| new species of moaciria freitas 1956 (nematoda: heterakoidea) from australian reptiles. | moaciria sphenomorphi n. sp. is described from the skink sphenomorphus gracilipes, moaciria butleri n. sp. from the elapid snake pseudechis australis (both from western australia), and moaciria etnae n. sp. from the python liasis childreni from queensland. these species differ from one another and from m. alvarengai and m. icosiensis principally in the number and disposition of body and caudal papillae, and from m. freitasi in possessing caudal alae. m. butleri and m. etnae also differ from the ... | 1979 | 489941 |
| neuromuscular effects of four phospholipases a2 from the venom of pseudechis australis, the australian king brown snake. | four homologous single chain phospholipases a2 (pa-1g, pa-5, pa-12c and pa-15) were tested for neuromuscular effects on chick biventer cervicis and mouse hemidiaphragm nerve-muscle preparations. the four isozymes blocked directly elicited (mouse hemidiaphragm) and indirectly elicited (mouse and chick nerve-muscle preparations) twitch responses in concentrations of 1-30 micrograms/ml. the order of potency seen in both types of preparations was pa-1g = pa-5 greater than pa-12c much greater than pa ... | 1992 | 1440642 |
| antibacterial effects of different snake venoms: purification and characterization of antibacterial proteins from pseudechis australis (australian king brown or mulga snake) venom. | venoms from 30 different snake species were tested in a disc diffusion assay for antibacterial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. a number of venoms gave a zone of inhibition against both groups of bacteria, including aeromonas hydrophila, an important pathogen of reptiles and amphibians. two antibacterial components from the venom of an australian elapid, pseudechis australis (australian king brown or mulga snake) were purified to homogeneity. the proteins, designated lao ... | 1991 | 1796476 |
| tryptophan residues of phospholipase a2 from the venom of an australian elapid snake (pseudechis australis). | tryptophan residues 31 and 69 (trp-31 and trp-69) in phospholipase a2 (pa-11) from the venom of an australian elapid snake, pseudechis australis, were modified with n-bromosuccinimide (nbs) or with 2-nitrophenylsulphenylchloride (npsc1). nbs oxidized only trp-31, whereas npsc1 reacted with both trp-31 and trp-69. treatment of the enzyme with nbs at various ph values resulted in losses of enzymic and lethal activities. no protective effect on the oxidation with nbs was observed by the addition of ... | 1991 | 1862519 |
| effects of chemical modifications of pa-11, a phospholipase a2 from the venom of australian king brown snake (pseudechis australis), on its biological activities. | pa-11, a phospholipase a2 isolated from the venom of an australian elapid snake pseudechis australis, was chemically modified and its enzymic, neuromuscular and lethal activities were studied. carboxymethylation of met-8 gave a derivative with 2% of the enzymic activity and less than 3% of the lethal activity of native pa-11; it had about 5% of the original ability to block directly and indirectly stimulated mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations. nitrophenylsulfenylation of tryptophanyl ... | 1990 | 2109907 |
| neuromuscular effects of three phospholipases a2 from the venom of the australian king brown snake pseudechis australis. | three single chain phospholipases a2 (pa-10a, pa-11 and pa-13) isolated from australian king brown snake (pseudechis australis) venom were tested for effects on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contractility on chick biventer cervicis and mouse diaphragm preparations. at 1 microgram/ml (about 85 nm) and higher, pa-10a and pa-11 reduced responses of both preparations to indirect stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner. responses to direct muscle stimulation were generally reduced mor ... | 1989 | 2749754 |
| serotypes of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in australian pigs, small ruminants, poultry, and captive wild birds and animals. | serotypes of 93 australian isolates of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from diseased domestic animals and poultry and a variety of captive wild birds and animals were determined by double diffusion gel precipitation. two isolates, from the faeces of a swallow were also examined. serotypes 1a, 1b and 2 were isolated from pigs and serotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 5, 15 and 21 from sheep or goats. erysipelas in poultry was attributed to serotypes 1b, 5, 15 and 16. in captive wild birds serotypes 1b, 5, 6, 8, 14, ... | 1988 | 3190592 |
| isolation and properties of two phospholipases a2 from the venom of an australian elapid snake (pseudechis australis). | two phospholipases a2 (pa-11 and pa-13) were purified from the venom of an australian elapid snake (subfamily acanthophiinae) pseudechis australis (king brown snake) by chromatography on cm-cellulose cm-52 followed by gel filtration on a sephadex g-75 column. the apparent molecular weights of the two phospholipases a2 (pa-11 and pa-13) were 14,000 and 13,500, respectively, by gel filtration analysis on a sephadex g-75 column. each enzyme molecule consists of a single polypeptide chain of 118 ami ... | 1985 | 3992600 |
| fatal case of mulga (pseudechis australis) snakebite. | | 1969 | 5782090 |
| the effects of five phospholipases a2 from the venom of king brown snake, pseudechis australis, on nerve and muscle. | the effects on vertebrate neuromuscular function of five homologous phospholipases a2 (pla2) (pa-3, pa-8, pa-9c, pa-10f and pa-12b) from the venom of the australian king brown snake, pseudechis australis, were determined. these isoenzymes (0.2-1.6 microm) reduced, with different potencies, responses of chick biventer cervicis preparations to nerve stimulation and to exogenously applied acetylcholine, carbachol and kcl in a time- and concentration-dependent way but with different potencies. they ... | 1994 | 7725325 |
| chemical modification and inactivation of phospholipases a2 by a manoalide analogue. | chemical modification and inactivation of bovine pancreatic, porcine pancreatic, naja naja atra and pseudechis australis phospholipases a2 (pla2s), belonging to group i, and of trimeresurus flavoviridis, vipera russelli russelli and agkistrodon halys blomhoffii pla2s, belonging to group ii, were investigated by the use of a manoalide (mld)-analogue, 1-(2,5-dihydro-hydroxy-5-oxo-3-furanyl)-8,12-dimethyl-4-formyl-3,7, 11-tridecatrienol. at appropriate time intervals, residual pla2 activities towar ... | 1995 | 7755577 |
| role of ca2+ in the binding of phospholipase a2 with a monomeric substrate and with its amide-type analog. | effects of ca2+ on the kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of monodispersed 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (dic6pc), catalyzed by group i phospholipases a2 (pla2s) from pseudechis australis, naja naja atra, and bovine pancreas and by group ii enzymes from vipera russelli russelli, agkistrodon halys blomhoffii, and trimeresurus flavoviridis, were studied by the ph-stat assay method at 25 degrees c, ph 7.5-8.2, and an ionic strength of 0.1 or 0.2 in the absence or presence of an a ... | 1994 | 7883763 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibodies against naja naja oxiana neurotoxin i. | seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were developed against neurotoxin i (nt-1), a protein from central asian cobra (naja naja oxiana) venom which binds specifically to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (achr). all of the mabs cross-reacted with another long-chain post-synaptic neurotoxin, bungarus multicinctus alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-bt), but not naja naja kaouthia alpha-cobratoxin, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (e.l.i.s.a.). short-chain post-synaptic neurotoxins like naja naja atra co ... | 1994 | 7945236 |
| pharmacological effects and pathological changes induced by the venom of pseudechis australis in isolated skeletal muscle preparations. | the venom from the australian king brown snake pseudechis australis produced a concentration-dependent and progressive inhibition of directly and indirectly evoked twitches of the mouse hemidiaphragm: 2, 5 and 10 micrograms/ml of venom produced complete blockade of directly evoked twitches after 87 +/- 26 min, 66 +/- 28 min and 56 +/- 13 min, respectively, whereas twitches elicited by indirect stimulation were blocked after 43 +/- 4 min, 34 +/- 2 min and 21 +/- 2 min, respectively. two, 5 and 10 ... | 1994 | 8016852 |
| anticoagulant effects of pseudechis australis (australian king brown snake) venom on human blood: a computerized thromboelastography study. | the crude venom of pseudechis australis exhibited a dose-dependent anticoagulant action on human blood in vitro using computerized thromboelastography. clot progress parameters (k and alpha) were affected at low dose levels which had no effect on onset of coagulation parameters (sp, r). at high dose levels there was total anticoagulant effect, but in all cases there was no evidence of fibrinolytic activity. these results generally agree with the known effects of this venom on coagulation in vivo ... | 1995 | 8599189 |
| the effects of two phospholipase a2 inhibitors on the neuromuscular blocking activities of homologous phospholipases a2 from the venom of pseudechis australis, the australian king brown snake. | previous studies have shown that homologous phospholipases a2 (pla2) (pa-3, pa-9c, pa-10f and pa-11) from the venom of the australian king brown snake, pseudechis australis, significantly reduce the resting membrane potentials and quantal contents of endplate potentials recorded from endplate regions of mouse triangularis sterni nerve-muscle preparations. it is not clear whether pla2 activity is essential for their neuromuscular activities. therefore, pharmacological studies were carried out to ... | 1995 | 8866620 |
| establishment of an animal model for myoglobinuria by use of a myotoxin from pseudechis australis (king brown snake) venom in mice. | a new laboratory animal model for studying the pathologic mechanisms of myoglobinuria in mice after envenomation with pseudechis australis snake venom or its myotoxin has been established. the experimental mice (swiss albino) had myoglobinuria 60 min after administration of the venom, as indicated by red or dark-brown urine. light microscopic studies revealed myonecrosis of the locally injected soleus muscle 30 min after exposure to the myotoxin, followed by regeneration in 7 to 10 days. electro ... | 1996 | 8872989 |
| characterisation of the effects of depolarising toxins on nerve terminal action potentials: apparent block of presynaptic potassium currents. | previous studies showed that toxic phospholipases a2 (pa-8 and pa-10f) from the venom of pseudechis australis, the australian king brown snake, reduced acetylcholine release at mouse neuromuscular junctions and depressed motor nerve terminal action potentials [fatehi et al. (1994a), toxicon 32, 1559-1572], and it was postulated that these toxins induced their effect on the action potential waveforms through nerve terminal depolarisation. to test this hypothesis, the effects of pa-11 (another pho ... | 1998 | 9604286 |
| pseudechetoxin: a peptide blocker of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. | ion channels activated by the binding of cyclic nucleotides first were discovered in retinal rods where they generate the cell's response to light. in other systems, however, it has been difficult to unambiguously determine whether cyclic nucleotide-dependent processes are mediated by protein kinases, their classical effector enzymes, or cyclic nucleotide-gated (cng) ion channels. part of this difficulty has been caused by the lack of specific pharmacological tools. here we report the purificati ... | 1999 | 9892706 |
| nuclear microscopy of normal and necrotic skeletal muscle fibers: an intracellular elemental microanalysis. | the in situ total elemental composition and elemental concentrations present in mouse soleus (type i) and gastrocnemius (type iia) muscle fibers were analyzed by using nuclear microscopy (nm). elemental changes in necrotic fibers, induced by intramuscular injection with snake venom (pseudechis australis), were also studied 3 h post-injection. nuclear microscopy is a new method based on nuclear technology that utilizes the interaction between a million-electron-volt nuclear particle beam and the ... | 1999 | 10544505 |
| an electrophysiological study on the effects of pa-1g (a phospholipase a(2)) from the venom of king brown snake, pseudechis australis, on neuromuscular function. | the effects of pa-1g, a phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) from the venom of the australian king brown snake (pseudechis australis) were determined on the release of acetylcholine, muscle resting membrane potential and motor nerve terminal action potential at mouse neuromuscular junction. intracellular recording from endplate regions of mouse triangularis sterni nerve-muscle preparations revealed that pa-1g (800 nm) significantly reduced the amplitude of endplate potentials within 10 min exposure. the ... | 2002 | 11602281 |
| cardiovascular, haematological and neurological effects of the venom of the papua new guinean small-eyed snake (micropechis ikaheka) and their neutralisation with csl polyvalent and black snake antivenoms. | cardiovascular and haematological effects of venom of the small-eyed snake (micropechis ikaheka) were examined in ventilated anaesthetised piglets. neurotoxic effects were examined in chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparations. immunoreactivity of venom was tested against the monovalent antivenom components in a csl ltd venom detection kit. neutralisation was tested in vivo and in vitro with csl ltd polyvalent snake and black snake (pseudechis australis) antivenoms. venom in 0.1% bovine s ... | 2003 | 14602120 |
| the efficacy of two antivenoms against the in vitro myotoxic effects of black snake (pseudechis) venoms in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. | neurotoxicity is rarely seen following human systemic envenoming by australasian black snakes (genus pseudechis) with myotoxicity being the most prominent feature following bites by some species. this study investigated the in vitro myotoxicity of venoms from seven species of australasian pseudechis and determined the efficacy of csl black and tiger snake antivenoms. all pseudechis venoms (10 microg/ml) significantly inhibited direct twitches of the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparati ... | 2004 | 15530965 |
| phylogeography of australia's king brown snake (pseudechis australis) reveals pliocene divergence and pleistocene dispersal of a top predator. | king brown snakes or mulga snakes (pseudechis australis) are the largest and among the most dangerous and wide-ranging venomous snakes in australia and new guinea. they occur in diverse habitats, are important predators, and exhibit considerable morphological variation. we infer the relationships and historical biogeography of p. australis based on phylogenetic analysis of 1,249 base pairs from the mitochondrial cytochrome b, nadh dehydrogenase subunit 4 and three adjacent trna genes using bayes ... | 2005 | 15688185 |
| isolation and pharmacological characterisation of papuantoxin-1, a postsynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the papuan black snake (pseudechis papuanus). | the papuan black snake (pseudechis papuanus) is found throughout the southern coastal regions of papua new guinea and is thought to occur in the adjacent region of iriyan jaya. neurotoxicity is a major symptom of envenomation by this species. this study describes the isolation of the first neurotoxin papuantoxin-1 from the venom of p. papuanus. papuantoxin-1 (6738da), which accounts for approximately 5% of the whole venom, was purified to homogeneity using successive steps of rp-hplc. the toxin ... | 2005 | 16011833 |
| biochemical and functional characterization of an l-amino acid oxidase isolated from bothrops pirajai snake venom. | in this work we describe the isolation of a new l-amino acid oxidase (laao) referred to as bpirlaao-i from bothrops pirajai snake venom, which was highly purified using a combination of molecular exclusion, affinity, and hydrophobic chromatography steps. bpirlaao-i homodimeric acid glycoprotein (approximate mr and pi of 130,000 and 4.9, respectively) displays high specificity toward hydrophobic/aromatic amino acids, while deglycosylation does not alter its enzymatic activity. the n-terminal laao ... | 2006 | 16809041 |
| antibacterial activity of snake, scorpion and bee venoms: a comparison with purified venom phospholipase a2 enzymes. | venoms of snakes, scorpions, bees and purified venom phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) enzymes were examined to evaluate the antibacterial activity of purified venom enzymes as compared with that of the crude venoms. | 2007 | 17309613 |
| coagulant effects of black snake (pseudechis spp.) venoms and in vitro efficacy of commercial antivenom. | the coagulant effects of australasian black snakes (pseudechis spp.) are poorly understood and differ to the procoagulant venoms of most dangerous snakes in australia. this study aimed to investigate in vitro coagulant effects of pseudechis venoms and the efficacy of commercial black snake antivenom (blsav), tiger snake antivenom (tsav) and specific rabbit anti-snake igg to neutralise these effects. using a turbidimetric assay, all six pseudechis venoms had anticoagulant activity, as well as pho ... | 2011 | 21723878 |
| Functional characterization of Kunitz-type protease inhibitor Pr-mulgins identified from New Guinean Pseudechis australis. | Kunitz-type protease inhibitors, which consist of around 60 amino acid residues and three distinctive disulfide bridges, exhibit a broad range of physiological functions such as protease inhibitor and ion channel blocker. In this study, we identified cDNAs encoding Kunitz-type protease inhibitors, Pr-mulgins 1, 2 and 3, from the venom gland cDNA library of Papuan pigmy mulga snake (New Guinean Pseudechis australis). The deduced amino acid sequences of the Pr-mulgins are 92.4-99.3% identical with ... | 2011 | 22024014 |
| comparative sensitivity of commercially available aptt reagents to mulga snake (pseudechis australis) venom. | this study aimed to determine the relative sensitivity of activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) reagents to the anticoagulant effects of phospholipases in mulga snake (pseudechis australis) venom.twenty-one haematology laboratories participating in the royal college of pathologists of australasia quality assurance programs were sent human plasma samples spiked with mulga venom (n=25 total results). results for 17 patients with mulga snake envenoming were available through the australian s ... | 2014 | 24977733 |
| regional divergence of phospholipase a(2)-like protein cdnas between new guinean and australian pseudechis australis. | snake phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, such as hemolysis, myotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. in this study, we identified 10 novel pla(2)-like protein cdnas, which we named pr 1-10, from the venom gland cdna library of papuan pigmy mulga snake (new guinean pseudechis australis). the deduced amino acid sequence of pr 1, which ortholog has not been reported in mulaga snake (australian p. australis) yet, shows 78.8% identity with the ortholog in australian tiger sn ... | 2010 | 20466013 |
| suspected snakebite: one year prospective study of emergency department presentations. | snakebite is an uncommon, but potentially life-threatening condition. the more common clinical scenario is suspected snake-bite. our aim was to characterise the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of patients with suspected snakebites. | 2003 | 12675626 |
| neutralization of tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom by serum from other australian elapids. | sera from four australian elapids and one boidid (python) were tested for their ability to protect neonatal mice against the toxic action of tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom. of the five serum samples tested, only serum from pseudechis australis and pseudechis porphyriacus were capable of neutralizing the tiger snake venom. in addition, neutralization was shown to be highly variable within serum taken from individual snakes of the same species (p. porphyriacus). previously, only viperid and ... | 1993 | 8212036 |
| amino acid sequence of a neurotoxic phospholipase a2 enzyme from common death adder (acanthophis antracticus) venom. | the amino acid sequence of the first neurotoxic phospholipase a2, acanthoxin a1, purified from the venom of the common death adder (acanthophis antarcticus) was determined. acanthoxin a1 shows high homology with other australian elapid pla2 neurotoxins, in particular acanthin-i and -ii, also from death adder, pseudexin a from the red-bellied black snake (pseudechis porphyriacus), and pa-12a and pa-9c from the king brown snake (pseudechis australis). acanthoxin a1 is a single-chain 118 amino acid ... | 2001 | 11288727 |
| characterisation of the biochemical and biological variations from the venom of the death adder species (acanthophis antarcticus, a. praelongus and a. pyrrhus). | we report on species variation in the venoms of the three species of death adder; the common death adder (acanthophis antarcticus), the northern death adder (acanthophis praelongus) and the desert death adder (acanthophis pyrrhus). the venoms were found to vary in their biochemical (chromatography) and biological (pla(2) activity, anticoagulant activity and reactivity with commercial death adder antivenom) properties. each species produced significant differences in the profile and distribution ... | 2000 | 10858511 |
| isolation and characterization of α-elapitoxin-bf1b, a postsynaptic neurotoxin from malaysian bungarus fasciatus venom. | bungarus fasciatus is one of three species of krait found in malaysia. envenoming by b. fasciatus results in neurotoxicity due to the presence of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins. antivenom, either monovalent or polyvalent, is the treatment of choice in systemically envenomed patients. in this study, we have isolated a postsynaptic neurotoxin which we named α-elapitoxin-bf1b. this toxin has an approximate molecular weight of 6.9 kda, with lcms/ms data showing that it is highly homologous ... | 2014 | 24440452 |
| lemnitoxin, the major component of micrurus lemniscatus coral snake venom, is a myotoxic and pro-inflammatory phospholipase a2. | the venom of micrurus lemniscatus, a coral snake of wide geographical distribution in south america, was fractionated by reverse-phase hplc and the fractions screened for phospholipase a2 (pla2) activity. the major component of the venom, a pla2, here referred to as 'lemnitoxin', was isolated and characterized biochemically and toxicologically. it induces myotoxicity upon intramuscular or intravenous injection into mice. the amino acid residues arg15, ala100, asn108, and a hydrophobic residue at ... | 2016 | 27282409 |
| the molecular basis of cross-reactivity in the australian snake venom detection kit (svdk). | the snake venom detection kit (svdk) is of major medical importance in australia, yet it has never been rigorously characterised in terms of its sensitivity and specificity, especially when it comes to reports of false-negative and false-positive results. this study investigates reactions and cross-reactions of five venoms the svdk is directed against and a number of purified toxins. snakes showing the closest evolutionary relationships demonstrated the lowest level of cross-reactivity between g ... | 2007 | 17904179 |
| functional morphology of the palato-maxillary apparatus in "palatine dragging" snakes (serpentes: elapidae: acanthophis, oxyuranus). | elapid snakes have previously been divided into two groups (palatine erectors and palatine draggers) based on the morphology and inferred movements of their palatine bone during prey transport (swallowing). we investigated the morphology and the functioning of the feeding apparatus of several palatine draggers (acanthophis antarcticus, oxyuranus scutellatus, pseudechis australis) and compared them to published records of palatine erectors. we found that the palatine in draggers does not move as ... | 2010 | 19623628 |
| multi-locus phylogeny and species delimitation of australo-papuan blacksnakes (pseudechis wagler, 1830: elapidae: serpentes). | genetic analyses of australasian organisms have resulted in the identification of extensive cryptic diversity across the continent. the venomous elapid snakes are among the best-studied organismal groups in this region, but many knowledge gaps persist: for instance, despite their iconic status, the species-level diversity among australo-papuan blacksnakes (pseudechis) has remained poorly understood due to the existence of a group of cryptic species within the p. australis species complex, collec ... | 2017 | 27637992 |
| persistent anosmia and olfactory bulb atrophy after mulga (pseudechis australis) snakebite. | loss of sense of smell is an intriguing yet under-recognised complication of snakebite. we report olfactory function testing and neuroimaging of the olfactory bulbs in a 30-year-old man with anosmia persisting for more than 1year after mulga (pseudechis australis) snakebite. this problem was first noted by the patient 1week after being definitely bitten in queensland, australia. he had then presented to a regional hospital where his envenomation was considered mild enough to not warrant antiveno ... | 2016 | 26896910 |
| characterization and structural analysis of a potent anticoagulant phospholipase a2 from pseudechis australis snake venom. | pseudechis australis is one of the most venomous and lethal snakes in australia. numerous phospholipase a2 (pla2) isoforms constitute a major portion of its venom, some of which have previously been shown to exhibit not only enzymatic, but also haemolytic, neurotoxic and anticoagulant activities. here, we have purified a potent anticoagulant pla2 (identified as pa11) from p. australis venom to investigate its phospholipase, anticoagulant, haemolytic and cytotoxic activities and shown that additi ... | 2016 | 26747471 |
| pr-sntx, a short-chain three-finger toxin from papuan pigmy mulga snake, is an antagonist of muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α2βδε). | three-finger toxins (3ftxs) are one of the major components in snake venoms. in this study, we isolated a cdna encoding a short-chain 3ftx, pr-sntx, from pseudechis rossignolii. the amino acid sequence of pr-sntx is nearly identical to that of its ortholog in pseudechis australis. pr-sntx protein inhibited muscle-type (α2βδε), but not neuronal α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) activity. | 2015 | 26211734 |
| pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the myotoxic venom of pseudechis australis (mulga snake) in the anesthetised rat. | myotoxicity is a common clinical effect of snake envenoming and results from either local or systemic myotoxins in snake venoms. although numerous myotoxins have been isolated from snake venoms, there has been limited study on the relationship between the time course of venom concentrations (pharmacokinetics) and the time course of muscle injury measured as a rise in creatine kinase (ck) (pharmacodynamics). | 2014 | 24940643 |
| the australian mulga snake (pseudechis australis: elapidae): report of a large case series of bites and review of current knowledge. | the mulga snake (pseudechis australis) is the largest terrestrial venomous snake in australia. it is capable of inflicting severe and occasionally fatal envenoming, but there have been few studies of p. australis bites. | 2014 | 24726467 |
| mulga snake (pseudechis australis) envenoming: a spectrum of myotoxicity, anticoagulant coagulopathy, haemolysis and the role of early antivenom therapy - australian snakebite project (asp-19). | mulga snakes (pseudechis australis) are venomous snakes with a wide distribution in australia. objective. the objective of this study was to describe mulga snake envenoming and the response of envenoming to antivenom therapy. | 2013 | 23586640 |
| pseudechis australis venomics: adaptation for a defense against microbial pathogens and recruitment of body transferrin. | the venom composition of pseudechis australis, a widely distributed in australia reptile, was analyzed by 2-de and mass spectrometric analysis. in total, 102 protein spots were identified as venom toxins. the gel is dominated by horizontal trains of spots with identical or very similar molecular masses but differing in the pi values. this suggests possible post-translational modifications of toxins, changing their electrostatic charge. the results demonstrate a highly specialized biosynthesis of ... | 2011 | 21417486 |
| cloning and characterisation of natriuretic peptides from the venom glands of australian elapids. | the venom from australian elapid snakes contains a complex mixture of polypeptide toxins that adversely affect multiple homeostatic systems within their prey in a highly specific and targeted manner. included in these toxin families are the recently described venom natriuretic peptides, which display similar structure and vasoactive functions to mammalian natriuretic peptides. this paper describes the identification and detailed comparative analysis of the cdna transcripts coding for the mature ... | 2006 | 16908092 |
| plastic containers and the whole-blood clotting test: glass remains the best option. | this is the first study to identify normal whole-blood clotting times in various plastic containers and to identify the effect of the addition of various concentrations of pseudechis australis (mulga snake) venom on the clotting time in glass and plastic. polycarbonate was identified as a potential alternative to glass as a testing container owing to a whole-blood clotting time within acceptable limits for a bedside test (mean 29.5 min) and equivalent performance to glass in the presence of p. a ... | 2006 | 16765393 |
| snakebite in tropical australia: a prospective study in the "top end" of the northern territory. | to describe the epidemiology of snakebite in the "top end" of the northern territory, and the envenoming syndromes of individual snake species. | 2006 | 15588215 |
| purification and cloning of toxins from elapid venoms that target cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. | in 1999, we purified pseudechetoxin (pstx), the first peptide toxin known to block cyclic nucleotide-gated (cng) ion channels, from the venom of pseudechis australis [brown, r. l., haley, t. l., west, k. a., and crabb, j. w. (1999) proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 96, 754-759]. here we report the cloning of the cdna encoding pstx, as well as the discovery and cloning of pseudecin, a homologous toxin from the venom of pseudechis porphyriacus. the mature proteins are 211 and 210 amino acids in length ... | 2002 | 12234174 |
| concern over the choice of antivenom for "false king brown snake" bites and a plea for a name change. | | 1999 | 10078188 |
| renal lesions in rhabdomyolysis caused by pseudechis australis snake myotoxin. | the renal lesions at various time intervals after i.m. injection of pseudechis australis myotoxin (pa myotoxin) causing myoglobinuria in mice was studied. biochemical assay of serum creatine phosphokinase (ck) and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) showed marked elevations [7166 +/- 2064 iu and 1626 +/- 211 berger-broida u/ml (b-b u/ml)] six hours after injection, indicative of rhabdomyolysis. serum creatinine (1.6 +/- 0.39) and urea (147 +/- 40) showed significant rise by 48 hours indicative of acute ... | 1997 | 9186889 |
| morphological changes induced by a generalized myotoxin (myoglobinuria-inducing toxin) from the venom of pseudechis australis (king brown snake) in skeletal muscle and kidney of mice. | a myotoxin causing myoglobinuria was isolated from the venom of pseudechis australis (pa myotoxin). myoglobinuria was observed in mice 60 min post-injection (4.5 mg/kg i.m.) into calf muscles. light microscopic observation revealed hypercontraction of muscle fibres with delta lesions and vacuolation. severe necrosis was observed as early as 30 min. infiltration of the muscle fibres with macrophages was seen by 3 hr with peak infiltration by 12-48 hr. electron microscopic study showed pathologica ... | 1995 | 8744985 |
| amino acid sequences of eight phospholipases a2 from the venom of australian king brown snake, pseudechis australis. | the amino acid sequences of eight phospholipases a2 (pa-1g, pa-3, pa-5, pa-9c, pa-10a, pa-12a, pa-12c and pa-15) which had been isolated from the venom of australian king brown snake (pseudechis australis) were elucidated. pa-1g, pa-3 and pa-15 showed micro-heterogeneity at the 103rd position and pa-5 was separated into two components, pa-5a ([pro-18 and tyr-61]pa-5) and pa-5b ([ ser-18 and phe-61]pa-5). all the phospholipase a2 molecules except pa-1ga and pa-1gb which lack the 118th residue, co ... | 1990 | 2343466 |
| purification and properties of several phospholipases a2 from the venom of australian king brown snake (pseudechis australis). | thirteen isoenzymes of phospholipases a2 were purified from the venom of australian king brown snake, pseudechis australis. they (except phospholipase a2 pa-9c) showed normal properties of snake venom phospholipases a2; the apparent mol. wts were about 13,000, the optimum ph values were around 8, calcium ion was indispensable for the enzymatic activity and the optimum calcium ion concentrations were more than 5 mm. phospholipase a2 pa-9c had a lag period at the initial stage of the enzymatic rea ... | 1990 | 2343465 |
| amino acid sequence of a long-chain neurotoxin homologue, pa id, from the venom of an australian elapid snake, pseudechis australis. | pa id, a long-chain neurotoxin homologue, was isolated from the venom of an australian elapid snake, pseudechis australis, and its amino acid sequence was determined by conventional methods. pa id was an acidic protein (pi = 6.2) and consisted of 68 amino acid residues. it did not show binding activity to the acetylcholine receptor of an electric ray (narke japonica) nor lethal effect on mice, though the amino acid sequence is homologous with those of long-chain neurotoxins isolated from other e ... | 1989 | 2777741 |
| a basic phospholipase a from the venom of the australian king brown snake (pseudechis australis) showing diverse activities against membranes. | 1. a basic phospholipase a (mspa) was isolated from the venom of the australian king brown snake, pseudechis australis. 2. mspa had an approximate mr of 13,000 and consisted of a single polypeptide chain of 119 amino acid residues cross-linked by seven disulphide bridges. 3. mspa exhibited direct haemolytic, anticoagulant and myotoxic activities. 4. treatment of mspa with p-bromophenacyl bromide modified a single histidine residue, resulting in complete loss of enzyme activity. | 1989 | 2706938 |
| isolation and amino acid sequence of a short-chain neurotoxin from an australian elapid snake, pseudechis australis. | a short-chain neurotoxin pseudechis australis a (toxin pa a) was isolated from the venom of an australian elapid snake pseudechis australis (king brown snake) by sequential chromatography on cm-cellulose, sephadex g-50 and cm-cellulose columns. toxin pa a has an ld50 (intravenous) value of 76 micrograms/kg body wt. in mice and consists of 62 amino acid residues. the amino acid sequence of pa a shows considerable homology with those of short-chain neurotoxins of elapid snakes, especially of true ... | 1985 | 4091794 |
| amino acid sequences of phospholipases a2 from the venom of an australian elapid snake (king brown snake, pseudechis australis). | two basic phospholipases a2 (pa-11 and pa-13) have been isolated from the venom of an australian elapid snake, pseudechis australis (king brown snake). the reduced and s-carboxymethylated phospholipases a2 were digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides were purified by a combination of chromatography on a deae-cellulose de-52 column and gel filtration procedures. eleven main peptides from pa-11 and 9 peptides from pa-13 could account for the amino acid compositions of the respective enzym ... | 1985 | 3887651 |
| myotoxic paralysis and hemolytic anemia due to king brown snake bite. | | 1984 | 6591911 |
| isolation and properties of lysophospholipases from the venom of an australian elapid snake, pseudechis australis. | two lysophospholipases were isolated from the venom of an australian elapid snake (subfamily acanthophiinae), pseudechis australis, by sequential chromatography on cm-52 cellulose, sephadex g-75 and de-52 cellulose columns. they were very similar to each other. one of them, lysophospholipase i, was obtained as a homodimer, the monomer of which consisted of 123 amino acid residues with seven disulphide bridges. the amino acid composition and the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme were s ... | 1982 | 7103939 |
| a lethal myotoxin isolated from the venom of the australian king brown snake (pseudechis australis). | | 1979 | 524383 |
| severe local reaction to bite of king brown snake. | | 1978 | 683090 |
| clinical and pathological aspects of a fatal case of mulga (pseudechis australis) snakebite. | | 1969 | 5777902 |
| australian snakebite myotoxicity (asp-23). | myotoxicity is a recognised but poorly characterised effect of snake envenoming worldwide. we aimed to describe the clinical effects, complications and effectiveness of antivenom in myotoxicity from australian snake envenoming. | 2020 | 33156703 |