| beta-bungarotoxin, a pre-synaptic toxin with enzymatic activity. | beta-bungarotoxin, a pre-synaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake bungarus multicinctus, has been shown to modify release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. in this communication, we demonstrate that beta-bungarotoxin is a potent phospholipase a2 (phosphatide 2-acyl hydrolase, ec 3.1.1.4), comparable in activity with purified phospholipase enzymes from naja naja and vipera russellii. the phospholipase activity of beta-bungarotoxin requires calcium and is stimulate ... | 1976 | 1749 |
| is the contractile response to exogenous acetylcholine due to a presynaptic effect? | whether the contractile response induced by exogenous acetylcholine (ach) chiefly involved the pre- or post-synaptic junctional site of the motor endplate was studied by using the cat gastrocnemius nerve muscle preparation poisoned with beta-bungarotoxin (beta-butx), a toxin isolated from the venom of bungarus multicinctus which acts presynaptically. 2 after neuromuscular transmission was completely blocked by beta-butx, the dose-response curve of the contractile response induced by close intra- ... | 1976 | 183848 |
| action of a beta-bungarotoxin on autonomic ganglia and adrenergic neurotransmission. | a beta-bungarotoxin was isolated from the venom of bungarus multicinctus by column chromatography on sephadex g-50 and sp-sephadex. the toxin produced presynaptic effects on neuromuscular transmission with characteristics similar to those described by others. in a sympathetic ganglion, the toxin increased spontaneous acetylcholine (ach) release and decreased ach release evoked by preganglionic nerve stimulation. the toxin did not block the response of isolated ileum to cholinergic nerve stimulat ... | 1977 | 195692 |
| purification of bungarus multicinctus antivenin by affinity chromatography. | bungarus multicinctus horse antivenin was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on sephadex g-200 column, and affinity chromatography. the specific neutralizing capacity of the antibody preparations showed 2.21-fold, 3.12-fold, and 29.6-fold higher than that of the crude antivenin, respectively. | 1978 | 583033 |
| chemical properties and amino acid composition of beta1-bungarotoxin from the venom of bungarus multicinctus (formosan banded krait). | beta-bungarotoxin purified from the venom of bungarus multicinctus (formosan banded krait) contained no carbohydrate and behaved as a homogeneous protein on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at ph 4.1 and sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without 2-mercaptoethanol treatment. its molecular weight and isoelectric point were estimated to be about 21,000 by gel filtration and about 9.5 by isoelectric focusing, respectively. the toxin treated with the reducing agent was split into two polypepti ... | 1978 | 624712 |
| beta-bungarotoxin. separation of two discrete proteins with different synaptic actions. | beta-bungarotoxin, a specific presynaptic blocking agent, was prepared in two stages from the crude venom of bungarus multicinctus by ion-exchange chromatography on the weakly acidic ion exchanger, cm-sephadex, and on the strongly acidic ion exchanger, sulphopropyl-sephadex. by these procedures it was purified to a single protein, which was shown by reduction to contain two polypeptide chains with mol.wts. of less than 15000. during purification of beta-bungarotoxin three other proteins were iso ... | 1978 | 736897 |
| the mechanism of beta-bungarotoxin action. i. modification of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. | the protein, beta-bungarotoxin, a presynaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake bungarus multicinctus, is known to inhibit mitochondrial function. within 30 min after adding the toxin to a rat diaphragmphrenic nerve preparation, the quantal content increased tenfold and the frequency of miniature endplate potentials increased fourfold. no increase in miniature endplate potential frequency was seen in the absence of extracellular calcium. since mitochondria may be involved in regula ... | 1976 | 944236 |
| [preparation and characterization of antibodies against bungarus multicinctus venom by liposomes]. | bungarus multicinctus venom was incorporated into sphingomyelin-cholesterol liposomes which were stabilized with osmium tetroxide. the lethal toxicity of b. multicinctus venom in osmicated liposomes greatly decreased to 1.03% that of crude venom. rabbits were divided into four groups for immunization. group a was immunized with crude venom, group b and group c with osmicated liposomes, and group d with osmicated liposomes followed by the crude venom. immunization was performed in the presence of ... | 1992 | 1404535 |
| comparative enzymatic composition of brazilian coral snake (micrurus) venoms. | 1. venoms of 11 coral snake taxa, including micrurus albicinctus, m. corallinus, m. frontalis altirostris, m. f. brasiliensis, m. f. frontalis, m. fulvius fulvius, m. ibiboboca, m. lemniscatus ssp., m. randonianus, m. spixii spixii, and m. surinamensis surinamensis, were examined for 13 enzymatic activities. 2. these were compared with venoms of three outgroup taxa: naja naja kaouthia, bungarus multicinctus, and bothrops moojeni. 3. enzyme activity levels in micrurus venoms were highly variable ... | 1991 | 1662592 |
| potassium channel blockade by the b subunit of beta-bungarotoxin. | beta-bungarotoxin (beta-btx) isolated from the venom of bungarus multicinctus has previously been reported to be a neurotoxic protein. the toxin is composed of two subunit chains, denoted a and b. the intact toxin was first examined in this study for its ability to block central nerve ending k channels using the 86rb efflux technique. beta-btx, when preincubated with synaptosomes for 30 min in the absence of extracellular ca2+, selectively inhibited the slowly inactivating voltage-dependent (s) ... | 1990 | 2385229 |
| isolation of a polypeptide from the venom of bungarus multicinctus that binds to ganglia and blocks the ganglionic transmission in mammals. | a 15,000 dalton polypeptide purified from bungarus multicinctus venom (which normally copurifies with alpha-bungarotoxin) was characterized biochemically and its biological effects were studied. this polypeptide, p15, had an aminoacid composition and molecular weight different from those of both alpha- and beta-bungarotoxin. it inhibited the ganglionic transmission in the guinea-pig hypogastric nerve-vas deferens preparation and did not block, even at very high concentrations, the neuromuscular ... | 1985 | 2862606 |
| interactions between discrete neuronal membrane binding sites for the putative k+-channel ligands beta-bungarotoxin, dendrotoxin and mast-cell-degranulating peptide. | 1. beta-bungarotoxin, a presynaptically active neurotoxin from the venom of bungarus multicinctus, was radiolabelled with 125i and its binding to synaptic membranes from rat brain was analyzed. the interaction of these binding sites with those for dendrotoxin (a convulsant polypeptide from mamba venom) and mast-cell-degranulating peptide (from bee venom) was examined in the light of the known effects of all three toxins on voltage-dependent k+ currents. 2. when measured in krebs/phosphate buffer ... | 1989 | 2912733 |
| amino acid sequence of toxin f, a snake venom toxin that blocks neuronal nicotinic receptors. | the amino acid sequence was determined for toxin f, a component of bungarus multicinctus venom that blocks nicotinic transmission in the chick ciliary ganglion and the rat superior cervical ganglion. toxin f was purified by a procedure that includes preparative isoelectric focusing and ion exchange chromatography. seventy nanomolar toxin f blocks nicotinic transmission in the chick ciliary ganglion; however, the toxin only weakly blocks the binding of 125i-alpha-bungarotoxin to membranes derived ... | 1986 | 3021284 |
| evidence for an involvement of membrane lipids in the control of neuronal nicotinic receptor function using bungarotoxin ii-s1. | previous work has shown that a toxin fraction, bungarotoxin (bgt) ii-s1, isolated from bungarus multicinctus venom could inhibit nicotinic receptor-mediated function. experimental evidence suggested that this effect of the toxin might be due to a direct interaction of the toxin at the acetylcholine binding site and/or to its phospholipase activity. the toxin's enzymic activity has been further characterized; it has phospholipase activity of the a2 type with a vmax of 12 pmol/min/ng protein and a ... | 1987 | 3106571 |
| isoelectric analysis of some australian elapid snake venoms with special reference to phospholipase b and hemolysis. | venoms of the australian elapid snakes austrelaps superbus and pseudechis colletti were analyzed in an electrofocusing column. a. superbus venom, little studied in the past, was found to have a mouse i.p. lethal potency of 0.48 mg/kg and to contain at least four lethal components. venoms of both species had relatively high direct hemolytic activity for washed rabbit erythrocytes, as contrasted with venoms from 23 other species of snakes that were not hemolytic under the conditions used. among ve ... | 1986 | 3775799 |
| kappa-flavitoxin: isolation of a new neuronal nicotinic receptor antagonist that is structurally related to kappa-bungarotoxin. | a peptide, termed kappa-flavitoxin (kappa-flavitoxin), has been purified from the venom of the red-headed krait, bungarus flaviceps, by low- and high-pressure liquid chromatography. kappa-flavitoxin has a pi of 8.8 and an apparent molecular weight on sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 6500 da. kappa-flavitoxin is a potent inhibitor of nicotinic transmission in autonomic ganglia, producing a complete and long-lasting blockade at doses as low as 50 nm. intracellular recor ... | 1987 | 3828786 |
| kappa-bungarotoxin: complete amino acid sequence of a neuronal nicotinic receptor probe. | the complete amino acid sequence of kappa-bungarotoxin, a neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the banded krait bungarus multicinctus, has been determined by automated edman analyses of the intact protein and peptides derived from digests with trypsin and chymotrypsin. kappa-bungarotoxin consists of a single polypeptide chain of 66 amino acids with a molecular weight of 7313. it contains 10 cysteinyl residues, presumably arranged in 5 disulfide bonds, and is completely devoid of methionine and ... | 1985 | 3986193 |
| binding characteristics of the bungarotoxin fraction ii-s1 to rat brain membranes. | bungarotoxin fraction ii-s1 (designated bgt ii-s1), isolated from the venom of bungarus multicinctus, appears to affect nicotinic transmission in rat sympathetic ganglia through its phospholipase activity. on the other hand, the present investigation suggests that other modes of interaction of this toxin with nervous tissue may also exist as, in a rat brain membrane preparation, binding of this toxin to a specific binding site can be demonstrated. in a buffer containing calcium, binding of [125i ... | 1985 | 4018128 |
| the effect of photooxidation on detoxification and immunogenicity of formosan snake venoms: photooxidative effect on venoms of trimeresurus mucrosquamatus and bungarus multicinctus. | | 1972 | 4512917 |
| n,o-di and n,n,o-tri ( 3 h) acetyl -bungarotoxins as specific labelling agents of cholinergic receptors. | 1. alpha-bungarotoxin isolated from the venom of bungarus multicinctus was acetylated with [(3)h] acetic anhydride and n-[(3)h] acetyl imidazole. tri-n-acetyl and hexa-n-acetyl derivatives were obtained from the former, and n,o-di, n,n,o-tri and n,n,n,o-tetraacetyl derivatives from the latter reaction, respectively.2. there were parallel decreases in both neuromuscular blocking action in the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of rats and depression of acetylcholine response of the rectus abdomi ... | 1973 | 4717015 |
| distribution of bungarus multicinctus venom following envenomation. | | 1966 | 5925218 |
| inhibition of ganglionic transmission in mammals by a new alpha toxin from bungarus multicinctus venom. | | 1984 | 6099990 |
| snake alpha-toxin effects on cholinergic and noncholinergic responses of aplysia californica neurons. | the effects of alpha-toxins from bungarus multicinctus (alpha butx) and naja naja siamensis (alpha ntx) were studied on synaptic responses and on extrasynaptic responses to focally applied acetylcholine (ach), histamine (hm), gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), and glutamate (glu) in neurons of the marine mollusc, aplysia californica. binding of 125i-alpha butx to aplysia ganglia homogenates was pharmacologically characterized and compared with the pharmacological sensitivity of 125i-alpha butx bind ... | 1981 | 6114995 |
| kappa-bungarotoxin: a probe for the neuronal nicotinic receptor in the avian ciliary ganglion. | the interaction of snake alpha-neurotoxins with neuronal membranes has been examined in the chick ciliary ganglion. some, but not all, alpha-neurotoxins block nicotinic transmission in this ganglion. alpha-bungarotoxin (abgt), the major alpha-neurotoxin in the venom of bungarus multicinctus, does not block transmission at high concentrations (1.2 microm) although it binds (kd = 1 nm) to a pharmacologically nicotinic site in the ganglion. a toxin (kappa-bungarotoxin, kbgt) has been purified from ... | 1983 | 6139146 |
| blockade of transmission in rat sympathetic ganglia by a toxin which co-purifies with alpha-bungarotoxin. | bungarus multicinctus venom was fractionated into its toxin components using ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex. according to previous reports, rechromatography of fraction ii on a cm cellulose column yields chemically homogenous alpha-bungarotoxin (ii2) of molecular weight 9000. however, in our hands, using the identical purification procedure, two discrete proteins of molecular weight 9000 and 15,000 were obtained as demonstrated by sds gel electrophoresis. subsequent fractionation of ... | 1982 | 6284299 |
| increased sodium ion conductance through nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels in pc12 cells exposed to nerve growth factors. | 22na+ uptake in response to cholinergic stimulation was measured in pc12 cells grown in media containing either beta-nerve growth factor (ngf) from mouse submaxillary gland or a component of bungarus multicinctus venom (fraction 9b) which has nerve growth factor activity. our results showed that each of these nerve growth factors increased the na+ conductance capacity of ach receptor-linked ion channels in pc12 cells. compared to untreated cells, na+ uptake was enhanced by about 40% in cells exp ... | 1983 | 6308184 |
| characterization of a snake venom neurotoxin which blocks nicotinic transmission in the avian ciliary ganglion. | bungarus multicinctus venom was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography and the various fractions were assayed for their ability to block synaptic transmission through the chick ciliary ganglion. alpha-bungarotoxin purified from this venom failed to block transmission at 50 micrograms/ml. a second neurotoxin, which we designate toxin f, blocked transmission at 1-3 micrograms/ml and also blocked ganglionic depolarizations induced by carbachol. toxin f was clearly distinguishable from alpha-bu ... | 1984 | 6330611 |
| reversible neuromuscular blocking action of carboxymethylated alpha-bungarotoxin. | carbamidomethylation of the reduced cys29-cys33 bridge of alpha-bungarotoxin (bungarus multicinctus postsynaptic neurotoxin) did not alter the ld50 or irreversibility of the toxin, while carboxymethylated alpha-bungarotoxin was less potent and its neuromuscular blocking action in mouse diaphragm was reversible. the circular dichroic spectra of both modified toxins were similar but slightly different from that of native toxin. neuromuscular transmission in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle ... | 1983 | 6830845 |
| amino acid sequence of beta 2-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus venom. the amino acid substitutions in the b chains. | beta 2-bungarotoxin (beta 2-toxin) was isolated from the venom of bungarus multicinctus by means of cm-sephadex c-25 column chromatography, sephadex g-75 gel filtration and cm-sephadex c-25 column rechromatography. beta 2-toxin consisted of two dissimilar polypeptides, a (120 amino acid residues) and b (60 amino acid residues) chains, crosslinked by an interchain disulfide bond. the neurotoxicity (ld50) and phospholipase activity of beta 2-toxin were 0.029 micrograms/g of mouse and 48.9 units/mg ... | 1982 | 7096304 |
| amino acid sequences of three beta-bungarotoxins (beta 3-, beta 4-, and beta 5- bungarotoxins) from bungarus multicinctus venom. amino acid substitutions in the a chains. | the two most basic beta-bungarotoxins (beta 3- and beta 4-toxins) and another, less neurotoxic beta-bungarotoxin (beta 5-toxin) were purified from bungarus multicinctus venom, by a combination of cm-sephadex c-25 column chromatography and sephadex g-75 gel filtration. the three toxins consisted of two dissimilar polypeptides (a chain, 120 amino acid residues; b chain, 60 residues). the ld50 values of the beta 3- and beta 4-toxins were 0.066 micrograms and 0.072 micrograms/g of mouse, respectivel ... | 1982 | 7096305 |
| effects of ovariectomy on the binding of [125i]-alpha bungarotoxin (2.2 and 3.3) to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus: an in vivo autoradiographic analysis. | alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-btx) has been used to label receptor binding sites on neural membranes. alpha-btx fractions 2.2 and 3.3 were purified from bungarus multicinctus by the method of ravdin and berg (1979) and we iodinated. there was no difference between these two fractions in their binding affinity or specificity of binding with hypothalamic synaptosomes. [125i] alpha-btx 2.2s, 3.3 and commercially obtained [125i] alpha-btx were injected into the third ventricle of ovariectomized female r ... | 1982 | 7127134 |
| purification and pharmacological characterization of a cardiotoxin-like protein from formosan banded krait (bungarus multicinctus) venom. | by ion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration, a polypeptide toxin was purified from formosan banded krait (bungarus multicinctus) venom. the toxin had a molecular weight of 7000 +/- 300 and showed an amino acid composition characteristic of cardiotoxin from cobra venom. the i.p. ld50 value of the toxin was 2.5 (1.9-3.2) mg per kg mouse. pharmacological studies showed that the toxin (10 micrograms/ml) induced contracture in chick and mouse skeletal muscles, depolarized the cell membr ... | 1982 | 7135415 |
| preparation of neurotoxic 3h-beta-bungarotoxin: demonstration of saturable binding to brain synapses and its inhibition by toxin i. | 1. homogeneous beta-bungarotoxin, isolated from the venom of bungarus multicinctus was radiolabelled with n-succinimidyl-[2.3-(3) h]propionate. stable, di-propionylated material was obtained which was tritiated on both subunits and had a specific radioactivity of 102 ci/mmol. 2. after separation from unlabelled toxin by isoelectric focussing, it was shown to exhibit significant biological activity in both the peripheral and central nervous systems but had negligible phospholipase a2 activity tow ... | 1982 | 7173209 |
| effect of beta-bungarotoxin on the release of endogenous amino aids from the sensorimotor cortex. | beta-bungarotoxin, a snake neurotoxin purified from the venom of bungarus multicinctus, caused a significant increase in the in vivo release of glutamate from the superfused sensorimotor cortex of awake animals. a smaller effect on gaba release was observed, but no change was detected in the release of six other amino acids measured. the effects on glutamate and gaba release were entirely blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 micrometer) and were reversible when the cortical tissue was washed with saline. | 1981 | 7252509 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibodies against naja naja oxiana neurotoxin i. | seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were developed against neurotoxin i (nt-1), a protein from central asian cobra (naja naja oxiana) venom which binds specifically to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (achr). all of the mabs cross-reacted with another long-chain post-synaptic neurotoxin, bungarus multicinctus alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-bt), but not naja naja kaouthia alpha-cobratoxin, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (e.l.i.s.a.). short-chain post-synaptic neurotoxins like naja naja atra co ... | 1994 | 7945236 |
| screening of snake venoms for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects using simple in vitro preparations from rodents and chicks. | eight snake venoms designated by the who as international reference venoms, and one additional venom were assessed for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects in vitro using the chick biventer cervicis and the rat and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. the objective was to determine whether any of the preparations could be used to detect evidence of neurotoxic or myotoxic activity prior to a more detailed examination. bungarus multicinctus venom at concentrations above 1 microgram ml-1 selectiv ... | 1994 | 8016848 |
| functional expression and site-directed mutagenesis of a synthetic gene for alpha-bungarotoxin. | in order to explore the structure-function relationships of the curare mimetic alpha-neurotoxins we have constructed and cloned a synthetic gene for bungarus multicinctus alpha-bungarotoxin which is expressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant alpha-bungarotoxin is expressed as a fusion protein with alpha-bungarotoxin linked to the cooh-terminal end of the t7 gene 9-encoded coat protein. after treatment of the fusion protein with factor xa protease, a recombinant alpha-bungarotoxin is released ... | 1994 | 8157645 |
| acetylcholine receptor binding characteristics of snake and cone snail venom postsynaptic neurotoxins: further studies with a non-radioactive assay. | the binding of postsynaptic neurotoxins from snake and marine cone snail (conus sp.) venoms to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (achr) was investigated with an elisa-based, non-radioactive assay. three snake postsynaptic toxins from the long-chain group (naja naja kaouthia cobratoxin, naja oxiana neurotoxin i, bungarus multicinctus alpha-bungarotoxin) and short-chain group (naja naja atra cobrotoxin, naja oxiana neurotoxin ii, and laticauda semifasciata erabutoxin b) were studied. both types of ... | 1993 | 8212028 |
| evenoming by bungarus multicinctus (many-banded krait) in hong kong. | we describe the clinical course of two cases of envenoming by the many-banded krait (bungarus multicinctus). a man developed generalized paralysis and respiratory failure with transient hypertension. nerve conduction studies revealed normal motor and sensory conduction velocities with reduced motor unit action potential amplitudes consistent with neuromuscular blockade. he showed a slight transient response to the banded krait (b. fasciatus) antivenom but required ventilatory support for 8 days. ... | 1995 | 8544231 |
| antibody-mediated neutralization and binding-reversal studies on alpha-neurotoxins from micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus (coral snake) venom. | an elisa based, non-radioactive acetylcholine receptor (achr) binding assay was used to detect the alpha-neurotoxins present in micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus venom. sera from horses hyperimmunized against m. nigrocinctus venom contain antibodies which inhibit the binding of m. n. nigrocinctus alpha-neurotoxins to achr and reverse the binding of toxins already complexed with the receptor. this result supports the importance of using antivenom therapeutically in m. n. nigrocinctus envenomatio ... | 1996 | 8730930 |
| expression of taiwan banded krait phospholipase a2 in escherichia coli, a fully active enzyme generated by hydrolyzing with aminopeptidase. | a cdna encoding bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait) phospholipase a2 was expressed in escherichia coli. the expressed pla2 contained a met residue fused to the n-terminus of pla2. the expressed protein was isolated from inclusion bodies of e. coli and subjected to refolding into its folded structure. then the n-terminus met residue of recombinant pla2 was cleaved with aminopeptidase. the resulting recombinant pla2 had the same amino acid composition and n-terminal sequence of native pla2 ... | 1996 | 8780722 |
| binding of native kappa-neurotoxins and site-directed mutants to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. | the kappa-neurotoxins are useful ligands for the pharmacological characterization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors because they are potent antagonists at only a subgroup of these receptors containing either alpha 3- or alpha 4-subunits (ic50 < or = 100 nm). four of these highly homologous, 66 amino acid peptides have been purified from the venom of bungarus multicinctus (kappa-bungarotoxin (kappa-bgt), kappa 2-bgt, kappa 3-bgt] and bungarus flaviceps [kappa-fvt)]. two approaches were taken t ... | 1996 | 9027980 |
| differentially expressed snornas in bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait). | twenty novel snornas forming extensive sequence complementarities to mature 5s rrna were identified from bungarus multicinctus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. it was found that the snorna species were differentially transcribed in different tissues as evidenced by single stranded conformational polymorphism analysis and direct nucleotide sequence analysis. although the diversity in the sequences of snornas is observed, comparison of these snorna genes reveals that the regions ... | 1998 | 9571162 |
| cloning and functional expression of b chains of beta-bungarotoxins from bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait). | the cdna species encoding the b chains (b1 and b2) of beta-bungarotoxins (beta-bgt) were constructed from the cellular rna isolated from the venom glands of bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait). the deduced amino acid sequences of the b chains were different from those determined previously by a protein sequencing technique. one additional arg residue is inserted between val-19 and arg-20 of the b1 chain. similarly the insertion of one additional val residue between val-19 and arg-20 of t ... | 1998 | 9693106 |
| genetic characterization of the mrnas encoding alpha-bungarotoxin: isoforms and rna editing in bungarus multicinctus gland cells. | the mrna encoding alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-butx) was prepared from the venom glands of bungarus multicinctus by cap-finder cdna synthesis. the sequences of the 3'- and 5'-flanking regions including a signal peptide of alpha-butx were almost identical with those of elapidae and hydrophiidae toxins, suggesting that they may have the same origin. sixteen polymorphic mrna sequences of alpha-butx were detected from b.multicinctus gland cells. analysis of the genomic dna of alpha-butx indicated that ... | 1998 | 9837992 |
| cloning of a cdna encoding a nerve growth factor precursor from the agkistrodon halys pallas. | based on the high conservation in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of ngf cdnas, oligonucleotides complementary to all these known sequences were synthesized. by rt-pcr, we successfully isolated the complementary dna encoding ngf precursor from the agkistrodon halys pallas (a chinese snake strain). the nucleotide sequence which presents 90.5%, 88.6% and 63.4% homology to that of krait bungarus multicinctus, cobra and human ngf respectively, encoded a prepro-ngf molecule with 241 amino acids an ... | 1999 | 10080351 |
| what does beta-bungarotoxin do at the neuromuscular junction? | beta-bungarotoxin from the taiwan banded krait, bungarus multicinctus is a basic protein (pi=9.5), with a molecular weight of 21,800 consisting of two different polypeptide subunits. a phospholipase a(2) subunit named the a-chain and a non-phospholipase a(2) subunit named the b-chain, which is homologous to kunitz protease inhibitors. the a-chain and the b-chain are covalently linked by one disulphide bridge. on mouse hemi-diaphragm nerve-muscle preparations, partially paralysed by lowering the ... | 2001 | 10936627 |
| influential factors affecting prognosis of snakebite patients management: kaohsiung chang gung memorial hospital experience. | the objective of this study was to determine the most influential factors affecting the prognosis of snakebite patients in kaohsiung chang gung memorial hospital. | 2000 | 11126148 |
| beta-bungarotoxin is a potent inducer of apoptosis in cultured rat neurons by receptor-mediated internalization. | the neurotoxic phospholipase a(2), beta-bungarotoxin (beta-butx), is a component of the snake venom from the taiwanese banded krait bungarus multicinctus. beta-butx affects presynaptic nerve terminal function of the neuromuscular junction and induces widespread neuronal cell death throughout the mammalian and avian cns. to analyse the initial events of beta-butx-mediated cell death, the toxin was applied to cultured rat hippocampal neurons where it induced neuronal cell death in a concentration- ... | 2001 | 11576186 |
| expression of a chain and b chain of beta-bungarotoxin from taiwan banded krait: the functional implication of the interchain disulfide bond between a chain and b chain. | beta-bungarotoxin (beta-bgt), the main presynaptic neurotoxin purified from the venom of bungarus multicinctus, consists of two dissimilar polypeptide chains, the a chain and b chain, cross-linked by an interchain disulfide bond. the a and b chain cdnas were subcloned into expression vectors pt7-7 and pet20b(+), respectively, and transformed into escherichia coli strain bl21(de3). the expressed protein was isolated from the inclusion bodies of e. coli and subjected to refolding into its folded s ... | 2001 | 11732693 |
| a new avidin-biotin optical immunoassay for the detection of beta-bungarotoxin and application in diagnosis of experimental snake envenomation. | a highly sensitive avidin-biotin optical immunoassay (ab-oia) has been developed for the detection of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-butx), a neurotoxin from the venom of bungarus multicinctus, in whole blood, plasma, and urine. affinity purified rabbit igg anti-beta-butx antibody was immobilized on an optically active silicon surface (silias wafer). the test sample was incubated and the antigen-antibody reaction was monitored by the addition of a biotinylated monoclonal antibody (mab 15) specific to t ... | 2002 | 11792383 |
| professor chen-yuan lee, md (1915-2001), pharmacologist: snake venom research at the institute of pharmacology, national taiwan university. | professor chen-yuan lee was born in tainan, taiwan. in 1940, he joined the staff of the institute of pharmacology of the university, now named national taiwan university. dr lee began a study of daboia russelli formosensis venom under the direction of professor tsungming tu who, in the 1930s, initiated the pharmacological studies of formosan snake venoms carried out at the institute. under professor lee's direction, the institute became known internationally for its work on the isolation, compos ... | 2002 | 12162268 |
| characterization and gene organization of taiwan banded krait (bungarus multicinctus) gamma-bungarotoxin. | gamma-bungarotoxin was isolated from bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait) venom using a combination of chromatography on a sp-sephadex c-25 column and a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column. circular dichroism (cd) measurement revealed that its secondary structure was dominant with beta-sheet structure as is that of snake venom alpha-neurotoxins and cardiotoxins. gamma-bungarotoxin exhibits activity on inhibiting the binding of [3h]quinuclidinyl benzilate to the m2 ... | 2002 | 12168693 |
| an isfet-based immunosensor for the detection of beta-bungarotoxin. | an ion-sensitive field effect transistor (isfet)-based immunosensor was developed to detect/quantitate beta-bungarotoxin (beta-butx), a potent presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of bungarus multicinctus. a murine monoclonal antibody (mab 15) specific to beta-butx was immobilized onto silicon nitride wafers after silanization and activation with glutaraldehyde. a chip based enzyme linked-immunosorbantassay (elisa) was performed to ascertain antigen binding to the immobilized antibody. to devel ... | 2002 | 12191931 |
| cdna sequence and molecular modeling of a nerve growth factor from bothrops jararacussu venomous gland. | the complete nucleotide sequence of a nerve growth factor precursor from bothrops jararacussu snake (bj-ngf) was determined by dna sequencing of a clone from cdna library prepared from the poly(a) + rna of the venom gland of b. jararacussu. cdna encoding bj-ngf precursor contained 723 bp in length, which encoded a prepro-ngf molecule with 241 amino acid residues. the mature bj-ngf molecule was composed of 118 amino acid residues with theoretical pi and molecular weight of 8.31 and 13,537, respec ... | 2002 | 12453640 |
| neuronal death signaling by beta-bungarotoxin through the activation of the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor and l-type calcium channel. | the aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of the neurotoxic effect of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-butx, a snake presynaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of bungarus multicinctus) on cultured cerebellar granule neurons. beta-butx exerted a potent, time-dependent, neurotoxic effect on mature granule neurons. mature neurons, with an abundance of neurite outgrowths, were obtained after 7-8 days in culture. by means of microspectrofluorimetry and fura-2, we measured the intracellular ca( ... | 2003 | 12473387 |
| induction by beta-bungarotoxin of apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons is mediated by ca(2+)-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species. | the component of the venom of the taiwanese banded krait bungarus multicinctus, beta-bungarotoxin (beta-butx), acts as an extremely potent inducer of neuronal apoptosis when applied to rat hippocampal cultures. while induction of cell death is dependent on toxin binding to voltage-activated k+ channels and subsequent internalization, the pro-apoptotic signals triggered by picomolar concentrations of beta-butx are not understood. following toxin binding, a dramatic increase in intracellular ca2+ ... | 2003 | 14535943 |
| novel neurotoxins from taiwan banded krait (bungarus multicinctus) venom: purification, characterization and gene organization. | two novel neurotoxins bm10-1 and bm10-2 were isolated from bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait) venom using the combinations of chromatography on a sp-sephadex c-25 column and a reverse phase hplc column. bm10-1 contained 66 amino acid residues including 10 cys residues, while bm10-2 consisted of 65 amino acid residues with 8 cys residues. the secondary structure of both bm10-1 and bm10-2 was dominated with beta-sheet, but their gross conformation differed as evidenced by cd spectra and a ... | 2003 | 14559085 |
| isolation, toxicity and amino terminal sequences of three major neurotoxins in the venom of malayan krait (bungarus candidus) from thailand. | we isolated the most lethal toxins in the venom of the malayan krait (bungarus candidus), one of the medically most important snake species in southeast asia. three beta-btx like basic neurotoxins, t1-1, t1-2, and t2, with pla2 activity were isolated from pooled venom of eight b. candidus from southern thailand by cation-exchange chromatography, followed by adsorption chromatography on hydroxylapatite and rp-hplc, with 14-, 16-, and 4-fold increases in toxicity compared to crude venom. the lds50 ... | 2003 | 14769867 |
| taiwan's venomous snakebite: epidemiological, evolution and geographic differences. | located at the juncture of tropical and subtropical regions, taiwan has a warm and humid climate with abundant precipitation and food, which coupled with the island's diverse vegetation and landscape, makes it a suitable environment for many snake species. among these, naja atra, bungarus multicinctus, deinagkistrodon acutus, trimeresurus mucrosquamatus, trimeresurus stejnegeri, daboia russelii siamensis are the 6 principal venomous species, and have caused significant injuries and death over th ... | 2004 | 14964809 |
| lys-64 of the a chain is involved in the enzymatic activity and neurotoxic effect of beta-bungarotoxin. | two beta-bungarotoxin isotoxins bm12 and bm13 were isolated from bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait) venom by sequential chromatography on ion-exchange and reverse phase columns. the two toxins have the same a chain, but different b chains. different phospholipase a2 activity and different potencies in inhibiting the spontaneous enhancement of spontaneous synaptic current frequency and muscle contraction were observed for bm12 and bm13. nevertheless, modification of lys-64 in the a chain ... | 2005 | 15626367 |
| contribution of a snake venom toxin to myasthenia gravis: the discovery of alpha-bungarotoxin in taiwan. | myasthenia gravis (mg) is now recognized as an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies to acetylcholine (ach) receptor lead to impairment of neuromuscular transmission. the discovery of alpha-bungarotoxin by chang and lee in 1963 has played a crucial role in establishing the new concept of mg. however, isolation of bungarotoxins from the venom of taiwan banded krait, bungarus multicinctus, was accomplished in the poorly funded and under equipped laboratory of the department of pharmacology, nati ... | 2005 | 16019658 |
| [molecular cloning and expression of an isotoxin gene, alpha-bungarotoxin, from bungarus multicinctus]. | abstract: snake venom contains a number of small proteins,enzymes and other components,which displays a broad spectrum of biological activities. with the ability of specifically binding on acetylcholine acceptor, alpha-bungarotoxins are not only useful molecular probes in investigating the mechanism of neural signal transmission, but also potential pharmic preparations for neural disease treatment. in current research,cdnas of bungarus multicinutus venom gland were synthesized using smart cdna a ... | 2005 | 16078735 |
| isolation and cloning of a metalloproteinase from king cobra snake venom. | a 50 kda fibrinogenolytic protease, ohagin, from the venom of ophiophagus hannah was isolated by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin affinity chromatography. ohagin specifically degraded the alpha-chain of human fibrinogen and the proteolytic activity was completely abolished by edta, but not by pmsf, suggesting it is a metalloproteinase. it dose-dependently inhibited platelet aggregation induced by adp, tmva and stejnulxin. the full sequence of ohagin was deduced by cdna c ... | 2007 | 17337026 |
| cloning, expression and characterization of two c-type lectins from the venom gland of bungarus multicinctus. | c-type lectins found in many animals are non-enzymatic proteins and able to bind with mono- and oligosaccharides in a ca(2+)-dependent fashion. here, we report the cloning of two c-type lectins named bml-1 and bml-2 from the venom gland of bungarus multicinctus, and expression of their mature peptides with 135 and 137 amino acids as inclusion bodies. recombinant bml-1 and bml-2 proteins with 135 amino acids formed monomers, and those with 137 amino acids formed homodimers and monomers and both o ... | 2007 | 17561224 |
| b chain is a functional subunit of beta-bungarotoxin for inducing apoptotic death of human neuroblastoma sk-n-sh cells. | beta-bungarotoxin (beta-bgt), a presynaptic phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) neurotoxin isolated from the venom of bungarus multicinctus, consists of a chain and b chain. the goal of the present study is to explore the functional contribution of the two subunits to the toxicity of beta-bgt. beta-bgt was found to induce apoptotic death of sk-n-sh cells via elevating intracellular ca(2+) and intracellular ros production. moreover, an activation of p38 mapk was associated with the cytotoxicity of beta-b ... | 2008 | 18037462 |
| molecular modeling of human pentameric alpha(7) neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and its interaction with its agonist and competitive antagonist. | the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) is the major class of neurotransmitter receptors that is involved in many neurodegenerative conditions such as schizophrenia, alzheimer's and parkinson's diseases. the n-terminal region or ligand binding domain (lbd) of nachr is located at pre- and post-synaptic nervous system, which mediates synaptic transmission. nachr acts as the drug target for agonist and competitive antagonist molecules that modulate signal transmission at the nerve terminals. b ... | 2009 | 19236104 |
| structure-function studies on inhibitory activity of bungarus multicinctus protease inhibitor-like protein on matrix metalloprotease-2, and invasion and migration of human neuroblastoma sk-n-sh cells. | in view of the findings that several kunitz-type protein inhibitors suppress tumor invasion and metastasis, the aim of the present study is to explore whether bungarus multicinctus protease inhibitor-like protein-2 (pilp-2) and pilp-3 exhibit anti-tumor activity. although approximately 28% of amino acid substitutions occurred between pilp-2 and pilp-3, molecular modeling suggested that pilp-2 and pilp-3 shared similar folded structures. unlike pilp-2, pilp-3 showed a notable activity in abolishi ... | 2010 | 19706303 |
| isolation, complete amino acid sequence and characterization of a previously unreported post-synaptic neurotoxin - alphan3, from the venom of bungarus candidus. | the malayan krait (bungarus candidus) is one of the medically most important snake species in southeast asia. the venom from this snake has been shown to posses both presynaptic and post-synaptic neurotoxins. we have isolated a previously uncharacterized post-synaptic neurotoxin - alphan3 from the venom of b. candidus. isolation of the toxin was achieved in three successive chromatography steps - gel filtration on a sephadex g75 column, followed by ion exchange chromatography (mono-s strong cati ... | 2009 | 19728988 |
| monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against dendrotoxin: their effects on its convulsive activity and interaction with neuronal acceptors. | three stable hybrid cell lines have been established that secrete monoclonal antibodies of g(1) sub-class to dendrotoxin, a convulsant polypeptide (m(r) = 7000). using [(125)i]labelled dendrotoxin the resultant ascitic fluids were found to show no cross-reactivity with homologous toxins (toxins 1, b and e from dendroaspis polylepis, toxin dv-14 from dendroaspis viridis and ?-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus). in contrast, polyclonal antibodies raised against dendrotoxin cross-reacted to v ... | 1986 | 20493095 |
| suppression of adam17-mediated lyn/akt pathways induces apoptosis of human leukemia u937 cells: bungarus multicinctus protease inhibitor-like protein-1 uncovers the cytotoxic mechanism. | cell surface proteases have been demonstrated to play an important role in facilitating cell invasion into the extracellular matrix and may contribute significantly to extracellular matrix degradation by metastatic cancer cells. abundant expression of these enzymes is associated with poor prognosis. thus, protease inhibitors that repress cell surface proteases may be applicable to cancer therapy. because soybean kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor has been found to induce apoptotic death of human leuk ... | 2010 | 20679348 |
| the greater black krait (bungarus niger), a newly recognized cause of neuro-myotoxic snake bite envenoming in bangladesh. | prospective studies of snake bite patients in chittagong, bangladesh, included five cases of bites by greater black kraits (bungarus niger), proven by examination of the snakes that had been responsible. this species was previously known only from india, nepal, bhutan and burma. the index case presented with descending flaccid paralysis typical of neurotoxic envenoming by all bungarus species, but later developed generalized rhabdomyolysis (peak serum creatine kinase concentration 29,960 units/l ... | 2010 | 20855420 |
| severe infection of wild-caught snakes with spirometra erinaceieuropaei from food markets in guangzhou, china involves a risk for zoonotic sparganosis. | wild-caught snakes are a popular and traditional food in china. however, little known to the public, snakes are also intermediate hosts of spirometra erinaceieuropaei, a food- and water-borne pathogen of sparganosis. therefore, we investigated the prevalence of s. erinaceieuropaei in 10 popular species of wild-caught snakes in guangzhou city (guangdong province) between july 2009 and july 2010. one hundred and twenty-four specimens of 10 species (including enhydris plumbea, zoacys dhumnades, ela ... | 2010 | 21348631 |
| alpha-bungarotoxin binding to target cell in a developing visual system by carboxylated nanodiamond. | biological molecules conjugating with nanoparticles are valuable for applications including bio-imaging, bio-detection, and bio-sensing. nanometer-sized diamond particles have excellent electronic and chemical properties for bio-conjugation. in this study, we manipulated the carboxyl group produced on the surface of nanodiamond (carboxylated nanodiamond, cnd) for conjugating with alpha-bungarotoxin (+¦-btx), a neurotoxin derived from bungarus multicinctus with specific blockade of alpha7-nicotin ... | 2008 | 21825732 |
| effect of chlorpromazine and quinacrine on the lethality in mice of the venoms and neurotoxins from several snakes. | antivenoms are the currently available agents for the treatment of intoxication by snake venoms. therapeutic approaches using more generally available drugs could improve treatment of envenomation by reducing the cost of the therapeutic agent, eliminating hypersensitivity reactions to antivenoms, and reducing storage costs. i investigated the efficacies of chlorpromazine and quinacrine with respect to reducing the lethality in mice of bungarus caeruleus venom, bungarus multicinctus venom and its ... | 2009 | 2749762 |
| kappa-neurotoxins: heterodimer formation between different neuronal nicotinic receptor antagonists. | the kappa-neurotoxins are a family of snake venom polypeptides that are competitive antagonists of acetylcholine at a variety of neuronal nicotinic receptors. we have previously determined that kappa-bungarotoxin, purified from the venom of bungarus multicinctus, exists in solution entirely as a dimer of identical subunits. we now report that the three other known kappa-neurotoxins, namely, kappa 2-bungarotoxin and kappa 3-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus and kappa-flavitoxin from bungaru ... | 2009 | 2605204 |
| chromatographic separation of the venom of bungarus multicinctus and characterization of its components. | | 2015 | 4403701 |
| neurotoxins of bungarus multicinctus vernom. purification and partial characterization. | the purification to homogeneity of nine neurotoxic components of the venom of bungarus multicinctus is described. the purified components include alpha-bungarotoxin and two other alpha-type synaptic toxins and beta-bungarotoxin and five other beta-type synaptic toxins. the purified toxins have been characterized by electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, amino acid analysis, and n-terminal amino acid determination. the alpha-type synaptic neurotoxins constitute a discrete class with molecular wei ... | 1994 | 201279 |
| molecular cloning and expression of a new a chain of beta-bungarotoxin. | the cdna encoding a new a chain of beta-bungarotoxin was cloned from bungarus multicinctus. it encoded a 27-amino acid signal peptide and a mature protein of 120 amino acids. the mature protein had the same 13 cysteines as the other a chains and shared high homology with them. the cdna encoding the pla(2) from naja naja atra was also cloned by the use of the same degenerate primers. the cdnas encoding the new a chain and the pla(2) were highly expressed in e. coli as soluble fusion proteins and ... | 1999 | 12110937 |
| cdna sequence analysis and expression of kappa-bungarotoxin from taiwan banded krait. | the cdnas encoding kappa-bungarotoxin was constructed from the cellular rna isolated from the venom glands of bungarus multicinctus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. a high degree of nucleotide sequence homology was observed between kappa-bungarotoxin and other kappa-neurotoxins. the kappa-bungarotoxin was subcloned into the expression vector pet32a(+) and transformed into bl21(de3) e. coli strain. the recombinant toxin was expressed as a fusion protein. recombinant kappa-bunga ... | 1997 | 9020044 |
| cdna sequence analysis and expression of the a chain of beta-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait). | the cdna encoding the a chain of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-bgt) was constructed from the cellular rna isolated from the venom glands of bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait). the deduced amino acid sequence encoding the a chain revealed that the determined one was different from the known a chains (a1, a2, a3 and a4). nevertheless, the amino acid sequence and cdna sequence of the new a chain (a5) was highly homologous with those of other a chains. the a5 chain was subcloned into the expressi ... | 1996 | 8619855 |
| cdna sequence analysis and expression of alpha-bungarotoxin from taiwan banded krait (bungarus multicinctus). | the cdna encoding alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-butx) was constructed from the cellular rna isolated from the venom glands of bungarus multicintus by rt-pcr. the primers deduced from the n-, c-terminal amino acid residues and the conserved middle segment of the sequence, i.e., r25kmwc29 in alpha-butx could specifically amplify cdnas encoding amino acid residues from 1 to 29 and 25 to 74 of alpha-butx. the complete cdna was obtained by linking sufficient amounts of the two cdna fragments by pcr. the ... | 1995 | 7488184 |
| cloning of cdnas encoding c-type lectins from elapidae snakes bungarus fasciatus and bungarus multicinctus. | a number of c-type lectins with various biological activities have been purified and characterized from viperidae snake venoms. in contrast, only a few reports could be found in literature concerning the c-type lectins in elapidae snake venoms. based on the published cdna sequences of c-type lectins from viperidae snake venoms, oligonucleotide primers were designed and used to screen the cdna libraries made from the venom glands of bungarus fasciatus and bungarus multicinctus. this allowed the c ... | 2001 | 11600152 |
| thioredoxin-linked reductive inactivation of venom neurotoxins. | thioredoxin, a 12-kda protein with a catalytically active disulfide group, has recently been found to reduce intramolecular disulfide bonds in a variety of proteins. we now report that thioredoxin, reduced either enzymically with nadph and nadp-thioredoxin reductase or chemically with dithiothreitol or lipoic acid, acts as a specific reductant of purified snake venom neurotoxins, a diverse group of disulfide proteins. included were bungarus multicinctus neurotoxins that act presynaptically (beta ... | 1994 | 8135548 |
| purification and biochemical characterization of an 11 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin. | the chromatographic separation and biochemical characterization of a beta-bungarotoxin is described. this toxin is isolated as the most basic eluting protein of bungarus multicinctus venom when separated by column chromatography on cm-sephadex c-25. the protein migrated as a single band on ph 4.3 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the molecular weight of this toxin was estimated to be 10 000 +/- 1000 by analytical sedimentation analysis. this value was consisten ... | 1978 | 569500 |
| venomous snake bites, scorpions, and spiders. | neurologic dysfunction due to natural neurotoxins is an important, but neglected, public health hazard in many parts of the world, particularly in the tropics. these toxins are produced by or found among a variety of live forms that include venomous snakes, arthropods such as scorpions, spiders, centipedes, stinging insects (hymenoptera), ticks, certain poisonous fish, shellfish, crabs, cone shells, skin secretions of dart-poison frogs, and bacterial poisons such as botulinum toxin. these toxins ... | 2014 | 24365366 |
| selective enzymatic hydrolysis of nerve terminal phospholipids by beta-bungarotoxin: biochemical and morphological studies. | beta-bungarotoxin, a presynaptic protein neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake bungarus multicinctus, modifies release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. the toxin has a potent phospholipase activity toward both natural membranes and phospholipid liposomes. studies of ionic requirements and selective chemical modification demonstrate that beta-bungarotoxin can only modify synaptic transmission under conditions in which the phospholipase is active. morphological studies ... | 1977 | 928454 |
| effect of drugs on the lethality in mice of the venoms and neurotoxins from sundry snakes. | i investigated the efficacy of 10 drugs with respect to reducing the lethality in mice of the following venoms and their respective neurotoxins: bungarus caeruleus venom; bungarus multicinctus venom, alpha-bungarotoxin, beta-bungarotoxin; crotalus durissus terrificus venom, crotoxin: notechis scutatus scutatus venom; oxyuranus scutellatus venom, taipoxin. the drugs diltiazem, nicergoline, primaquine, verapamil and vesamicol protected mice from the lethality of b. caeruleus venom, b. multicinctus ... | 1991 | 1926164 |
| production and characterization of neutralizing antibodies against bungarus multicinctus snake venom. | banded krait (bungarus multicinctus; bm), one of the major envenomation species in taiwan, contains neurotoxic venom proteins (bm proteins), that poses a serious medical problem in tropical and sub-tropical countries. even though horse-derived serum is an efficient therapy against snake venom, it is associated with high cost and side effects. therefore, developing a more cost-effective alternative treatment option is highly envisaged. in this study, chickens were immunized with bm proteins, and ... | 2016 | 27663029 |
| muscarinic toxin-like proteins from taiwan banded krait (bungarus multicinctus) venom: purification, characterization and gene organization. | two novel proteins, bm8 and bm14, were isolated from bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait) venom using the combination of chromatography on a sp-sephadex c-25 column and a reverse-phase hplc column. both proteins contained 82 amino acid residues including 10 cysteine residues, but there were two amino acid substitutions at positions 37 and 38 (glu37-ala38 in bm8; lys37-lys38 in bm14). cd spectra and acrylamide quenching studies revealed that the gross conformation of bm8 and bm14 differed. ... | 2002 | 12437132 |
| prey specificity, comparative lethality and compositional differences of coral snake venoms. | toxicities of crude venoms from 49 coral snake (micrurus sp.) populations, representing 15 nominal taxa, were examined in both laboratory mice and in native prey animals and compared with data gathered from two non-micrurine elapids and a crotalid, which served as outgroups. these venoms were further compared on the basis of 23 enzymatic activities. both toxicities and enzymatic activities were analyzed with respect to natural prey preferences, as determined from stomach content analyses and lit ... | 2001 | 11255115 |
| purification and characterization of a novel phospholipase a2 from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | a novel phospholipase a2, designated as oh-de-2, was isolated from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) by successive chromatography on sp-sephadex c-25, de-52, and q-sepharose columns. oh-de-2 with pi 5.1 showed an apparent molecular weight of 14 kd as revealed by sds-page and gel filtration. the amino acid sequence was homologous with those of pla2s from elapidae venoms. oh-de-2 was effectively inactivated by p-bromophenacyl bromide, indicating that the conserved his-48 is essential fo ... | 1995 | 8593185 |
| resolution of isotoxins in the beta-bungarotoxin family. | although only five isotoxins of the beta-bungarotoxin family had been claimed, this work indicated the existence of more than sixteen isotoxins. crude snake (bungarus multicinctus) venom was divided into four main fractions by gel filtration on a sephadex g-50 column. beta-bungarotoxin appeared in a major fraction that contained mainly the m(r) 20,000 protein components. the fraction could be further resolved into eighteen peaks designated p1-p18 by hplc on a protein pak sp 5pw column that was e ... | 1995 | 7704193 |
| sequence characterization of a novel alpha-neurotoxin from the king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | several postsynaptic neurotoxins (alpha-neurotoxins) with distinct pharmacological and biochemical properties were isolated and purified from the king cobra venom (ophiophagus hannah) by employing sequentially preparative-scale cation-exchange chromatography on sp-sephadex c-25 coupled with gel filtration and reversed-phase hplc. the complete sequence of one neurotoxin was determined by n-terminal edman degradation with the automatic pulsed-liquid phase sequencer on some peptide fragments genera ... | 1993 | 8447823 |
| amino acid sequences of the two polypeptide chains in beta1-bungarotoxin from the venom of bungarus multicinctus. | the two dissimilar composite polypeptide chains (a and b) in beta1-bungarotoxin were isolated as their reduced and carboxymethylated derivatives as reported in the preceding paper. the n-terminal sequences were determined with a sequenator up to the 39th residue for the rcm-a chain and up to the 25th residue for the rcm-b chain with repetitive yields of 90-95%. the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides from the two chains were isolated and their structures were determined by manual edman degradation ... | 1978 | 624701 |
| preparation and neutralization efficacy of igy antibodies raised againstdeinagkistrodon acutusvenom. | the five-paced pit viper (deinagkistrodon acutus), endemic to china and northern vietnam, is responsible for most snakebites in the chinese territory. antivenom produced from horses is the main treatment for snakebites, but it may cause numerous clinical side effects and have other disadvantages involved in their production such as the welfare of animals. the present study was conducted aiming to develop an alternative antibody (igy) from the egg yolk of leghorn chickens immunized with snake ven ... | 2017 | 28396683 |
| analysis of the efficacy of taiwanese freeze-dried neurotoxic antivenom against naja kaouthia, naja siamensis and ophiophagus hannah through proteomics and animal model approaches. | in southeast asia, envenoming resulting from cobra snakebites is an important public health issue in many regions, and antivenom therapy is the standard treatment for the snakebite. because these cobras share a close evolutionary history, the amino acid sequences of major venom components in different snakes are very similar. therefore, either monovalent or polyvalent antivenoms may offer paraspecific protection against envenomation of humans by several different snakes. in taiwan, a bivalent an ... | 2017 | 29244815 |
| contamination of commercially obtained agkistrodon contortrix mokasen snake venom with bungarus multicinctus and naja naja atra snake venoms. | | 1981 | 7268802 |
| comparative chromatography of brazilian coral snake (micrurus) venoms. | 1. elution profiles of 11 coral snake venoms, including those of micrurus albicinctus, m. corallinus, m. frontalis altirostris, m. f. brasiliensis, m. f. frontalis, m. fulvius fulvius, m. ibiboboca, m. lemniscatus ssp., m. rondonianus, m. spixii spixii and m. surinamensis surinamensis, were compared using high performance gel filtration and reverse phase media. 2. micrurus venom profiles were compared with those of "outgroup" taxa bothrops moojeni, naja naja kaouthia and bungarus multicinctus. 3 ... | 1991 | 1756614 |
| sequence and crystal structure determination of a basic phospholipase a2 from common krait (bungarus caeruleus) at 2.4 a resolution: identification and characterization of its pharmacological sites. | this is the first phospholipase a2 (pla2) structure from the family of kraits. the protein was isolated from bungarus caeruleus (common krait) and the primary sequence was determined using cdna approach. three-dimensional structure of this presynaptic neurotoxic pla2 from group i has been determined by molecular replacement method using the model of pla2 component of beta2-bungarotoxin (bungarus multicinctus) and refined using cns package to a final r-factor of 20.1 % for all the data in resolut ... | 2001 | 11286555 |