insect peruphasma schultei stands out from other insects by its deep matt black cuticle. we tested whether the appearance of p. schultei is due to microstructures of the cuticle, a phenomenon that has recently been described for the velvet black scales of the gaboon viper. the shiny black stick insect anisomorpha paromalus served as a control. we found that the p. schultei cuticle is characterised by two different types of microstructures, tall elevations with a maximum size of 18 μm a ... | 2017 | 27890511 |
| non-contaminating camouflage: multifunctional skin microornamentation in the west african gaboon viper (bitis rhinoceros). | the west african gaboon viper (bitis rhinoceros) has an extraordinary coloration of pale brown and velvety black markings. the velvety black appearance is caused by a unique hierarchical surface structures which was not found on the pale brown scales. in the present study we examined the wettability of the vipeŕs scales by measuring contact angles of water droplets. velvet black scale surfaces had high static contact angles beyond 160° and low roll-off angles below 20° indicating an outstanding ... | 2014 | 24599379 |
| snake velvet black: hierarchical micro- and nanostructure enhances dark colouration in bitis rhinoceros. | the west african gaboon viper (bitis rhinoceros) is a master of camouflage due to its colouration pattern. its skin is geometrically patterned and features black spots that purport an exceptional spatial depth due to their velvety surface texture. our study shades light on micromorphology, optical characteristics and principles behind such a velvet black appearance. we revealed a unique hierarchical pattern of leaf-like microstructures striated with nanoridges on the snake scales that coincides ... | 2013 | 23677278 |
| the viper of gabon; envenomation by bitis gabonica; its specific venom and antivenom serotherapy. | | 1946 | 20998581 |